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Zhang H, Li Q, Liao Y, Ma D, Zeng F, Zhang Z, Yu L, Yue R, Li X, Liao Y, Li D, Jang G, Zhao H, Zhao X, Zheng H, Li H, Liu L, Zhang Y. Immune Response Elicited by Recombinant Adenovirus-Delivered Glycoprotein B and Nucleocapsid Protein UL18 and UL25 of HSV-1 in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:13486. [PMID: 39769249 PMCID: PMC11678876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252413486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Due to the complex pathogenic and immune escape mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), especially the failure of induced immune responses to block the initial cell-to-cell transmission of the virus from skin cells to neurons, the body struggles to establish effective prevention and control methods, resulting in the failure of currently developed vaccines. Previous studies have highlighted the crucial roles of surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins in activating the body's immune defense system against HSV-1 infection. In this study, recombinant adenoviruses were used as vectors to generate adenoviruses carrying the nucleocapsid protein genes UL18 and UL25, as well as the surface glycoprotein gene gB. This approach aimed to mimic the protein expression process that occurs following viral infection of the host and to investigate the immune response characteristics induced by UL18, UL25, and gB proteins. The findings revealed that UL18, UL25, and gB proteins could all trigger the expression of genes associated with innate immune responses; however, the specific genes induced varied in type and level. Furthermore, all three proteins were capable of promoting the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes. Notably, only UL18 and gB could elicit a Th1 cell immune response. Interestingly, among these proteins, only UL18 could also induce a relatively higher IL-4 level, indicating a Th2 cell immune response. In addition to cellular immunity, all three proteins stimulated the production of specific IgG antibodies. Notably, UL18 induced higher and more sustained levels of specific IgG antibodies in mice. By contrast, only glycoprotein gB induced lower levels of neutralizing antibodies in mice. Moreover, when these mice were challenged with HSV-1, the co-immunization with UL18 and gB provided better protection than gB alone. In conclusion, HSV-1 surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins exhibit differences in their ability to induce innate and adaptive immunity in the body, suggesting potential avenues for vaccine design by leveraging their complementary advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qi Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Danjing Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Fengyuan Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhenxiao Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Li Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Rong Yue
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xinghang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuansheng Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Dandan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Guorun Jang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Heng Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Heng Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (D.M.); (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (L.Y.); (R.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (G.J.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.L.)
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Wang S, Song X, Rajewski A, Santiskulvong C, Ghiasi H. Stacking the odds: Multiple sites for HSV-1 latency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4904. [PMID: 36696497 PMCID: PMC9876545 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is the establishment of latent virus in peripheral sensory ganglia of the latently infected host. We and others originally reported that the latency-associated transcript (LAT) is the only abundantly expressed viral gene in neurons within trigeminal ganglia (TG) of a latently infected host. Here, we investigated the possible contribution of various cells [i.e., B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), fibroblasts, glial cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), macrophages, microglia, monocytes, natural killer cells, neurons, neutrophils, and T cells] isolated from TG of latently infected mice. Our results demonstrated that all of these cell types contain LAT, with DCs, neurons, and ILCs having the most LAT+ cells. These results suggest that HSV-1 can establish a quiescent/latent infection in a subset of nonneuronal cells, which enhances the chances that the virus will survive in its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xueying Song
- Applied Genomics, Computation, and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Rajewski
- Applied Genomics, Computation, and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chintda Santiskulvong
- Applied Genomics, Computation, and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cheung F, Apps R, Dropulic L, Kotliarov Y, Chen J, Jordan T, Langweiler M, Candia J, Biancotto A, Han KL, Rachmaninoff N, Pietz H, Wang K, Tsang JS, Cohen JI. Sex and prior exposure jointly shape innate immune responses to a live herpesvirus vaccine. eLife 2023; 12:e80652. [PMID: 36648132 PMCID: PMC9844983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both sex and prior exposure to pathogens are known to influence responses to immune challenges, but their combined effects are not well established in humans, particularly in early innate responses critical for shaping subsequent outcomes. Methods We employed systems immunology approaches to study responses to a replication-defective, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 vaccine in men and women either naive or previously exposed to HSV. Results Blood transcriptomic and cell population profiling showed substantial changes on day 1 after vaccination, but the responses depended on sex and whether the vaccinee was naive or previously exposed to HSV. The magnitude of early transcriptional responses was greatest in HSV naive women where type I interferon (IFN) signatures were prominent and associated negatively with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers, suggesting that a strong early antiviral response reduced the uptake of this replication-defective virus vaccine. While HSV seronegative vaccine recipients had upregulation of gene sets in type I IFN (IFN-α/β) responses, HSV2 seropositive vaccine recipients tended to have responses focused more on type II IFN (IFN-γ) genes. Conclusions These results together show that prior exposure and sex interact to shape early innate responses that then impact subsequent adaptive immune phenotypes. Funding Intramural Research Program of the NIH, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and other institutes supporting the Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation. The vaccine trial was supported through a clinical trial agreement between the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Sanofi Pasteur. Clinical trial number: NCT01915212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foo Cheung
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Richard Apps
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lesia Dropulic
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yuri Kotliarov
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Tristan Jordan
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Marc Langweiler
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Julian Candia
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Angelique Biancotto
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kyu Lee Han
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Nicholas Rachmaninoff
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Harlan Pietz
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kening Wang
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John S Tsang
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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Dorosti H, Eskandari S, Zarei M, Nezafat N, Ghasemi Y. Design of a multi-epitope protein vaccine against herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis as the main causes of sexually transmitted diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105136. [PMID: 34775078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have a profound effect on reproductivity and sexual health worldwide. According to world health organization (WHO) 375 million new case of STD, including chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, HPV has been reported in 2016. More than 30 diverse pathogenesis have identified to be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Of these, viral infections (hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes), HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV) are incurable. However, symptoms caused by the incurable viral infections can be alleviated through treatment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to antibiotics has increased recent years, in this regard, vaccination is proposed as an important strategy for prevention or treatment of STDs. Vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 suggests a new approach for controlling STDs but until now, there is no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine have been approved for HSV-2 and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT); in this reason, developing an efficient vaccine is inevitable. Recently, different combinatorial forms of subunit vaccines against two or three type of bacteria have been designed. In this study, to design a combinatorial vaccine against HSV, CT, and HPV, the E7 and L2 from HPV, glycoprotein D from HSV-2 and ompA from CT were selected as final antigens. Afterward, the immunodominant helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) and cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) epitopes were chosen from aforesaid antigens. P30 (tetanus toxoid epitope) as universal T-helper were also added to the vaccine. Moreover, flagellin D1/D0 as TLR5 agonist and the RS09 as a TLR4 ligand were incorporated to N and C-terminals of peptide vaccine, respectively. Finally, all selected parts were fused together by appropriate linkers to enhance vaccine efficiency. The physicochemical, structural, and immunological properties of the designed vaccine protein were assessed. To achieve the best 3D model of the protein vaccine, modeling, refinement, and validation of modeled structures were also done. Docking evaluation demonstrated suitable interaction between the vaccine and TLR5. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) studies showed an appropriate and stable structure of protein and TLR5. Based on immunoinformatic analysis, our vaccine candidate could potentially incite humoral and cellular immunities, which are critical for protection against HPV, HSV-2, and chlamydia trachomatis. It should be noted that, experimental studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the designed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Dorosti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Eskandari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Feng E, Balint E, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA. Immunoregulatory Functions of Interferons During Genital HSV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724618. [PMID: 34484233 PMCID: PMC8416247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that disproportionately impacts women worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or curative treatments, resulting in life-long infection. The mucosal environment of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is home to a complex array of local immune defenses that must be carefully coordinated to protect against genital HSV-2 infection, while preventing excessive inflammation to prevent disease symptoms. Crucial to the defense against HSV-2 infection in the FRT are three classes of highly related and integrated cytokines, type I, II, and III interferons (IFN). These three classes of cytokines control HSV-2 infection and reduce tissue damage through a combination of directly inhibiting viral replication, as well as regulating the function of resident immune cells. In this review, we will examine how interferons are induced and their critical role in how they shape the local immune response to HSV-2 infection in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Antibodies Elicited in Response to a Single Cycle Glycoprotein D Deletion Viral Vaccine Candidate Bind C1q and Activate Complement Mediated Neutralization and Cytolysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071284. [PMID: 34209320 PMCID: PMC8310317 DOI: 10.3390/v13071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) prevention is a global health priority but, despite decades of research, there is no effective vaccine. Prior efforts focused on generating glycoprotein D (gD) neutralizing antibodies, but clinical trial outcomes were disappointing. The deletion of gD yields a single-cycle candidate vaccine (∆gD-2) that elicits high titer polyantigenic non-gD antibodies that exhibit little complement-independent neutralization but mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). Active or passive immunization with DgD-2 completely protects mice from lethal disease and latency following challenge with clinical isolates of either serotype. The current studies evaluated the role of complement in vaccine-elicited protection. The immune serum from the DgD-2 vaccinated mice exhibited significantly greater C1q binding compared to the serum from the gD protein vaccinated mice with infected cell lysates from either serotype as capture antigens. The C1q-binding antibodies recognized glycoprotein B. This resulted in significantly greater antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytolysis and neutralization. Notably, complete protection was preserved when the DgD-2 immune serum was passively transferred into C1q knockout mice, suggesting that ADCC and ADCP are sufficient in mice. We speculate that the polyfunctional responses elicited by DgD-2 may prove more effective in preventing HSV, compared to the more restrictive responses elicited by adjuvanted gD protein vaccines.
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Kao CM, Goymer J, Loh LN, Mahant A, Aschner CB, Herold BC. Murine Model of Maternal Immunization Demonstrates Protective Role for Antibodies That Mediate Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Protecting Neonates From Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:729-738. [PMID: 31599942 PMCID: PMC7768689 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease results in unacceptable morbidity and mortality. The primary humoral immune response to natural infection is neutralizing antibodies (Abs). However, Abs that activate Fc gama receptors (FcγRs) and mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) may play a dominant role in protection. In adult mice, a single-cycle HSV candidate vaccine deleted in glycoprotein-D (ΔgD-2) that induces ADCC provided complete protection against HSV disease and prevented the establishment of latency. Passive transfer studies showed that Abs were sufficient for protection. The current study tested the hypothesis that maternal immunization with ΔgD-2 would protect neonates. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice were vaccinated 3 weeks apart with ΔgD-2, and pups were challenged at different times postnatally with lethal doses of HSV-1 or HSV-2. Concentration and functionality of Abs and immune cells were assessed. RESULTS Maternal ΔgD-2 immunization provided significant protection and reduced viral dissemination after lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Protection correlated with Abs acquired transplacentally or from breastmilk that mediated ADCC. Protection was reduced when pups were challenged on Day 1 of life, and this was associated with decreased ability of newborn cells to mediate Ab-dependent cell killing. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies mediating ADCC provide significant protection against neonatal HSV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/prevention & control
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Kao
- Departments of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Goymer
- Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lip Nam Loh
- Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aakash Mahant
- Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Clare Burn Aschner
- Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Departments of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Retamal-Díaz AR, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, González PA. A Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Deleted for Glycoprotein D Enables Dendritic Cells to Activate CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:904. [PMID: 28848543 PMCID: PMC5553038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is highly prevalent in the human population producing significant morbidity, mainly because of the generation of genital ulcers and neonatal encephalitis. Additionally, HSV-2 infection significantly increases the susceptibility of the host to acquire HIV and promotes the shedding of the latter in the coinfected. Despite numerous efforts to create a vaccine against HSV-2, no licensed vaccines are currently available. A long-standing strategy, based on few viral glycoproteins combined with adjuvants, recently displayed poor results in a Phase III clinical study fueling exploration on the development of mutant HSV viruses that are attenuated in vivo and elicit protective adaptive immune components, such as antiviral antibodies and T cells. Importantly, such specialized antiviral immune components are likely induced and modulated by dendritic cells, professional antigen presenting cells that process viral antigens and present them to T cells. However, HSV interferes with several functions of DCs and ultimately induces their death. Here, we propose that for an attenuated mutant virus to confer protective immunity against HSV in vivo based on adaptive immune components, such virus should also be attenuated in dendritic cells to promote a robust and effective antiviral response. We provide a background framework for this idea, considerations, as well as the means to assess this hypothesis. Addressing this hypothesis may provide valuable insights for the development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against herpes simplex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angello R Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Awasthi S, Hook LM, Shaw CE, Pahar B, Stagray JA, Liu D, Veazey RS, Friedman HM. An HSV-2 Trivalent Vaccine Is Immunogenic in Rhesus Macaques and Highly Efficacious in Guinea Pigs. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006141. [PMID: 28103319 PMCID: PMC5245903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A genital herpes vaccine is urgently needed to prevent pain and suffering, reduce the incidence of neonatal herpes, and decrease the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission that accompanies genital infection. We evaluated a trivalent HSV-2 subunit antigen vaccine administered with CpG and alum in rhesus macaques and guinea pigs. The vaccine contains glycoproteins C, D and E (gC2, gD2, gE2) to block virus entry by gD2 and immune evasion by gC2 and gE2. In rhesus macaques, the trivalent vaccine induced plasma and mucosa neutralizing antibodies, antibodies that block gC2 and gE2 immune evasion activities, and stimulated CD4 T cell responses. After intravaginal challenge, a self-limited vaginal infection of brief duration was detected by histopathology and immunohistochemistry in naïve, but not in trivalent immunized macaques. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated in female guinea pigs. Animals were mock immunized, or immunized with gD2, the trivalent vaccine or the trivalent vaccine followed by a booster dose of gD2 (trivalent + gD2). The trivalent and trivalent + gD2 groups were 97% and 99% efficacious, respectively in preventing genital lesions and both outperformed gD2 alone. As a marker of transmission risk, vaginal swabs were evaluated daily for HSV-2 DNA and replication competent virus between five and seven weeks after challenge. HSV-2 DNA shedding was reduced in all groups compared with mock. Shedding of replication competent virus occurred on fewer days in the trivalent than gD2 immunized animals while the trivalent + gD2 group had no shedding of replication competent virus. Overall, the trivalent group had genital lesions on < 1% days and shedding of replication competent virus on 0.2% days. The vaccine has outstanding potential for prevention of genital herpes in humans. Approximately a half-billion people worldwide are infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the virus that causes genital herpes. In some individuals, infection results in painful, recurrent genital ulcers, while in others, the infection remains quiescent. In both settings, infected individuals may transmit virus to their intimate partners. Genital herpes increases the risk that an infected person will acquire HIV if exposed during sexual intercourse. A vaccine for the prevention of genital herpes is a high priority. We describe a vaccine that induces antibodies that block the ability of the virus to enter cells and that prevents the virus from escaping immune attack mediated by antibody and complement. The vaccine contains HSV-2 glycoproteins C, D and E and is immunogenic in non-human primates. The vaccine protects immunized non-human primates against a mild vaginal infection that develops in naïve animals after intravaginal inoculation of virus. Naïve guinea pigs develop severe genital disease, while immunized animals are almost 100% protected after intravaginal infection. The vaccine greatly reduces the number of days during the recurrent phase of infection that animals shed virus in genital secretions, thereby reducing the risk of transmission. We consider this novel vaccine a leading candidate for clinical trials aimed at preventing genital herpes infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Hook
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolyn E. Shaw
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Stagray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang M, Jiang S, Zhou L, Wang C, Mao R, Ponnusamy M. Efficient production of recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 in Pichia pastoris and its protective efficacy against viral challenge in mice. Arch Virol 2016; 162:701-711. [PMID: 27868164 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease and a significant public health concern. However, there are no approved vaccines available to prevent HSV-2 infection. The glycoprotein D (gD) of HSV-2 is the most important candidate antigen for vaccine development. In this study, a truncated form of gD (codons 1-340, gD1-340) was produced as a secretory protein in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombinant gD1-340 with a His6 tag was purified to homogeneity by one-step affinity chromatography. Mice immunized with the recombinant gD1-340 developed high levels of antigen-specific antibody responses with HSV-2 neutralizing activity. Immunization with the recombinant gD1-340 conferred significant protection against lethal HSV-2 infection in mice. Moreover, measurement of the secretion of gD1-340-specific cytokines demonstrated that the recombinant gD1-340 induced mixed Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses. These findings indicated that P. pastoris-derived gD1-340 represents a promising HSV-2 vaccine candidate with strong immunogenicity and prophylactic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ruifeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Murugavel Ponnusamy
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
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Antoine TE, Hadigal SR, Yakoub AM, Mishra YK, Bhattacharya P, Haddad C, Valyi-Nagy T, Adelung R, Prabhakar BS, Shukla D. Intravaginal Zinc Oxide Tetrapod Nanoparticles as Novel Immunoprotective Agents against Genital Herpes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:4566-75. [PMID: 27183601 PMCID: PMC4875784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all efforts to generate an effective protection against the life-long, recurrent genital infections caused by HSV-2 have failed. Apart from sexual transmission, the virus can also be transmitted from mothers to neonates, and it is a key facilitator of HIV coacquisition. In this article, we uncover a nanoimmunotherapy using specially designed zinc oxide tetrapod nanoparticles (ZOTEN) with engineered oxygen vacancies. We demonstrate that ZOTEN, when used intravaginally as a microbicide, is an effective suppressor of HSV-2 genital infection in female BALB/c mice. The strong HSV-2 trapping ability of ZOTEN significantly reduced the clinical signs of vaginal infection and effectively decreased animal mortality. In parallel, ZOTEN promoted the presentation of bound HSV-2 virions to mucosal APCs, enhancing T cell-mediated and Ab-mediated responses to the infection, and thereby suppressing a reinfection. We also found that ZOTEN exhibits strong adjuvant-like properties, which is highly comparable with alum, a commonly used adjuvant. Overall, to our knowledge, our study provides the very first evidence for the protective efficacy of an intravaginal microbicide/vaccine or microbivac platform against primary and secondary female genital herpes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thessicar E Antoine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Satvik R Hadigal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Abraam M Yakoub
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Christine Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Tibor Valyi-Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kiel 24143, Germany; and
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612;
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
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13
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Jin Z, Sun T, Xia X, Wei Q, Song Y, Han Q, Chen Q, Hu J, Zhang J. Optimized Expression, Purification of Herpes B Virus gD Protein in Escherichia coli, and Production of Its Monoclonal Antibodies. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e32183. [PMID: 27226876 PMCID: PMC4877525 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.32183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes B virus (BV) is a zoonotic disease caused by double-stranded enveloped DNA virus with cercopithecidae as its natural host. The mortality rate of infected people could be up to 70% with fatal encephalitis and encephalomyelitis. Up to now, there are no effective treatments for BV infection. Among the various proteins encoded by monkey B virus, gD, a conserved structural protein, harbors important application value for serological diagnosis of frequent variations of the monkey B virus. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to expressed the gD protein of BV in Escherichia coli by a recombinant vector, and prepare specific monoclonal antibodies against gD of BV to pave the way for effective and quick diagnosis reagent research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gD gene of BV was optimized by OptimWiz to improve codon usage bias and synthesis, and the recombinant plasmid, pET32a/gD, was constructed and expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3). The expressed fusion protein, His-gD, was purified and the BALB/c mice were immunized by this protein. Spleen cells from the immunized mice and SP2/0 myeloma cells were fused together, and the monoclonal cell strains were obtained by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening, followed by preparation of monoclonal antibody ascetic fluid. RESULTS The optimized gD protein was highly expressed in E. coli and successfully purified. Five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against BV were obtained and named as 4E3, 3F8, 3E7, 1H3 and 4B6, and with ascetic fluid titers of 2 × 10(6), 2 × 10(5), 2 × 10(5), 2 × 10(3) and 2 × 10(2), respectively. The 1H3 and 4E3 belonged to the IgG2b subclass, while 3E7, 3F8 and 4B6 belonged to the IgG1 subclass. CONCLUSIONS The cell lines obtained in this work secreted potent, stable and specific anti-BV mAbs, which were suitable for the development of herpes B virus diagnosis reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Jin
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qiujiang Wei
- Kunming Biomed International Company, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Corresponding author: Jinyang Zhang, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China. Tel: +86-87165939528, Fax: +86-87165939528, E-mail:
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14
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Qi Y, Xu Y, Pan Y, Li S, Li B, Pan M, Zhang S, Li Y. Overexpression and purification of HSV-2 glycoprotein D in suspension CHO cells with serum-free medium and immunogenicity analysis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:312-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qi
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Preclinical Medicine; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Suqin Li
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjun Li
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Pan
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Preclinical Medicine; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexi Li
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques; Nanjing People's Republic of China
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15
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Petro C, González PA, Cheshenko N, Jandl T, Khajoueinejad N, Bénard A, Sengupta M, Herold BC, Jacobs WR. Herpes simplex type 2 virus deleted in glycoprotein D protects against vaginal, skin and neural disease. eLife 2015; 4:e06054. [PMID: 25756612 PMCID: PMC4352706 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines comprised of glycoprotein D (gD-2) failed to prevent HSV-2 highlighting need for novel strategies. To test the hypothesis that deletion of gD-2 unmasks protective antigens, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of an HSV-2 virus deleted in gD-2 and complemented allowing a single round of replication on cells expressing HSV-1 gD (ΔgD(-/+gD-1)). Subcutaneous immunization of C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice with ΔgD(-/+gD1) provided 100% protection against lethal intravaginal or skin challenges and prevented latency. ΔgD(-/+gD1) elicited no disease in SCID mice, whereas 1000-fold lower doses of wild-type virus were lethal. HSV-specific antibodies were detected in serum (titer 1:800,000) following immunization and in vaginal washes after intravaginal challenge. The antibodies elicited cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but little neutralizing activity. Passive transfer of immune serum completely protected wild-type, but not Fcγ-receptor or neonatal Fc-receptor knock-out mice. These studies demonstrate that non-neutralizing Fc-mediated humoral responses confer protection and support advancement of this attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Petro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Pablo A González
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Cheshenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Thomas Jandl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Nazanin Khajoueinejad
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Angèle Bénard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Mayami Sengupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
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17
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Alves Dummer L, Pereira Leivas Leite F, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein D: a review of its structural characteristics and applications in vaccinology. Vet Res 2014; 45:111. [PMID: 25359626 PMCID: PMC4252008 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses. Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. In view of its role in the induction of protective immunity, gD has been tested in new vaccine development strategies against both viruses. Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and where appropriate, Human herpesvirus gD, as well as its role in viral entry and interactions with host cell receptors. Furthermore, the interactions of gD with the host immune system are discussed. Finally, the application of this glycoprotein in new vaccine design is reviewed, taking its structural and functional characteristics into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Alves Dummer
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada. .,VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Sesardic D, Rijpkema S, Patel BP. New adjuvants: EU regulatory developments. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:849-61. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Johnston C, Koelle DM, Wald A. Current status and prospects for development of an HSV vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 32:1553-60. [PMID: 24016811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infects 530million people, is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease, and increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Although several candidate vaccines have been promising in animal models, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have not been effective in clinical trials thus far. Null results from the most recent prophylactic glycoprotein D2 subunit vaccine trial suggest that we must reevaluate our approach to HSV-2 vaccine development. We discuss HSV-2 pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccine efforts to date, as well as the current pipeline of candidate vaccines and design of trials to evaluate new vaccine constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein D genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age: results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial. Vaccine 2013; 31:6136-43. [PMID: 23850416 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The investigational AS04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('HSV vaccine'; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. The primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (SAEs) over 12 months between HSV vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen and adolescent girls. The immunogenicity of the HSV vaccine was also assessed. METHODS Healthy girls aged 10-17 years, stratified by age (10-15 years; 16-17 years), were randomised 2:1:1 to receive the HSV vaccine, a hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix™; HAV control) or placebo (saline) according to a 0-, 1-, 6-month schedule. Participants and study personnel not involved in the preparation or administration of vaccines were blinded to treatment. Safety and immunogenicity analyses were performed overall and by age (10-15 years; 16-17 years) and HSV serostatus. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the percentage of subjects with SAEs was observed between the HSV and saline group, or between the HSV and pooled control (HAV and saline) groups. The HSV vaccine was well tolerated, although a higher incidence of solicited local symptoms was observed in the HSV group than in the control group. Neither age nor HSV serostatus at the time of study entry had an impact on the safety profile of this vaccine. The HSV vaccine was immunogenic regardless of pre-vaccination HSV serostatus. Higher anti-gD geometric mean concentrations were observed in HSV-1 seropositive participants than in HSV-1 seronegative participants. CONCLUSION The HSV vaccine had an acceptable safety profile, and was well tolerated and immunogenic when administered to girls aged 10-17 years regardless of age or HSV pre-vaccination serostatus.
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Mundle ST, Hernandez H, Hamberger J, Catalan J, Zhou C, Stegalkina S, Tiffany A, Kleanthous H, Delagrave S, Anderson SF. High-purity preparation of HSV-2 vaccine candidate ACAM529 is immunogenic and efficacious in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57224. [PMID: 23468943 PMCID: PMC3582571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and to a lesser extent herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Infection by HSV-2 is life-long and is associated with significant cost to healthcare systems and social stigma despite the highly prevalent nature of the disease. For instance, the proportion of HSV-2 seropositive to seronegative adults is approximately 1 in 5 in the US and greater than 4 in 5 in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The replication-defective vaccine strain virus dl5-29 was re-derived using cells appropriate for GMP manufacturing and renamed ACAM529. Immunization with dl5-29 was previously reported to be protective both in mice and in guinea pigs, however these studies were performed with vaccine that was purified using methods that cannot be scaled for manufacturing of clinical material. Here we describe methods which serve as a major step towards preparation of ACAM529 which may be suitable for testing in humans. ACAM529 can be harvested from infected cell culture of the trans-complementing cell line AV529 clone 19 (AV529-19) without mechanical cell disruption. ACAM529 may then be purified with respect to host cell DNA and proteins by a novel purification scheme, which includes a combination of endonuclease treatment, depth filtration, anion-exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF). The resultant virus retains infectivity and is ∼ 200-fold more pure with respect to host cell DNA and proteins than is ACAM529 purified by ultracentrifugation. Additionally, we describe a side-by-side comparison of chromatography-purified ACAM529 with sucrose cushion-purified ACAM529, which shows that both preparations are equally immunogenic and protective when tested in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia T Mundle
- Discovery North America, Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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22
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Leroux-Roels G, Clément F, Vandepapelière P, Fourneau M, Heineman TC, Dubin G. Immunogenicity and safety of different formulations of an adjuvanted glycoprotein D genital herpes vaccine in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1254-62. [PMID: 23434737 PMCID: PMC3901814 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (HSV-2) is the main cause of genital and neonatal herpes and is highly prevalent worldwide. Previous phase I and II studies showed the immunogenicity and safety of the candidate prophylactic HSV-2 glycoprotein D-based subunit vaccine (gD2-AS04), containing aluminum hydroxide and 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) as adjuvant (AS04), in healthy adults. The primary objective of the study presented here was to compare the immunogenicity and safety of five different vaccine formulations: 3 different antigen doses [20, 40 or 80 μg of truncated glycoprotein D from HSV-2 strain (gD-2t)], different aluminum salts [AlPO4 or Al(OH)3], different preservatives or different volumes of vaccine (0.5 or 1 ml). One hundred and fifty healthy men and women aged 18–45 years, with negative serological markers for HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, were vaccinated with one of 5 formulations of the gD2-AS04 candidate vaccine according to a 0-, 1-, 6-month schedule. No statistically significant difference was observed in humoral or cellular immune responses between different antigen doses or the different aluminum salts, preservatives or volumes of vaccine. The gD2-AS04 vaccine was well tolerated by study participants for the duration of the study period. Local symptoms were more frequently reported than general symptoms, with muscle stiffness and/or injection site redness being the most frequently reported. Overall, the incidence of adverse events was comparable in all groups. Based on these results the gD2-AS04 formulation, containing 20 μg of gD-2t, was selected for evaluation of prophylactic efficacy in further clinical trials.
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23
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Tavares F, Cheuvart B, Heineman T, Arellano F, Dubin G. Meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in pooled randomized trials on a prophylactic adjuvanted glycoprotein D subunit herpes simplex virus vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:1759-64. [PMID: 23313657 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this investigation was to assess whether the AS04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D candidate prophylactic vaccine against genital herpes disease increases the risk of spontaneous abortion associated with pregnancy conceived within the vaccination exposure window (vaccine dose received within the period starting 60 days before and ending 20 weeks post-conception day). We performed a meta-analysis of studies designed as part of the clinical development program for this vaccine, to examine the relative risk of abortion (spontaneous or elective) associated with unintended vaccination exposure during pregnancy. Nineteen studies, completed before September 2010, were eligible; 5 matched the inclusion criteria for this analysis (presence of a control arm and at least one adverse pregnancy outcome reported). All vaccinated women (N=19,727) were included, of whom 660 reported a pregnancy during the study period. Overall, 13.3% of pregnancies in the HSV vaccine group and 11.0% in the control group resulted in spontaneous abortion; 24.2% and 20.0% resulted in elective abortion. Among 180 women with a first pregnancy conceived in the vaccination exposure window, 16.7% (HSV vaccine) and 9.5% (control) had a spontaneous abortion and 38.5% and 33.3%, elective abortion. The relative risk for spontaneous abortion associated with vaccine exposure during the risk period for abortion in the course of pregnancy was 1.7 (95% CI: 0.7-4.6). For all women receiving HSV vaccine, this relative risk was 1.3 (95% CI: 0.8-2.1). The corresponding relative risks for elective abortion were 1.2 (95% CI: 0.7-2.0) and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9-1.8). There was no apparent relationship to dosing and no difference between groups in gestational age at the time of spontaneous or elective abortion. In conclusion there is no statistical evidence that the investigational HSV vaccine increased the risk of spontaneous or elective abortion.
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24
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Platt RJ, Khodai T, Townend TJ, Bright HH, Cockle P, Perez-Tosar L, Webster R, Champion B, Hickling TP, Mirza F. CD8+ T Lymphocyte Epitopes From The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 Proteins To Facilitate Vaccine Design And Characterization. Cells 2013; 2:19-42. [PMID: 24709642 PMCID: PMC3972665 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have the potential to control HSV-2 infection. However, limited information has been available on CD8+ T cell epitopes or the functionality of antigen specific T cells during infection or following immunization with experimental vaccines. Peptide panels from HSV-2 proteins ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 were selected from in silico predictions of binding to human HLA-A*0201 and mouse H-2Kd, Ld and Dd molecules. Nine previously uncharacterized CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified from HSV-2 infected BALB/c mice. HSV-2 specific peptide sequences stabilized HLA-A*02 surface expression with intermediate or high affinity binding. Peptide specific CD8+ human T cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes were generated from a HLA-A*02+ donor. High frequencies of peptide specific CD8+ T cell responses were elicited in mice by DNA vaccination with ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14, as demonstrated by CD107a mobilization. Vaccine driven T cell responses displayed a more focused immune response than those induced by viral infection. Furthermore, vaccination with ICP27 reduced viral shedding and reduced the clinical impact of disease. In conclusion, this study describes novel HSV-2 epitopes eliciting strong CD8+ T cell responses that may facilitate epitope based vaccine design and aid immunomonitoring of antigen specific T cell frequencies in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Platt
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Tansi Khodai
- New Opportunities Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 -9NJ, UK.
| | - Tim J Townend
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Helen H Bright
- New Opportunities Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 -9NJ, UK.
| | - Paul Cockle
- Vaccine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Luis Perez-Tosar
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Rob Webster
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Brian Champion
- Vaccine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Timothy P Hickling
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Fareed Mirza
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
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25
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Stanberry LR, Belshe RB. Herpes simplex virus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Stanberry LR. Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
HSV infections are prevalent worldwide. A vaccine to prevent genital herpes would have a significant impact on this disease. Several vaccines have shown promise in animal models; however, so far these have not been successful in human clinical studies. Prophylactic HSV vaccines to prevent HSV infection or disease have focused primarily on eliciting antibody responses. Potent antibody responses are needed to result in sufficiently high levels of virus-specific antibody in the genital tract. Therapeutic vaccines that reduce recurrences need to induce potent T-cell responses at the site of infection. With the increasing incidence of HSV-1 genital herpes, an effective herpes vaccine should protect against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Novel HSV vaccines, such as replication-defective or attenuated viruses, have elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in preclinical studies. These vaccines and others hold promise in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia K Dropulic
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Roth K, Ferreira VH, Kaushic C. HSV-2 vaccine: current state and insights into development of a vaccine that targets genital mucosal protection. Microb Pathog 2012; 58:45-54. [PMID: 23159485 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HSV-2 is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that result in significant morbidity and financial burden on health systems around the world. Recurrent and asymptomatic re-activation accompanied by viral shedding is common among sero-positive individuals, leading to relatively high efficiency of transmission. Prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines are the best and cheapest option to address the problems associated with HSV-2 infections globally. However, despite persistent efforts, the search for an efficacious vaccine for HSV-2 remains elusive. In this review, the current state of HSV-2 vaccines and the outcome of past human trials are examined. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence and strategies from experimental mouse models that have been successful in inducing protective immunity in the genital tract against HSV-2, following immunization. Future vaccination strategies that focus on induction of robust mucosal immunity in the genital tract may hold the key for a successful vaccine against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Roth
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Immunogenicity and efficacy of intramuscular replication-defective and subunit vaccines against herpes simplex virus type 2 in the mouse genital model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46714. [PMID: 23071620 PMCID: PMC3469653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted virus that is highly prevalent worldwide, causing a range of symptoms that result in significant healthcare costs and human suffering. ACAM529 is a replication-defective vaccine candidate prepared by growing the previously described dl5-29 on a cell line appropriate for GMP manufacturing. This vaccine, when administered subcutaneously, was previously shown to protect mice from a lethal vaginal HSV-2 challenge and to afford better protection than adjuvanted glycoprotein D (gD) in guinea pigs. Here we show that ACAM529 given via the intramuscular route affords significantly greater immunogenicity and protection in comparison with subcutaneous administration in the mouse vaginal HSV-2 challenge model. Further, we describe a side-by-side comparison of intramuscular ACAM529 with a gD vaccine across a range of challenge virus doses. While differences in protection against death are not significant, ACAM529 protects significantly better against mucosal infection, reducing peak challenge virus shedding at the highest challenge dose by over 500-fold versus 5-fold for gD. Over 27% (11/40) of ACAM529-immunized animals were protected from viral shedding while 2.5% (1/40) were protected by the gD vaccine. Similarly, 35% (7/20) of mice vaccinated with ACAM529 were protected from infection of their dorsal root ganglia while none of the gD-vaccinated mice were protected. These results indicate that measuring infection of the vaginal mucosa and of dorsal root ganglia over a range of challenge doses is more sensitive than evaluating survival at a single challenge dose as a means of directly comparing vaccine efficacy in the mouse vaginal challenge model. The data also support further investigation of ACAM529 for prophylaxis in human subjects.
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30
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Luo C, Goshima F, Kamakura M, Mutoh Y, Iwata S, Kimura H, Nishiyama Y. Immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, HF10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:158. [PMID: 22557998 PMCID: PMC3339446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (HSV-2), and is a major concern in public health. A previous infection with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) enhances protection against primary HSV-2 infection to some extent. In this study, we evaluated the ability of HF10, a naturally occurring replication-competent HSV-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by HSV-2. Subcutaneous inoculation of HF10-immunized mice against lethal infection by HSV-2, and attenuated the development of genital ulcer diseases. Immunization with HF10 inhibited HSV-2 replication in the mouse vagina, reduced local inflammation, controlled emergence of neurological dysfunctions of HSV-2 infection, and increased survival. In HF10-immunized mice, we observed rapid and increased production of interferon-γ in the vagina in response to HSV-2 infection, and numerous CD4+ and a few CD8+ T cells localized to the infective focus. CD4+ T cells invaded the mucosal subepithelial lamina propria. Thus, the protective effect of HF10 was related to induction of cellular immunity, mediated primarily by Th1 CD4+ cells. These data indicate that the live attenuated HSV-1 mutant strain HF10 is a promising candidate antigen for a vaccine against genital herpes caused by HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Luo
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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Chung E, Sen J. The ongoing pursuit of a prophylactic HSV vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:285-300. [PMID: 22396215 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV is among the most common human pathogens in the world. It is known to cause painful, persistent skin lesions, while also being the most common cause of fatal non-epidemic encephalitis as well as the leading cause of corneal blindness. The development of prophylactic vaccines could substantially reduce global health problems associated with HSV. So far, HSV vaccine strategies have shown noticeable efficacy in early development during preclinical phases but remained unsuccessful or unproven in human trials. New understanding of how the immune system mounts a defence against HSV offers practical strategies for vaccine development. A number of promising vaccine candidates are currently awaiting clinical development or already undergoing clinical testing. Therefore, this is a suitable time to assess the progress of HSV vaccine development and consider existing challenges and future improvements needed to achieve an effective prophylactic HSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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32
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Shlapobersky M, Marshak JO, Dong L, Huang ML, Wei Q, Chu A, Rolland A, Sullivan S, Koelle DM. Vaxfectin-adjuvanted plasmid DNA vaccine improves protection and immunogenicity in a murine model of genital herpes infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1305-1315. [PMID: 22398318 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.040055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) envelope glycoprotein (gD2) was evaluated as a potential antigen candidate for a plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based HSV-2 vaccine. The pDNA was formulated with Vaxfectin, a cationic lipid-based adjuvant, and tested in a murine HSV-2 lethal challenge model. gD2 was expressed as full-length (FL) and secreted (S) gD2 forms. A 0.1 µg pDNA dose was tested to distinguish treatment conditions for survival and a 100 µg pDNA dose was tested to distinguish treatment conditions for reduction in vaginal and latent HSV-2 copies. Vaxfectin-formulated gD2 pDNA significantly increased serum IgG titres and survival for both FL gD2 and S gD2 compared with gD2 pDNA alone. Mice immunized with FL gD2 formulated with Vaxfectin showed reduction in vaginal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) HSV-2 copies. The stringency of this protection was further evaluated by testing Vaxfectin-formulated FL gD2 pDNA at a high 500 LD(50) inoculum. At this high viral challenge, the 0.1 µg dose of FL gD2 Vaxfectin-formulated pDNA yielded 80 % survival compared with no survival for FL gD2 pDNA alone. Vaxfectin-formulated FL gD2 pDNA, administered at a 100 µg pDNA dose, significantly reduced HSV-2 DNA copy number, compared with FL gD2 DNA alone. In addition, 40 % of mice vaccinated with adjuvanted FL pDNA had no detectable HSV-2 viral genomes in the DRG, whereas all mice vaccinated with gD2 pDNA alone were positive for HSV-2 viral genomes. These results show the potential contribution of Vaxfectin-gD2 pDNA to a future multivalent HSV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shlapobersky
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qun Wei
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alice Chu
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alain Rolland
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sean Sullivan
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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33
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Belshe RB, Leone PA, Bernstein DI, Wald A, Levin MJ, Stapleton JT, Gorfinkel I, Morrow RLA, Ewell MG, Stokes-Riner A, Dubin G, Heineman TC, Schulte JM, Deal CD. Efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:34-43. [PMID: 22216840 PMCID: PMC3287348 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two previous studies of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) subunit vaccine containing glycoprotein D in HSV-discordant couples revealed 73% and 74% efficacy against genital disease in women who were negative for both HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 antibodies. Efficacy was not observed in men or HSV-1 seropositive women. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind efficacy field trial involving 8323 women 18 to 30 years of age who were negative for antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2. At months 0, 1, and 6, some subjects received the investigational vaccine, consisting of 20 μg of glycoprotein D from HSV-2 with alum and 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant; control subjects received the hepatitis A vaccine, at a dose of 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units. The primary end point was occurrence of genital herpes disease due to either HSV-1 or HSV-2 from month 2 (1 month after dose 2) through month 20. RESULTS The HSV vaccine was associated with an increased risk of local reactions as compared with the control vaccine, and it elicited ELISA and neutralizing antibodies to HSV-2. Overall, the vaccine was not efficacious; vaccine efficacy was 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], -29 to 50) against genital herpes disease. However, efficacy against HSV-1 genital disease was 58% (95% CI, 12 to 80). Vaccine efficacy against HSV-1 infection (with or without disease) was 35% (95% CI, 13 to 52), but efficacy against HSV-2 infection was not observed (-8%; 95% CI, -59 to 26). CONCLUSIONS In a study population that was representative of the general population of HSV-1- and HSV-2-seronegative women, the investigational vaccine was effective in preventing HSV-1 genital disease and infection but not in preventing HSV-2 disease or infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and GlaxoSmithKline; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00057330.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Belshe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In addition to recurrent genital ulcers, HSV-2 causes neonatal herpes, and it is associated with a 3-fold increased risk for HIV acquisition. Although many HSV-2 vaccines have been studied in animal models, few have reached clinical trials, and those that have been tested in humans were not consistently effective. Here, we review HSV-2 pathogenesis, with a focus on novel understanding of mucosal immunobiology of HSV-2, and vaccine efforts to date, in an attempt to stimulate thinking about future directions for development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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35
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Bi J, Song R, Yang H, Li B, Fan J, Liu Z, Long C. Stepwise identification of HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitope peptides from herpes simplex virus type 1 genome boosted by a StepRank scheme. Biopolymers 2011; 96:328-39. [PMID: 21072852 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Identification of immunodominant epitopes is the first step in the rational design of peptide vaccines aimed at T-cell immunity. To date, however, it is yet a great challenge for accurately predicting the potent epitope peptides from a pool of large-scale candidates with an efficient manner. In this study, a method that we named StepRank has been developed for the reliable and rapid prediction of binding capabilities/affinities between proteins and genome-wide peptides. In this procedure, instead of single strategy used in most traditional epitope identification algorithms, four steps with different purposes and thus different computational demands are employed in turn to screen the large-scale peptide candidates that are normally generated from, for example, pathogenic genome. The steps 1 and 2 aim at qualitative exclusion of typical nonbinders by using empirical rule and linear statistical approach, while the steps 3 and 4 focus on quantitative examination and prediction of the interaction energy profile and binding affinity of peptide to target protein via quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and structure-based free energy analysis. We exemplify this method through its application to binding predictions of the peptide segments derived from the 76 known open-reading frames (ORFs) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome with or without affinity to human major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecule HLA-A*0201, and find that the predictive results are well compatible with the classical anchor residue theory and perfectly match for the extended motif pattern of MHC I-binding peptides. The putative epitopes are further confirmed by comparisons with 11 experimentally measured HLA-A*0201-restrcited peptides from the HSV-1 glycoproteins D and K. We expect that this well-designed scheme can be applied in the computational screening of other viral genomes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Bi
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Targeting of Toll-like receptors: a decade of progress in combating infectious diseases. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:702-12. [PMID: 21719349 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise highly conserved molecular structures, collectively known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In the past two decades, development and clinical implementation of TLR ligands-ie, chemically modified synthetic derivatives of naturally occurring ligands and fully synthetic small molecules-have been topics of intense research. Targeted manipulation of TLR signalling has been applied clinically to boost vaccine effectiveness, promote a robust T helper 1-predominant immune response against viral infection, or dampen the exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial infection. Use of these new therapeutic molecules as adjuncts to conventional pharmacotherapy or stand-alone treatments might offer solutions to unmet clinical needs or could replace existing partly effective therapeutic strategies.
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37
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Of mice and not humans: how reliable are animal models for evaluation of herpes CD8(+)-T cell-epitopes-based immunotherapeutic vaccine candidates? Vaccine 2011; 29:5824-36. [PMID: 21718746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)-specific CD8(+) T cells that reside in sensory ganglia, appear to control recurrent herpetic disease by aborting or reducing spontaneous and sporadic reactivations of latent virus. A reliable animal model is the ultimate key factor to test the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines that boost the level and the quality of sensory ganglia-resident CD8(+) T cells against spontaneous herpes reactivation from sensory neurons, yet its relevance has been often overlooked. Herpes vaccinologists are hesitant about using mouse as a model in pre-clinical development of therapeutic vaccines because they do not adequately mimic spontaneous viral shedding or recurrent symptomatic diseases, as occurs in human. Alternatives to mouse models are rabbits and guinea pigs in which reactivation arise spontaneously with clinical herpetic features relevant to human disease. However, while rabbits and guinea pigs develop spontaneous HSV reactivation and recurrent ocular and genital disease none of them can mount CD8(+) T cell responses specific to Human Leukocyte Antigen- (HLA-)restricted epitopes. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these animal models and describe a novel "humanized" HLA transgenic rabbit, which shows spontaneous HSV-1 reactivation, recurrent ocular disease and mounts CD8(+) T cell responses to HLA-restricted epitopes. Adequate investments are needed to develop reliable preclinical animal models, such as HLA class I and class II double transgenic rabbits and guinea pigs to balance the ethical and financial concerns associated with the rising number of unsuccessful clinical trials for therapeutic vaccine formulations tested in unreliable mouse models.
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The safety evaluation of adjuvants during vaccine development: The AS04 experience. Vaccine 2011; 29:4453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chulay JD, Ye GJ, Thomas DL, Knop DR, Benson JM, Hutt JA, Wang G, Humphries M, Flotte TR. Preclinical evaluation of a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing human alpha-1 antitrypsin made using a recombinant herpes simplex virus production method. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 22:155-65. [PMID: 20812844 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors offer promise for gene therapy of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. A toxicology study in mice evaluated intramuscular injection of an rAAV vector expressing human AAT (rAAV-CB-hAAT) produced using a herpes simplex virus (HSV) complementation system or a plasmid transfection (TFX) method at doses of 3 × 10(11) vg (1.2 × 10(13) vg/kg) for both vectors and 2 × 10(12) vg (8 × 10(13) vg/kg) for the HSV-produced vector. The HSV-produced vector had favorable in vitro characteristics in terms of purity, efficiency of transduction, and hAAT expression. There were no significant differences in clinical findings or hematology and clinical chemistry values between test article and control groups and no gross pathology findings. Histopathological examination demonstrated minimal to mild changes in skeletal muscle at the injection site, consisting of focal chronic interstitial inflammation and muscle degeneration, regeneration, and vacuolization, in vector-injected animals. At the 3 × 10(11) vg dose, serum hAAT levels were higher with the HSV-produced vector than with the TFX-produced vector. With the higher dose of HSV-produced vector, the increase in serum hAAT levels was dose-proportional in females and greater than dose-proportional in males. Vector copy numbers in blood were highest 24 hr after dosing and declined thereafter, with no detectable copies present 90 days after dosing. Antibodies to hAAT were detected in almost all vector-treated animals, and antibodies to HSV were detected in most animals that received the highest vector dose. These results support continued development of rAAV-CB-hAAT for treatment of AAT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Chulay
- Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation, 11801 Research Drive, Alachua, FL 32615, USA.
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Brunner R, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Schöll I. The ABC of clinical and experimental adjuvants--a brief overview. Immunol Lett 2009; 128:29-35. [PMID: 19895847 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are compounds that can increase and/or modulate the intrinsic immunogenicity of an antigen and elicit strong and long lasting immune responses. During the last 80 years many adjuvants have been used in experimental settings, but due to various shortcomings of most of them only aluminum compounds made it into regular clinical usage. However, during the last years promising candidates have arisen that may finally adjunct or displace aluminum substances as main adjuvant. This review summarizes information on adjuvants currently used in clinical as well as in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brunner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH-EB 03.Q, Vienna, Austria
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Koelle DM, Ghiasi H. Prospects for Developing an Effective Vaccine Against Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:929-42. [PMID: 16282127 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500313153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is the establishment of a lifelong latent infection accompanied by periods of recurrent disease. Primary HSV infections or repeated clinical recurrences do not elicit immune responses capable of completely preventing recurrences of endogenous virus. It is therefore questionable if vaccination approaches that seek to mimic the immune response to natural infection will reduce infection or disease due to an exogenous viral challenge. Approaches to the induction of protective responses by altering or enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity, using novel vaccines specifically tested in models of HSV infections of the eye, such as recombinant viral vaccine vectors and DNA vaccines, are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Conner K, Wuu A, Maldonado V, Bartlett BL, Tyring SK. Vaccines under study: non-HIV vaccines. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22:168-85. [PMID: 19335728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines has been an amazing public health achievement and has resulted in countless lives being saved. Dermatologic therapy has recently been greatly advanced by the licensure of an effective human papillomavirus vaccine and herpes zoster vaccine. Despite these successes, many infectious diseases do not currently have a preventive vaccine. We review potential vaccines against selected infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa that have cutaneous and mucocutaneous manifestations. The road to licensure of a new vaccine begins with exhaustive preclinical and clinical studies, and many of these will fail before a successful vaccine candidate is approved. This article focuses on vaccines that have yet to be approved for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Conner
- The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Low HIV seroincidence among female commercial sex workers: a barrier for measuring HIV vaccine efficacy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 49:570. [PMID: 19202462 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31818d5f9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schwarz TF, Spaczynski M, Schneider A, Wysocki J, Galaj A, Perona P, Poncelet S, Zahaf T, Hardt K, Descamps D, Dubin G. Immunogenicity and tolerability of an HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted prophylactic cervical cancer vaccine in women aged 15-55 years. Vaccine 2008; 27:581-7. [PMID: 19022320 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and safety of an HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine were assessed in women aged 26-55 years and compared with women aged 15-25 years in a Phase III, non-randomised, open-label, age-stratified study. Overall the vaccine was well tolerated and 100% seropositivity was achieved 1 month after the third dose in all age groups. There was a high correlation between HPV-16 and HPV-18 antibody levels (IgG) in cervicovaginal secretions and sera, regardless of age. The HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine induces a robust and persistent immune response in women >26 years of age and generates antibodies that transudate through the cervix epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino F Schwarz
- Stiftung Juliusspital Würzburg, Zentrallabor, Juliuspromenade 19, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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Effector CD4+ T-cell involvement in clearance of infectious herpes simplex virus type 1 from sensory ganglia and spinal cords. J Virol 2008; 82:9678-88. [PMID: 18667492 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01159-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary infection, CD8(+) T cells are important for clearance of infectious herpes simplex virus (HSV) from sensory ganglia. In this study, evidence of CD4(+) T-cell-mediated clearance of infectious HSV type 1 (HSV-1) from neural tissues was also detected. In immunocompetent mice, HSV-specific CD4(+) T cells were present in sensory ganglia and spinal cords coincident with HSV-1 clearance from these sites and remained detectable at least 8 months postinfection. Neural CD4(+) T cells isolated at the peak of neural infection secreted gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2 (IL-2), or IL-4 after stimulation with HSV antigen. HSV-1 titers in neural tissues were greatly reduced over time in CD8(+) T-cell-deficient and CD8(+) T-cell-depleted mice, suggesting that CD4(+) T cells could mediate clearance of HSV-1 from neural tissue. To examine possible mechanisms by which CD4(+) T cells resolved neural infection, CD8(+) T cells were depleted from perforin-deficient or FasL-defective mice. Clearance of infectious virus from neural tissues was not significantly different in perforin-deficient or FasL-defective mice compared to wild-type mice. Further, in spinal cords and brains after vaginal HSV-1 challenge of chimeric mice expressing both perforin and Fas or neither perforin nor Fas, virus titers were significantly lower than in control mice. Thus, perforin and Fas were not required for clearance of infectious virus from neural tissues. These results suggest that HSV-specific CD4(+) T cells are one component of a long-term immune cell presence in neural tissues following genital HSV-1 infection and play a role in clearance of infectious HSV-1 at neural sites, possibly via a nonlytic mechanism.
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A replication-competent, neuronal spread-defective, live attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine. J Virol 2008; 82:8431-41. [PMID: 18562543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00551-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) produces oral lesions, encephalitis, keratitis, and severe infections in the immunocompromised host. HSV-1 is almost as common as HSV-2 in causing first episodes of genital herpes, a disease that is associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and transmission. No approved vaccines are currently available to protect against HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. We developed a novel HSV vaccine strategy that uses a replication-competent strain of HSV-1, NS-gEnull, which has a defect in anterograde and retrograde directional spread and cell-to-cell spread. Following scratch inoculation on the mouse flank, NS-gEnull replicated at the site of inoculation without causing disease. Importantly, the vaccine strain was not isolated from dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We used the flank model to challenge vaccinated mice and demonstrated that NS-gEnull was highly protective against wild-type HSV-1. The challenge virus replicated to low titers at the site of inoculation; therefore, the vaccine strain did not provide sterilizing immunity. Nevertheless, challenge by HSV-1 or HSV-2 resulted in less-severe disease at the inoculation site, and vaccinated mice were totally protected against zosteriform disease and death. After HSV-1 challenge, latent virus was recovered by DRG explant cocultures from <10% of vaccinated mice compared with 100% of mock-vaccinated mice. The vaccine provided protection against disease and death after intravaginal challenge and markedly lowered the titers of the challenge virus in the vagina. Therefore, the HSV-1 gEnull strain is an excellent candidate for further vaccine development.
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Bair RM, Mays RM, Sturm LA, Perkins SM, Juliar BE, Zimet GD. Acceptability to Latino parents of sexually transmitted infection vaccination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 8:98-103. [PMID: 18355738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ambp.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the acceptability to Latino parents of having their adolescent children vaccinated against sexually transmitted infections, and to identify potential demographic correlates of acceptability. METHODS We applied established methodology to a sample of 119 Latino parents who accompanied their children (51% female, aged 12-17 years) to medical appointments. The parents used computer-based questionnaires to rate 9 hypothetical vaccine scenarios. The scenarios had 4 dimensions: mode of transmission (sexually transmitted or not sexually transmitted), severity of infection (curable, chronic, or fatal), vaccine efficacy (50%, 70%, or 90%), and availability of behavioral methods for prevention (available or not available). Willingness by parents to vaccinate their adolescents under each vaccine scenario was assessed on a scale (range, 0-100). Conjoint analysis was used to determine the relative contribution of each dimension to the ratings. RESULTS The study sample consisted of predominantly Mexican immigrant parents, 94% of whom chose to complete the Spanish version of the computerized interview. The mean value of the parents' willingness to accept vaccination for their adolescent children was exceptionally high. For example, the mean score of the Latino parents for the 6 sexually transmitted infection (STI) vaccine scenarios (score 86.2; SD 21.1) was far higher than the mean score in previous studies (81.3, SD 21.1). Conjoint analysis revealed that the dimensions of vaccine efficacy and severity of infection were equal in terms of their influence on vaccine ratings for the Latino parents. The next most influential dimension on vaccine ratings was the availability of behavioral prevention, followed by the sexual transmissibility of the infection. CONCLUSIONS Our sample of predominantly Mexican parents was accepting of the concept of STI vaccination for their adolescent children. Important issues for parents include vaccine efficacy and severity of infection, followed by vaccines for infections that had no method of behavioral prevention available. Overall, there is little difference in the relative preference of a STI versus non-STI vaccine for their adolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Bair
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Oster C, Cheek J. Governing the contagious body: genital herpes, contagion and technologies of the self. Health (London) 2008; 12:215-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1363459307086844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is a prevalent sexually transmitted viral infection. While genital herpes is not life-threatening, it can cause physical discomfort and psychosocial difficulties, and may increase the risk of contracting HIV. Given that genital herpes cannot be cured, both the condition itself, and the possibility of passing it on to others, becomes a part of the everyday reality of those individuals diagnosed with genital herpes. In this article we explore the ways in which people with genital herpes attending the Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) clinic govern their `contagious bodies'. The discussion draws on the Foucauldian concept of governmentality, and uses Foucault's idea of ethics as a framework to identify the technologies of the self by which individuals with genital herpes govern their own thoughts and behaviours in relation to the contagiousness of the condition. Implications for practice and other ways of thinking about what happens in the STI clinic context are suggested.
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Rupp R, Bernstein DI. The potential impact of a prophylactic herpes simplex vaccine. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:41-52. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Stanberry LR. Herpes simplex virus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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