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Li Y, Tang MK, Carmella SG, Peters CP, Cohen JD, Hegeman AD, Hecht SS. Hydroponic Growth of [ 13C]-Labeled Tobacco for DNA Damage Studies in Cigarette Smokers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38953685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the acknowledged major cause of cancers of the lung and oral cavity and is an established important risk factor for multiple other cancers. DNA addition products (DNA adducts) caused by cigarette smoking are critical factors in its mechanism of carcinogenesis. However, most DNA adducts detected to date in humans cannot be specifically ascribed to smoking but rather have multiple exogenous and endogenous sources. In the study reported here, we prepared [13C]-labeled tobacco to address this problem. We report for the first time the successful growth from seeds to flowering under hydroponic conditions of highly [13C]-labeled tobacco in a controlled 13CO2 environment. The standard growth procedure with optimized conditions is described in detail. The [13C]-enrichment rate was assessed by quantifying nicotine and sugars and their [13C]-isotopologues in this tobacco using high-resolution mass spectrometry, reaching >94% in the tobacco leaves. The [13C]-labeled leaves after curing will be used to make cigarettes, allowing investigation of the specific contributions of tobacco smoke carcinogens to identified DNA adducts in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mei Kuen Tang
- Masonic Cancer Center and Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center and Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Calvin P Peters
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Adrian D Hegeman
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Xing L, Quan J, Zhang S, Liu X, Bai H, Yue M. Changes induced by parental neighboring touch in the clonal plant Glechoma longituba depend on the light environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1358924. [PMID: 38831907 PMCID: PMC11146198 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1358924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Touch by neighboring plants is a common but overlooked environmental variable for plants, especially in dense vegetation. In addition, shade is inevitable for understory plants. The growth performance of clonal plant to the interaction between thigmomorphogenesis and shade response, and their impact on light adaptability is still unknown. Methods At the present study, parental ramets of Glechoma longituba were exposed to two conditions (neighboring touch and shade), and their offspring ramets were in ambient or shaded environment. The phenotype and growth of parental and offspring ramets were analyzed. Results The results showed that neighboring touch of parental ramets regulated the performance of offspring ramets, while the effect depended on the light environment. The parental neighboring touch occurring in ambient environment suppressed the expansion of leaf organ, showed as a shorter petiole and smaller leaf area. Moreover, G. longituba exhibited both shade avoidance and shade tolerance characters to shaded environment, such as increased leaf area ratio and leaf mass ratio, longer specific petiole length and specific stolon length. It was notable that these characters of shade response could be promoted by parental neighboring touch to some extent. Additionally, parental light environment plays an important role in offspring growth, parent with ambient light always had well-grown offspring whatever the light condition of offspring, but the growth of offspring whose parent in shaded environment was inhibited. Finally, for the offspring with shaded environment, the touch between parental ramets in shade environment showed a disadvantage on their growth, but the influence of the touch between parental ramets in ambient environment was slight. Discussion Overall, the interaction of parental neighboring touch and shade environment complicate the growth of understory plants, the performance of plants is the integrated effect of both. These findings are conducive to an in-depth understanding of the environmental adaptation of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linya Xing
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaxin Quan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
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Poorter H, Hummel GM, Nagel KA, Fiorani F, von Gillhaussen P, Virnich O, Schurr U, Postma JA, van de Zedde R, Wiese-Klinkenberg A. Pitfalls and potential of high-throughput plant phenotyping platforms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233794. [PMID: 37680357 PMCID: PMC10481964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Automated high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) enables non-invasive, fast and standardized evaluations of a large number of plants for size, development, and certain physiological variables. Many research groups recognize the potential of HTPP and have made significant investments in HTPP infrastructure, or are considering doing so. To make optimal use of limited resources, it is important to plan and use these facilities prudently and to interpret the results carefully. Here we present a number of points that users should consider before purchasing, building or utilizing such equipment. They relate to (1) the financial and time investment for acquisition, operation, and maintenance, (2) the constraints associated with such machines in terms of flexibility and growth conditions, (3) the pros and cons of frequent non-destructive measurements, (4) the level of information provided by proxy traits, and (5) the utilization of calibration curves. Using data from an Arabidopsis experiment, we demonstrate how diurnal changes in leaf angle can impact plant size estimates from top-view cameras, causing deviations of more than 20% over the day. Growth analysis data from another rosette species showed that there was a curvilinear relationship between total and projected leaf area. Neglecting this curvilinearity resulted in linear calibration curves that, although having a high r2 (> 0.92), also exhibited large relative errors. Another important consideration we discussed is the frequency at which calibration curves need to be generated and whether different treatments, seasons, or genotypes require distinct calibration curves. In conclusion, HTPP systems have become a valuable addition to the toolbox of plant biologists, provided that these systems are tailored to the research questions of interest, and users are aware of both the possible pitfalls and potential involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Olivia Virnich
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Rick van de Zedde
- Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Bioinformatics (IBG-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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The Course of Mechanical Stress: Types, Perception, and Plant Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020217. [PMID: 36829495 PMCID: PMC9953051 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. Accordingly, the current work distils existing mechanical stress knowledge by bringing in side-by-side the research conducted on both stem and roots. First, the various types of mechanical stress encountered by plants are defined. Second, plant perception mechanisms are outlined. Finally, the different strategies employed by the plant stem and roots to counteract the perceived mechanical stresses are summarized, depicting the corresponding morphological, phytohormonal, and molecular characteristics. The comprehensive literature on both perennial (woody) and annual plants was reviewed, considering the potential benefits and drawbacks of the two plant types, which allowed us to highlight current gaps in knowledge as areas of interest for future research.
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Ma S, Liu G, Wang L, Liu G, Xu X. Salix gordejevii females exhibit more resistance against wind erosion than males under aeolian environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1053741. [PMID: 36452112 PMCID: PMC9702805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1053741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effects of wind erosion on growth and adaptability have been widely reported in many plants, but little attention has been paid to dioecious plants. Recent studies have shown that sex-specific responses to environmental changes in many plants exist. To explore sexual differences in response to wind erosion, female and male Salix gordejevii saplings growing on inter-dune land (no erosion) and on the windward slope of the dune (20cm wind erosion) in Hunshandake Sandy Land were chosen and their morphology, biomass and physiological traits were investigated, respectively. Wind erosion significantly reduced plant growth, biomass accumulation, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, and obviously disrupted osmotic regulation function and antioxidant enzyme system in both sexes, especially in males. Under wind erosion condition, females exhibited higher sapling height (SH), basal diameter (BD), leaf dry mass (LDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), root percentage in total dry mass, net photosynthesis rate (P n), maximum efficiency of photosystem II (F v/F m), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ PSII), relative water content (RWC) of leaves, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, but lower malondialdehyde (MDA), proline as well as soluble sugar content than did males. However, no significant sexual differences in most of these traits were observed under no erosion condition. Our results demonstrated that females possess a greater resistance to wind erosion than do males, with females having a better photosynthetic capacity, stronger water retention capacity and more efficient antioxidant system to alleviate negative effects caused by aeolian environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guohou Liu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guanzhi Liu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
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Montagnoli A, Lasserre B, Terzaghi M, Byambadorj SO, Nyam-Osor B, Scippa GS, Chiatante D. Fertilization reduces root architecture plasticity in Ulmus pumila used for afforesting Mongolian semi-arid steppe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878299. [PMID: 35958214 PMCID: PMC9359110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the functional and architectural traits in the coarse roots of Ulmus pumila trees, which are used for afforesting the semi-arid steppe of Mongolia. Tree growth was supported by different watering regimes (no watering, 2, 4, and 8 L h-1) and by two types of soil fertilization (NPK and compost). In July, 2019, for each of these treatments six trees, outplanted in 2011 as 2-year-old seedlings from a container nursery, were randomly selected, excavated by hand, and digitized. The build-up of root length correlated positively with increasing levels of watering for both soil depths analyzed. The application of fertilizers led to root growth suppression resulting in a general reduction of root length in a lowered rooting depth. When root system characteristics were analyzed in relation to wind direction, unfertilized trees showed higher root diameter values in both soil layers of leeward quadrants, likely a response to mechanical forces to improve stability. On the contrary, fertilized trees did not show differences in root diameter among the different quadrants underscoring a strong reduction in root plasticity with a lack of morpho-architectural response to the mechanical forces generated by the two prevailing winds. Finally, the root branching density, another important trait for fast dissipation of mechanical forces, was significantly reduced by the fertilization, independently of the quadrants and watering regime. Our results suggest that knowledge of the root response to the afforestation techniques applied in the semi-arid steppe of Mongolia is a necessary step for revealing the susceptibility of this forest shelterbelt to the exacerbating environmental conditions caused by climate change and, thus, to the development of a sustainable and successful strategy to restore degraded lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Montagnoli
- Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Botany, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Bruno Lasserre
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ser-Oddamba Byambadorj
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Deajeon, South Korea
| | - Batkhuu Nyam-Osor
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Donato Chiatante
- Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Botany, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Hindhaugh R, Bosch M, Donnison IS. Mechanical stimulation in wheat triggers age- and dose-dependent alterations in growth, development and grain characteristics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:589-603. [PMID: 34091667 PMCID: PMC8422892 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wheat crops are exposed to a range of mechanical stimulations in their natural environment, yet we know very little about their response to such conditions. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of mechanical stimulation on wheat growth and development, stem mechanical properties and grain measures. We focused on the following questions: (1) Does plant age affect the response to mechanical stimulation? (2) Is there a minimum threshold for the perception of mechanical stimuli? (3) Is the effect of manual brushing different to natural wind stimulation? METHODS For age- and dose-response experiments, wheat plants were grown under controlled glasshouse conditions with brushing treatments applied using a purpose-built rig. The results of the controlled experiments are compared with those from an outside experiment where wheat plants were exposed to natural wind, with or without additional brushing. Detailed phenotypic measurements were conducted and treatment effects on grain characteristics were determined using micro-computed tomography imaging. KEY RESULTS Two-week-old wheat plants were particularly sensitive to mechanical stimulation by controlled brushing treatments. Amongst others, plants exhibited a large reduction in height and grain yield, and an increase in tillers, above-ground biomass and stiffness of stem segments. Plants responded significantly to doses as small as one daily brushstroke. Outdoor experiments by and large confirmed results from controlled environment experiments. CONCLUSIONS The morphological and developmental response to mechanical brushing treatment, in relation to vegetative above-ground biomass and grain yield, is dependent on plant age as well as the dose of the treatments. This study shows that mechanical stimulation of wheat impacts on a multitude of agriculturally relevant traits and provides a much needed advancement of our understanding of wheat thigmomorphogenesis and the potential applications of mechanical conditioning to control relevant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hindhaugh
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail or
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Postma JA, Hecht VL, Hikosaka K, Nord EA, Pons TL, Poorter H. Dividing the pie: A quantitative review on plant density responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1072-1094. [PMID: 33280135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant population density is an important variable in agronomy and forestry and offers an experimental way to better understand plant-plant competition. We made a meta-analysis of responses of even-aged mono-specific stands to population density by quantifying for 3 stand and 33 individual plant variables in 334 experiments how much both plant biomass and phenotypic traits change with a doubling in density. Increasing density increases standing crop per area, but decreases the mean size of its individuals, mostly through reduced tillering and branching. Among the phenotypic traits, stem diameter is negatively affected, but plant height remains remarkably similar, partly due to an increased stem length-to-mass ratio and partly by increased allocation to stems. The reduction in biomass is caused by a lower photosynthetic rate, mainly due to shading of part of the foliage. Total seed mass per plant is also strongly reduced, marginally by lower mass per seed, but mainly because of lower seed numbers. Plants generally have fewer shoot-born roots, but their overall rooting depth seems hardly affected. The phenotypic plasticity responses to high densities correlate strongly with those to low light, and less with those to low nutrients, suggesting that at high density, shading affects plants more than nutrient depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Vera L Hecht
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eric A Nord
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Greenville University, Greenville, Illinois, USA
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhang S, Liu G, Cui Q, Huang Z, Ye X, Cornelissen JHC. New field wind manipulation methodology reveals adaptive responses of steppe plants to increased and reduced wind speed. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:5. [PMID: 33407697 PMCID: PMC7788872 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wind strongly impacts plant growth, leaf traits, biomass allocation, and stem mechanical properties. However, whether there are common whole-plant wind responses among different plant species is still unclear. We tested this null hypothesis by exposing four eudicot steppe species to three different wind treatments in a field experiment: reduced wind velocity using windbreaks, ambient wind velocity, and enhanced wind velocity through a novel methodology using wind-funneling baffles. RESULTS Across the four species, wind generally decreased plant height, projected crown area, and stepwise bifurcation ratio, and increased root length and stem base diameter. In contrast, the response patterns of shoot traits, especially mechanical properties, to wind velocity were idiosyncratic among species. There was no significant difference in total biomass among different treatments; this might be because the negative effects on heat dissipation and photosynthesis of low wind speed during hot periods, could counteract positive effects during favorable cooler periods. CONCLUSIONS There are common wind response patterns in plant-size-related traits across different steppe species, while the response patterns in shoot traits vary among species. This indicates the species-specific ways by which plants balance growth and mechanical support facing wind stress. Our new field wind manipulation methodology was effective in altering wind speed with the intended magnitude. Especially, our field wind-funneling baffle system showed a great potential for use in future field wind velocity enhancement. Further experiments are needed to reveal how negative and positive effects play out on whole-plant performance in response to different wind regimes, which is important as ongoing global climatic changes involve big changes in wind regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuehua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liao J, Cai Z, Song H, Zhang S. Poplar males and willow females exhibit superior adaptation to nocturnal warming than the opposite sex. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137179. [PMID: 32062275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Salicaceae family consists of dioecious woody plants. Morphological and physiological species-related, sex-specific responses to nocturnal warming in these plants are seldom-reported. In order to explore the different responses of sex-biased species to nighttime warming, males and females of Populus cathayana and Salix paraplesia were used in this study. After 60 days of nighttime warming (+4 °C ambient nighttime conditions) in growth chambers, nighttime warming significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased height growth rate, leaf proline content, leaf soluble protein content, and root soluble sugar content, while decreased biomass accumulation, photosynthesis, specific leaf area, and ATP levels in both species. Also, nighttime warming resulted in distorted chloroplasts and a greater starch accumulation in P. cathayana and S. paraplesia leaves. Moreover, sex-specific, nighttime warming responses were different, where P. cathayana males and S. paraplesia females exhibited lower aboveground to root mass ratios and higher root dry mass, net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll contents, specific leaf area, and lower foliar ATP, and less damage to mesophyll cells compared to the opposite sex. Therefore, P. cathayana males and S. paraplesia females exhibit superior adaptability to nighttime temperatures by enlarging their root systems, accumulating more carbohydrates, and adjusting osmotic substances to support their growth processes. Based on these results, it is predicted that P. cathayana males and S. paraplesia females will outperform the opposite sex under ongoing, rising nighttime temperatures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zeyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Gladala‐Kostarz A, Doonan JH, Bosch M. Mechanical stimulation in Brachypodium distachyon: Implications for fitness, productivity, and cell wall properties. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1314-1330. [PMID: 31955437 PMCID: PMC7318644 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation, including exposure to wind, is a common environmental variable for plants. However, knowledge about the morphogenetic response of the grasses (Poaceae) to mechanical stimulation and impact on relevant agronomic traits is very limited. Two natural accessions of Brachypodium distachyon were exposed to wind and mechanical treatments. We surveyed a wide range of stem-related traits to determine the effect of the two treatments on plant growth, development, and stem biomass properties. Both treatments induced significant quantitative changes across multiple scales, from the whole plant down to cellular level. The two treatments resulted in shorter stems, reduced biomass, increased tissue rigidity, delayed flowering, and reduced seed yield in both accessions. Among changes in cell wall-related features, a substantial increase in lignin content and pectin methylesterase activity was most notable. Mechanical stimulation also reduced the enzymatic sugar release from the cell wall, thus increasing biomass recalcitrance. Notably, treatments had a distinct and opposite effect on vascular bundle area in the two accessions, suggesting genetic variation in modulating these responses to mechanical stimulation. Our findings highlight that exposure of grasses to mechanical stimulation is a relevant environmental factor affecting multiple traits important for their utilization in food, feed, and bioenergy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gladala‐Kostarz
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - John H. Doonan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
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Variation in plastic responses to light results from selection in different competitive environments-A game theoretical approach using virtual plants. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007253. [PMID: 31433817 PMCID: PMC6703680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a vital strategy for plants to deal with changing conditions by inducing phenotypes favourable in different environments. Understanding how natural selection acts on variation in phenotypic plasticity in plants is therefore a central question in ecology, but is often ignored in modelling studies. Here we present a new modelling approach that allows for the analysis of selection for variation in phenotypic plasticity as a response strategy. We assess selection for shade avoidance strategies of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to future neighbour shading signalled through a decrease in red:far-red (R:FR) ratio. For this, we used a spatially explicit 3D virtual plant model that simulates individual Arabidopsis plants competing for light in different planting densities. Plant structure and growth were determined by the organ-specific interactions with the light environment created by the vegetation structure itself. Shade avoidance plastic responses were defined by a plastic response curve relating petiole elongation and lamina growth to R:FR perceived locally. Different plasticity strategies were represented by different shapes of the response curve that expressed different levels of R:FR sensitivity. Our analyses show that the shape of the selected shade avoidance strategy varies with planting density. At higher planting densities, more sensitive response curves are selected for than at lower densities. In addition, the balance between lamina and petiole responses influences the sensitivity of the response curves selected for. Combining computational virtual plant modelling with a game theoretical analysis represents a new step towards analysing how natural selection could have acted upon variation in shade avoidance as a response strategy, which can be linked to genetic variation and underlying physiological processes.
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Yu L, Song M, Xia Z, Korpelainen H, Niinemets Ü, Li C. Elevated temperature differently affects growth, photosynthetic capacity, nutrient absorption and leaf ultrastructure of Abies faxoniana and Picea purpurea under intra- and interspecific competition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1342-1357. [PMID: 30977829 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a limited understanding of the impacts of global warming on intra- and interspecific plant competition. Resolving this knowledge gap is important for predicting the potential influence of global warming on forests, particularly on high-altitude trees, which are more sensitive to warming. In the present study, effects of intra- and interspecific competition on plant growth and associated physiological, structural and chemical traits were investigated in Abies faxoniana and Picea purpurea seedlings under control (ambient temperature) and elevated temperature (ET, 2 °C above ambient temperature) conditions for 2 years. We found that A. faxoniana and P. purpurea grown under intra- and interspecific competition showed significant differences in dry matter accumulation (DMA), photosynthetic capacity, nutrient absorption, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents and leaf ultrastructure under ET conditions. ET increased leaf, stem and root DMA of both conifers under both competition patterns. Moreover, under ET and interspecific competition, P. purpurea had overall superior competitive capacity characterized by higher organ (leaf, stem and root) and total DMA, height growth rate, net photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, water use efficiency (δ13C), leaf and root N and NSC concentrations and greater plasticity for absorption of different soil N forms. Thus, the growth of P. purpurea benefitted from the presence of A. faxoniana under ET. Our results demonstrated that ET significantly affects the asymmetric competition patterns in subalpine conifer species. Potential alteration of plant competitive interactions by global warming can influence the composition, structure and functioning of subalpine coniferous forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengya Song
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zhichao Xia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Feng J, Huang P, Wan X. Interactive effects of wind and light on growth and architecture of poplar saplings. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Feng
- Institute of New Forestry Technology Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of New Forestry Technology Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of New Forestry Technology Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
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Tomas-Grau RH, Requena-Serra FJ, Hael-Conrad V, Martínez-Zamora MG, Guerrero-Molina MF, Díaz-Ricci JC. Soft mechanical stimulation induces a defense response against Botrytis cinerea in strawberry. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:239-250. [PMID: 29032427 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genes associated with plant mechanical stimulation were found in strawberry genome. A soft mechanical stimulation (SMS) induces molecular and biochemical changes in strawberry plants, conferring protection against Botrytis cinerea. Plants have the capacity to induce a defense response after exposure to abiotic stresses acquiring resistance towards pathogens. It was reported that when leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana were wounded or treated with a soft mechanical stimulation (SMS), they could resist much better the attack of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, and this effect was accompanied by an oxidative burst and the expression of touch-inducible genes (TCH). However, no further work was carried out to better characterize the induced defense response. In this paper, we report that TCH genes were identified for first time in the genomes of the strawberry species Fragaria ananassa (e.g. FaTCH2, FaTCH3, FaTCH4 and FaCML39) and Fragaria vesca (e.g. FvTCH2, FvTCH3, FvTCH4 and FvCML39). Phylogenetic studies revealed that F. ananassa TCH genes exhibited high similarity with the orthologous of F. vesca and lower with A. thaliana ones. We also present evidence that after SMS treatment on strawberry leaves, plants activate a rapid oxidative burst, callose deposition, and the up-regulation of TCH genes as well as plant defense genes such as FaPR1, FaCHI2-2, FaCAT, FaACS1 and FaOGBG-5. The latter represents the first report showing that TCH- and defense-induced genes participate in SMS-induced resistance in plants, bringing a rational explanation why plants exposed to a SMS treatment acquired an enhance resistance toward B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hernán Tomas-Grau
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fernando José Requena-Serra
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Verónica Hael-Conrad
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Martín Gustavo Martínez-Zamora
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Guerrero-Molina
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz-Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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16
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Ballaré CL, Pierik R. The shade-avoidance syndrome: multiple signals and ecological consequences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2530-2543. [PMID: 28102548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use photoreceptor proteins to detect the proximity of other plants and to activate adaptive responses. Of these photoreceptors, phytochrome B (phyB), which is sensitive to changes in the red (R) to far-red (FR) ratio of sunlight, is the one that has been studied in greatest detail. The molecular connections between the proximity signal (low R:FR) and a model physiological response (increased elongation growth) have now been mapped in considerable detail in Arabidopsis seedlings. We briefly review our current understanding of these connections and discuss recent progress in establishing the roles of other photoreceptors in regulating growth-related pathways in response to competition cues. We also consider processes other than elongation that are controlled by photoreceptors and contribute to plant fitness under variable light conditions, including photoresponses that optimize the utilization of soil resources. In examining recent advances in the field, we highlight emerging roles of phyB as a major modulator of hormones related to plant immunity, in particular salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA). Recent attempts to manipulate connections between light signals and defence in Arabidopsis suggest that it might be possible to improve crop health at high planting densities by targeting links between phyB and JA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Singh A, Weisser WW, Hanna R, Houmgny R, Zytynska SE. Reduce pests, enhance production: benefits of intercropping at high densities for okra farmers in Cameroon. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2017-2027. [PMID: 28585376 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercropping can help reduce insect pest populations. However, the results of intercropping can be pest- and crop-species specific, with varying effects on crop yield, and pest suppression success. In Cameroon, okra vegetable is often grown in intercropped fields and sown with large distances between planting rows (∼ 2 m). Dominant okra pests include cotton aphids, leaf beetles and whiteflies. In a field experiment, we intercropped okra with maize and bean in different combinations (okra monoculture, okra-bean, okra-maize and okra-bean-maize) and altered plant densities (high and low) to test for the effects of diversity, crop identity and planting distances on okra pests, their predators and yield. RESULTS We found crop identity and plant density, but not crop diversity to influence okra pests, their predators and okra yield. Only leaf beetles decreased okra yield and their abundance reduced at high plant density. Overall, okra grown with bean at high density was the most economically profitable combination. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that when okra is grown at higher densities, legumes (e.g. beans) should be included as an additional crop. Intercropping with a leguminous crop can enhance nitrogen in the soil, benefiting other crops, while also being harvested and sold at market for additional profit. Manipulating planting distances and selecting plants based on their beneficial traits may thus help to eliminate yield gaps in sustainable agriculture. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Rachid Hanna
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Raissa Houmgny
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Song M, Yu L, Jiang Y, Lei Y, Korpelainen H, Niinemets Ü, Li C. Nitrogen-controlled intra- and interspecific competition between Populus purdomii and Salix rehderiana drive primary succession in the Gongga Mountain glacier retreat area. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:799-814. [PMID: 28338926 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, intra- and interspecific competition were investigated in early successional Salix rehderiana Schneider and later-appearing Populus purdomii Rehder under non-fertilized (control) and nitrogen (N)-fertilized conditions in the Hailuogou glacier retreat area. Our aim was to discover whether N is a key factor in plant-plant competition and whether N drives the primary succession process in a glacier retreat area. We analyzed differences in responses to intra- and interspecific competition and N fertilization between P. purdomii and S. rehderiana, including parameters such as biomass accumulation, nutrient absorption, non-structural carbohydrates, photosynthetic capacity, hydrolysable amino acids and leaf ultrastructure. In the control treatments, S. rehderiana individuals subjected to interspecific competition benefited from the presence of P. purdomii plants, as indicated by higher levels of biomass accumulation, photosynthetic capacity, N absorption, amino acid contents and photosynthetic N-use efficiency. However, in the N-fertilized treatments, P. purdomii individuals exposed to interspecific competition benefited from the presence of S. rehderiana plants, as shown by a higher growth rate, enhanced carbon gain capacity, greater amino acid contents, and elevated water-use efficiency, whereas the growth of S. rehderiana was significantly reduced. Our results demonstrate that N plays a pivotal role in determining the asymmetric competition pattern among Salicaceae species during primary succession. We argue that the interactive effects of plant-plant competition and N availability are key mechanisms that drive primary succession in the Gongga Mountain glacier retreat area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Song
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yonglei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanbao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, P.O. Box 27,University of Helsinki, HelsinkiFI-00014, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
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Trueba S, Isnard S, Barthélémy D, Olson ME. Trait coordination, mechanical behaviour and growth form plasticity of Amborella trichopoda under variation in canopy openness. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw068. [PMID: 27672131 PMCID: PMC5142121 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of traits across the angiosperm phylogeny helps map the nested hierarchy of features that characterize key nodes. Finding that Amborella is sister to the rest of the angiosperms has raised the question of whether it shares certain key functional trait characteristics, and plastic responses apparently widespread within the angiosperms at large. With this in mind, we test the hypothesis that local canopy openness induces plastic responses. We used this variation in morphological and functional traits to estimate the pervasiveness of trait scaling and leaf and stem economics. We studied the architecture of Amborella and how it varies under different degrees of canopy openness. We analyzed the coordination of 12 leaf and stem structural and functional traits, and the association of this covariation with differing morphologies. The Amborella habit is made up of a series of sympodial modules that vary in size and branching pattern under different canopy openness. Amborella stems vary from self-supporting to semi-scandent. Changes in stem elongation and leaf size in Amborella produce distinct morphologies under different light environments. Correlations were found between most leaf and stem functional traits. Stem tissue rigidity decreased with increasing canopy openness. Despite substantial modulation of leaf size and leaf mass per area by light availability, branches in different light environments had similar leaf area-stem size scaling. The sympodial growth observed in Amborella could point to an angiosperm synapomorphy. Our study provides evidence of intraspecific coordination between leaf and stem economic spectra. Trait variation along these spectra is likely adaptive under different light environments and is consistent with these plastic responses having been present in the angiosperm common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Trueba
- IRD, UMR AMAP, Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Écologie Végétale Appliquées, Noumea, BPA5, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- IRD, UMR AMAP, Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Écologie Végétale Appliquées, Noumea, BPA5, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Daniel Barthélémy
- CIRAD, BIOS Direction, and INRA, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria México, México DF 04510, México
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Markovic D, Nikolic N, Glinwood R, Seisenbaeva G, Ninkovic V. Plant Responses to Brief Touching: A Mechanism for Early Neighbour Detection? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165742. [PMID: 27828995 PMCID: PMC5102373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural habitats plants can be exposed to brief and light contact with neighbouring plants. This mechanical stimulus may represent a cue that induces responses to nearby plants. However, little is known about the effect of touching on plant growth and interaction with insect herbivores. To simulate contact between plants, a soft brush was used to apply light and brief mechanical stimuli to terminal leaves of potato Solanum tuberosum L. The number of non-glandular trichomes on the leaf surface was counted on images made by light microscope while glandular trichomes and pavement cells were counted on images made under scanning electronic microscope. Volatile compounds were identified and quantified using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Treated plants changed their pattern of biomass distribution; they had lower stem mass fraction and higher branch and leaf mass fraction than untouched plants. Size, weight and number of tubers were not significantly affected. Touching did not cause trichome damage nor change their total number on touched terminal leaves. However, on primary leaves the number of glandular trichomes and pavement cells was significantly increased. Touching altered the volatile emission of treated plants; they released higher quantities of the sesquiterpenes (E)-β-caryophyllene, germacrene D-4-ol and (E)-nerolidol, and lower quantities of the terpenes (E)-ocimene and linalool, indicating a systemic effect of the treatment. The odour of touched plants was significantly less preferred by the aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae compared to odour of untouched plants. The results suggest that light contact may have a potential role in the detection of neighbouring plants and may affect plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Markovic
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Neda Nikolic
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gulaim Seisenbaeva
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Danquechin Dorval A, Meredieu C, Danjon F. Anchorage failure of young trees in sandy soils is prevented by a rigid central part of the root system with various designs. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:747-762. [PMID: 27456136 PMCID: PMC5055627 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Storms can cause huge damage to European forests. Even pole-stage trees with 80-cm rooting depth can topple. Therefore, good anchorage is needed for trees to survive and grow up from an early age. We hypothesized that root architecture is a predominant factor determining anchorage failure caused by strong winds. Methods We sampled 48 seeded or planted Pinus pinaster trees of similar aerial size from four stands damaged by a major storm 3 years before. The trees were gathered into three classes: undamaged, leaning and heavily toppled. After uprooting and 3D digitizing of their full root architectures, we computed the mechanical characteristics of the main components of the root system from our morphological measurements. Key Results Variability in root architecture was quite large. A large main taproot, either short and thick or long and thin, and guyed by a large volume of deep roots, was the major component that prevented stem leaning. Greater shallow root flexural stiffness mainly at the end of the zone of rapid taper on the windward side also prevented leaning. Toppling in less than 90-cm-deep soil was avoided in trees with a stocky taproots or with a very big leeward shallow root. Toppled trees also had a lower relative root biomass - stump excluded - than straight trees. Conclusions It was mainly the flexural stiffness of the central part of the root system that secured anchorage, preventing a weak displacement of the stump. The distal part of the longest taproot and attached deep roots may be the only parts of the root system contributing to anchorage through their maximum tensile load. Several designs provided good anchorage, depending partly on available soil depth. Pole-stage trees are in-between the juvenile phase when they fail by toppling and the mature phase when they fail by uprooting.
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Leonard RJ, McArthur C, Hochuli DF. A multistressor, multitrait approach to assessing the effects of wind and dust on Eucalyptus tereticornis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1466-1471. [PMID: 27539257 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plants are routinely subjected to multiple environmental stressors, and the ability to respond to these stressors determines species survival and ecological breadth. Despite stressors such as wind and dust significantly influencing plant development, morphology, and chemistry, the combined influence of these factors is yet to be investigated. METHODS We used a manipulative glasshouse approach to compare the morphological, physiological, and biomechanical responses of Eucalyptus tereticornis to the independent and combined effects of wind and dust. KEY RESULTS Wind decreased both E. tereticornis height and stem flexural stiffness. Additionally, wind had no effect on leaf physiology, nor did dust have any significant effect on any of the traits measured. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that wind and dust in combination may have an additive effect on several plant traits and provide new insight into the effects and importance of studying wind, dust, and different stress combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Leonard
- Integrative Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Clare McArthur
- Integrative Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Dieter F Hochuli
- Integrative Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Fazlioglu F, Al‐Namazi A, Bonser SP. Reproductive efficiency and shade avoidance plasticity under simulated competition. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4947-57. [PMID: 27547325 PMCID: PMC4979719 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant strategy and life‐history theories make different predictions about reproductive efficiency under competition. While strategy theory suggests under intense competition iteroparous perennial plants delay reproduction and semelparous annuals reproduce quickly, life‐history theory predicts both annual and perennial plants increase resource allocation to reproduction under intense competition. We tested (1) how simulated competition influences reproductive efficiency and competitive ability (CA) of different plant life histories and growth forms; (2) whether life history or growth form is associated with CA; (3) whether shade avoidance plasticity is connected to reproductive efficiency under simulated competition. We examined plastic responses of 11 herbaceous species representing different life histories and growth forms to simulated competition (spectral shade). We found that both annual and perennial plants invested more to reproduction under simulated competition in accordance with life‐history theory predictions. There was no significant difference between competitive abilities of different life histories, but across growth forms, erect species expressed greater CA (in terms of leaf number) than other growth forms. We also found that shade avoidance plasticity can increase the reproductive efficiency by capitalizing on the early life resource acquisition and conversion of these resources into reproduction. Therefore, we suggest that a reassessment of the interpretation of shade avoidance plasticity is necessary by revealing its role in reproduction, not only in competition of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Fazlioglu
- Evolution and Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW AustraliaSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Ali Al‐Namazi
- Evolution and Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW AustraliaSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Stephen P. Bonser
- Evolution and Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW AustraliaSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
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Gardiner B, Berry P, Moulia B. Review: Wind impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:94-118. [PMID: 26940495 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Land plants have adapted to survive under a range of wind climates and this involve changes in chemical composition, physical structure and morphology at all scales from the cell to the whole plant. Under strong winds plants can re-orientate themselves, reconfigure their canopies, or shed needles, leaves and branches in order to reduce the drag. If the wind is too strong the plants oscillate until the roots or stem fail. The mechanisms of root and stem failure are very similar in different plants although the exact details of the failure may be different. Cereals and other herbaceous crops can often recover after wind damage and even woody plants can partially recovery if there is sufficient access to water and nutrients. Wind damage can have major economic impacts on crops, forests and urban trees. This can be reduced by management that is sensitive to the local site and climatic conditions and accounts for the ability of plants to acclimate to their local wind climate. Wind is also a major disturbance in many plant ecosystems and can play a crucial role in plant regeneration and the change of successional stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Gardiner
- INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France; Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33170, Gradignan, France; Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, EH25 9SY, Scotland, UK.
| | - Peter Berry
- ADAS High Mowthorpe, Duggleby, Malton, North Yorkshire YO17 8BP, UK
| | - Bruno Moulia
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Huber H, During HJ, Bruine de Bruin F, Vermeulen PJ, Anten NPR. Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity Does Not Affect Productivity and Drought Response in Competitive Stands of Trifolium repens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:364. [PMID: 27064974 PMCID: PMC4809891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clonal plants can form dense canopies in which plants of different genetic origin are competing for the uptake of essential resources. The competitive relationships among these clones are likely to be affected by extreme environmental conditions, such as prolonged drought spells, which are predicted to occur more frequently due to global climate change. This, in turn, may alter characteristics of the ecological system and its associated functioning. We hypothesized that the relative success of individual clones will depend on the size of the ramets as ramets with larger leaves and longer petioles (large ramets) were predicted to have a competitive advantage in terms of increased light interception over smaller-sized ramets. Under drier conditions the relative performances of genotypes were expected to change leading to a change in genotype ranking. We also hypothesized that increased genotypic and phenotypic diversity will increase stand performance and resistance to drought. These hypotheses and the mechanisms responsible for shifts in competitive relationships were investigated by subjecting genotypes of the important pasture legume Trifolium repens to competition with either genetically identical clones, genetically different but similarly sized clones, or genetically as well as morphologically different clones under well-watered and dry conditions. Competitive relationships were affected by ramet size with large genotypes outperforming small genotypes in diverse stands in terms of biomass production. However, large genotypes also produced relatively fewer ramets than small genotypes and could not benefit in terms of clonal reproduction from competing with smaller genotypes, indicating that evolutionary shifts in genotype composition will depend on whether ramet size or ramet number is under selection. In contrast to our hypotheses, diversity did not increase stand performance under different selection regimes and genotype ranking was hardly affected by soil moisture, indicating that increasing fluctuations in water availability result in few short-term effects on genotypic diversity in this stoloniferous grassland species. Communities dominated by stoloniferous herbs such as T. repens may be relatively resilient to environmental change and to low levels of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heinjo J During
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Bruine de Bruin
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Vermeulen
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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Masselter T, Haushahn T, Fink S, Speck T. Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1602-1619. [PMID: 28144511 PMCID: PMC5238658 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Main aims of the study are a deepened understanding of the mechanically relevant (ultra-)structures and the mechanical behaviour of various arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons and obtaining the structure-function relationships of different structurally conspicuous parts in Dracaena marginata stems. The stems of five different "woody" monocotyledon species were dissected and the mechanical properties of the most noticeable tissues in the five monocotyledons and, additionally, of individual vascular bundles in D. marginata, were tested under tensile stress. Results for Young's moduli and density of these tissues were assessed as well as the area, critical strain, Young's modulus and tensile strength of the vascular bundles in Dracaena marginata. These analyses allowed for generating a model for the mechanical interaction of tissues and vascular bundles of the stem in D. marginata as well as filling major "white spots" in property charts for biological materials. Additionally we shortly discuss the potential significance of such studies for the development of branched and unbranched bio-inspired fibre-reinforced materials and structures with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tobias Haushahn
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Samuel Fink
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Badel E, Ewers FW, Cochard H, Telewski FW. Acclimation of mechanical and hydraulic functions in trees: impact of the thigmomorphogenetic process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:266. [PMID: 25954292 PMCID: PMC4406077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The secondary xylem (wood) of trees mediates several functions including water transport and storage, mechanical support and storage of photosynthates. The optimal structures for each of these functions will most likely differ. The complex structure and function of xylem could lead to trade-offs between conductive efficiency, resistance to embolism, and mechanical strength needed to count for mechanical loading due to gravity and wind. This has been referred to as the trade-off triangle, with the different optimal solutions to the structure/function problems depending on the environmental constraints as well as taxonomic histories. Thus, the optimisation of each function will lead to drastically different anatomical structures. Trees are able to acclimate the internal structure of their trunk and branches according to the stress they experience. These acclimations lead to specific structures that favor the efficiency or the safety of one function but can be antagonistic with other functions. Currently, there are no means to predict the way a tree will acclimate or optimize its internal structure in support of its various functions under differing environmental conditions. In this review, we will focus on the acclimation of xylem anatomy and its resulting mechanical and hydraulic functions to recurrent mechanical strain that usually result from wind-induced thigmomorphogenesis with a special focus on the construction cost and the possible trade-off between wood functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
- Clermont Université–Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
- *Correspondence: Eric Badel, INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université–Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frank W. Ewers
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic UniversityPomona, CA, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
- Clermont Université–Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Frank W. Telewski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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Bongers FJ, Evers JB, Anten NPR, Pierik R. From shade avoidance responses to plant performance at vegetation level: using virtual plant modelling as a tool. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:268-72. [PMID: 25236169 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franca J Bongers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Plant Ecophysiology, Institute for Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Watari R, Nagashima H, Hirose T. Stem extension and mechanical stability of Xanthium canadense grown in an open or in a dense stand. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:179-90. [PMID: 24879768 PMCID: PMC4071106 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants in open, uncrowded habitats typically have relatively short stems with many branches, whereas plants in crowded habitats grow taller and more slender at the expense of mechanical stability. There seems to be a trade-off between height growth and mechanical stability, and this study addresses how stand density influences stem extension and consequently plant safety margins against mechanical failure. METHODS Xanthium canadense plants were grown either solitarily (S-plants) or in a dense stand (D-plants) until flowering. Internode dimensions and mechanical properties were measured at the metamer level, and the critical buckling height beyond which the plant elastically buckles under its own weight and the maximum lateral wind force the plant can withstand were calculated. KEY RESULTS Internodes were longer in D- than S-plants, but basal diameter did not differ significantly. Relative growth rates of internode length and diameter were negatively correlated to the volumetric solid fraction of the internode. Internode dry mass density was higher in S- than D-plants. Young's modulus of elasticity and the breaking stress were higher in lower metamers, and in D- than in S-plants. Within a stand, however, both moduli were positively related to dry mass density. The buckling safety factor, a ratio of critical buckling height to actual height, was higher in S- than in D-plants. D-plants were found to be approaching the limiting value 1. Lateral wind force resistance was higher in S- than in D-plants, and increased with growth in S-plants. CONCLUSIONS Critical buckling height increased with height growth due mainly to an increase in stem stiffness and diameter and a reduction in crown/stem mass ratio. Lateral wind force resistance was enhanced due to increased tissue strength and diameter. The increase in tissue stiffness and strength with height growth plays a crucial role in maintaining a safety margin against mechanical failure in herbaceous species that lack the capacity for secondary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Watari
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hisae Nagashima
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Tadaki Hirose
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Martin L, Decourteix M, Badel E, Huguet S, Moulia B, Julien JL, Leblanc-Fournier N. The zinc finger protein PtaZFP2 negatively controls stem growth and gene expression responsiveness to external mechanical loads in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:168-181. [PMID: 24684233 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues are essential signals regulating plant growth and development. In response to wind, trees develop a thigmomorphogenetic response characterized by a reduction in longitudinal growth, an increase in diameter growth, and changes in mechanical properties. The molecular mechanisms behind these processes are poorly understood. In poplar, PtaZFP2, a C2H2 transcription factor, is rapidly up-regulated after stem bending. To investigate the function of PtaZFP2, we analyzed PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars (Populus tremula × Populus alba). To unravel the genes downstream PtaZFP2, a transcriptomic analysis was performed. PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars showed longitudinal and cambial growth reductions together with an increase in the tangent and hardening plastic moduli. The regulation level of mechanoresponsive genes was much weaker after stem bending in PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars than in wild-type plants, showing that PtaZFP2 negatively modulates plant responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Microarray analysis revealed a high proportion of down-regulated genes in PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars. Among these genes, several were also shown to be regulated by mechanical stimulation. Our results confirmed the important role of PtaZFP2 during plant acclimation to mechanical load, in particular through a negative control of plant molecular responsiveness. This desensitization process could modulate the amplitude and duration of the plant response during recurrent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martin
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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31
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Pierik R, de Wit M. Shade avoidance: phytochrome signalling and other aboveground neighbour detection cues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2815-24. [PMID: 24323503 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants compete with neighbouring vegetation for limited resources. In competition for light, plants adjust their architecture to bring the leaves higher in the vegetation where more light is available than in the lower strata. These architectural responses include accelerated elongation of the hypocotyl, internodes and petioles, upward leaf movement (hyponasty), and reduced shoot branching and are collectively referred to as the shade avoidance syndrome. This review discusses various cues that plants use to detect the presence and proximity of neighbouring competitors and respond to with the shade avoidance syndrome. These cues include light quality and quantity signals, mechanical stimulation, and plant-emitted volatile chemicals. We will outline current knowledge about each of these signals individually and discuss their possible interactions. In conclusion, we will make a case for a whole-plant, ecophysiology approach to identify the relative importance of the various neighbour detection cues and their possible interactions in determining plant performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke de Wit
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Pons TL, Poorter H. The effect of irradiance on the carbon balance and tissue characteristics of five herbaceous species differing in shade-tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24550922 PMCID: PMC3912841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbon balance is defined here as the partitioning of daily whole-plant gross CO2 assimilation (A) in C available for growth and C required for respiration (R). A scales positively with growth irradiance and there is evidence for an irradiance dependence of R as well. Here we ask if R as a fraction of A is also irradiance dependent, whether there are systematic differences in C-balance between shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species, and what the causes could be. Growth, gas exchange, chemical composition and leaf structure were analyzed for two shade-tolerant and three shade-intolerant herbaceous species that were hydroponically grown in a growth room at five irradiances from 20 μmol m(-2) s(-1) (1.2 mol m(-2) day(-1)) to 500 μmol m(-2) s(-1) (30 mol m(-2) day(-1)). Growth analysis showed little difference between species in unit leaf rate (dry mass increase per unit leaf area) at low irradiance, but lower rates for the shade-tolerant species at high irradiance, mainly as a result of their lower light-saturated rate of photosynthesis. This resulted in lower relative growth rates in these conditions. Daily whole-plant R scaled with A in a very tight manner, giving a remarkably constant R/A ratio of around 0.3 for all but the lowest irradiance. Although some shade-intolerant species showed tendencies toward a higher R/A and inefficiencies in terms of carbon and nitrogen investment in their leaves, no conclusive evidence was found for systematic differences in C-balance between the shade-tolerant and intolerant species at the lowest irradiance. Leaf tissue of the shade-tolerant species was characterized by high dry matter percentages, C-concentration and construction costs, which could be associated with a better defense in shade environments where leaf longevity matters. We conclude that shade-intolerant species have a competitive advantage at high irradiance due to superior potential growth rates, but that shade-tolerance is not necessarily associated with a better C-balance at low irradiance. Under those conditions tolerance to other stresses is probably more important for the performance of shade-tolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs L. Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- IBG-2 Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülich, Germany
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Huber H, de Brouwer J, von Wettberg EJ, During HJ, Anten NPR. More cells, bigger cells or simply reorganization? Alternative mechanisms leading to changed internode architecture under contrasting stress regimes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:193-204. [PMID: 24033342 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Shading and mechanical stress (MS) modulate plant architecture by inducing different developmental pathways. Shading results in increased stem elongation, often reducing whole-plant mechanical stability, while MS inhibits elongation, with a concomitant increase in stability. Here, we examined how these organ-level responses are related to patterns and processes at the cellular level by exposing Impatiens capensis to shading and MS. Shading led to the production of narrower cells along the vertical axis. By contrast, MS led to the production of fewer, smaller and broader cells. These responses to treatments were largely in line with genetic differences found among plants from open and closed canopy sites. Shading- and MS-induced plastic responses in cellular characteristics were negatively correlated: genotypes that were more responsive to shading were less responsive to MS and vice versa. This negative correlation, however, did not scale to mechanical and architectural traits. Our data show how environmental conditions elicit distinctly different associations between characteristics at the cellular level, plant morphology and biomechanics. The evolution of optimal response to different environmental cues may be limited by negative correlations of stress-induced responses at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan de Brouwer
- Freshwater Ecology, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Alterra Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J von Wettberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Kushlan Institute for Tropical Science, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA
| | - Heinjo J During
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508, TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508, TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700, AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wang S, Xin W, Tang J, Wang Q. Effect of mechanical stress on cotton growth and development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82256. [PMID: 24363813 PMCID: PMC3868487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crops experience diverse mechanical stimuli, which may affect their growth and development. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mechanical stresses caused by hanging labels from the flower petioles (HLFP) on plant shape and cotton yields in four cotton varieties: CCRI 41, DP 99B, CCRC 21, and BAI 1. HLFP significantly reduced plant height by between 7.8% and 36.5% in all four lines and also significantly reduced the number of fruiting positions per plant in the CCRI 41, DP 99B and CCRC 21 lines. However, the number of fruiting positions in BAI 1 was unaffected. HLFP also significantly reduced the boll weight for all four cultivars and the seed cotton yields for CCRI 41, DP 99B and BAI 1. Conversely, it significantly increased the seed cotton yield for CCRC 21 by 11.2%. HLFP treatment did not significantly affect the boll count in the fruiting branches of the 1st and 2nd layers in any variety, but did significantly reduce those on the 3rd and 4th fruiting branch layers for CCRI 41 and DP 99B. Similar trends were observed for the number of bolls per FP. In general, HLFP reduced plant height and boll weight. However, the lines responded differently to HLFP treatment in terms of their total numbers of fruiting positions, boll numbers, seed cotton yields, etc. Our results also suggested that HFLP responses might be delayed for some agronomy traits of some cotton genotypes, and that hanging labels from early-opening flowers might influence the properties related with those that opened later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Wanwan Xin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juxiang Tang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qinglian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Hamann E, Puijalon S. Biomechanical responses of aquatic plants to aerial conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1869-1878. [PMID: 24187030 PMCID: PMC3838548 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wetlands are impacted by changes in hydrological regimes that can lead to periods of low water levels. During these periods, aquatic plants experience a drastic change in the mechanical conditions that they encounter, from low gravitational and tensile hydrodynamic forces when exposed to flow under aquatic conditions, to high gravitational and bending forces under terrestrial conditions. The objective of this study was to test the capacity of aquatic plants to produce self-supporting growth forms when growing under aerial conditions by assessing their resistance to terrestrial mechanical conditions and the associated morpho-anatomical changes. METHODS Plastic responses to aerial conditions were assessed by sampling Berula erecta, Hippuris vulgaris, Juncus articulatus, Lythrum salicaria, Mentha aquatica, Myosotis scorpioides, Nuphar lutea and Sparganium emersum under submerged and emergent conditions. The cross-sectional area and dry matter content (DMC) were measured in the plant organs that bear the mechanical forces, and their biomechanical properties in tension and bending were assessed. KEY RESULTS All of the species except for two had significantly higher stiffness in bending and thus an increased resistance to terrestrial mechanical conditions when growing under emergent conditions. This response was determined either by an increased allocation to strengthening tissues and thus a higher DMC, or by an increased cross-sectional area. These morpho-anatomical changes also resulted in increased strength and stiffness in tension. CONCLUSIONS The capacity of the studied species to colonize this fluctuating environment can be accounted for by a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to emersion. Further investigation is however needed to disentangle the finer mechanisms behind these responses (e.g. allometric relations, tissue make-up), their costs and adaptive value.
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Chen J, Duan B, Wang M, Korpelainen H, Li C. Intra- and inter-sexual competition ofPopulus cathayanaunder different watering regimes. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; PO Box 416 Chengdu 610041 China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 China
- Mianyang Normal University; Mianyang 621000 China
| | - Baoli Duan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 27 Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
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Xu L, Huber H, During HJ, Dong M, Anten NPR. Intraspecific variation of a desert shrub species in phenotypic plasticity in response to sand burial. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:991-1000. [PMID: 23672194 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Shoot elongation is one of the main plastic responses of plants to burial, a ubiquitous stress factor in dry ecosystems. Yet, intraspecific variation in this response to burial and the extent to which this variation is functionally coordinated with variation in other trait responses are largely unknown. We subjected seedlings of the shrub Caragana intermedia from 18 maternal parents (i.e. different half-sib families) to repeated partial burial to investigate how burial affects shoot growth, stem mechanical traits and associated plasticity. Burial increased both stem elongation and diameter growth of plants, but decreased biomass production. Half-sib families had different rates of shoot elongation, and differed in their response to burial with respect to biomechanical stem properties. Across half-sib families, the magnitude of these responses in mechanical traits was positively correlated with the magnitude of the stem elongation response. These results indicate that plasticity in different stem traits in response to sand burial and intraspecific variation therein are functionally coordinated with respect to mechanical stability. The results emphasize the importance of considering functionally coordinated traits when analyzing phenotypic plasticity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Experimental Plant Ecology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heinjo J During
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, NL-6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Xu L, Freitas SMA, Yu FH, Dong M, Anten NPR, Werger MJA. Effects of trampling on morphological and mechanical traits of dryland shrub species do not depend on water availability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53021. [PMID: 23341918 PMCID: PMC3547011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In semiarid drylands water shortage and trampling by large herbivores are two factors limiting plant growth and distribution. Trampling can strongly affect plant performance, but little is known about responses of morphological and mechanical traits of woody plants to trampling and their possible interaction with water availability. Seedlings of four shrubs (Caragana intermedia, Cynanchum komarovi, Hedysarum laeve and Hippophae rhamnoides) common in the semiarid Mu Us Sandland were grown at 4% and 10% soil water content and exposed to either simulated trampling or not. Growth, morphological and mechanical traits were measured. Trampling decreased vertical height and increased basal diameter and stem resistance to bending and rupture (as indicated by the increased minimum bend and break force) in all species. Increasing water availability increased biomass, stem length, basal diameter, leaf thickness and rigidity of stems in all species except C. komarovii. However, there were no interactive effects of trampling and water content on any of these traits among species except for minimum bend force and the ratio between stem resistance to rupture and bending. Overall shrub species have a high degree of trampling resistance by morphological and mechanical modifications, and the effects of trampling do not depend on water availability. However, the increasing water availability can also affect trade-off between stem strength and flexibility caused by trampling, which differs among species. Water plays an important role not only in growth but also in trampling adaptation in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Xu L, Yu FH, Werger M, Dong M, Anten NPR. Interactive effects of mechanical stress, sand burial and defoliation on growth and mechanical properties in Cynanchum komarovii. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:126-134. [PMID: 22672443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In drylands, wind, sand burial and grazing are three important factors affecting growth and mechanical properties of plants, but their interactive effects have not yet been investigated. Plants of the semi-shrub Cynanchum komarovii, common in semi-arid parts of NE Asia, were subjected to brushing, burial and defoliation. We measured biomass allocation and relative increment rates of dry mass (RGR(m)), height (RGR(h)) and basal diameter (RGR(d)). We also measured the stem mechanical properties, Young's modulus (E), second moment of area (I), flexural stiffness (EI) and breaking stress (σ(b)), and scaled these traits to the whole-plant level to determine the maximum lateral force (F(lateral)) and the buckling safety factor (BSF). Brushing increased RGR(m); neither burial nor defoliation independently affected RGR(m), but together they reduced it. Among buried plants, brushing positively affected stem rigidity and strength through increasing RGR(d), E, I and EI, and at whole plant level this resulted in a larger BSF and F(lateral). However, among unburied plants this pattern was not observed. Our results thus show that effects of mechanical stress and grazing on plants can be strongly modified by burial, and these interactions should be taken into account when considering adaptive significance of plant mechanical traits in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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de Wit M, Kegge W, Evers JB, Vergeer-van Eijk MH, Gankema P, Voesenek LACJ, Pierik R. Plant neighbor detection through touching leaf tips precedes phytochrome signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14705-10. [PMID: 22908260 PMCID: PMC3437826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205437109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants in dense vegetation compete for resources, including light, and optimize their growth based on neighbor detection cues. The best studied of such behaviors is the shade-avoidance syndrome that positions leaves in optimally lit zones of a vegetation. Although proximate vegetation is known to be sensed through a reduced ratio between red and far-red light, we show here through computational modeling and manipulative experiments that leaves of the rosette species Arabidopsis thaliana first need to move upward to generate sufficient light reflection potential for subsequent occurrence and perception of a reduced red to far-red ratio. This early hyponastic leaf growth response is not induced by known neighbor detection cues under both climate chamber and natural sunlight conditions, and we identify a unique way for plants to detect future competitors through touching of leaf tips. This signal occurs before light signals and appears to be the earliest means of above-ground plant-plant signaling in horizontally growing rosette plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Wit
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Wouter Kegge
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H. Vergeer-van Eijk
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Paulien Gankema
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
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Nagashima H, Hikosaka K. Not only light quality but also mechanical stimuli are involved in height convergence in crowded Chenopodium album stands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:803-811. [PMID: 22765253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In crowded stands, height is often similar among dominant plants, as plants adjust their height to that of their neighbours (height convergence). We investigated which of the factors, light quality, light quantity and mechanical stimuli, is primarily responsible for stem elongation and height convergence in crowded stands. We established stands of potted Chenopodium album plants. In one stand, target plants were surrounded by artificial plants that were painted black to ensure that the light quality was not modified by their neighbours. In a second stand, target plants were surrounded by real plants. In both stands, one-half of the target plants were anchored to stakes to prevent flexing by wind. The target plants were lifted or lowered by 10 cm to test whether height convergence was affected by the different treatments. Stem length was affected by being surrounded by artificial plants, anchoring and pot elevation, indicating that light quality, light quantity and mechanical stimuli all influenced stem elongation. Height convergence did not occur in the stand with artificial plants or in anchored plants. We conclude that light quality and mechanical stimuli are important factors for the regulation of stem growth and height convergence in crowded stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Nagashima
- Nikko Botanical Garden, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 321-1435 Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 102-0076 Tokyo, Japan
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Trupiano D, Di Iorio A, Montagnoli A, Lasserre B, Rocco M, Grosso A, Scaloni A, Marra M, Chiatante D, Scippa GS. Involvement of lignin and hormones in the response of woody poplar taproots to mechanical stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:39-52. [PMID: 22339039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress is a widespread condition caused by numerous environmental factors that severely affect plant stability. In response to mechanical stress, plants have evolved complex response pathways able to detect mechanical perturbations and inducing a suite of modifications in order to improve anchorage. The response of woody roots to mechanical stresses has been studied mainly at the morphological and biomechanical level, whereas investigations on the factors triggering these important alterations are still at the initial stage. Populus has been widely used to study the response of stem to different mechanical stresses and, since it has the first forest tree genome to be decoded, represents a model woody plant for addressing questions on the mechanisms controlling adaptation of woody roots to changing environments. In this study, a morphological and physiological analysis was used to investigate factors controlling modifications in Populus nigra woody taproots subjected to mechanical stress. An experimental model analyzing spatial and temporal mechanical force distribution along the woody taproot axis enabled us to compare the events occurring in its above-, central- and below-bending sectors. Different morphogenetic responses and local variations of lignin and plant hormones content have been observed, and a relation with the distribution of the mechanical forces along the stressed woody taproots is hypothesized. We investigated the differences of the response to mechanical stress induction during the time; in this regard, we present data referring to the effect of mechanical stress on plant transition from its condition of winter dormancy to that of full vegetative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Trupiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Ambiente e il Territorio, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
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Kaur H, Shaker K, Heinzel N, Ralph J, Gális I, Baldwin IT. Environmental stresses of field growth allow cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase-deficient Nicotiana attenuata plants to compensate for their structural deficiencies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1545-70. [PMID: 22645069 PMCID: PMC3425196 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The organized lignocellulosic assemblies of cell walls provide the structural integrity required for the large statures of terrestrial plants. Silencing two CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) genes in Nicotiana attenuata produced plants (ir-CAD) with thin, red-pigmented stems, low CAD and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity, low lignin contents, and rubbery, structurally unstable stems when grown in the glasshouse (GH). However, when planted into their native desert habitat, ir-CAD plants produced robust stems that survived wind storms as well as the wild-type plants. Despite efficient silencing of NaCAD transcripts and enzymatic activity, field-grown ir-CAD plants had delayed and restricted spread of red stem pigmentation, a color change reflecting blocked lignification by CAD silencing, and attained wild-type-comparable total lignin contents. The rubbery GH phenotype was largely restored when field-grown ir-CAD plants were protected from wind, herbivore attack, and ultraviolet B exposure and grown in restricted rooting volumes; conversely, it was lost when ir-CAD plants were experimentally exposed to wind, ultraviolet B, and grown in large pots in growth chambers. Transcript and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight analysis revealed that these environmental stresses enhanced the accumulation of various phenylpropanoids in stems of field-grown plants; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that the lignin of field-grown ir-CAD plants had GH-grown comparable levels of sinapaldehyde and syringaldehyde cross-linked into their lignins. Additionally, field-grown ir-CAD plants had short, thick stems with normal xylem element traits, which collectively enabled field-grown ir-CAD plants to compensate for the structural deficiencies associated with CAD silencing. Environmental stresses play an essential role in regulating lignin biosynthesis in lignin-deficient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Ralph
- Department of Molecular Ecology (H.K., N.H., I.G., I.T.B.) and Department of Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (K.S.), Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (J.R.); and Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710–0046, Japan (I.G.)
| | - Ivan Gális
- Department of Molecular Ecology (H.K., N.H., I.G., I.T.B.) and Department of Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (K.S.), Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (J.R.); and Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710–0046, Japan (I.G.)
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology (H.K., N.H., I.G., I.T.B.) and Department of Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (K.S.), Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (J.R.); and Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710–0046, Japan (I.G.)
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Xu L, Yu FH, van Drunen E, Schieving F, Dong M, Anten NPR. Trampling, defoliation and physiological integration affect growth, morphological and mechanical properties of a root-suckering clonal tree. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:1001-8. [PMID: 22314757 PMCID: PMC3310488 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Grazing is a complex process involving the simultaneous occurrence of both trampling and defoliation. Clonal plants are a common feature of heavily grazed ecosystems where large herbivores inflict the simultaneous pressures of trampling and defoliation on the vegetation. We test the hypothesis that physiological integration (resource sharing between interconnected ramets) may help plants to deal with the interactive effects of trampling and defoliation. METHODS In a field study, small and large ramets of the root-suckering clonal tree Populus simonii were subjected to two levels of trampling and defoliation, while connected or disconnected to other ramets. Plant responses were quantified via survival, growth, morphological and stem mechanical traits. KEY RESULTS Disconnection and trampling increased mortality, especially in small ramets. Trampling increased stem length, basal diameter, fibrous root mass, stem stiffness and resistance to deflection in connected ramets, but decreased them in disconnected ones. Trampling decreased vertical height more in disconnected than in connected ramets, and reduced stem mass in disconnected ramets but not in connected ramets. Defoliation reduced basal diameter, leaf mass, stem mass and leaf area ratio, but did not interact with trampling or disconnection. CONCLUSIONS Although clonal integration did not influence defoliation response, it did alleviate the effects of trampling. We suggest that by facilitating resource transport between ramets, clonal integration compensates for trampling-induced damage to fine roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800·84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Elles van Drunen
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800·84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Feike Schieving
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800·84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800·84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Watari R, Nagashima H, Hirose T. Growth and nitrogen use in Xanthium canadense grown in an open or in a dense stand. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 144:335-345. [PMID: 22211925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop branches profusely when grown solitarily, while less so when grown in a dense stand. Such changes in architecture are associated with changes in dry mass allocation and nitrogen use. Here, we studied what traits in plant growth and nitrogen use were influenced by different light climates in the stand. Annual plants (Xanthium canadense) were grown solitarily or in a dense stand. Dry mass growth was analyzed as the product of the net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area (LA). Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was analyzed as the product of nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence time (MRT) of nitrogen. These growth variables were further factorized into their components. Solitary plants maintained a high NAR, whereas plants in the dense stand decreased the NAR due to mutual shading. Plants in the dense stand developed a larger LA with a higher specific leaf area than solitary plants. Solitary plants had higher NUE due to higher NP. A temporal increase in NUE was attributed to the increase in MRT of nitrogen. Light climate was different between solitary and dense-stand plants, but they took up a comparable amount of nitrogen and used it differently in response to the given light climate. NUE was thus demonstrated to be a useful tool for analyzing the mechanism leading to different N use in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Watari
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Saini A, Li Y, Jagadeeswaran G, Sunkar R. Role of microRNAs in Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stresses. MICRORNAS IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND STRESS RESPONSES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27384-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Huber H, von Wettberg EJ, Aguilera A, Schmitt J. Testing mechanisms and context dependence of costs of plastic shade avoidance responses in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1602-1612. [PMID: 21940813 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Many plant species elongate their shoots in response to neighbor proximity and neighbor height. Although these plastic responses may be beneficial in terms of enhancing light interception, they also may have costs in terms of increased risk of mechanical failure (i.e., lodging or breaking) because of thinner stems. This trade-off between light acquisition and stability may shape the evolution of plastic elongation responses to foliage shade. METHODS In a field experiment manipulating elongation phenotypes and densities, we tested two hypotheses. We predicted that the risks of mechanical failure depend on plastic elongation and/or on characteristics of the immediate neighborhood, such as density and neighbor height. Further, we predicted that plants that fail mechanically would have reduced fitness. KEY RESULTS Mechanical failure was earlier and more frequent at high density and showed a complex interaction with neighborhood characteristics such as relative height of the neighbors and the expression of early plasticity. Plants that broke earlier had shorter lifespan and lower reproductive output. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that depending on the height and density of the group, plastic elongation responses can remain advantageous despite costs of increased risk of mechanical failure of the taller stems, as mechanical failure was not associated with strong costs in terms of reduced lifespan or seed production. The overall benefits of elongation outweigh the costs resulting in selection for elongation at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Nagashima H, Hikosaka K. Plants in a crowded stand regulate their height growth so as to maintain similar heights to neighbours even when they have potential advantages in height growth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:207-14. [PMID: 21562027 PMCID: PMC3119620 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although being tall is advantageous in light competition, plant height growth is often similar among dominant plants in crowded stands (height convergence). Previous theoretical studies have suggested that plants should not overtop neighbours because greater allocation to supporting tissues is necessary in taller plants, which in turn lowers leaf mass fraction and thus carbon gain. However, this model assumes that a competitor has the same potential of height growth as their neighbours, which does not necessarily account for the fact that height convergence occurs even among individuals with various biomass. METHODS Stands of individually potted plants of Chenopodium album were established, where target plants were lifted to overtop neighbours or lowered to be overtopped. Lifted plants were expected to keep overtopping because they intercept more light without increased allocation to stems, or to regulate their height to similar levels of neighbours, saving biomass allocation to the supporting organ. Lowered plants were expected to be suppressed due to the low light availability or to increase height growth so as to have similar height to the neighbours. KEY RESULTS Lifted plants reduced height growth in spite of the fact that they received higher irradiance than others. Lowered plants, on the other hand, increased the rate of stem elongation despite the reduced irradiance. Consequently, lifted and lowered plants converged to the same height. In contrast to the expectation, lifted plants did not increase allocation to leaf mass despite the decreased stem length. Rather, they allocated more biomass to roots, which might contribute to improvement of mechanical stability or water status. It is suggested that decreased leaf mass fraction is not the sole cost of overtopping neighbours. Wind blowing, which may enhance transpiration and drag force, might constrain growth of overtopping plants. CONCLUSIONS The results show that plants in crowded stands regulate their height growth to maintain similar height to neighbours even when they have potential advantages in height growth. This might contribute to avoidance of stresses caused by wind blowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Nagashima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Sui Y, He W, Pan X, Dong M. Partial mechanical stimulation facilitates the growth of the rhizomatous plant Leymus secalinus: modulation by clonal integration. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:693-7. [PMID: 21303785 PMCID: PMC3064544 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mechanical stimulation (MS) often induces plants to undergo thigmomorphogenesis and to synthesize an array of signalling substances. In clonal plants, connected ramets often share resources and hormones. However, little is known about whether and how clonal integration influences the ability of clonal plants to withstand MS. We hypothesized that the effects of MS may be modulated by clonal integration. METHODS We conducted an experiment in which ramet pairs of Leymus secalinus were subjected to three treatments: (1) connected ramet pairs under a homogeneous condition [i.e. the proximal (relatively old) and distal (relatively young) ramets were not mechanically stressed]; (2) connected ramet pairs under a heterogeneous condition (i.e. the proximal ramet was mechanically stressed but the distal ramet was not); and (3) disconnected ramet pairs under the same condition as in treatment 2. At the end of the experiment, we harvested all plants and determined their biomass and allocation. KEY RESULTS Clonal integration had no significant influence on measured traits of distal L. secalinus ramets without MS. However, under MS, plants with distal ramets that were connected to a mother ramet produced more total plant biomass, below-ground biomass, ramets and total rhizome length than those that were not connected. Partial MS exerted local effects on stimulated ramets and remote effects on connected unstimulated ramets. Partial MS increased total biomass, root/shoot ratio, number of ramets and total rhizome length of stimulated proximal ramets, and increased total biomass, root weight ratio, number of ramets and total rhizome length of connected unstimulated ramets due to clonal integration. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that thigmomorphogenesis may protect plants from the stresses caused by high winds or trampling and that thigmomorphogenesis can be strongly modulated by the degree of clonal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiming He
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- For correspondence. E-mail:
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Paul-Victor C, Rowe N. Effect of mechanical perturbation on the biomechanics, primary growth and secondary tissue development of inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:209-18. [PMID: 21118840 PMCID: PMC3025729 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mechanical perturbation is known to inhibit elongation of the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana. The phenomenon has been reported widely for both herbaceous and woody plants, and has implications for how plants adjust their size and form to survive in mechanically perturbed environments. While this response is an important aspect of the plant's architecture, little is known about how mechanical properties of the inflorescence stem are modified or how its primary and secondary tissues respond to mechanical perturbation. METHODS Plants of the Columbia-0 ecotype were exposed to controlled brushing treatments and then submitted to three-point bending tests to determine stem rigidity and stiffness. Contributions of different tissues to the inflorescence stem geometry were analysed. KEY RESULTS Perturbed plants showed little difference in stem diameter, were 50 % shorter, 75 % less rigid and 70 % less stiff than controls. Changes in mechanical properties were linked to significant changes in tissue geometry - size and position of the pith, lignified interfascicular tissue and cortex - as well as a reduction in density of lignified cells. Stem mechanical properties were modified by changes in primary tissues and thus differ from changes observed in most woody plants tested with indeterminate growth - even though a vascular cambium is present in the inflorescence axis. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that delayed development of key primary developmental features of the stem in this ecotype of Arabidopsis results in a 'short and flexible' rather than a 'short and rigid' strategy for maintaining upright axes in conditions of severe mechanical perturbation. The mechanism is comparable with more general phenomena in plants where changes in developmental rate can significantly affect the overall growth form of the plant in both ecological and evolutionary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Paul-Victor
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-34000 France; CNRS, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, F-34398 France.
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