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Willink B, Ware JL, Svensson EI. Tropical Origin, Global Diversification, and Dispersal in the Pond Damselflies (Coenagrionoidea) Revealed by a New Molecular Phylogeny. Syst Biol 2024; 73:290-307. [PMID: 38262741 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The processes responsible for the formation of Earth's most conspicuous diversity pattern, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), remain unexplored for many clades in the Tree of Life. Here, we present a densely sampled and dated molecular phylogeny for the most speciose clade of damselflies worldwide (Odonata: Coenagrionoidea) and investigate the role of time, macroevolutionary processes, and biome-shift dynamics in shaping the LDG in this ancient insect superfamily. We used process-based biogeographic models to jointly infer ancestral ranges and speciation times and to characterize within-biome dispersal and biome-shift dynamics across the cosmopolitan distribution of Coenagrionoidea. We also investigated temporal and biome-dependent variation in diversification rates. Our results uncover a tropical origin of pond damselflies and featherlegs ~105 Ma, while highlighting the uncertainty of ancestral ranges within the tropics in deep time. Even though diversification rates have declined since the origin of this clade, global climate change and biome-shifts have slowly increased diversity in warm- and cold-temperate areas, where lineage turnover rates have been relatively higher. This study underscores the importance of biogeographic origin and time to diversify as important drivers of the LDG in pond damselflies and their relatives, while diversification dynamics have instead resulted in the formation of ephemeral species in temperate regions. Biome-shifts, although limited by tropical niche conservatism, have been the main factor reducing the steepness of the LDG in the last 30 Myr. With ongoing climate change and increasing northward range expansions of many damselfly taxa, the LDG may become less pronounced. Our results support recent calls to unify biogeographic and macroevolutionary approaches to improve our understanding of how latitudinal diversity gradients are formed and why they vary across time and among taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Willink
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, Stockholm 106-91, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Jessica L Ware
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Erik I Svensson
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund 223-62, Sweden
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Santos EG, Wiederhecker HC, Pompermaier VT, Gainsbury AM, Schirmer SC, Morais CVF, Fontenele JL, de Morais Santana MC, Marini MÂ. Urbanization reduces diversity, simplifies community and filter bird species based on their functional traits in a tropical city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173379. [PMID: 38795992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how organisms are coping with major changes imposed by urban intensification is a complex task. In fact, our understanding of the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity is scarce in the global south compared to the north. In this study, we evaluated how bird communities are affected by impact of urban intensification in a tropical city. Thus, we assessed whether increased urban intensification 1) jeopardizes bird diversity (taking into account taxonomic-TD, phylogenetic-PD, and functional-FD dimensions), 2) drives changes in bird community composition and enables the detection of indicator species of such impact, and 3) leads to changes in bird functional traits linked to reproduction, resource acquisition, and survival. We found that urban intensification has a direct impact on the bird community, reducing all three types of diversity. Communities in areas of greater urban intensity are represented by fewer species, and these species are PD and FD less distinct. In addition, we detected at least ten species of areas of lower urban intensity that proved to be more sensitive to urban intensification. With regard to bird traits, we found no significant responses from reproductive, habitat use and feeding variables. Body weight and tail length were the only variables with significant results, with higher urbanization intensity areas selecting for species with lower weights and longer tails. Given the global biodiversity loss we are observing, this information can guide urban managers and planners in designing urban landscapes to maintain biodiversity in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guimarães Santos
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, 70919-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | - Vinicius Tirelli Pompermaier
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, 70919-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Alison M Gainsbury
- University of South Florida, St. Petersburg Campus, Department of Integrative Biology, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Sofia Coradini Schirmer
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, 70919-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Ângelo Marini
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, 70910-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Swart RC, Geerts S, Geldenhuys CJ, Pauw J, Coetzee A. Weak latitudinal trends in reproductive traits of Afromontane forest trees. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:711-724. [PMID: 37407025 PMCID: PMC11082511 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Is the increase in species diversity patterns towards lower latitudes linked to reproductive traits? Plant reproductive organs influence reproductive isolation and hence species divergence. Abiotic differences between temperate and tropical regions can also directly impact on plant reproductive traits. Here we provide a novel overview of southern hemisphere, Afromontane forest tree taxonomical patterns and ask whether reproductive traits relate to latitude, while accounting for environmental (tree height) and evolutionary (biogeographical affinity) selective forces. METHODS We compiled a novel dataset with (1) flower colour, size and pollination syndrome and (2) fruit colour, size and dispersal syndrome for 331 tree species found in six Afromontane forest regions. We categorized each species into latitudinal distribution using these six regions, spanning the southern Cape (34º S) to Mount Kenya (0º S). Additionally, we gathered maximum tree height (m) for each species and determined the global distribution of all 196 tree genera (Afrotropical, Palaeotropical or Pantropical). KEY RESULTS Species, genera and families showed a general decrease in richness away from tropical and subtropical forests towards warm temperate forests. Southern Afrotemperate forests (the furthest south) had the highest tree endemism. There was no relationship between latitude and the reproductive traits tested here. Biogeographical affinity related to fruit colour and dispersal syndrome, with palaeotropical genera showing relative increases in black-purple fruit colour compared with pantropical genera, and palaeotropical genera showing relative increases in biotic seed dispersal compared with Afrotropical genera, which showed higher relative abiotic seed dispersal. Taller trees had a higher chance to be wind or insect pollinated (compared with bird pollinated) and had larger fruits. CONCLUSIONS Latitude explained patterns in Afromontane tree taxonomic diversity; however, tree reproductive traits did not relate to latitude. We suggest that phylogenetic conservatism or convergence, or both, explain the reported patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Swart
- Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6530, South Africa
| | - S Geerts
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - C J Geldenhuys
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - J Pauw
- Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6530, South Africa
| | - A Coetzee
- Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6530, South Africa
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Sonne J, Rahbek C. Idiosyncratic patterns of local species richness and turnover define global biodiversity hotspots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313106121. [PMID: 38190521 PMCID: PMC10801871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropical mountains are global biodiversity hotspots, owing to a combination of high local species richness and turnover in species composition. Typically, the highest local richness and turnover levels are implicitly assumed to converge in the same mountain regions, resulting in extraordinary species richness at regional to global scales. We investigated this untested assumption using high-resolution distribution data for all 9,788 bird species found in 134 mountain regions worldwide. Contrary to expectations, the mountain regions with the highest local richness differed from those with the highest species turnover. This finding reflects dissimilarities in the regions' climates and habitat compositions. Forest habitats and humid tropical climates characterize the mountain regions with the highest local richness. In contrast, mountain regions with the highest turnover are generally colder with drier climates and have mostly open habitat types. The highest local species richness and turnover levels globally converge in only a few mountain regions with the greatest climate volumes and topographic heterogeneity, resulting in the most prominent global hotspots for avian biodiversity. These results underline that species-richness hotspots in tropical mountains arise from idiosyncratic levels of local species richness and turnover, a pattern that traditional analyses of overall regional species richness do not detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Sonne
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2100, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2100, Denmark
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø2100, Denmark
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, AscotSL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M5230, Denmark
- Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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Lizardo V, García Trejo EA, Morrone JJ. Niche conservatism and convergence in birds of three cenocrons in the Mexican Transition Zone. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16664. [PMID: 38188173 PMCID: PMC10768671 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The niche conservatism hypothesis postulates that physiological and phylogenetic factors constrain species distributions, creating richness hotspots with older lineages in ancestral climatic conditions. Conversely, niche convergence occurs when species successfully disperse to novel environments, diversifying and resulting in areas with high phylogenetic clustering and endemism, low diversity, and lower clade age. The Mexican Transition Zone exhibits both patterns as its biotic assembly resulted from successive dispersal events of different biotic elements called cenocrons. We test the hypothesis that biogeographic transitionallity in the area is a product of niche conservatism in the Nearctic and Typical Neotropical cenocrons and niche convergence in the Mountain Mesoamerican cenocron. Methods We split the avifauna into three species sets representing cenocrons (sets of taxa that share the same biogeographic history, constituting an identifiable subset within a biota by their common biotic origin and evolutionary history). Then, we correlated richness, endemism, phylogenetic diversity, number of nodes, and crowning age with environmental and topographic variables. These correlations were then compared with the predictions of niche conservatism versus niche convergence. We also detected areas of higher species density in environmental space and interpreted them as an environmental transition zone where birds' niches converge. Results Our findings support the expected predictions on how niches evolved. Nearctic and Typical Neotropical species behaved as predicted by niche conservatism, whereas Mountain Mesoamerican species and the total of species correlations indicated niche convergence. We also detected distinct ecological and evolutionary characteristics of the cenocrons on a macroecological scale and the environmental conditions where the three cenocrons overlap in the Mesoamerican region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viridiana Lizardo
- Museum of Zoology ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Department of Evolutionary Biology, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMx, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMx, México
| | - Erick Alejandro García Trejo
- Unit of Informatics for Biodiversity, Department of Evolutionary Biology, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMx, México
| | - Juan J. Morrone
- Museum of Zoology ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Department of Evolutionary Biology, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMx, México
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Procheş Ş, Watkeys MK, Ramsay LF, Cowling RM. Why we should be looking for longitudinal patterns in biodiversity. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1032827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of global diversity patterns relies overwhelmingly on ecological and evolutionary correlates of latitude, and largely ignores longitude. However, the two major explanations of biodiversity patterns – energy and stability – are confounded across latitudes, and longitude offers potential solutions. Recent literature shows that the global biogeography of the Cenozoic world is structured by longitudinal barriers. In a few well-studied regions, such as South Africa’s Cape, the Himalayas and the Amazon-Andes continuum, there are strong longitudinal gradients in biodiversity. Often, such gradients occur where high and low past climatic velocities are juxtaposed, and there is clear evidence of higher biodiversity at the climatically-stable end. Understanding longitudinal biodiversity variations more widely can offer new insights towards biodiversity conservation in the face of anthropogenic climatic change.
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Obligation to Enhance OBIS Data for Sea- and Shorebirds of the Americas. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of many sea- and shorebird species span large geographic areas, making them ideal candidates as biomonitors of ecosystem perturbations and long-term environmental trends. The basic question examined in this study was: Does a major open-access data archive contain sufficient temporal- and spatial-scale data to support more detailed inquiry into multi-decadal-scale responses in geographic distributions of specific taxa? The global-scale open-access data platform, Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS), was searched to compile data on bird distributions of the Americas, including the Caribbean Sea. More than 680,000 occurrence records of 210 species, collected between 1965 and 2018, were located and evaluated by marine ecoregion. The Puget Trough/Georgia Basin marine ecoregion, along the United States/Canadian border, and the Virginian marine ecoregion on the US east coast, dominated occurrences, each with more than 100,000 records, while the Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy had the most years of records (42). Most records from South America (~29,000) came from the Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile, collected across 16 different years. More than 90% of the recorded data were collected since 1983, and more than 95% of the records were from North American marine ecoregions. We urge additional observations to be shared via OBIS to allow comprehensive large-scale and detailed meta-analyses of spatial and temporal trends in marine and shore-bird communities and their biodiversity.
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Castro SA, Figueroa JA, Garitano-Zavala Á, Leveau LM, Lobo E. Editorial: Ecological and evolutionary processes in Neotropical urban ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.992438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
One of the most investigated patterns in species diversity is the so-called latitudinal gradient, that is, a decrease in species richness from the equator to the poles. However, few studies investigated this pattern in insects at a global scale because of insufficient taxonomic and biogeographical information. Using estimates of earwig species richness at country level, their latitudinal diversity gradient was modelled globally and for the two hemispheres separately after correcting for differences in country areas. Separate analyses were also conducted for mainland and island countries. All analyses clearly indicated the existence of latitudinal gradients. The most plausible explanation for the observed pattern is the so-called tropical conservatism hypothesis, which postulates (1) a tropical origin of many extant clades, (2) a longer time for cladogenesis in tropical environments thanks to their environmental stability, and (3) a limited ability of historically tropical lineages to adapt to temperate climates. Earwigs probably evolved on Gondwana and secondarily colonized the Northern Hemisphere. This colonization was hampered by both geographical and climatic factors. The Himalayan orogenesis obstructed earwig dispersal into the Palearctic region. Additionally, earwig preferences for warm/hot and humid climates hampered the colonization of temperate regions. Pleistocene glaciation further contributed to reducing diversity at northern latitudes.
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Pelegrin JS, Cantalapiedra JL, Gamboa S, Menéndez I, Hernández Fernández M. Phylogenetic biome conservatism as a key concept for an integrative understanding of evolutionary history: Galliformes and Falconiformes as study cases. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomes are climatically and biotically distinctive macroecological units that formed over geological time scales. Their features consolidate them as ‘evolutionary scenarios’, with their own diversification dynamics. Under the concept of phylogenetic niche conservatism, we assessed, for the first time, the evolution of biome occupation in birds. We aimed to analyse patterns of adaptation to different climatic regimes and the determinant factors for colonization of emerging biomes by clades from different ancestral biomes. In this work, we reconstructed the biome occupation history of two clades of birds (Galliformes and Falconiformes) under an integrative perspective through a comprehensive review of ecological, phylogenetic, palaeontological and biogeographical evidence. Our findings for both groups are consistent with a scenario of phylogenetic biome conservatism and highlight the importance of changes in climate during the Miocene in the adaptation and evolution of climatic niches. In particular, our results indicate high biome conservatism associated with biomes situated in some of the extremes of the global climate gradient (evergreen tropical rainforest, steppe and tundra) for both bird taxa. Finally, the historical dynamics of tropical seasonal biomes, such as tropical deciduous woodlands and savannas, appear to have played a preponderant role during the diversification processes of these bird lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Pelegrin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Conservación de la Biodiversidad (EcoBio), Área de Biología y Programa de Maestría en Educación Ambiental y Desarrollo Sostenible, Facultades de Ciencias Básicas y Educación, Universidad Santiago de Cali , Colombia
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle , Colombia
| | - Juan L Cantalapiedra
- GloCEE – Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá , 28805, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid ), Spain
| | - Sara Gamboa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía, Geodinámica y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , C/ José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid , Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medio Ambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC) , C/ José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid , Spain
| | - Iris Menéndez
- Departamento de Estratigrafía, Geodinámica y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , C/ José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid , Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medio Ambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC) , C/ José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández Fernández
- Departamento de Estratigrafía, Geodinámica y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , C/ José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid , Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medio Ambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC) , C/ José Antonio Novais 2, 28040, Madrid , Spain
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Wei C, Sangster G, Olsson U, Rasmussen PC, Svensson L, Yao CT, Carey GJ, Leader PJ, Zhang R, Chen G, Song G, Lei F, Wilcove DS, Alström P, Liu Y. Cryptic species in a colorful genus: Integrative taxonomy of the bush robins (Aves, Muscicapidae, Tarsiger) suggests two overlooked species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107580. [PMID: 35810968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several cryptic avian species have been validated by recent integrative taxonomic efforts in the Sino-Himalayan mountains, indicating that avian diversity in this global biodiversity hotspot may be underestimated. In the present study, we investigated species limits in the genus Tarsiger, the bush robins, a group of montane forest specialists with high species richness in the Sino-Himalayan region. Based on comprehensive sampling of all 11 subspecies of the six currently recognized species, we applied an integrative taxonomic approach by combining multilocus, acoustic, plumage and morphometric analyses. Our results reveal that the isolated north-central Chinese populations of Tarsiger cyanurus, described as the subspecies albocoeruleus but usually considered invalid, is distinctive in genetics and vocalisation, but only marginally differentiated in morphology. We also found the Taiwan endemic T. indicus formosanus to be distinctive in genetics, song and morphology from T. i. indicus and T. i. yunnanensis of the Sino-Himalayan mountains. Moreover, Bayesian species delimitation using BPP suggests that both albocoeruleus and formosanus merit full species status. We propose their treatment as 'Qilian Bluetail' T. albocoeruleus and 'Taiwan Bush Robin' T. formosanus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chentao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | - Urban Olsson
- Biology and Environmental Sciences, Systematics and Biodiversity, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela C Rasmussen
- Department of Integrative Biology and MSU Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA; Bird Group, The Natural History Museum-UK, Akeman Street, Tring, UK
| | | | - Cheng-Te Yao
- Medium Altitude Experimental Station, Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi, 15 Nantou 552, Taiwan, China
| | - Geoff J Carey
- AEC Ltd, 127 Commercial Centre, Palm Springs, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul J Leader
- AEC Ltd, 127 Commercial Centre, Palm Springs, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - David S Wilcove
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Per Alström
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Malpica A, Mendoza-Cuenca L, González C. Color and morphological differentiation in the Sinaloa Wren (Thryophilus sinaloa) in the tropical dry forests of Mexico: The role of environment and geographic isolation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269860. [PMID: 35737646 PMCID: PMC9223310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and the degree to which environment and geographic isolation contribute to phenotypic diversity has been widely debated. Here, we studied phenotypic variation (morphology and plumage reflectance) in the Sinaloa Wren, an endemic bird distributed throughout the tropical dry forest (TDF) on the Mexican pacific slope where a pronounced variability in environmental conditions has been reported. In particular, we aimed: 1) to characterize phenotypic variation between subspecies; 2) to analyze the relationship between phenotypic and environmental variation in the context of classic ecogeographic rules, such as Bergmann’s, Allen’s, Gloger’s, and Bogert’s, and to quantify the relative roles of environment and geographic isolation and their interaction in shaping phenotypic variation; and 3) to test for niche conservatism between subspecies. Our data revealed significant differences among subspecies morphology and plumage reflectance. The environment explained a higher proportion of the morphological variation, while geography explained a smaller proportion. However, variation in plumage reflectance was mainly explained by the joint effect of geography and environment. Our data did not support for Bergmann´s and Allen´s rule. However, longer tails and wings were positively associated with higher elevations, larger tarsus and culmens were positively related to higher latitudes and to greater tree cover, respectively. Our data partially supported Gloger´s rule, where darker plumages were associated with more humid environments. The effects of temperature on plumage coloration were more consistent with Bogert´s rule. In addition, we found darker plumages related to higher levels of UV-B radiation. Finally, niche divergence was detected between T. s. cinereus and T. s. sinaloa vs. T. s. russeus. In a continuously distributed ecosystem such as the TDF on the pacific slope of Mexico, the environmental conditions and geographic isolation have played an important role in promoting phenotypic differentiation in the Sinaloa Wren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Malpica
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - Luis Mendoza-Cuenca
- Laboratorio de Ecología de la Conducta, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - Clementina González
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
- * E-mail:
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Patterns and drivers of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of understory bird communities in Chinese forests captured by camera traps. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Eyres A, Eronen JT, Hagen O, Böhning-Gaese K, Fritz SA. Climatic effects on niche evolution in a passerine bird clade depend on paleoclimate reconstruction method. Evolution 2021; 75:1046-1060. [PMID: 33724456 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Climatic niches describe the climatic conditions in which species can persist. Shifts in climatic niches have been observed to coincide with major climatic change, suggesting that species adapt to new conditions. We test the relationship between rates of climatic niche evolution and paleoclimatic conditions through time for 65 Old-World flycatcher species (Aves: Muscicapidae). We combine niche quantification for all species with dated phylogenies to infer past changes in the rates of niche evolution for temperature and precipitation niches. Paleoclimatic conditions were inferred independently using two datasets: a paleoelevation reconstruction and the mammal fossil record. We find changes in climatic niches through time, but no or weak support for a relationship between niche evolution rates and rates of paleoclimatic change for both temperature and precipitation niche and for both reconstruction methods. In contrast, the inferred relationship between climatic conditions and niche evolution rates depends on paleoclimatic reconstruction method: rates of temperature niche evolution are significantly negatively related to absolute temperatures inferred using the paleoelevation model but not those reconstructed from the fossil record. We suggest that paleoclimatic change might be a weak driver of climatic niche evolution in birds and highlight the need for greater integration of different paleoclimate reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Eyres
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jussi T Eronen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,BIOS Research Unit, Helsinki, 00170, Finland
| | - Oskar Hagen
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
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15
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Vollstädt MGR, Albrecht J, Böhning‐Gaese K, Hemp A, Howell KM, Kettering L, Neu A, Neuschulz EL, Quitián M, Santillán VE, Töpfer T, Schleuning M, Fritz SA. Direct and plant-mediated effects of climate on bird diversity in tropical mountains. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14196-14208. [PMID: 33391710 PMCID: PMC7771156 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Although patterns of biodiversity across the globe are well studied, there is still a controversial debate about the underlying mechanisms and their generality across biogeographic scales. In particular, it is unclear to what extent diversity patterns along environmental gradients are directly driven by abiotic factors, such as climate, or indirectly mediated through biotic factors, such as resource effects on consumers. LOCATION Andes, Southern Ecuador; Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. METHODS We studied the diversity of fleshy-fruited plants and avian frugivores at the taxonomic level, that is, species richness and abundance, as well as at the level of functional traits, that is, functional richness and functional dispersion. We compared two important biodiversity hotspots in mountain systems of the Neotropics and Afrotropics. We used field data of plant and bird communities, including trait measurements of 367 plant and bird species. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled direct and indirect effects of climate and the diversity of plant communities on the diversity of bird communities. RESULTS We found significant bottom-up effects of fruit diversity on frugivore diversity at the taxonomic level. In contrast, climate was more important for patterns of functional diversity, with plant communities being mostly related to precipitation, and bird communities being most strongly related to temperature. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate the general importance of bottom-up mechanisms for the taxonomic diversity of consumers, suggesting the importance of active resource tracking. Our results also suggest that it might be difficult to identify signals of ecological fitting between functional plant and animal traits across biogeographic regions, since different species groups may respond to different climatic drivers. This decoupling between resource and consumer communities could increase under future climate change if plant and animal communities are consistently related to distinct climatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G. R. Vollstädt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant SystematicsUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Kim M. Howell
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Laura Kettering
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Alexander Neu
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Eike Lena Neuschulz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Marta Quitián
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Vinicio E. Santillán
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Till Töpfer
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonnGermany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
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16
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Clark NJ, Drovetski SV, Voelker G. Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3131-3143. [PMID: 32652721 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying robust environmental predictors of infection probability is central to forecasting and mitigating the ongoing impacts of climate change on vector-borne disease threats. We applied phylogenetic hierarchical models to a data set of 2,171 Western Palearctic individual birds from 47 species to determine how climate and landscape variation influence infection probability for three genera of haemosporidian blood parasites (Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium). Our comparative models found compelling evidence that birds in areas with higher vegetation density (captured by the normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) had higher likelihoods of carrying parasite infection. Magnitudes of this relationship were remarkably similar across parasite genera considering that these parasites use different arthropod vectors and are widely presumed to be epidemiologically distinct. However, we also uncovered key differences among genera that highlighted complexities in their climate responses. In particular, prevalences of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium showed strong but contrasting relationships with winter temperatures, supporting mounting evidence that winter warming is a key environmental filter impacting the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. Parasite phylogenetic community diversities demonstrated a clear but contrasting latitudinal gradient, with Haemoproteus diversity increasing towards the equator and Leucocytozoon diversity increasing towards the poles. Haemoproteus diversity also increased in regions with higher vegetation density, supporting our evidence that summer vegetation density is important for structuring the distributions of these parasites. Ongoing variation in winter temperatures and vegetation characteristics will probably have far-reaching consequences for the transmission and spread of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sergei V Drovetski
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Gary Voelker
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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Catano CP, Fristoe TS, LaManna JA, Myers JA. Local species diversity, β-diversity and climate influence the regional stability of bird biomass across North America. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192520. [PMID: 32126951 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity often stabilizes aggregate ecosystem properties (e.g. biomass) at small spatial scales. However, the importance of species diversity within communities and variation in species composition among communities (β-diversity) for stability at larger scales remains unclear. Using a continental-scale analysis of 1657 North American breeding-bird communities spanning 20-years and 35 ecoregions, we show local species diversity and β-diversity influence two components of regional stability: local stability (stability of bird biomass within sites) and spatial asynchrony (asynchronous fluctuations in biomass among sites). We found spatial asynchrony explained three times more variation in regional stability of bird biomass than did local stability. This result contrasts with studies at smaller spatial scales-typically plant metacommunities under 1 ha-that find local stability to be more important than spatial asynchrony. Moreover, spatial asynchrony of bird biomass increased with bird β-diversity and climate heterogeneity (temperature and precipitation), while local stability increased with species diversity. Our study reveals new insights into the scale-dependent processes regulating ecosystem stability, providing evidence that both local biodiversity loss and homogenization can destabilize ecosystem processes at biogeographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Catano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Trevor S Fristoe
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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18
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Dispersion fields reveal the compositional structure of South American vertebrate assemblages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 31980659 PMCID: PMC6981175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of continental patterns in species richness continue to spur heated discussion. Hypotheses based on ambient energy have dominated the debate, but are increasingly being challenged by hypotheses that model richness as the overlap of species ranges, ultimately controlled by continental range dynamics of individual species. At the heart of this controversy lies the question of whether species richness of individual grid cells is controlled by local factors, or reflects larger-scale spatial patterns in the turnover of species’ ranges. Here, we develop a new approach based on assemblage dispersion fields, formed by overlaying the geographic ranges of all species co-occurring in a grid cell. We created dispersion fields for all tetrapods of South America, and characterized the orientation and shape of dispersion fields as a vector field. The resulting maps demonstrate the existence of macro-structures in the turnover of biotic similarity at continental scale that are congruent among vertebrate classes. These structures underline the importance of continental-scale processes for species richness in individual assemblages. Ecologists continue to debate whether local species assemblages result from habitat filtering or from turnover among the regional species pool. Here the authors develop a “dispersion field” method to mapping species range overlaps, showing that regional turnover processes are key to local assembly.
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19
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Santillán V, Quitián M, Tinoco BA, Zárate E, Schleuning M, Böhning-Gaese K, Neuschulz EL. Direct and indirect effects of elevation, climate and vegetation structure on bird communities on a tropical mountain. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Cortés-Ramírez G, Ríos-Muñoz CA, Navarro-Sigüenza AG. Influence of phylogenetic structure and climate gradients on geographical variation in the morphology of Mexican flycatcher forests assemblages (Aves: Tyrannidae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6754. [PMID: 31637112 PMCID: PMC6798907 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation is strongly related to variation in the ecological characteristics and evolutionary history of each taxon. To explore how geographical variation in morphology is related to different climatic gradients and phylogenetic structure, we analyzed the variation of morphological traits (body size, bill, and wing) of 64 species of tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) distributed in Mexico. We measured these morphological traits in specimens from biological collections and related them to the climatic and topographic data of each collection locality. We performed the analyses separately at two levels: (1) the regional level and (2) the assemblage level, which was split into (assemblage I) lowland forests and (assemblage II) highland forests and other vegetation types. We also calculated the phylogenetic structure of flycatchers of each locality in order to explore the influence of climatic variables and the phylogenetic structure on the morphological variation of tyrant flycatchers, by means of linear mixed-effects models. We mapped the spatial variation of the relationship between morphological traits and environmental gradients, taking into account the phylogenetic structure. Important climatic variables explaining the morphological variation were those of temperature ranges (seasonality) and the results suggest that the phylogenetic clustering increases towards the highlands of Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre del Sur, and the lowlands of Balsas Depression. For the regional level, the spatial distribution of body size showed a pattern coincident with Bergmann's rule, with increasing in size from south to north. In the tropical lowland forests assemblage, body size tend to increase in seasonally dry forests (western Mexico) and decrease in the humid ones (eastern Mexico). In the assemblage of highland forests and other types of vegetation, morphological trait values increased northeast to southwest. Phylogenetic structure helped to explain the variation of morphology at the assemblage level but not at the regional level. The patterns of trait variation in the lowland and highland assemblages suggest that parts of morphological variation are explained both by the climatic gradients and by the lineage relatedness of communities. Overall, our results suggest that morphological variation is best explained by a varied set of variables, and that regression models representing this variation, as well as integrating phylogenetic patterns at different community levels, provide a new understanding of the mechanisms underlying the links among biodiversity, its geographical setting, and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gala Cortés-Ramírez
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César A. Ríos-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Zu K, Luo A, Shrestha N, Liu B, Wang Z, Zhu X. Altitudinal biodiversity patterns of seed plants along Gongga Mountain in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9586-9596. [PMID: 31534677 PMCID: PMC6745871 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying elevation patterns in species and phylogenetic diversity remain a central issue in ecology and are vital for effective biodiversity conservation in the mountains. Gongga Mountain, located in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, represents one of the longest elevational gradients (ca. 6,500 m, from ca. 1,000 to 7,556 m) in the world for studying species diversity patterns. However, the elevational gradient and conservation of plant species diversity and phylogenetic diversity in this mountain remain poorly studied. Here, we compiled the elevational distributions of 2,667 native seed plant species occurring in Gongga Mountain, and estimated the species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, species density, and phylogenetic relatedness across ten elevation belts and five vegetation zones. The results indicated that species diversity and phylogenetic diversity of all seed plants showed a hump-shaped pattern, peaking at 1,800-2,200 m. Species diversity was significantly correlated with phylogenetic diversity and species density. The floras in temperate coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests, subalpine coniferous forests, and alpine shrublands and meadows were significantly phylogenetically clustered, whereas the floras in evergreen broad-leaved forests had phylogenetically random structure. Both climate and human pressure had strong correlation with species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic structure of seed plants. Our results suggest that the evergreen broad-leaved forests and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests at low to mid elevations deserve more conservation efforts. This study improves our understanding on the elevational gradients of species and phylogenetic diversity and their determinants and provides support for improvement of seed plant conservation in Gongga Mountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiling Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ao Luo
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bo Liu
- Minzu University of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiangyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesNay Pyi TawMyanmar
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22
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Carvajal-Castro JD, Ospina-L AM, Toro-López Y, Pulido-G A, Cabrera-Casas LX, Guerrero-Peláez S, García-Merchán VH, Vargas-Salinas F. Birds vs bricks: Patterns of species diversity in response to urbanization in a Neotropical Andean city. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218775. [PMID: 31220178 PMCID: PMC6587937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is currently one the most important causes of biodiversity loss. The Colombian Andes is a well-known hotspot for biodiversity, however, it also exhibit high levels of urbanization, making it a useful site to document how species assemblages respond to habitat transformation. To do this, we compared the structure and composition of bird assemblages between rural and urban habitats in Armenia, a medium sized city located in the Central Andes of Colombia. In addition, we examined the influence of urban characteristics on bird species diversity within the city of Armenia. From September 2016 to February 2017 we performed avian surveys in 76 cells (250 x 250 m each) embedded within Armenia city limits; and in 23 cells (250 x 250 m each) in rural areas around Armenia. We found that bird diversity was significantly lower in urban habitats than in rural habitats, and differed in species composition by 29%. In urban cells, with higher abiotic noise intensity and higher impervious surface area, we found lower bird diversity than that in urban cells with higher guadual (Guadua angustifolia patches), and forested surface areas. We did not find segregation of urban cells according to the species composition, although additional bird surveys inside urban forests remnant are needed to be more conclusive about this aspect. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of green areas embedded within cities to conserve bird diversity through reducing the ecological impact of urbanization on avian biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Carvajal-Castro
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt,
Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana María Ospina-L
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt,
Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yemay Toro-López
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Anny Pulido-G
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Laura Ximena Cabrera-Casas
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Sebastián Guerrero-Peláez
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Víctor Hugo García-Merchán
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Fernando Vargas-Salinas
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
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23
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Dalerum F, Retief TA, Havemann CP, Chimimba CT, Janse van Rensburg B. The influence of distance to perennial surface water on ant communities in Mopane woodlands, northern Botswana. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:154-165. [PMID: 30680103 PMCID: PMC6342134 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of biodiversity along environmental gradients provide information on how ecological communities change in response to biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, distance to water is associated with several factors that shape the structure and the functioning of ecosystems at a range of spatial scales. We investigated the influence of distance to a perennial water source on ant communities in a semi-arid savanna in northern Botswana. Ant abundance, taxonomic richness, and both alpha and beta diversity were generally higher during the wet than the dry season. However, there were strong seasonal influences on the effects of distance to water, with more pronounced effects during the wet season. While both abundance and beta diversity declined with increasing distances to water during the wet season, there was a contrasting increase in alpha diversity. There was no major effect of distance to water on taxonomic richness during either season. Beta diversity was as high across as along gradients, and we found support for modular rather than nested community structures along gradients. Our study demonstrated that small-scale gradients in distance to water can influence several aspects of ant communities in semi-arid savannas. However, our results also point to strong effects of small-scale environmental variation, for instance associated with vegetation characteristics, soil properties, and plant community structure that are not directly linked to water access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Dalerum
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO‐PA‐CSIC)University of OviedoMieresSpain
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute (MRI)University of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Tarryn Anne Retief
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
| | - Carl Peter Havemann
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
| | - Christian T. Chimimba
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute (MRI)University of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB)University of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
| | - Berndt Janse van Rensburg
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaHatfieldSouth Africa
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Zoology, DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB)University of JohannesburgAuckland Park, JohannesburgSouth Africa
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24
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Saupe EE, Barve N, Owens HL, Cooper JC, Hosner PA, Peterson AT. Reconstructing Ecological Niche Evolution When Niches Are Incompletely Characterized. Syst Biol 2018; 67:428-438. [PMID: 29088474 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary dynamics of abiotic ecological niches across phylogenetic history can shed light on large-scale biogeographic patterns, macroevolutionary rate shifts, and the relative ability of lineages to respond to global change. An unresolved question is how best to represent and reconstruct evolution of these complex traits at coarse spatial scales through time. Studies have approached this question by integrating phylogenetic comparative methods with niche estimates inferred from correlative and other models. However, methods for estimating niches often produce incomplete characterizations, as they are inferred from present-day distributions that may be limited in full expression of the fundamental ecological niche by biotic interactions, dispersal limitations, and the existing set of environmental conditions. Here, we test whether incomplete niche characterizations inherent in most estimates of species' niches bias phylogenetic reconstructions of niche evolution, using simulations of virtual species with known niches. Results establish that incompletely characterized niches inflate estimates of evolutionary change and lead to error in ancestral state reconstructions. Our analyses also provide a potential mechanism to explain the frequent observation that maximum thermal tolerances are more conserved than minimum thermal tolerances: populations and species experience more spatial variation in minimum temperature than in maximum temperature across their distributions and, consequently, may experience stronger diversifying selection for cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Narayani Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, 1659 Museum Road Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Hannah L Owens
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, 1659 Museum Road Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jacob C Cooper
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 East 57th Street, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peter A Hosner
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A Townsend Peterson
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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25
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Huang Q, Fleming CH, Robb B, Lothspeich A, Songer M. How different are species distribution model predictions?—Application of a new measure of dissimilarity and level of significance to giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca. ECOL INFORM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Prassack KA, Pante MC, Njau JK, de la Torre I. The paleoecology of Pleistocene birds from Middle Bed II, at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the environmental context of the Oldowan-Acheulean transition. J Hum Evol 2018; 120:32-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Martínez-Hesterkamp S, Rebollo S, Kennedy PL, Pérez-Camacho L, García-Salgado G, Morales-Castilla I. Territoriality in diurnal raptors: relative roles of recent evolution, diet and nest site. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Hesterkamp
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University Campus, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Rebollo
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University Campus, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia L Kennedy
- Eastern Oregon Agriculture & Natural Resource Program & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Union Experiment Station, Union, OR, USA
| | - Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University Campus, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García-Salgado
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University Campus, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University Campus, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Pearse WD, Morales-Castilla I, James LS, Farrell M, Boivin F, Davies TJ. Global macroevolution and macroecology of passerine song. Evolution 2018; 72:944-960. [PMID: 29441527 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studying the macroevolution of the songs of Passeriformes (perching birds) has proved challenging. The complexity of the task stems not just from the macroevolutionary and macroecological challenge of modeling so many species, but also from the difficulty in collecting and quantifying birdsong itself. Using machine learning techniques, we extracted songs from a large citizen science dataset, and then analyzed the evolution, and biotic and abiotic predictors of variation in birdsong across 578 passerine species. Contrary to expectations, we found few links between life-history traits (monogamy and sexual dimorphism) and the evolution of song pitch (peak frequency) or song complexity (standard deviation of frequency). However, we found significant support for morphological constraints on birdsong, as reflected in a negative correlation between bird size and song pitch. We also found that broad-scale biogeographical and climate factors such as net primary productivity, temperature, and regional species richness were significantly associated with both the evolution and present-day distribution of bird song features. Our analysis integrates comparative and spatial modeling with newly developed data cleaning and curation tools, and suggests that evolutionary history, morphology, and present-day ecological processes shape the distribution of song diversity in these charismatic and important birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Pearse
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
| | - Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Spain
| | - Logan S James
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Maxwell Farrell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Boivin
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
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29
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Velasco JA, Villalobos F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Algar AC, Flores-Villela O, KÖhler G, Poe S, Martinez-Meyer E. Climatic and evolutionary factors shaping geographical gradients of species richness in Anolis lizards. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Velasco
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brasil
| | | | - Adam C Algar
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Sir Clive Granger Building, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Gunther KÖhler
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steven Poe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Enrique Martinez-Meyer
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF and Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, AC, Villahermosa, Mexico
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30
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Lima JS, Ballesteros-Mejia L, Lima-Ribeiro MS, Collevatti RG. Climatic changes can drive the loss of genetic diversity in a Neotropical savanna tree species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4639-4650. [PMID: 28295840 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The high rates of future climatic changes, compared with the rates reported for past changes, may hamper species adaptation to new climates or the tracking of suitable conditions, resulting in significant loss of genetic diversity. Trees are dominant species in many biomes and because they are long-lived, they may not be able to cope with ongoing climatic changes. Here, we coupled ecological niche modelling (ENM) and genetic simulations to forecast the effects of climatic changes on the genetic diversity and the structure of genetic clusters. Genetic simulations were conditioned to climatic variables and restricted to plant dispersal and establishment. We used a Neotropical savanna tree as species model that shows a preference for hot and drier climates, but with low temperature seasonality. The ENM predicts a decreasing range size along the more severe future climatic scenario. Additionally, genetic diversity and allelic richness also decrease with range retraction and climatic genetic clusters are lost for both future scenarios, which will lead genetic variability to homogenize throughout the landscape. Besides, climatic genetic clusters will spatially reconfigure on the landscape following displacements of climatic conditions. Our findings indicate that climate change effects will challenge population adaptation to new environmental conditions because of the displacement of genetic ancestry clusters from their optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Lima
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rosane G Collevatti
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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31
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Tomašových A, Kennedy JD, Betzner TJ, Kuehnle NB, Edie S, Kim S, Supriya K, White AE, Rahbek C, Huang S, Price TD, Jablonski D. Unifying latitudinal gradients in range size and richness across marine and terrestrial systems. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.3027. [PMID: 27147094 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine and terrestrial clades show similar latitudinal gradients in species richness, but opposite gradients in range size-on land, ranges are the smallest in the tropics, whereas in the sea, ranges are the largest in the tropics. Therefore, richness gradients in marine and terrestrial systems do not arise from a shared latitudinal arrangement of species range sizes. Comparing terrestrial birds and marine bivalves, we find that gradients in range size are concordant at the level of genera. Here, both groups show a nested pattern in which narrow-ranging genera are confined to the tropics and broad-ranging genera extend across much of the gradient. We find that (i) genus range size and its variation with latitude is closely associated with per-genus species richness and (ii) broad-ranging genera contain more species both within and outside of the tropics when compared with tropical- or temperate-only genera. Within-genus species diversification thus promotes genus expansion to novel latitudes. Despite underlying differences in the species range-size gradients, species-rich genera are more likely to produce a descendant that extends its range relative to the ancestor's range. These results unify species richness gradients with those of genera, implying that birds and bivalves share similar latitudinal dynamics in net species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tomašových
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jonathan D Kennedy
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tristan J Betzner
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Stewart Edie
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sora Kim
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - K Supriya
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander E White
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, West Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Trevor D Price
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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32
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Vale MM, Marques TL, Cohn-Haft M, Vieira MV. Misuse of bird digital distribution maps creates reversed spatial diversity patterns in the Amazon. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Vale
- Laboratório de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Caixa Postal 68020 Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP: 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Tamires L. Marques
- Laboratório de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Caixa Postal 68020 Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP: 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Mario Cohn-Haft
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade e Programa de Coleções e Acervos Científicos; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA); Av. André Araújo s/n Manaus AM CEP: 69000-000 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Vieira
- Laboratório de Vertebrados; Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Caixa Postal 68020 Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP: 21941-902 Brazil
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33
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Girma Z, Mamo Y, Mengesha G, Verma A, Asfaw T. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south-central Ethiopia. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3397-3405. [PMID: 28515875 PMCID: PMC5433982 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The habitat use and seasonal migratory pattern of birds in Ethiopia is less explored as compared to diversity studies. To this end, this study aimed at investigating the patterns of distribution related to seasonality and the effect of habitat characteristics (elevation, slope, and average vegetation height) on habitat use of birds of Wondo Genet Forest Patch. A stratified random sampling design was used to assess the avian fauna across the four dominant habitat types found in the study area: natural forest, wooded grassland, grassland, and agroforestry land. A point transect count was employed to investigate avian species richness and abundance per habitat type per season. Ancillary data, such as elevation above sea level, latitude and longitude, average vegetation height, and percent slope inclination, were recorded with a GPS and clinometers per plot. A total of 33 migratory bird species were recorded from the area, of which 20 species were northern (Palearctic) migrants while 13 were inter‐African migrants. There was a significant difference in the mean abundance of migratory bird species between dry and wet seasons (t = 2.13, p = .038, df = 44). The variation in mean abundance per plot between the dry and wet seasons in the grassland habitat was significant (t = 2.35, p = .051, df = 7). In most habitat types during both dry and wet seasons, omnivore birds were the most abundant. While slope was a good predictor for bird species abundance in the dry season, altitude and average vegetation height accounted more in the wet season. The patch of forest and its surrounding is an important bird area for migratory, endemic, and global threatened species. Hence, it is conservation priority area, and the study suggests that conservation coupled with ecotourism development is needed for its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Girma
- School of Wildlife and Eco-tourism Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Mamo
- Department of Biology Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia
| | - Girma Mengesha
- School of Wildlife and Eco-tourism Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia
| | - Ashok Verma
- School of Wildlife and Eco-tourism Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia
| | - Tsyon Asfaw
- School of Wildlife and Eco-tourism Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia
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Pan X, Ding Z, Hu Y, Liang J, Wu Y, Si X, Guo M, Hu H, Jin K. Elevational pattern of bird species richness and its causes along a central Himalaya gradient, China. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2636. [PMID: 27833806 PMCID: PMC5101612 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relative importance of six variables: area, the mid-domain effect, temperature, precipitation, productivity, and habitat heterogeneity on elevational patterns of species richness for breeding birds along a central Himalaya gradient in the Gyirong Valley, the longest of five canyons in the Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve. We conducted field surveys in each of twelve elevational bands of 300 m between 1,800 and 5,400 m asl four times throughout the entire wet season. A total of 169 breeding bird species were recorded and most of the species (74%) were small-ranged. The species richness patterns of overall, large-ranged and small-ranged birds were all hump-shaped, but with peaks at different elevations. Large-ranged species and small-ranged species contributed equally to the overall richness pattern. Based on the bivariate and multiple regression analyses, area and precipitation were not crucial factors in determining the species richness along this gradient. The mid-domain effect played an important role in shaping the richness pattern of large-ranged species. Temperature was negatively correlated with overall and large-ranged species but positively correlated with small-ranged species. Productivity was a strong explanatory factor among all the bird groups, and habitat heterogeneity played an important role in shaping the elevational richness patterns of overall and small-ranged species. Our results highlight the need to conserve primary forest and intact habitat in this area. Furthermore, we need to increase conservation efforts in this montane biodiversity hotspot in light of increasing anthropogenic activities and land use pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Pan
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Liang
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Xingfeng Si
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Mingfang Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huijian Hu
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Jin
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , China
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35
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Zhang C, Quan Q, Wu Y, Chen Y, He P, Qu Y, Lei F. Topographic heterogeneity and temperature amplitude explain species richness patterns of birds in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Curr Zool 2016; 63:131-137. [PMID: 29491970 PMCID: PMC5804158 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale patterns of species richness have gained much attention in recent years; however, the factors that drive high species richness are still controversial in local regions, especially in highly diversified montane regions. The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the surrounding mountains are biodiversity hot spots due to a high number of endemic montane species. Here, we explored the factors underlying this high level of diversity by studying the relationship between species richness and environmental variables. The richness patterns of 758 resident bird species were summarized at the scale of 1°×1° grid cell at different taxonomic levels (order, family, genus, and species) and in different taxonomic groups (Passeriformes, Galliformes, Falconiformes, and Columbiformes). These richness patterns were subsequently analyzed against habitat heterogeneity (topographical heterogeneity and land cover), temperature amplitude (annual temperature, annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality, and temperature seasonality) and a vegetation index (net primary productivity). Our results showed that the highest richness was found in the southeastern part of the QTP, the eastern Himalayas. The lowest richness was observed in the central plateau of the QTP. Topographical heterogeneity and temperature amplitude are the primary factors that explain overall patterns of species richness in the QTP, although the specific effect of each environmental variable varies between the different taxonomic groups depending on their own evolutionary histories and ecological requirements. High species richness in the southeastern QTP is mostly due to highly diversified habitat types and temperature zones along elevation gradients, whereas the low species richness in the central plateau of the QTP may be due to environmental and energetic constraints, as the central plateau is harsh environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing Quan
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Youhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, Guangdong Entomological Institute (South China Institute of Endangered Animals), Guangzhou 510260, China, Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China, and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and National Zoological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Mayr G. The early Eocene birds of the Messel fossil site: a 48 million-year-old bird community adds a temporal perspective to the evolution of tropical avifaunas. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1174-1188. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Mayr
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Ornithological Section; Senckenberganlage 25 D-60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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37
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Disentangling the Role of Climate, Topography and Vegetation in Species Richness Gradients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152468. [PMID: 27014872 PMCID: PMC4807822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental gradients (EG) related to climate, topography and vegetation are among the most important drivers of broad scale patterns of species richness. However, these different EG do not necessarily drive species richness in similar ways, potentially presenting synergistic associations when driving species richness. Understanding the synergism among EG allows us to address key questions arising from the effects of global climate and land use changes on biodiversity. Herein, we use variation partitioning (also know as commonality analysis) to disentangle unique and shared contributions of different EG in explaining species richness of Neotropical vertebrates. We use three broad sets of predictors to represent the environmental variability in (i) climate (annual mean temperature, temperature annual range, annual precipitation and precipitation range), (ii) topography (mean elevation, range and coefficient of variation of elevation), and (iii) vegetation (land cover diversity, standard deviation and range of forest canopy height). The shared contribution between two types of EG is used to quantify synergistic processes operating among EG, offering new perspectives on the causal relationships driving species richness. To account for spatially structured processes, we use Spatial EigenVector Mapping models. We perform analyses across groups with distinct dispersal abilities (amphibians, non-volant mammals, bats and birds) and discuss the influence of vagility on the partitioning results. Our findings indicate that broad scale patterns of vertebrate richness are mainly affected by the synergism between climate and vegetation, followed by the unique contribution of climate. Climatic factors were relatively more important in explaining species richness of good dispersers. Most of the variation in vegetation that explains vertebrate richness is climatically structured, supporting the productivity hypothesis. Further, the weak synergism between topography and vegetation urges caution when using topographic complexity as a surrogate of habitat (vegetation) heterogeneity.
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38
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Rabosky DL, Title PO, Huang H. Minimal effects of latitude on present-day speciation rates in New World birds. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20142889. [PMID: 26019156 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropics contain far greater numbers of species than temperate regions, suggesting that rates of species formation might differ systematically between tropical and non-tropical areas. We tested this hypothesis by reconstructing the history of speciation in New World (NW) land birds using BAMM, a Bayesian framework for modelling complex evolutionary dynamics on phylogenetic trees. We estimated marginal distributions of present-day speciation rates for each of 2571 species of birds. The present-day rate of speciation varies approximately 30-fold across NW birds, but there is no difference in the rate distributions for tropical and temperate taxa. Using macroevolutionary cohort analysis, we demonstrate that clades with high tropical membership do not produce species more rapidly than temperate clades. For nearly any value of present-day speciation rate, there are far more species in the tropics than the temperate zone. Any effects of latitude on speciation rate are marginal in comparison to the dramatic variation in rates among clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pascal O Title
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huateng Huang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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McGaughran A. Integrating a Population Genomics Focus into Biogeographic and Macroecological Research. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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White RL, Bennett PM. Elevational distribution and extinction risk in birds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121849. [PMID: 25849620 PMCID: PMC4388662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountainous regions are hotspots of terrestrial biodiversity. Unlike islands, which have been the focus of extensive research on extinction dynamics, fewer studies have examined mountain ranges even though they face increasing threats from human pressures – notably habitat conversion and climate change. Limits to the taxonomic and geographical extent and resolution of previously available information have precluded an explicit assessment of the relative role of elevational distribution in determining extinction risk. We use a new global species-level avian database to quantify the influence of elevational distribution (range, maximum and midpoint) on extinction risk in birds at the global scale. We also tested this relationship within biogeographic realms, higher taxonomic levels, and across phylogenetic contrasts. Potential confounding variables (i.e. phylogenetic, distributional, morphological, life history and niche breadth) were also tested and controlled for. We show that the three measures of elevational distribution are strong negative predictors of avian extinction risk, with elevational range comparable and complementary to that of geographical range size. Extinction risk was also found to be positively associated with body weight, development and adult survival, but negatively associated with reproduction and niche breadth. The robust and consistent findings from this study demonstrate the importance of elevational distribution as a key driver of variation in extinction dynamics in birds. Our results also highlight elevational distribution as a missing criterion in current schemes for quantifying extinction risk and setting species conservation priorities in birds. Further research is recommended to test for generality across non-avian taxa, which will require an advance in our knowledge of species’ current elevational ranges and increased efforts to digitise and centralise such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. White
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter M. Bennett
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
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Dobson LL, Sorte FAL, Manne LL, Hawkins BA. The diversity and abundance of North American bird assemblages fail to track changing productivity. Ecology 2015; 96:1105-14. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0057.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Beckman EJ, Witt CC. Phylogeny and biogeography of the New World siskins and goldfinches: rapid, recent diversification in the Central Andes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 87:28-45. [PMID: 25796324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Time-calibrated molecular phylogenies can help us to understand the origins of the diverse and unique Andean avifauna. Previous studies have shown that the tempo of diversification differed between the Andes and adjacent lowland regions of South America. Andean taxa were found to have speciated more recently and to have avoided the decelerated diversification that is typical of Neotropical lowland clades. The South American siskins, a Pleistocene finch radiation, may typify this Andean pattern. We investigated the phylogenetic biogeography of all the New World siskins and goldfinches in new detail. To understand the specific role of the Andes in siskin diversification, we asked: (1) Was diversification faster in Andean siskin lineages relative to non-Andean ones? (2) Did siskin lineages move into and out of the Andes at different rates? We found that siskin lineages in the Andes had higher diversification rates and higher outward dispersal rates than siskin lineages outside the Andes. We conclude that páramo expansion and contraction in response to Pleistocene climatic cycles caused accelerated diversification and outward dispersal in Andean siskins. The younger average age of bird species in the Andes compared to lowland South America may be attributable to bursts of recent diversification in siskins and several other vagile, open-habitat clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Beckman
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Christopher C Witt
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Tamma K, Ramakrishnan U. Higher speciation and lower extinction rates influence mammal diversity gradients in Asia. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25648944 PMCID: PMC4333168 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the patterns and correlates of mammal diversity gradients in Asia. In this study, we examine patterns of species distributions and phylogenetic diversity in Asia and investigate if the observed diversity patterns are associated with differences in diversification rates between the tropical and non-tropical regions. We used species distribution maps and phylogenetic trees to generate species and phylogenetic diversity measures for 1° × 1° cells across mainland Asia. We constructed lineage-through-time plots and estimated diversification shift-times to examine the temporal patterns of diversifications across orders. Finally, we tested if the observed gradients in Asia could be associated with geographical differences in diversification rates across the tropical and non-tropical biomes. We estimated speciation, extinction and dispersal rates across these two regions for mammals, both globally and for Asian mammals. RESULTS Our results demonstrate strong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of species and phylogenetic diversity with Southeast Asia and the Himalayas showing highest diversity. Importantly, our results demonstrate that differences in diversification (speciation, extinction and dispersal) rates between the tropical and the non-tropical biomes influence the observed diversity gradients globally and in Asia. For the first time, we demonstrate that Asian tropics act as both cradles and museums of mammalian diversity. CONCLUSIONS Temporal and spatial variation in diversification rates across different lineages of mammals is an important correlate of species diversity gradients observed in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Tamma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 65, India.
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 65, India.
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Global relationships between beta diversity and latitude after accounting for regional diversity. ECOL INFORM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Latitudinal concordance between biogeographic regionalization, community structure, and richness patterns: a study on the reptiles of China. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 102:1253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Morphological diversity at different spatial scales in a Neotropical bat assemblage. Oecologia 2014; 176:557-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ricklefs RE, Jønsson KA. Clade extinction appears to balance species diversification in sister lineages of Afro-Oriental passerine birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11756-61. [PMID: 25071202 PMCID: PMC4136624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411601111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses suggest that the number of species in a clade often increases rapidly at first, but that diversification subsequently slows, apparently as species fill ecological space. Support for diversity dependence comes largely from the failure of species richness to increase with clade age in some analyses of contemporary diversity. However, clades chosen for analysis generally are named taxa and thus are not selected at random. To avoid this potential bias, we analyzed the numbers of species and estimated ages of 150 pairs of sister clades established by dispersal of ancestral species between the Oriental and African biogeographic regions. The observed positive exponential relationship between clade size and age suggests that species diversify within clades without apparent limit. If this were true, the pattern of accumulation of sister-clade pairs with increasing age would be consistent with the random decline and extinction of entire clades, maintaining an overall balance in species richness. This "pulse" model of diversification is consistent with the fossil record of most groups and reconciles conflicting evidence concerning diversity dependence of clade growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121-4499;
| | - Knud A Jønsson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; andDepartment of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Huang Q, Swatantran A, Dubayah R, Goetz SJ. The influence of vegetation height heterogeneity on forest and woodland bird species richness across the United States. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103236. [PMID: 25101782 PMCID: PMC4125162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian diversity is under increasing pressures. It is thus critical to understand the ecological variables that contribute to large scale spatial distribution of avian species diversity. Traditionally, studies have relied primarily on two-dimensional habitat structure to model broad scale species richness. Vegetation vertical structure is increasingly used at local scales. However, the spatial arrangement of vegetation height has never been taken into consideration. Our goal was to examine the efficacies of three-dimensional forest structure, particularly the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation height in improving avian richness models across forested ecoregions in the U.S. We developed novel habitat metrics to characterize the spatial arrangement of vegetation height using the National Biomass and Carbon Dataset for the year 2000 (NBCD). The height-structured metrics were compared with other habitat metrics for statistical association with richness of three forest breeding bird guilds across Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes: a broadly grouped woodland guild, and two forest breeding guilds with preferences for forest edge and for interior forest. Parametric and non-parametric models were built to examine the improvement of predictability. Height-structured metrics had the strongest associations with species richness, yielding improved predictive ability for the woodland guild richness models (r(2) = ∼ 0.53 for the parametric models, 0.63 the non-parametric models) and the forest edge guild models (r(2) = ∼ 0.34 for the parametric models, 0.47 the non-parametric models). All but one of the linear models incorporating height-structured metrics showed significantly higher adjusted-r2 values than their counterparts without additional metrics. The interior forest guild richness showed a consistent low association with height-structured metrics. Our results suggest that height heterogeneity, beyond canopy height alone, supplements habitat characterization and richness models of forest bird species. The metrics and models derived in this study demonstrate practical examples of utilizing three-dimensional vegetation data for improved characterization of spatial patterns in species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Huang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anu Swatantran
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ralph Dubayah
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Goetz
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Reddy S. What’s missing from avian global diversification analyses? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prassack KA. Landscape distribution and ecology of Plio-Pleistocene avifaunal communities from Lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J Hum Evol 2014; 70:1-15. [PMID: 24650736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plio-Pleistocene avifaunal communities are used to reconstruct Lowermost Bed II landscapes at the early hominin site of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. These deposits are laterally extensive, have strong chronostratigraphic control, and were excavated using a landscape archaeological approach. Such factors allow for horizontal spatial-correlation of avian communities across the paleolandscape over a geologically short time frame (approximately 65,000 years). Lowermost Bed II avifaunal communities point to an extensive freshwater wetland system across the extent of paleo-Lake Olduvai's eastern margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Prassack
- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, 131 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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