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Acchioni C, Sandini S, Acchioni M, Sgarbanti M. Co-Infections and Superinfections between HIV-1 and Other Human Viruses at the Cellular Level. Pathogens 2024; 13:349. [PMID: 38787201 PMCID: PMC11124504 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-infection or superinfection of the host by two or more virus species is a common event, potentially leading to viral interference, viral synergy, or neutral interaction. The simultaneous presence of two or more viruses, even distantly related, within the same cell depends upon viral tropism, i.e., the entry of viruses via receptors present on the same cell type. Subsequently, productive infection depends on the ability of these viruses to replicate efficiently in the same cellular environment. HIV-1 initially targets CCR5-expressing tissue memory CD4+ T cells, and in the absence of early cART initiation, a co-receptor switch may occur, leading to the infection of naïve and memory CXCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. HIV-1 infection of macrophages at the G1 stage of their cell cycle also occurs in vivo, broadening the possible occurrence of co-infections between HIV-1 and other viruses at the cellular level. Moreover, HIV-1-infected DCs can transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells via trans-infection. This review focuses on the description of reported co-infections within the same cell between HIV-1 and other human pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or low-pathogenic viruses, including HIV-2, HTLV, HSV, HHV-6/-7, GBV-C, Dengue, and Ebola viruses, also discussing the possible reciprocal interactions in terms of virus replication and virus pseudotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
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Amanzo-Vargas MP, Arellano-Veintemilla T, González-Lagos E, Echevarría J, Mejía F, Graña A, Gotuzzo E. Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Mortality Differences between HIV-Infected and HIV/HTLV-1 Co-Infected Patients in Peru. Pathogens 2023; 12:869. [PMID: 37513716 PMCID: PMC10385143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In Peru, the estimated prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) co-infection has been reported to be as high as 18%. Despite the endemicity of HTLV-1 in Peru, few studies have assessed the impact of HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection. Our study compared socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and mortality rates between HIV-infected and HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of patients aged 18 years and older belonging to the HIV and HTLV-1 cohorts in Lima during a 30-year period: 1989-2019. Each HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patient was randomly matched with two HIV-infected patients with similar characteristics (same sex, age ± 5 years, and same year of HIV diagnosis). Allegedly co-infected patients without a confirmatory diagnosis of HIV and HTLV-1 were excluded. Most of the patients in the HIV-infected group did not have a negative test result for HTLV-1 infection, so we used two probabilistic sensitivity analysis models to correct for potential HTLV-1 exposure misclassification bias in the group of HIV-infected patients. RESULTS Of 162 patients enrolled, 54 were HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected and 108 were HIV-infected. The median age was 42 years (IQR = 34-51 years) and the majority were male (61.1%), single (44.4%), heterosexual (71%), born in Lima (58%), educated at the secondary school level (55.6%), and receiving antiretroviral treatment (91.4%). HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection was associated with an increased risk of death (HR: 11.8; 95% CI: 1.55-89.00; p = 0.017) while antiretroviral treatment was associated with a decreased risk of death (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.003-0.25; p = 0.001). The overall mortality rate was 13.6 per 100 persons and the survival time for co-infected patients (median = 14.19 years) was significantly shorter than that of HIV-infected patients (median = 23.83 years) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HIV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients had a significantly shorter survival time compared to HIV-infected patients, suggesting that the immune alterations caused by HTLV-1 in CD4 cell count may have contributed to late initiation of antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections over the decades, and thus reducing their benefits in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Amanzo-Vargas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | | | - Elsa González-Lagos
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Juan Echevarría
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- HIV Program, Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Fernando Mejía
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- HIV Program, Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Ana Graña
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- HIV Program, Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
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Abad-Fernández M, Hernández-Walias FJ, Ruiz de León MJ, Vivancos MJ, Pérez-Elías MJ, Moreno A, Casado JL, Quereda C, Dronda F, Moreno S, Vallejo A. HTLV-2 Enhances CD8 + T Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Inhibition and Reduces HIV-1 Integrated Proviral Load in People Living with HIV-1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112472. [PMID: 36366570 PMCID: PMC9695633 DOI: 10.3390/v14112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 concomitantly show slower CD4+ T cell depletion and AIDS progression, more frequency of the natural control of HIV-1, and lower mortality rates. A similar beneficial effect of this infection has been reported on HCV coinfection reducing transaminases, increasing the spontaneous clearance of HCV infection and delaying the development of hepatic fibrosis. Given the critical role of CD8+ T cells in controlling HIV-1 infection, we analysed the role of CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in coinfected individuals living with HIV-1. One hundred and twenty-eight individuals living with HIV-1 in four groups were studied: two groups with HTLV-2 infection, including individuals with HCV infection (N = 41) and with a sustained virological response (SVR) after HCV treatment (N = 25); and two groups without HTLV-2 infection, including individuals with HCV infection (N = 25) and with a sustained virological response after treatment (N = 37). We found that CD8+ T cell-mediated HIV-1 inhibition in vitro was higher in individuals with HTLV-2. This inhibition activity was associated with a higher frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells, higher levels of granzyme A and granzyme B cytolytic enzymes, and perforin. Hence, cellular and soluble cytolytic factors may contribute to the lower HIV-1 pre-ART viral load and the HIV-1 proviral load during ART therapy associated with HTLV-2 infection. Herein, we confirmed and expanded previous findings on the role of HTLV-2 in the beneficial effect on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Abad-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.-F.); (A.V.)
| | - Francisco J. Hernández-Walias
- Laboratory of Inmunovirología, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Ruiz de León
- Laboratory of Inmunovirología, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Vivancos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Pérez-Elías
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Quereda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Dronda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Laboratory of Inmunovirología, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.-F.); (A.V.)
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Edwards RJ, Julien-Serrette K, Edwards J, Boyce G. HTLV-1 Coinfection among Patients Attending a Large HIV Treatment Centre in Trinidad. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112207. [PMID: 36363801 PMCID: PMC9692670 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected patients tend to have higher CD4+ counts than HIV singly infected patients. Two chart reviews were conducted at initial enrolment among patients attending a large HIV Clinic in Trinidad, one to determine the prevalence of HIV-1/HVLV-1 coinfection and another to compare the CD4+ counts and opportunistic infections among HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected patients compared to a randomly selected comparison group of HIV-1 singly infected patients. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and analysed using SPSS Version 25. During the period April 2002−December 2018, 8916 HIV-1 patients were enrolled at the clinic; 159 were HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected; the age range was 18−81 years; the median age was 40 years; 87 (54.7%) were females; and the median CD4+ count and median HIV-1 viral load at enrolment were 300 cells/mm3 and 128,543 copies/mL, respectively, with an HTLV-1 seroprevalence of 1.78%. Among the 477 HIV-1 singly infected patients, the age range was 18−71 years; the median age was 33 years; 248 (52.0%) were males; and the median CD4+ count and the median HIV viral load were 295 cells/mm3 and 23,369 copies/mL, respectively. Opportunistic infections (OIs) were diagnosed in 59 (37.1%) of the coinfected patients versus 48 (10.1%) among those HIV singly infected (p < 0.001). HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected patients had higher HIV-1 viral loads (p < 0.001) and more OIs, suggesting a worse prognosis though there were no statistically significant differences in CD4+ counts (p = 0.96) as compared to the HIV-1 mono-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jeffrey Edwards
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, 7 Queen’s Park East, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen Julien-Serrette
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, 7 Queen’s Park East, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jonathan Edwards
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, 7 Queen’s Park East, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gregory Boyce
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, 7 Queen’s Park East, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
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A Panel of Eight miRNAs Is Deregulated in HTLV-2 Infected PBMCs and BJABGu Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147583. [PMID: 35886938 PMCID: PMC9320395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 being retroviruses closely related at a genomic level, HTLV-2 differs from HTLV-1 in terms of pathogenicity in both single infection and coinfection contexts. Moreover, the HTLV-2 association with clinical outcomes is still debated and several mechanisms underlying HTLV-2 infection remain unexplored as well. Cellular miRNAs are key factors in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and they are known to be potential targets for several pathogens to control the host microenvironment and, in particular, escape immune responses. Here, we identified a HTLV-2-related signature of eight miRNAs (miR-125a-3p, miR-381-3p, miR-502-5p, miR-708-5p, miR-548d-5p, miR-548c-5p, miR-1-3p, and miR-511-5p) in both HTLV-2 infected PBMC and BJABGu cell lines. Altered miRNA expression patterns were correlated with the impairment of Th cell differentiation and signaling pathways driven by cytokines and transcriptional factors such as the Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family members. Specifically, we demonstrated that the RUNX2 protein was significantly more expressed in the presence of Tax-2 compared with Tax-1 in an in vitro cell model. To the best of our knowledge, these data represent the first contribution to elucidating the HTLV-2 mediated alteration of host cell miRNA profiles that may impact on HTLV-2 replication and persistent infection.
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Montaño-Castellón I, Marconi CSC, Saffe C, Brites C. Clinical and Laboratory Outcomes in HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 Coinfection: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:820727. [PMID: 35359787 PMCID: PMC8963803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To perform a systematic review to describe the available findings on clinical outcomes in HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 co-infected individuals since 1995. Design This Systematic Review used PECO criteria follow by PRISMA reporting guidelines and registered as CRD42021279062 (Prospero database). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Data Collection and Analysis A systematical search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Sciences databases for cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies design to identify clinical and laboratorial outcomes related to HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 coinfection. Search strategy: [(“HIV-1” AND “HTLV-1” OR “HTLV-2”) AND (“Coinfection”) AND (1990/01/01:2021/12/31[Date- Publication])]. Results A total of 15 articles were included on this systematic review describing data of 2,566 mono and coinfected patients, 58% male, with mean age was 35.7 ± 5.7 years. HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfected patients were more likely to had shorter survival and faster progression to death or mortality than monoinfected ones. Coinfected had higher CD4 cell counts and less likelihood of ART use. In addition, higher frequency of diseases like ichthyosis (22.2 vs. 6.8%), scabies (18.6 vs. 0%), candidiasis (42 vs. 12%), Strongyloidiasis (15.4 vs. 2%) and neurological manifestations like encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy and HAM/TSP were more frequently reported in coinfected patients. Conclusions HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfection and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 /2 triple coinfection were related to shorter survival, higher mortality rate, and faster progression to death, while coinfection by HIV-1/HTLV-2 seems to have neutral association with longer survival, slower AIDS progression, and lower mortality rate. The available evidence indicates an urgent need for prevention and control measures, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 coinfected patients. Test-and-treat strategy for patients living with HIV in areas endemic for HTLV infection is mandatory, to avoid the risks of delayed therapy and death for coinfected patients. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021279062.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Montaño-Castellón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cleyde Sheyla Chachaqui Marconi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Clara Saffe
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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Pereira FM, Santos FLN, Silva ÂAO, Nascimento NM, Almeida MDCC, Carreiro RP, Galvão-Castro B, Rios Grassi MF. Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human T-Leukemia Virus Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:788176. [PMID: 35083245 PMCID: PMC8784416 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human T-Leukemia Virus (HTLV) are retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission. In Brazil, the prevalence of HIV and HTLV varies according to geographic region. The state of Bahia, located in the Northeast region, is considered endemic for both retroviruses. The present study aimed to characterize the frequency of HIV/HTLV coinfection and evaluate the geographic distribution of coinfection throughout the state. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the state's Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN-BA) and included all samples from 2004 to 2013 submitted to serological testing for anti-HIV and anti-HTLV-1/2, screened by chemiluminescence/ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Infection rates are expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants from each municipality. A total of 129,158 samples originating from 358/417 (85.8%) municipalities in Bahia were evaluated. HTLV was detected in 2.4% of the HIV-positive samples (n = 42) compared to 0.5% of those with negative HIV serology (n = 677) (OR: 4.65; CI: 3.39–6.37). HIV/HTLV coinfection was more frequent in women (69.0%); the median age of coinfected individuals was 47.2 years [interquartile range (IQR): 41.6–55.4 years]. In the 14/417 (3.4%) municipalities where at least one case of HIV/HTLV coinfection was detected, the overall HTLV coinfection rate in HIV-positive samples was 0.25 (range: 0.17–13.84) per 100,000 inhabitants. Most cases of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection (21/37, 57%) were concentrated in the municipality of Salvador. Isolated instances (one or two cases) of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection were distributed across municipalities known to be endemic for HTLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicidade Mota Pereira
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Public Health Central Laboratory, Laboratório Central (LACEN), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Antônio Oliveira Silva
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nathan Menezes Nascimento
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Perez Carreiro
- Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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Commonalities in the Features of Cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Evidence for Stress-Induced Phenotype Instability? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020691. [PMID: 35054876 PMCID: PMC8775947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and Cancer-Related Fatigue (CRF) are syndromes with considerable overlap with respect to symptoms. There have been many studies that have compared the two conditions, and some of this research suggests that the etiologies of the conditions are linked in some cases. In this narrative review, CFS/ME and cancer are introduced, along with their known and putative mechanistic connections to multiple stressors including ionizing radiation. Next, we summarize findings from the literature that suggest the involvement of HPA-axis dysfunction, the serotonergic system, cytokines and inflammation, metabolic insufficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction, and genetic changes in CRF and CFS/ME. We further suspect that the manifestation of fatigue in both diseases and its causes could indicate that CRF and CFS/ME lie on a continuum of potential biological effects which occur in response to stress. The response to this stress likely varies depending on predisposing factors such as genetic background. Finally, future research ideas are suggested with a focus on determining if common biomarkers exist in CFS/ME patients and those afflicted with CRF. Both CFS/ME and CRF are relatively heterogenous syndromes, however, it is our hope that this review assists in future research attempting to elucidate the commonalities between CRF and CFS/ME.
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Elaiw AM, AlShamrani NH. Analysis of an HTLV/HIV dual infection model with diffusion. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:9430-9473. [PMID: 34814353 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the literature, several HTLV-I and HIV single infections models with spatial dependence have been developed and analyzed. However, modeling HTLV/HIV dual infection with diffusion has not been studied. In this work we derive and investigate a PDE model that describes the dynamics of HTLV/HIV dual infection taking into account the mobility of viruses and cells. The model includes the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immunity. Although HTLV-I and HIV primarily target the same host, CD4+T cells, via infected-to-cell (ITC) contact, however the HIV can also be transmitted through free-to-cell (FTC) contact. Moreover, HTLV-I has a vertical transmission through mitosis of active HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of solutions, including the existence of global solutions and the boundedness, is justified. We derive eight threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of the eight steady states of the model. We study the global stability of all steady states based on the construction of suitable Lyapunov functions and usage of Lyapunov-LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. Lastly, numerical simulations are carried out in order to verify the validity of our theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71452, Egypt
| | - N H AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Elaiw AM, AlShamrani NH. Modeling and analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection. BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD MATEMATICA MEXICANA 2021; 27:38. [PMID: 33814640 PMCID: PMC8005865 DOI: 10.1007/s40590-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the CD4 + T cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. The present paper is concerned with the formulation and investigation of a new HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD4 + T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by virus-to-cell transmission. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact through the virological synapse, and (ii) vertical transmission through the mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and Lyapunov-LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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11
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Marconi CSC, Lins-Kusterer L, Brites C, Gomes-Neto M. Comparison of functioning and health-related quality of life among patients with HTLV-1, HIV, and HIV-HTLV-1-coinfection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0759-2020. [PMID: 33759928 PMCID: PMC8008869 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0759-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) viruses are associated with a high global burden of disease, and coinfection is a frequently reported event. We aimed to compare the functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients infected with HTLV-1, HIV, and HIV-HTLV-1. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients older than 18 years who had an HTLV-1 infection (Group A), HIV infection (Group B), or HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection (Group C). The functioning profiles were evaluated using handgrip strength, Berg balance scale (BBS), timed “up and go” (TUG) test, and 5-m walk test (m/s). We used the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) questionnaire to measure disability. The HRQoL was evaluated using a 36-item short-form health survey. For data with parametric and non-parametric distribution, we used analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s pairwise tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: We enrolled 68 patients in Group A, 39 in Group B, and 29 in Group C. The scores for handgrip strength, BBS, TUG test, all the WHODAS domains, and HRQoL were poorer for Groups A and C than for Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to patients with HIV infection, those with HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection and HTLV-1 infection had poor functioning and HRQoL scores. HTLV-1 infection was associated with reduced functioning and HRQoL in patients with a single HTLV-1 infection and HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleyde Sheyla Chachaqui Marconi
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Liliane Lins-Kusterer
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Mansueto Gomes-Neto
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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12
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Mwesigwa S, Williams L, Retshabile G, Katagirya E, Mboowa G, Mlotshwa B, Kyobe S, Kateete DP, Wampande EM, Wayengera M, Mpoloka SW, Mirembe AN, Kasvosve I, Morapedi K, Kisitu GP, Kekitiinwa AR, Anabwani G, Joloba ML, Matovu E, Mulindwa J, Noyes H, Botha G, Brown CW, Mardon G, Matshaba M, Hanchard NA. Unmapped exome reads implicate a role for Anelloviridae in childhood HIV-1 long-term non-progression. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:24. [PMID: 33741997 PMCID: PMC7979878 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant public health burden globally. The role of viral co-infection in the rate of progression of HIV infection has been suggested but not empirically tested, particularly among children. We extracted and classified 42 viral species from whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of 813 HIV-infected children in Botswana and Uganda categorised as either long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) or rapid progressors (RPs). The Ugandan participants had a higher viral community diversity index compared to Batswana (p = 4.6 × 10-13), and viral sequences were more frequently detected among LTNPs than RPs (24% vs 16%; p = 0.008; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.3), with Anelloviridae showing strong association with LTNP status (p = 3 × 10-4; q = 0.004, OR, 3.99; 95% CI, 1.74-10.25). This trend was still evident when stratified by country, sex, and sequencing platform, and after a logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, country, and the sequencing platform (p = 0.02; q = 0.03; OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.6-40.5). Torque teno virus (TTV), which made up 95% of the Anelloviridae reads, has been associated with reduced immune activation. We identify an association between viral co-infection and prolonged AIDs-free survival status that may have utility as a biomarker of LTNP and could provide mechanistic insights to HIV progression in children, demonstrating the added value of interrogating off-target WES reads in cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Katagirya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Samuel Kyobe
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David P Kateete
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Misaki Wayengera
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Angella N Mirembe
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Grace P Kisitu
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adeodata R Kekitiinwa
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Uganda (Baylor Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Anabwani
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Moses L Joloba
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harry Noyes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerrit Botha
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chester W Brown
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Graeme Mardon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neil A Hanchard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Brites C, Miranda F, Luz E, Netto EM. Early and Successful Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Normalizes Survival Time in Patients Coinfected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus Type 1. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:196-200. [PMID: 31406994 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coinfection with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with shorter survival for adults and children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), although the reasons remain a matter of debate. We evaluated the factors associated with survival time in a large cohort of HIV/HTLV-1-coinfected and HIV-monoinfected individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS In a nested, retrospective case-control study (1:1), we reviewed medical records of people with HIV infection on cART in a referral AIDS center in Salvador, Brazil. We matched 149 patients coinfected with HTLV-1 (cases) by age at HIV diagnosis and sex, to an equal number of HTLV-uninfected persons (controls). Death rates, survival time, baseline and current CD4 cell count, last HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load (pVL), and causes of death were compared between groups. RESULTS The overall mortality rate was 2.1 person-years (76 deaths, 53 among coinfected patients). Survival time for cases (16.7 ± 0.7 years) was significantly shorter than for controls (18.1 ± 0.4 years; P = .001). Among patients with pVL >50 copies/mL, coinfected patients had a shorter survival time (8.4 ± 0.8 years) than monoinfected ones (12.9 ± 1.4 years; P = .02), regardless of pVL magnitude. However, survival time did not differ for HIV-monoinfected (19.0 ± 0.4 years) or coinfected patients (20.2 ± 0.6 years) presenting with pVL <50 copies/mL (P = .5). Deceased coinfected patients had higher initial CD4 count (417 ± 219 cells) than monoinfected ones with the same outcome (177 ± 160 cells; P = .004), while survivors had similar CD4 cell count at baseline, regardless of HTLV status. CONCLUSIONS Successful cART is able to normalize survival for coinfected patients and should be introduced for all coinfected patients, regardless of CD4 cell count.HIV/human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 coinfection is believed to decrease survival of coinfected patients. In this case-control study, we demonstrate that successful combination antiretroviral therapy (last HIV viral load <50 copies/mL) is able to improve survival of coinfected patients to levels observed for those monoinfected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brites
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Miranda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Estela Luz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Martins Netto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
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14
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that infect the susceptible CD[Formula: see text]T cells. It is known that HIV and HTLV-I have in common a way of transmission through direct contact with certain body fluids related to infected individuals. Therefore, it is not surprising that a mono-infected person with one of these viruses can be co-infected with the other virus. In the literature, a great number of mathematical models has been presented to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV or HTLV-I mono-infection. However, the within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been modeled. In this paper, we develop a new within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model. The model includes the impact of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response, which is important to control the progression of viral co-infection. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD[Formula: see text]T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. We first show the nonnegativity and boundedness of the model’s solutions and then we calculate all possible equilibria. We derive the threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We prove the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. We have presented numerical simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of our main results. In addition, we discuss the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV-infected patients and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P. O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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15
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are two famous retroviruses that share similarities in their genomic organization, and differ in their life cycle as well. It is known that HTLV-I and HIV have in common a way of transmission via direct contact with certain body fluids related to infected patients. Thus, it is not surprising that a single-infected person with one of these viruses can be dually infected with the other virus. In the literature, many researchers have devoted significant efforts for modeling and analysis of HTLV or HIV single infection. However, the dynamics of HTLV/HIV dual infection has not been formulated. In the present paper, we formulate an HTLV/HIV dual infection model. The model includes the impact of the Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) immune response, which is important to control the dual infection. The model describes the interaction between uninfected CD4+T cells, HIV-infected cells, HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs, and HTLV-specific CTLs. We establish that the solutions of the model are non-negative and bounded. We calculate all steady states of the model and deduce the threshold parameters which determine the existence and stability of the steady states. We prove the global asymptotic stability of all steady states by utilizing the Lyapunov function and Lyapunov–LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We solve the system numerically to illustrate the our main results. In addition, we compared between the dynamics of single and dual infections.
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16
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Casseb J, Janini LM, Barros Kanzaki LI, Lopes LR, Paiva AM. Is the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 in the process of endogenization into the human genome? J Virus Erad 2020; 6:100009. [PMID: 33294211 PMCID: PMC7695812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2020.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) infection has been shown to be endemic among intravenous drug users in parts of North America, Europe and Southeast Asia and in a number of Amerindian populations. Despite a 65% genetic similarity and common host humoral response, the human T-cell lymphotropic viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 display different mechanisms of host interaction and capacity for disease development. While HTLV-1 pathogenicity is well documented, HTLV-2 etiology in human disease is not clearly established. From an evolutionary point of view, its introduction and integration into the germ cell chromosomes of host species could be considered as the final stage of parasitism and evasion from host immunity. The extraordinary abundance of endogenous viral sequences in all vertebrate species genomes, including the hominid family, provides evidence of this invasion. Some of these gene sequences still retain viral characteristics and the ability to replicate and hence are potentially able to elicit responses from the innate and adaptive host immunity, which could result in beneficial or pathogenic effects. Taken together, this data may indicate that HTLV-2 is more likely to progress towards endogenization as has happened to the human endogenous retroviruses millions of years ago. Thus, this intimate association (HTLV-2/human genome) may provide protection from the immune system with better adaptation and low pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo - University of Sao Paulo, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56 / Faculty of Medicine -USP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Mario Janini
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Unifesp, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Isamu Barros Kanzaki
- Laboratory of Bioprospection, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health. Sciences, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Luciano Rodrigo Lopes
- Bioinformatics and Biomedical Data Science Division, Health Informatics Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Maia Paiva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo - University of Sao Paulo, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56 / Faculty of Medicine -USP, Brazil.,University Hospital Alberto Antunes / Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
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17
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Analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model with immunity. Virus Res 2020; 295:198204. [PMID: 33157165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the immune cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. In the present paper, we are concerned to formulate and analyze a new HIV/HTLV co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD4+T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by two routes of transmission, virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact, and (ii) vertical transmission through mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and LaSalle's invariance principle. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.
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18
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Neurological Aspects of HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 Coinfection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040250. [PMID: 32231144 PMCID: PMC7238008 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous infection by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are not uncommon since they have similar means of transmission and are simultaneously endemic in many populations. Besides causing severe immune dysfunction, these viruses are neuropathogenic and can cause neurological diseases through direct and indirect mechanisms. Many pieces of evidence at present show that coinfection may alter the natural history of general and, more specifically, neurological disorders through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the influence of coinfection on the progression and outcome of neurological complications of HTLV-1/2 and HIV-1.
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Yendewa GA, Sahr F, Aguilera A, Lakoh S, Sesay M, Deen GF, Patiño L, Poveda E, Salata RA. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infections in HIV-Infected Patients in Sierra Leone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1521-1524. [PMID: 30938283 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T-cell lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) is common because of shared transmission routes. There is no published data on the prevalence of these infections in people living with HIV in Sierra Leone. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 211 HIV-positive patients aged ≥ 18 years in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in November 2017. Plasma samples were analyzed using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect System, Abbott ARCHITECT Analyzer, Abbott Park, IL. The majority were female (63.5%), with median age 36 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 32-44) and median CD4 count of 396 cells/µL (IQR: 214-534). Sixty patients (28.4%) were newly diagnosed and antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive; 151 patients (71.6%) were ART experienced. The prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), total anti-hepatitis B core antibody, and anti-HCV was 21.7%, 82.9%, and 4.3%, respectively. No cases of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were detected. Male gender (P = 0.004) and CD4 < 350 cells/µL (P = 0.017) were associated with the HBsAg positive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Yendewa
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Foday Sahr
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Antonio Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago and University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Momodu Sesay
- National HIV/AIDS Secretariat, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Gibrilla F Deen
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lucia Patiño
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva Poveda
- Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Robert A Salata
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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20
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Jégado B, Kashanchi F, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2019; 16:41. [PMID: 31843020 PMCID: PMC6915939 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Few years after HTLV-1 identification and isolation in humans, STLV-1, its simian counterpart, was discovered. It then became clear that STLV-1 is present almost in all simian species. Subsequent molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated that, apart from HTLV-1 subtype A, all human subtypes have a simian homolog. As HTLV-1, STLV-1 is the etiological agent of ATL, while no case of TSP/HAM has been described. Given its similarities with HTLV-1, STLV-1 represents a unique tool used for performing clinical studies, vaccine studies as well as basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Jégado
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France.
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Kjerulff B, Petersen MS, Rodrigues CM, da Silva Té D, Christiansen M, Erikstrup C, Hønge BL. HTLV infected individuals have increased B-cell activation and proinflammatory regulatory T-cells. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151878. [PMID: 31810824 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) affects the human immune system in many ways, most notably by inducing proliferation of infected CD4 + T cells, but several other cell types are also affected. To characterize the effects of HTLV infection, we analysed blood samples from HTLV-infected individuals by flow cytometry. Samples were collected from visitors at the HIV clinic in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. These samples were tested for HTLV and HIV, and 199 were analysed by flow cytometry using panels for B cells, T-cell maturation and activation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and monocytes. CD80+ cell proportions were significantly higher in HTLV infected than in HTLV uninfected in all B cell subsets. Among T cells, there was no change in cell distribution between maturation stages, but a higher CD25+ proportion among Tregs (61.1 % vs 36.3 %, p < 0.001) in HTLV infected than in HTLV uninfected. The level of CD49d on individual cells was also higher (MFI 2734.5 vs 1,041, p < 0.001). In HTLV infected individuals, CD8 + T cells had a lower proportion of CTLA-4+ (2.5 % vs 3.5 %, 0.048) and higher PD1+ proportion on the CD45RO + subset (81.6 % vs 77.1 %, p < 0.001). Together, these findings point toward reduced regulation in HTLV + patients, which leads to immune activation. This study corroborates previous findings and offers new insight into the effects of HTLV by providing a broad flowcytometric analysis of immune cells in HTLV + individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Kjerulff
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Steen Petersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
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Noninvasive Detection of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 by Use of Oral Fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01179-19. [PMID: 31597746 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01179-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) are prevalent in endemic clusters globally, and HTLV-1 infects at least 5 to 10 million individuals. Infection can lead to inflammation in the spinal cord, resulting in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), or adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Obtaining venous blood for serological screening, typically performed using enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), is invasive, sometimes socially unacceptable, and has restricted large-scale seroprevalence studies. Collecting oral fluid (OF) is a noninvasive alternative to venesection. In this study, an IgG antibody capture EIA was developed and validated to detect anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG in OF. OF and plasma specimens were obtained from seropositive HTLV-1/2-infected patients attending the National Centre for Human Retrovirology (n = 131) and from HTLV-1/2-uninfected individuals (n = 64). The assay showed good reproducibility and high diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) using both OF and plasma. The Murex HTLV I+II commercial assay was evaluated and did not detect anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG in 14% (5/36) of OF specimens from seropositive donors. The reactivities of OF and plasma in the IgG capture correlated strongly (r = 0.9290) and were not significantly affected by delayed extraction when held between 3°C and 45°C for up to 7 days to simulate field testing. The use of OF serological screening for HTLV-1/2 infection could facilitate large-scale seroprevalence studies, enabling active surveillance of infection on a population level.
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Tajbakhsh A, Fazeli M, Rezaee M, Ghasemi F, Heravi MM, Gholoobi A, Meshkat Z. Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:184. [PMID: 31730458 PMCID: PMC6858674 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background A 32-base pair deletion (∆32) in the open reading frame (ORF) of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) seems to be a protective variant against immune system diseases, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We aimed to assess the frequency of CCR5∆32 in the healthy Iranian population. Methods In this study, 400 normal samples from Khorasan, northeastern Iran, were randomly selected. The frequency of CCR5∆32 carriers was investigated using PCR analysis. Allele prevalence and the fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were analyzed. Results The prevalence of CCR5∆32 in the northeastern population of Iran was 0.016. Four hundred samples were studied, among which one with CCR5∆32/∆32 and 11 with CCR5Wild/∆32 genotype were detected. Conclusion This study was the first investigation for an assessment of the prevalence of CCR5∆32 in northeastern Iran. The low prevalence of CCR5∆32 allele in the Iranian population may result in the increased susceptibility to HIV-1. In addition, this prevalence is the same as that of reported in East Asia, while is lower than that in the Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fazeli
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mastoureh Momen Heravi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 9196773117, Mashhad, IR, Iran
| | - Aida Gholoobi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 9196773117, Mashhad, IR, Iran.
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24
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Clark E, Serpa JA. Tropical Diseases in HIV. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Alais S, Pasquier A, Jegado B, Journo C, Rua R, Gessain A, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Lacoste R, Turpin J, Mahieux R. STLV-1 co-infection is correlated with an increased SFV proviral load in the peripheral blood of SFV/STLV-1 naturally infected non-human primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006812. [PMID: 30273350 PMCID: PMC6181429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian T-Leukemia Virus type 1 and Simian Foamy Virus infect non-human primates. While STLV-1, as HTLV-1, causes Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma, SFV infection is asymptomatic. Both retroviruses can be transmitted from NHPs to humans through bites that allow contact between infected saliva and recipient blood. Because both viruses infect CD4+ T-cells, they might interfere with each other replication, and this might impact viral transmission. Impact of STLV-1 co-infection on SFV replication was analyzed in 18 SFV-positive/STLV-1-negative and 18 naturally SFV/STLV-1 co-infected Papio anubis. Even if 9 animals were found STLV-1-positive in saliva, STLV-1 PVL was much higher in the blood. SFV proviruses were detected in the saliva of all animals. Interestingly, SFV proviral load was much higher in the blood of STLV-1/SFV co-infected animals, compared to STLV-1-negative animals. Given that soluble Tax protein can enter uninfected cells, we tested its effect on foamy virus promoter and we show that Tax protein can transactivate the foamy LTR. This demonstrates that true STLV-1 co-infection or Tax only has an impact on SFV replication and may influence the ability of the virus to be zoonotically transmitted as well as its ability to promote hematological abnormalities. Foamy viruses infect a lot of mammalian hosts including non-human primates (NHP) and humans. Foamy infection is not associated with disease, although a recent report described hematological abnormalities in infected humans. Some NHP species are also naturally infected with another retrovirus i.e. Simian T lymphotropic virus type 1, while humans are infected with the Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 counterpart. Both viruses cause leukemia. Here we report that natural foamy/STLV-1 co-infection is associated with a higher foamy virus proviral load in blood. Co-infected animals might therefore present a higher risk of developing hematological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Alais
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Pasquier
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Brice Jegado
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Réjane Rua
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Tobaly-Tapiero
- INSERM U944-CNRS Université Paris Diderot, UMR7212-IUH-Hôpital St-Louis, Dynamic of Retroviruses and Retrotransposons Group, Paris, France
| | | | - Jocelyn Turpin
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis laboratory, INSERM U1111 –Université Claude CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” et Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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26
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Laher AE, Ebrahim O. HTLV-1, ATLL, severe hypercalcaemia and HIV-1 co-infection: an overview. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 30:61. [PMID: 30344845 PMCID: PMC6191272 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.61.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and HTLV (Human T-ymphotropic Virus) are the only known retroviruses responsible for causing infection in humans. HTLV-1 and HIV-1 are frequent co-pathogens, however, despite its potential for accelerated progression of HIV disease and the risk of developing adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL), HTLV-1 is seldom considered for investigation in the HIV-1 positive individual. Severe/refractory hypercalcaemia, unresponsive to conventional calcium lowering therapy may complicate up to 70% of cases of ATLL. In addition, HTLV-1 and ATLL have both been associated with a rise in dysfunctional CD4 lymphocytes, thereby conveying a false sense of immune competence in the HIV-1 infected individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Ebrahim Laher
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Critical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 5 Jubilee Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Osman Ebrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine and HIV clinic, Life Brenthurst Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
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27
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Assone T, Kanashiro TM, Baldassin MPM, Paiva A, Haziot ME, Smid J, Oliveira APD, Fonseca LAM, Norris PJ, Casseb J. In vitro basal T-cell proliferation among asymptomatic Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 patients co-infected with hepatitis C and/or Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:106-112. [PMID: 29499169 PMCID: PMC9428222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 can be associated with myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other inflammatory diseases. Lymphocytes from about half of Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1-infected subjects spontaneously proliferate in vitro, and how this phenomenon relates to symptomatic disease and viral burden is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate T-cell proliferation in vitro among patients co-infected with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Hepatitis C Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. Material and methods From 610 Human T cell Leukemia Virus-infected patients of the Human T cell Leukemia Virus outpatient clinic from Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” in São Paulo, 273 agreed to participate: 72 had HAM/TSP (excluded from this analysis) and 201 were asymptomatic, a classification performed during a regular neurological appointment. We selected the subgroup made up only by the 201 asymptomatic subjects to avoid bias by the clinical status as a confounder effect, who had laboratory results of Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 proviral load and T-cell proliferation assay in our database. They were further grouped according to their serological status in four categories: 121 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 asymptomatic mono-infected carriers; 32 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Hepatitis C Virus, 29 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1, and 19 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1/Hepatitis C Virus co-infected patients. Clinical data were obtained from medical records and interviews. DNA Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 proviral load (PVL) and T-cell proliferation (LPA) assay were performed for all samples. Results From a total of 273 subjects with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1, 80 presented co-infections: 29 had Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1, 32 had Hepatitis C Virus, and 19 had Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus. Comparing the groups based on their serological status, independently of being asymptomatic carriers, we observed a significant increase of PVL (p < 0.001) and LPA (p = 0.001). However, when groups were stratified according to their clinical and serological status, there was no significant increase in Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 PVL and LPA. Conclusion No significant increase of basal T-cell proliferation among Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 co-infected was observed. This interaction may be implicated in liver damage, worsening the prognosis of co-infected patients or, on the contrary, inducing a higher spontaneous clearance of Hepatitis C Virus infection in Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Assone
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maira P M Baldassin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Paiva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel E Haziot
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Augusto M Fonseca
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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Jõgeda EL, Avi R, Pauskar M, Kallas E, Karki T, Des Jarlais D, Uusküla A, Lutsar I, Huik K. Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 are rare among intravenous drug users in Eastern Europe. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:83-5. [PMID: 27223634 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type 2 mainly occurs among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with prevalence up to 15% and HTLV-1 among general population with prevalence <1%. However, there is no data regarding the prevalence of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 in Eastern European IDUs population where HIV prevalence is relatively high. We aimed to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among IDUs and healthy volunteers in Estonia. METHODS The study included 345 IDUs and 138 healthy volunteers. The presence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 was determined by nested PCR; positive and negative controls were used in every PCR run. RESULTS The analysed IDUs resembled the IDUs of HIV epidemic in Estonia: mainly male (79%) with median age of 30years (interquartile range [IQR] 25-34), and prolonged duration of intravenous drug usage (11years; IQR 7-14). The prevalence exposure to blood-borne viral infections was high - 50% were HIV positive, 88% hepatitis C positive, 67% hepatitis B positive. Of IDUs, 64% reported receptive needle sharing in the past and 18% at least once a month during last six months. None of the IDUs carried HTLV-1 but there was a case of HTLV-2 (prevalence 0.3%; 95% CI 0.1-1.6). All healthy volunteers were HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 PCR negative. CONCLUSION This is the first study investigating the prevalence of HTLV-1/HTLV-2 among high risk population and healthy volunteers in Eastern European region. Our results suggest that despite other widely spread blood-borne infections (e.g. HIV, HBV, HCV) HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are rare among IDUs in Estonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ene-Ly Jõgeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1).
| | - Radko Avi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1)
| | - Merit Pauskar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1)
| | - Eveli Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1)
| | - Tõnis Karki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1)
| | | | - Anneli Uusküla
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1)
| | - Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia(1)
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30
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Isache C, Sands M, Guzman N, Figueroa D. HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infection: A case report and review of the literature. IDCases 2016; 4:53-5. [PMID: 27144124 PMCID: PMC4840448 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV type 1 and 2 are both involved in actively spreading epidemics, affecting over 15 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 has been described as the more clinically significant one, being associated with diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis. We report here a case of tropical spastic paraparesis in an HIV-positive patient who did not report any history of travel or residence in an HTLV endemic area. A 57 year old African-American male was admitted to the hospital due to bilateral upper and lower extremity weakness associated with stiffness. He had recently been diagnosed with HIV. His physical examination showed mild to moderate decreased motor strength, in both upper extremities and marked loss in both lower extremities. This was associated with hyperreflexia and clonus. Sensory function was intact. He looked cachectic and had several psoriatic plaques on both lower and upper extremities. Laboratory work-up showed a CD4 count decreased to 94 cells/mm3 and a HIV viral load of 273,000 copies/mL. Based on serum positivity for HTLV type 1 and the patient's clinical presentation suggestive of upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction, the diagnosis of tropical spastic paraparesis was made. HTLV and HIV share the same routes of transmission and the same tropism for T-lymphocytes. Co-infection occurs probably more frequently than we are aware, since testing for HTLV is not routinely performed in outpatient HIV clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Isache
- University of Florida, Division of General Internal Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 646 306 8201.
| | - Michael Sands
- University of Florida, Division of Infectious Disease, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Nilmarie Guzman
- University of Florida, Division of Infectious Disease, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Danisha Figueroa
- University of Florida, Division of Infectious Disease, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Assone T, Paiva A, Fonseca LAM, Casseb J. Genetic Markers of the Host in Persons Living with HTLV-1, HIV and HCV Infections. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020038. [PMID: 26848682 PMCID: PMC4776193 DOI: 10.3390/v8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are prevalent worldwide, and share similar means of transmission. These infections may influence each other in evolution and outcome, including cancer or immunodeficiency. Many studies have reported the influence of genetic markers on the host immune response against different persistent viral infections, such as HTLV-1 infection, pointing to the importance of the individual genetic background on their outcomes. However, despite recent advances on the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection, gaps in the understanding of the role of the individual genetic background on the progress to disease clinically manifested still remain. In this scenario, much less is known regarding the influence of genetic factors in the context of dual or triple infections or their influence on the underlying mechanisms that lead to outcomes that differ from those observed in monoinfection. This review describes the main factors involved in the virus–host balance, especially for some particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and other important genetic markers in the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other persistent viruses, such as HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Assone
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immune deficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, LIM56, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 3rd Floor, Building II, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Arthur Paiva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Augusto M Fonseca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immune deficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, LIM56, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 3rd Floor, Building II, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Paiva A, Casseb J. Origin and prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) among indigenous populations in the Americas. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:1-13. [PMID: 25651320 PMCID: PMC4325517 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples
of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely
distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more
prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered
ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection
drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one
origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering
Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese
immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought
by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the
indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in
the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the
African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these
epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces
the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the
recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Hospital Universitário, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Oo Z, Barrios CS, Castillo L, Beilke MA. High levels of CC-chemokine expression and downregulated levels of CCR5 during HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections. J Med Virol 2015; 87:790-7. [PMID: 25678365 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 are common copathogens among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. HTLV-2 may confer a survival benefit among patients with HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections, along with lower plasma HIV-1 levels and delayed rates of CD4(+) T-cell decline. These effects have been attributed to the ability of the HTLV-2 viral transactivating Tax2 protein to induce the production of high levels of antiviral CC-chemokines and to downregulate expression of the CCR5 receptor, resulting in impaired entry of HIV-1 into CD4(+) T-cells. This study investigated the innate immunity of coinfected HIV/HTLV individuals by testing the ability of patient PBMCs to produce CC-chemokines in association CCR5 receptor modulation. The cellular proliferative responses of HIV/HTLV coinfected versus HIV monoinfected individuals were also evaluated. Higher levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES (P < 0.05) were found in HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected group compared to HIV-1 monoinfected population. Upregulated levels of RANTES were shown in HIV-1/HTLV-1 after 1 and 3 days of culture (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes from HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected individuals showed significant CCR5 downregulation after 1 and 3 days of culture compared to lymphocytes from HIV-1 and uninfected groups (P < 0.05). Lower percentages of CCR5-positive cells were found in HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected after 3 days of incubation (P < 0.05). Levels of proliferation were significantly higher in the HIV-1/HTLV-1 group compared to HIV-1 alone (P < 0.05). HTLV-2 and HTLV-1 infections may induce the involvement of innate immunity against HIV-1 via stimulation of CC-chemokines and receptors, potentially modifying CCR5/HIV-1 binding and HIV-1 progression in coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Oo
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Paiva A, Casseb J. Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:265-74. [PMID: 25075475 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0232-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more efficiently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fluid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are significantly higher from men to women than women to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiência, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiência, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Galetto LR, Lunge VR, Béria JU, Tietzmann DC, Stein AT, Simon D. Short communication: Prevalence and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus infection in Southern Brazilian HIV-positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:907-11. [PMID: 24866083 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) coinfection has a large range of prevalence in the different risk groups and geographic regions of the world. Most of the HTLV-infected people live in geographic areas where the virus is endemic, as it happens in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify HTLV prevalence and risk factors in HIV-positive patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 580 HIV-positive patients (mean age of 40.6 years and 45.0% men) from a specialized HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment center in Southern Brazil. Sociodemographic data, HIV risk factors, and HTLV-1/2 antibodies were collected. HTLV proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for HTLV infection. HTLV antibodies were detected in 29 (5.0%) and HTLV provirus in 17 (2.9%) patients. HTLV-1 was identified in 11 (64.7%) patients and HTLV-2 in 6 (35.3%) patients. No significant differences were observed between mono and coinfected patients in clinical characteristics regarding HIV/AIDS (time since HIV diagnosis, HIV viral load, lymphocytes CD4(+) count, and use of highly active antiretroviral therapy). Blood transfusion history was significantly associated with HIV/HTLV coinfection (p=0.039). Alcohol abuse was more prevalent in HTLV-positive (47.1%) than in HIV mono-infected patients (20.4%; p=0.008). Tattooing was the only risk factor independently associated with HIV/HTLV coinfection (p=0.035). This information contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of HIV/HTLV coinfection in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ramos Galetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Umberto Béria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Airton Tetelbom Stein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Chalkias S, Doweiko JP, Eliopoulos GM. An enabling act. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu008. [PMID: 25734082 PMCID: PMC4324196 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can be associated with hematologic malignancy, inflammatory syndromes, or infectious complications. Herein, we bring attention to HTLV-1 infection complications as we discuss a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient with HTLV-1-associated T cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Doweiko
- Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Barrios CS, Castillo L, Zhi H, Giam CZ, Beilke MA. Human T cell leukaemia virus type 2 tax protein mediates CC-chemokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells via the nuclear factor kappa B canonical pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:92-103. [PMID: 24116893 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) are prevalent in many areas worldwide. It has been observed that HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are associated with slower rates of CD4(+) T cell decline and delayed progression to AIDS. This immunological benefit has been linked to the ability of Tax2, the transcriptional activating protein of HTLV-2, to induce the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4 and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5 and to down-regulate the expression of the CCR5 co-receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study aimed to assess the role of Tax2-mediated activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway on the production of the anti-viral CC-chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES. Recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins, or proteins expressed via adenoviral vectors used to infect cells, were tested for their ability to activate the NF-κB pathway in cultured PBMCs in the presence or absence of NF-κB pathway inhibitors. Results showed a significant release of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES by PBMCs after the activation of p65/RelA and p50. The secretion of these CC-chemokines was significantly reduced (P < 0·05) by canonical NF-κB signalling inhibitors. In conclusion, Tax2 protein may promote innate anti-viral immune responses through the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Barrios
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Research Service 151-I, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Tarosso LF, Sanabani SS, Ribeiro SP, Sauer MM, Tomiyama HI, Sucupira MC, Diaz RS, Sabino EC, Kalil J, Kallas EG. Short communication: HIV type 1 subtype BF leads to faster CD4+ T cell loss compared to subtype B. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:190-4. [PMID: 23906381 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been suggested that biological differences among HIV-1 subtypes exist, their possible influence on disease progression has not been fully revealed. In particular, the increasing emergence of recombinants stresses the need to characterize disease presentation in persons infected by these diverse HIV-1 forms. We explored this issue among 83 Brazilian subjects infected with either HIV-1 subtype B or recombinant subtype BF, all followed since incident infection in a cohort study. Viral subtypes were assigned by full length sequencing of HIV-1 genomes. We observed that the baseline measures for CD4(+) T cells and viral load did not differ between the groups. However, longitudinal analysis revealed that subtype BF was clearly associated with a faster CD4(+) T cell decline compared to infection with subtype B, in spite of a similar plasma HIV-1 load. While subtype B-infected subjects presented a loss of 3.6 CD4(+) T cells/μl per month, subtype BF-infected individuals showed a monthly decay of 6.3 CD4(+) T cells/μl (p<0.01). The time to reach 350 CD4(+) T cells/μl and the time to start antiretroviral treatment were also shorter in subtype BF-infected persons. The elucidation of an accelerated CD4(+) T cell loss associated with subtype BF suggests that this HIV-1 genetic form could be more pathogenic than subtype B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro F. Tarosso
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabri S. Sanabani
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, LIM 03, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan P. Ribeiro
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Sauer
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena I. Tomiyama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Sucupira
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pilotti E, Bianchi MV, De Maria A, Bozzano F, Romanelli MG, Bertazzoni U, Casoli C. HTLV-1/-2 and HIV-1 co-infections: retroviral interference on host immune status. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24391628 PMCID: PMC3870298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated mechanisms by which HTLVs affect HIV-1 disease in co-infected hosts. During co-infection with HIV-1, HTLV-2 modulates the cellular microenvironment favoring its own viability and inhibiting HIV-1 progression. This is achieved when the HTLV-2 proviral load is higher than that of HIV-1, and thanks to the ability of HTLV-2 to: (i) up-regulate viral suppressive CCL3L1 chemokine expression; (ii) overcome HIV-1 capacity to activate the JAK/STAT pathway; (iii) reduce the activation of T and NK cells; (iv) modulate the host miRNA profiles. These alterations of immune functions have been mainly attributed to the effects of the HTLV-2 regulatory protein Tax and suggest that HTLV-2 exerts a protective role against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to HIV-1/HTLV-2, the effect of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection on immunological and pathological conditions is still controversial. There is evidence that indicates a worsening of HIV-1 infection, while other evidence does not show clinically relevant effects in HIV-positive people. Possible differences on innate immune mechanisms and a particularly impact on NK cells are becoming evident. The differences between the two HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are highlighted and further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pilotti
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Maria V Bianchi
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Casoli
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
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Gouhier E, Gaubert-Maréchal E, Abboud P, Couppié P, Nacher M. Predictive factors of HTLV1-HIV coinfections in French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:549-53. [PMID: 23939710 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
French Guiana, the French territory most affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1.3% of pregnant women), is also endemic for human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1). The objective of this study was to determine if the HTLV1/HIV coinfected patients had particular characteristics. All HIV-infected patients having a computerized medical file containing an HTLV1 serology were included: there were 1,333 HIV monoinfections and 76 HTLV1/VIH coinfections. The prevalence of HTLV1/HIV coinfections was 5.39%. Women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91[1.13-3.24]), subjects > 40 years of age, and patients of Surinamese origin (OR = 2.65 [1.25-5.61]) were overrepresented among the coinfected. CD4 count at the time of diagnosis and viral loads were higher among coinfected patients. The clinical stage was not significantly different between the two groups. The number of CD4 cells was not higher among the coinfected, unlike most reports from the literature. Prevalence of HTLV1 among HIV-infected patients is high in French Guiana, and physicians seem to omit the prescription of serology for this potentially serious coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gouhier
- Departement des Maladies Infectieuses, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana.
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Barrios CS, Castillo L, Giam CZ, Wu L, Beilke MA. Inhibition of HIV type 1 replication by human T lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 Tax proteins in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1061-7. [PMID: 23464580 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with HIV-1 and human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) coinfections often exhibit a clinical course similar to that seen in HIV-1-infected individuals who are long-term nonprogressors. These findings have been attributed in part to the ability of HTLV-2 to activate production of antiviral chemokines and to downregulate the CCR5 coreceptor on lymphocytes. To further investigate these observations, we tested the ability of recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins to suppress HIV-1 viral replication in vitro. R5-tropic HIV-1 (NLAD8)-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated daily with recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins (dosage range 1-100 pM). Culture supernatants were collected at intervals from days 1 to 22 postinfection and assayed for levels of HIV-1 p24 antigen by ELISA. Treatment of PBMCs with Tax2 protein resulted in a significant reduction in HIV-1 p24 antigen levels (p<0.05) at days 10, 14, and 18 postinfection compared to HIV-1-infected or mock-treated PBMCs. This was preceded by the detection of increased levels of CC-chemokines MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5 on days 1-7 of infection. Similar, but less robust inhibition was observed in Tax1-treated PBMCs. These results support the contention that Tax1 and Tax2 play a role in generating antiviral responses against HIV-1 in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy S. Barrios
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Laura Castillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark A. Beilke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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43
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a HIV/HTLV co-infected patient. J Neurol Sci 2013; 325:174-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Balistrieri G, Barrios C, Castillo L, Umunakwe TC, Giam CZ, Zhi H, Beilke MA. Induction of CC-chemokines with antiviral function in macrophages by the human T lymphotropic virus type 2 transactivating protein, Tax2. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:3-12. [PMID: 23286582 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data provide evidence that co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) delays progression to AIDS compared to isolated HIV-1 infection. These results were linked to expression of the HTLV-2 transcriptional activating gene known as Tax2. Preliminary studies in lymphocytic systems suggest that Tax2 is responsible for induction of CC-chemokines, which play a major role in innate immune responses against HIV-1. In this study, the effect of Tax2 on CC-chemokines (MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5) in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) was evaluated. An immortalized human monocytic cell line (U937) and donor-derived MDMs were used to evaluate these interactions. These cells were cultured in vitro, allowed to mature into macrophages for 14 d, and treated with Tax2 or Tax1 (the transcriptional activator of HTLV-1) at three concentrations (1, 10, and 100 pM) daily thereafter. Extracellular bacterial extract (EBE) lacking the vector and untreated samples served as controls. An additional group of donor-derived MDMs were transduced with an adenovirus vector that expressed either Tax2 or green fluorescent protein (GFP). Liposomal transfection agents alone were used as controls. Supernatants were collected from each sample on multiple days post-maturation and evaluated for MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analysis of variance and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference tests were used to analyze the results. In all systems, cells exposed to either Tax2 or Tax1 expressed significantly (p<0.01) higher concentrations of CC-chemokines than controls. There was no significant difference in chemokine expression between Tax1-treated and Tax2-treated samples, between EBE-treated and EBE-untreated samples, or between GFP-transduced MDMs and controls. This suggests that HTLV-2 could alter innate immune responses in macrophagic reservoirs of HIV-1 in HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infected individuals, and could guide the development of HIV-1 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorilee Balistrieri
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Malm K, Ekermo B, Hillgren K, Britton S, Fredlund H, Andersson S. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 44:852-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2012.689847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guiltinan AM, Kaidarova Z, Behan D, Marosi C, Hutching S, Kaiser M, Moore E, Devita D, Murphy EL. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder among human T-lymphotropic virus types I- and II-infected former blood donors. Transfusion 2012; 53:60-8. [PMID: 22554308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Other studies have reported high rates of depression and anxiety among human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I)-infected subjects and have even suggested that HTLV-I causes psychiatric disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We interviewed HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and demographically similar HTLV-seronegative blood donors with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Prevalences of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in each group were calculated and compared to published US population data. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) controlling for educational achievement, alcohol intake, and self-reported health status were calculated with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Major depression was diagnosed in five (5.4%) of 93 HTLV-I-positive subjects (aOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 0.63-7.55) and 17 (6.6%) of 256 HTLV-II-positive subjects (aOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.66-3.927), compared to 12 (2.1%) of 585 HTLV-seronegative blood donors. The prevalence of major depression among infected subjects was comparable to the 6.7% prevalence in the US general population. Generalized anxiety disorder was diagnosed in five (5.4%) HTLV-I-positive subjects (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 0.74-7.26) and 12 (4.7%) HTLV-II-positive subjects (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.68-4.01), compared to 15 (2.6%) seronegative subjects and 3.1% in the US general population. CONCLUSION Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were not significantly more prevalent among HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected former blood donors after controlling for health status and other confounding variables. HTLV-seronegative blood donors had lower prevalences of these conditions than the US population, probably due to a "healthy blood donor effect."
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Beilke MA. Retroviral coinfections: HIV and HTLV: taking stock of more than a quarter century of research. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:139-47. [PMID: 22171689 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral coinfections with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 or with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 occur with variable frequencies throughout the world with the highest prevalence in large metropolitan areas in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. The recognition that retroviral coinfections exist dates back to the discovery of HIV-1 over 25 years ago. Despite the large body of published information regarding the biological and clinical significance of retroviral coinfections, controversy throughout several decades of research was fueled by several flawed epidemiologic studies and anecdotal reports that were not always supported with ample statistical and scientific evidence. However, the growing consensus obtained from recent systematic and well-devised research provides support for at least three conclusions: (1) HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfections are often seen in the context of patients with high CD4(+) T cell counts presenting with lymphoma or neurological complications; (2) HIV-1 and HTLV-2 coinfections have been linked in some cases to a "long term nonprogressor" phenotype; and (3) differential function and/or overexpression of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax proteins likely play a pivotal role in the clinical and immunologic manifestations of HIV/HTLV-1 and -2 coinfections. This review will recount the chronology of work regarding retroviral coinfections from 1983 through the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Beilke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Barrios CS, Abuerreish M, Lairmore MD, Castillo L, Giam CZ, Beilke MA. Recombinant human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 Tax proteins induce high levels of CC-chemokines and downregulate CCR5 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:429-39. [PMID: 22111594 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia viruses types 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) produce key transcriptional regulatory gene products, known as Tax1 and Tax2, respectively. Tax1 and Tax2 transactivate multiple host genes involved in cellular immune responses within the cellular microenvironment, including induction of genes encoding expression of CC-chemokines. It is speculated that HTLV Tax proteins may act as immune modulators. In this study, recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins were tested for their effects on the viability of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and their ability to induce expression of CC-chemokines and to downregulate the level of CCR5 expression in PBMCs. PBMCs obtained from uninfected donors were cultured in a range of Tax1 and Tax2 concentrations (10-100 pM), and supernatant fluids were harvested at multiple time points for quantitative determinations of MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5. Treatment of PBMCs with Tax1 and Tax2 proteins (100 pM) resulted in a significant increase in viability over a 7-d period compared to controls (p<0.01). Both Tax1 and Tax2 induced high levels of all three CC-chemokines over the dosing range compared to mock-treated controls (p<0.05). The gated population of lymphocytes treated with Tax2, as well as lymphocytes from HTLV-2-infected donors, showed a significantly lower percentage of CCR5-positive cells compared to those of uninfected donors and from mock-treated lymphocytes, respectively (p<0.05). These results suggest that Tax1 and Tax2 could promote innate immunity in the extracellular environment during HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections via CC-chemokine ligands and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy S Barrios
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Vannappagari V, Nkhoma ET, Atashili J, Laurent SS, Zhao H. Prevalence, severity, and duration of thrombocytopenia among HIV patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Platelets 2011; 22:611-8. [PMID: 21612330 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2011.582526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a clinically relevant outcome in HIV. However, the epidemiology of this condition, including frequency, severity, and duration, has not been well-characterized in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In this study, we describe the epidemiology of thrombocytopenia using two methods. We conducted a systematic review of the literature published between 1997 and 2009 to characterize the frequency of thrombocytopenia in different populations in the HAART era. Secondly, we examined the frequency, severity, and duration of thrombocytopenia among HIV patients in the Collaborations in HIV Outcomes Research/US (CHORUS) Cohort from 1997 to 2006 and among HIV patients participating in GlaxoSmithKline HIV Clinical Trials between 1996 and 2004. Prevalence estimates of thrombocytopenia (<150 000 platelets/µl) in the literature varied greatly but were generally above 10%. The thrombocytopenia prevalence estimates in the CHORUS Cohort and the HIV Clinical Trials were both 14%. In the CHORUS Cohort, the platelet count was ≤50 000/µl among 3.1% and ≤30 000/µl among 1.7%; in the HIV clinical trials database, the platelet count was ≤50 000/µl among 1.3% and ≤30 000/µl among 0.67%. Duration of severe thrombocytopenia varied greatly, with the medium duration to ≥75 000 platelets/µl taking 147 days in the CHORUS Cohort and 33 days in the HIV clinical trials database. Among 111 patients with severe thrombocytopenia in the CHORUS Cohort, 23% never achieved a higher platelet count over follow-up. In conclusion, while the prevalence of severe thrombocytopenia was low, it occurred at levels associated with bleeding and was persistent among a small proportion of patients despite receipt of HAART.
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Brichacek B, Vanpouille C, Kiselyeva Y, Biancotto A, Merbah M, Hirsch I, Lisco A, Grivel JC, Margolis L. Contrasting roles for TLR ligands in HIV-1 pathogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12831. [PMID: 20862220 PMCID: PMC2942834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first line of a host's response to various pathogens is triggered by their engagement of cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Binding of microbial ligands to these receptors leads to the induction of a variety of cellular factors that alter intracellular and extracellular environment and interfere directly or indirectly with the life cycle of the triggering pathogen. Such changes may also affect any coinfecting microbe. Using ligands to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 5 and 9, we examined their effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in lymphoid tissue ex vivo. We found marked differences in the outcomes of such treatment. While flagellin (TLR5 agonist) treatment enhanced replication of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR 5)-tropic and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-tropic HIV-1, treatment with oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) M362 (TLR9 agonist) suppressed both viral variants. The differential effects of these TLR ligands on HIV-1 replication correlated with changes in production of CC chemokines CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and of CXC chemokines CXCL10, and CXCL12 in the ligand-treated HIV-1-infected tissues. The nature and/or magnitude of these changes were dependent on the ligand as well as on the HIV-1 viral strain. Moreover, the tested ligands differed in their ability to induce cellular activation as evaluated by the expression of the cluster of differentiation markers (CD) 25, CD38, CD39, CD69, CD154, and human leukocyte antigen D related (HLA)-DR as well as of a cell proliferation marker, Ki67, and of CCR5. No significant effect of the ligand treatment was observed on apoptosis and cell death/loss in the treated lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Our results suggest that binding of microbial ligands to TLRs is one of the mechanisms that mediate interactions between coinfected microbes and HIV-1 in human tissues. Thus, the engagement of appropriate TLRs by microbial molecules or their mimetic might become a new strategy for HIV therapy or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beda Brichacek
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Program in Physical Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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