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Chua KP, Fischer MA, Rahman M, Linder JA. Changes in the Appropriateness of US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing After the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of 2016-2021 Data. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 79:312-320. [PMID: 38648159 PMCID: PMC11327783 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No national study has evaluated changes in the appropriateness of US outpatient antibiotic prescribing across all conditions and age groups after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in March 2020. METHODS This was an interrupted time series analysis of Optum's de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database, a national commercial and Medicare Advantage claims database. Analyses included prescriptions for antibiotics dispensed to children and adults enrolled during each month during 2017-2021. For each prescription, we applied our previously developed antibiotic appropriateness classification scheme to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes on medical claims occurring on or during the 3 days prior to dispensing. Outcomes included the monthly proportion of antibiotic prescriptions that were inappropriate and the monthly proportion of enrollees with ≥1 inappropriate prescription. Using segmented regression models, we assessed for level and slope changes in outcomes in March 2020. RESULTS Analyses included 37 566 581 enrollees, of whom 19 154 059 (51.0%) were female. The proportion of enrollees with ≥1 inappropriate prescription decreased in March 2020 (level decrease: -0.80 percentage points [95% confidence interval {CI}, -1.09% to -.51%]) and subsequently increased (slope increase: 0.02 percentage points per month [95% CI, .01%-.03%]), partly because overall antibiotic dispensing rebounded and partly because the proportion of antibiotic prescriptions that were inappropriate increased (slope increase: 0.11 percentage points per month [95% CI, .04%-.18%]). In December 2021, the proportion of enrollees with ≥1 inappropriate prescription equaled the corresponding proportion in December 2019. CONCLUSIONS Despite an initial decline, the proportion of enrollees exposed to inappropriate antibiotics returned to baseline levels by December 2021. Findings underscore the continued importance of outpatient antibiotic stewardship initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Ping Chua
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A Fischer
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moshiur Rahman
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Linder
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Olivieri B, Ghilarducci A, Nalin F, Bonadonna P. Mast cell conditions and drug allergy: when to suspect and how to manage. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:195-202. [PMID: 38814742 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with mast cell disorders frequently experience symptoms from excessive mediator release like histamine and tryptase, ranging from mild flushing to severe anaphylactic responses. Hypersensitivity reactions (HRs) to drugs are a major cause of anaphylaxis in these patients, who often worry about triggering mast cell degranulation when taking medications. The aim of this review is to explore the complex interactions between mast cell disorders and drug HRs, focusing on the clinical challenges of managing these conditions effectively to enhance understanding and guide safer clinical practices. RECENT FINDINGS Among the drugs most commonly associated with hypersensitivity reactions in patients with mast cell disorders are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and perioperative agents. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2) - a receptor involved in non-immunoglobulin E mediated mast cell degranulation - in exacerbating HRs. Investigations reveal varied drug tolerance among patients, underscoring the need for individual risk assessments. SUMMARY Tailored diagnostic approaches are crucial for confirming drug allergies and assessing tolerance in patients with mastocytosis, preventing unnecessary medication avoidance and ensuring safety before acute situations arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Olivieri
- Allergy Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
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3
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Vazquez Deida AA, Bizune DJ, Kim C, Sahrmann JM, Sanchez GV, Hersh AL, Butler AM, Hicks LA, Kabbani S. Opportunities to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Adults With Acute Sinusitis, United States, 2016-2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae420. [PMID: 39100530 PMCID: PMC11297501 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Better understanding differences associated with antibiotic prescribing for acute sinusitis can help inform antibiotic stewardship strategies. We characterized antibiotic prescribing patterns for acute sinusitis among commercially insured adults and explored differences by patient- and prescriber-level factors. Methods Outpatient encounters among adults aged 18 to 64 years diagnosed with sinusitis between 2016 and 2020 were identified by national administrative claims data. We classified antibiotic agents-first-line (amoxicillin-clavulanate or amoxicillin) and second-line (doxycycline, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin)-and ≤7-day durations as guideline concordant based on clinical practice guidelines. Modified Poisson regression was used to examine the association between patient- and prescriber-level factors and guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing. Results Among 4 689 850 sinusitis encounters, 53% resulted in a guideline-concordant agent, 30% in a guideline-discordant agent, and 17% in no antibiotic prescription. About 75% of first-line agents and 63% of second-line agents were prescribed for >7 days, exceeding the length of therapy recommended by clinical guidelines. Adults with sinusitis living in a rural area were less likely to receive a prescription with guideline-concordant antibiotic selection (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.92; 95% CI, .92-.92) and duration (aRR, 0.77; 95% CI, .76-.77). When compared with encounters in an office setting, urgent care encounters were less likely to result in a prescription with a guideline-concordant duration (aRR, 0.76; 95% CI, .75-.76). Conclusions Opportunities still exist to optimize antibiotic agent selection and treatment duration for adults with acute sinusitis, especially in rural areas and urgent care settings. Recognizing specific patient- and prescriber-level factors associated with antibiotic prescribing can help inform antibiotic stewardship interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Vazquez Deida
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Destani J Bizune
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine Kim
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John M Sahrmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guillermo V Sanchez
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adam L Hersh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Anne M Butler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lauri A Hicks
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Kabbani
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abebe RB, Ayal BM, Alemu MA, Zeleke TK. Antibiotic appropriateness at outpatient settings in Ethiopia: the need for an antibiotic stewardship programme. Drugs Context 2024; 13:2023-12-2. [PMID: 38742144 PMCID: PMC11090269 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2023-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are drugs of natural or synthetic origin used to treat various infections. The practice of excessive and inappropriate antibiotics use is the main global cause of bacterial resistance, which is one of the most serious global public health threats. It is estimated that about 50% of global antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate. This study assesses the prevalence and pattern of inappropriate prescriptions of antibiotics amongst ambulatory care visits in Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted amongst randomly selected prescriptions issued for outpatients from May to June 2022 at Debre Markos Specialized Comprehensive Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were computed. For group comparisons, χ2 and independent sample t-tests were computed. The statistical significance of the association was considered at p<0.05. Results A total of 2640 antibiotics were prescribed for patients in the outpatient setting with various bacterial infections via 911 prescriptions, of which 49.5% were non-compliant with the national treatment guideline. Guideline non-compliant prescriptions increased remarkably amongst patients in the outpatient setting diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (38.8% versus 30.1%; p=0.006) and peptic ulcer disease (14.9% versus 9%; p=0.006). Moreover, inappropriate prescription was significantly higher amongst patients taking amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (33.2% versus 48.2%; p<0.001) and cephalexin (17.8% versus 24.3%; p=0.016). Conclusion Large proportions of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients were non-compliant with the national treatment guideline, suggesting that prescribers need to give special attention to outpatients whilst ordering antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalexin. Antibiotic stewardship efforts to optimize outpatient antibiotic prescriptions and reduce the use of potentially inappropriate antibiotics are needed in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Belete Abebe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bezawit Mulat Ayal
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Adela Alemu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tirsit Ketsela Zeleke
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Shiroshita A, Tochitani K, Maki Y, Terayama T, Kataoka Y. Association between Empirical Anti-Pseudomonal Antibiotics and Progression to Thoracic Surgery and Death in Empyema: Database Research. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:383. [PMID: 38786112 PMCID: PMC11117277 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the optimal antibiotic strategy for empyema is lacking. Our database study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of empirical anti-pseudomonal antibiotics in patients with empyema. We utilised a Japanese real-world data database, focusing on patients aged ≥40 diagnosed with empyema, who underwent thoracostomy and received intravenous antibiotics either upon admission or the following day. Patients administered intravenous vasopressors were excluded. We compared thoracic surgery and death within 90 days after admission between patients treated with empirical anti-pseudomonal and non-anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. Cause-specific hazard ratios for thoracic surgery and death were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for clinically important confounders. Subgroup analyses entailed the same procedures for patients exhibiting at least one risk factor for multidrug-resistant organisms. Between March 2014 and March 2023, 855 patients with empyema meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Among them, 271 (31.7%) patients received anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. The Cox proportional hazards models indicated that compared to empirical non-anti-pseudomonal antibiotics, empirical anti-pseudomonal antibiotics were associated with higher HRs for thoracic surgery and death within 90 days, respectively. Thus, regardless of the risks of multidrug-resistant organisms, empirical anti-pseudomonal antibiotics did not extend the time to thoracic surgery or death within 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shiroshita
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Scientific Research Works Peer Support Group (SRWS-PSG), Osaka 541-0043, Japan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kentaro Tochitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto 604-8845, Japan
| | - Yohei Maki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Takero Terayama
- Department of Emergency, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Scientific Research Works Peer Support Group (SRWS-PSG), Osaka 541-0043, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyoto Min-Iren Asukai Hospital, Kyoto 616-8147, Japan
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/Public Health, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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6
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Boal NS, Chiou CA, Sadlak N, Sarmiento VA, Lefebvre DR, Distefano AG. Antibiotic utilization in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: a multi-institutional study and review of the literature. Orbit 2024; 43:183-189. [PMID: 37395439 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2023.2227705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Utilization of antibiotics for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endo-DCR) is largely dependent on individual surgeon preference. This study aimed to investigate prescribing practices of pre-, peri-, and postoperative antibiotics and effects on postoperative infection rates in patients who underwent endo-DCR. METHODS A retrospective chart review of institutional data at two academic centers of endo-DCR cases from 2015-2020 was performed. Postoperative infection rates for patients who received pre-, peri-, and postoperative antibiotics, individually or in combination, and those who did not, were compared via odds ratio and ANOVA linear regression. RESULTS 331 endo-DCR cases were included; 22 cases (6.6%) had a postoperative infection. There was no significant difference in the infection rates between patients without an active preoperative dacryocystitis who received different permutations of peri- and postoperative antibiotics. Patients who received preoperative antibiotics within two weeks of surgery for preexisting acute dacryocystitis, but did not receive peri- or postoperative antibiotics, had a higher rate of postoperative infections (p = 008). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest antibiotics may be beneficial only when patients have a recent or active dacryocystitis prior to surgery. Otherwise, our data do not support the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis in endo-DCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Boal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolina A Chiou
- Division of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalie Sadlak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V Adrian Sarmiento
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel R Lefebvre
- Division of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Surgical Service, Boston Veterans Affairs HealthCare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dedham Ophthalmic Consultants and Surgeons / Lexington Eye Associates, Dedham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alberto G Distefano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Patel J, Tai R, Sereni C, Joshi G. Hydroxyapatite deposition disease, an overlooked differential diagnosis in the emergency department: a case series and review of literature. Emerg Radiol 2024; 31:229-238. [PMID: 38358564 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-024-02212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition disease (HADD) poses diagnostic challenges in the emergency department (ED) as it may clinically present similarly to infection and other musculoskeletal conditions. Misdiagnosis often leads to unnecessary treatments and resource over-utilization. This review article provides an overview of HADD in seven patients who presented to the ED secondary to an acute presentation of this disease process. HADD is a prevalent pathology, which commonly involves the shoulder, followed by the hip, elbow, wrist, and knee. Predisposing risk factors, such as diabetes and certain genetic factors, have also been identified. Clinical history and imaging, particularly radiographs, play a vital role in diagnosing HADD, with characteristic calcification patterns observed in different stages of the disease. Conservative nonsurgical therapy is the mainstay of treatment, providing effective symptom relief in over 90% of cases. By recognizing HADD as a crucial differential diagnosis for patients with acute or chronic pain, healthcare resource utilization can be optimized, leading to improved patient care in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Patel
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| | - Ryan Tai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School/Memorial Health Care, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Christopher Sereni
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School/Memorial Health Care, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Ganesh Joshi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School/Memorial Health Care, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
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Dillen H, Wouters J, Snijders D, Wynants L, Verbakel JY. Factors associated with inappropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:498-511. [PMID: 38113395 PMCID: PMC10904728 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acutely ill children are at risk of unwarranted antibiotic prescribing. Data on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions provide insights into potential tailored interventions to promote antibiotic stewardship. OBJECTIVES To examine factors associated with the inappropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care in high-income countries. METHODS On 8 September 2022, we systematically searched articles published since 2002 in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and grey literature databases. We included studies with acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care settings in high-income countries reporting on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled ORs were calculated using random-effects models. Meta-regression, sensitivity and subgroup analysis were also performed. RESULTS We included 40 articles reporting on 30 different factors and their association with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. 'Appropriateness' covered a wide range of definitions. The following factors were associated with increased inappropriate antibiotic prescribing: acute otitis media diagnosis [pooled OR (95% CI): 2.02 (0.54-7.48)], GP [pooled OR (95% CI) 1.38 (1.00-1.89)] and rural setting [pooled OR (95% CI) 1.47 (1.08-2.02)]. Older patient age and a respiratory tract infection diagnosis have a tendency to be positively associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, but pooling of studies was not possible. CONCLUSIONS Prioritizing acute otitis media, GPs, rural areas, older children and respiratory tract infections within antimicrobial stewardship programmes plays a vital role in promoting responsible antibiotic prescribing. The implementation of a standardized definition of appropriateness is essential to evaluate such programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Dillen
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Academic Centre for General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jo Wouters
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Snijders
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Laure Wynants
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 1 Peter Debyeplein, Maastricht, 6229 HA, The Netherlands
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Academic Centre for General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- NIHR Community Healthcare MedTech and IVD cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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Lloyd EC, Dillman NO, Tribble AC, Wu L, Seidl S, Burrows HL, Petty LA. Impact of an electronic medical-record-embedded clinical-decision support tool on duration of antibiotics for outpatient pediatric skin and soft-tissue infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:395-397. [PMID: 37920098 PMCID: PMC10933496 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Lloyd
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Alison C. Tribble
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lei Wu
- Quality Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Heather L. Burrows
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lindsay A. Petty
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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10
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Nandi S, Doub JB, De Palma BJ, Potter GR, Stronach BM, Stambough JB, Brilliant ZR, Mears SC. Suppressive Antibiotic Therapy After Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention is Well-Tolerated Without Inducing Resistance: A Multicenter Study. J Arthroplasty 2024; 39:795-800. [PMID: 37717831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suppressive antibiotic therapy (SAT) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) maximizes reoperation-free survival. We evaluated SAT after DAIR of acutely infected primary TJA regarding: 1) adverse drug reaction (ADR)/intolerance; 2) reoperation for infection; and 3) antibiotic resistance. METHODS Patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) DAIR for acute periprosthetic joint infection at two academic medical centers from 2015 to 2020 were identified (n = 115). Data were collected on patient demographics, infecting organisms, antibiotics, ADR/intolerances, reoperations, and antibiotic resistances. Median SAT duration was 11 months. Stepwise multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify covariates significantly associated with outcomes of interest. RESULTS There were 11.1 and 16.3% of TKA and THA DAIR patients, respectively, who had ADR/intolerance to SAT. Patients prescribed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P = .0014) or combination antibiotic therapy (P = .0169) after TKA DAIR had increased risk of ADR/intolerance. There was no difference in reoperation-free survival between TKA (83.3%) and THA (65.1%) DAIR (P = .5900) at mean 2.8-year follow-up. Risk of reoperation for infection was higher among TKA Staphylococcus aureus infections (P = .0004) and lower with increased SAT duration (P < .0450). The optimal duration of SAT was nearly 2 years. No cases of antibiotic resistance developed due to SAT. CONCLUSIONS Consider SAT after TJA DAIR due to improved reoperation-free survival and favorable safety profile. Prolonged SAT did not induce antibiotic resistance. Use trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with caution because of the increased likelihood of ADR/intolerance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Nandi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James B Doub
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian J De Palma
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Genna R Potter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Benjamin M Stronach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jeffrey B Stambough
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Zachary R Brilliant
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon C Mears
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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11
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Taylor E, Nailor MD, Feider M, Sullivan S, Goodlet KJ. Doxycycline versus cephalexin treatment of presumed streptococcal skin and soft tissue infection among adults presenting to the emergency department. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0128223. [PMID: 38169286 PMCID: PMC10848771 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01282-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Among 100 propensity score-matched emergency department patients receiving ≤14 days doxycycline versus cephalexin monotherapy for outpatient treatment of nonpurulent (presumed streptococcal) skin and soft tissue infection, a low rate of 14-day clinical failure was observed [6% each group; odds ratio (OR), 1.34 (0.21-8.69); P = 0.745], defined as hospital admission, i.v. antibiotic therapy, or change in oral antibiotic. Doxycycline may represent a reasonable therapeutic alternative for this indication in regions with low tetracycline resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Taylor
- Department of Pharmacy Services, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael D. Nailor
- Department of Pharmacy Services, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michelle Feider
- Department of Pharmacy Services, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Shannon Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacy Services, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Kellie J. Goodlet
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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Cherian JP, Helsel TN, Jones GF, Virk Z, Salinas A, Grieb SM, Klein EY, Tamma PD, Cosgrove SE. Understanding the role of antibiotic-associated adverse events in influencing antibiotic decision-making. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2024; 4:e13. [PMID: 38415083 PMCID: PMC10897715 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2024.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Objective To (1) understand the role of antibiotic-associated adverse events (ABX-AEs) on antibiotic decision-making, (2) understand clinician preferences for ABX-AE feedback, and (3) identify ABX-AEs of greatest clinical concern. Design Focus groups. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Medical and surgical house staff, attending physicians, and advanced practice practitioners. Methods Focus groups were conducted from May 2022 to December 2022. Participants discussed the role of ABX-AEs in antibiotic decision-making and feedback preferences and evaluated the prespecified categorization of ABX-AEs based on degree of clinical concern. Thematic analysis was conducted using inductive coding. Results Four focus groups were conducted (n = 15). Six themes were identified. (1) ABX-AE risks during initial prescribing influence the antibiotic prescribed rather than the decision of whether to prescribe. (2) The occurrence of an ABX-AE leads to reassessment of the clinical indication for antibiotic therapy. (3) The impact of an ABX-AE on other management decisions is as important as the direct harm of the ABX-AE. (4) ABX-AEs may be overlooked because of limited feedback regarding the occurrence of ABX-AEs. (5) Clinicians are receptive to feedback regarding ABX-AEs but are concerned about it being punitive. (6) Feedback must be curated to prevent clinicians from being overwhelmed with data. Clinicians generally agreed with the prespecified categorizations of ABX-AEs by degree of clinical concern. Conclusions The themes identified and assessment of ABX-AEs of greatest clinical concern may inform antibiotic stewardship initiatives that incorporate reporting of ABX-AEs as a strategy to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald P. Cherian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taylor N. Helsel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George F. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zunaira Virk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandra Salinas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Grieb
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Child and Community Health Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eili Y. Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pranita D. Tamma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara E. Cosgrove
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kuruc Poje D, Kuharić M, Posavec Andrić A, Mađarić V, Poje JV, Payerl-Pal M, Tambić Andrašević A, Poje JM, Bačić Vrca V, Marušić S. Perspectives of primary care physicians on academic detailing for antimicrobial stewardship: feasibility and impact assessment. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605231222242. [PMID: 38193298 PMCID: PMC10777789 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231222242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand primary care physicians' perspectives on academic detailing from an antimicrobial stewardship team to combat antibiotic overuse for upper respiratory infections and bronchitis in the COVID-19 era, which will help prevent avoidable outpatient visits. METHODS In this prospective study, 14 female Croatian physicians completed standardized qualitative interviews using a semi-structured guide. The data were analyzed using inductive methodology based on reflexive thematic analysis. We used a theoretically informed approach based on a conceptual framework of healthcare intervention implementability focused on three domains: acceptability, fidelity, and feasibility. RESULTS We identified six key themes highlighting barriers to changing prescribing practices, with patient pressure and specialist recommendations having an impact on the effectiveness of academic detailing. Despite challenges, primary care physicians described appreciation of direct interaction with evidence-based practices and reported usefulness, effectiveness, and further need for academic detailing. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex dynamics involved in implementing healthcare interventions and provides valuable insights for enhancing strategies directed at improving antibiotic prescribing practices. Specifically, our findings emphasize factors influencing behavior changes in physicians' antibiotic prescribing. The authors advocate for a collaborative approach involving community and hospital-based professionals to provide tailored guidance and address questions, ultimately improving prescribing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Kuruc Poje
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, General Hospital “Dr. Tomislav Bardek,” Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Maja Kuharić
- Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Vesna Mađarić
- Department of Pulmology and Infectology, General Hospital “Dr. Tomislav Bardek,” Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Janeš Vlatka Poje
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Public Health County Koprivničko-Križevačka, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Marina Payerl-Pal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Public Health County Međimurje, Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Arjana Tambić Andrašević
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, The University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juraj Mark Poje
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital “Dr. Tomislav Bardek,” Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Vesna Bačić Vrca
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srećko Marušić
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Camps-Font O, Sábado-Bundó H, Toledano-Serrabona J, Valmaseda-de-la-Rosa N, Figueiredo R, Valmaseda-Castellón E. Antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of dry socket and surgical site infection after lower third molar extraction: a network meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024; 53:57-67. [PMID: 37612199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians frequently prescribe systemic antibiotics after lower third molar extractions to prevent complications such as surgical site infections and dry socket. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials was conducted to compare the risk of dry socket and surgical site infection after the removal of lower third molars with different prophylactic antibiotics. The occurrence of any antibiotic-related adverse event was also analysed. A pairwise and network meta-analysis was performed to establish direct and indirect comparisons of each outcome variable. Sixteen articles involving 2158 patients (2428 lower third molars) were included, and the following antibiotics were analysed: amoxicillin (with and without clavulanic acid), metronidazole, azithromycin, and clindamycin. Pooled results favoured the use of antibiotics to reduce dry socket and surgical site infection after the removal of a lower third molar, with a number needed to treat of 25 and 18, respectively. Although antibiotic prophylaxis was found to significantly reduce the risk of dry socket and surgical site infection in patients undergoing lower third molar extraction, the number of patients needed to treat was high. Thus, clinicians should evaluate the need to prescribe antibiotics taking into consideration the patient's systemic status and the individual risk of developing a postoperative infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Camps-Font
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Sábado-Bundó
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Toledano-Serrabona
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - R Figueiredo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Valmaseda-Castellón
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Frank TA, Oosthuizen F, Bangalee V. Antibiotic safety among neonates and paediatrics in a public hospital: KwaZulu-Natal. Health SA 2023; 28:2464. [PMID: 38223209 PMCID: PMC10784184 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v28i0.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend the empiric treatment of infections before definitive treatment begins. However, ethical concerns limit the availability of clinical trials in neonates and paediatrics to fully ascertain the safety profile of antibiotics in these populations. Aim This study aimed to quantify the use of antibiotics among neonates and paediatrics and commented on the use, rationale and appropriateness of antibiotics prescribed. Setting A secondary level public sector hospital located in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Methods Demographic and treatment information of neonates and paediatrics were collected retrospectively from January 2022 to June 2022. Data were obtained from patient files and extracted for analysis using Microsoft Excel®. Analytical and descriptive statistics were used to analyse patient demographics and treatment variables. Results A total of 568 antibiotics, issued to 389 patients, were reviewed. Penicillins (40.1%), aminoglycosides (24.3%) and combination penicillin-beta-lactam inhibitors (23.3%) were identified as the most frequently prescribed antibiotics for inpatients. Most antibiotics prescribed to inpatients were for complications associated with pre-term birth (66.9%). Combination penicillin-beta-lactam inhibitors (34.7%), penicillins (29.5%) and cephalosporins (29.5%) were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics to outpatients. A correlation was found between the route of administration and the duration of therapy; the intravenous route (63.6%) was preferred over the oral route (36.4%) for administration. Conclusion Many broad-spectrum antibiotics were prescribed, thus increasing the risk of resistance. Antibiotics were being prescribed according to the guidelines; however, there is still a need for therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure the continuation of rational drug use. Contribution There was evidence of rational use of antibiotics in the public hospital (KwaZulu-Natal), in keeping with economic and availability factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Frank
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frasia Oosthuizen
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Varsha Bangalee
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Ilges D, Jensen K, Draper E, Dierkhising R, Prigge KA, Vergidis P, Virk A, Stevens RW. Evaluation of Multisite Programmatic Bundle to Reduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad585. [PMID: 38111752 PMCID: PMC10727194 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of unnecessary antibiotic prescribing for Tier 3 upper respiratory infection (URI) syndromes across the Mayo Clinic Enterprise before and after a multifaceted antimicrobial stewardship intervention, and to determine ongoing factors associated with antibiotic prescribing and repeat respiratory healthcare contact in the postintervention period. Methods This was a quasi-experimental, pre/post, retrospective cohort study from 1 January 2019 through 31 December 2022, with 12-month washout during implementation from 1 July 2020 through 30 June 2021. All outpatient encounters, adult and pediatric, from primary care, urgent care, and emergency medicine specialties with a Tier 3 URI diagnosis were included. The intervention was a multifaceted outpatient antibiotic stewardship bundle. The primary outcome was the rate of antibiotic prescribing in Tier 3 encounters. Secondary outcomes included 14-day repeat healthcare contact for respiratory indications and factors associated with persistent unnecessary prescribing. Results A total of 165 658 Tier 3 encounters, 96 125 in the preintervention and 69 533 in the postintervention period, were included. Following intervention, the prescribing rate for Tier 3 encounters decreased from 21.7% to 11.2% (P < .001). Repeat 14-day respiratory healthcare contact in the no antibiotic group was lower postintervention (9.9.% vs 9.4%; P = .004). Multivariable models indicated that increasing patient age, Charlson comorbidity index, and primary diagnosis selected were the most important factors associated with persistent unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Conclusions Outpatient antibiotic stewardship initiatives can reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing for Tier 3 URIs without increasing repeat respiratory healthcare contact. Advancing age and number of comorbidities remain risk factors for persistent unnecessary antibiotic prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ilges
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Kelsey Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Health System–Southeast Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA
| | - Evan Draper
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ross Dierkhising
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Paschalis Vergidis
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abinash Virk
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan W Stevens
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Health System–Southeast Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA
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Abbas M, Kashmiri K, Rehman IU, Ali Z, Rahman AU, Khalil A, Ming LC, Shafique M, Khan TM. Evaluation of healthcare professionals' understanding of fluoroquinolones' safety profile, usage, and boxed warnings in Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:154. [PMID: 38012805 PMCID: PMC10680351 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluoroquinolones (FQs) is a distinct class of antibiotics which are prescribed and used quite frequently worldwide, despite the box warnings (BW) issued by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Literature has shown in spite of BWs related to FQs there is minimal impact on health care professionals (HCPs) prescribing habits, potentially attributing towards limited and insufficient awareness. In Pakistan, FQs are mostly prescribed antibiotics for microbial treatments, therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge about the safety profile, use, and BW of FQs among HCPs working in Pakistan. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken among the HCPs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan from October 2022 to December 2022. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of HCPs regarding FQs, its safety profile and BW. A random convenient sample technique was used while recruiting HCPs in this study. As the HCPs comprised physicians, dentists, pharmacist and nurses, all were approached in person and the study objective was fully elaborated and explained to them. The statistic test like: one-way ANOVA, independent-t test, multivariate logistic regression were used keeping the p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS A total of n = 250 HCPs were approached, of which n = 186 HCPs completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 74.4%. FQs prescribing pattern was only assessed among the prescribers, i.e., physicians and dentists (39/186). The mean knowledge score for indications was 5.29 ± 3.05, while for the adverse effects was 7.70 ± 2.61. The highest score for knowledge for indications and adverse effect score was achieved by physicians followed by dentist. The mean knowledge score for the BW was 3.46 ± 2.93 and among the HCPs for the BW of FQs, 20.4% of the HCPs had appropriate knowledge score (score ≥ 50%). The knowledge score was significantly higher in males (p = 0.039), dentists (p = 0.001), HCPs having master/specialization level of education (p = 0.003), HCPs working in government sector hospitals (p = 0.010) and secondary care hospitals (p = 0.001) while the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HCPs working in primary care hospital (OR: 6.2) and secondary care hospital (OR: 20.3) were associated with the tendency to achieve 50% or above knowledge score. CONCLUSION Findings of this study reveals the unsatisfactory knowledge of HCPs regarding the safety profile, use, and BW of FQs putting patients at heightened risks of FQs associated AEs. Therefore, it is crucial to implement a national antimicrobial stewardship program, seminars and lectures aimed at continuously updating the knowledge of HCPs, regardless of their specialties, and effectively restrict the misuse of antimicrobial and disseminate FDA BWs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kashmiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Zahid Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Ur Rahman
- Department of Urology, North West General Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asad Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shafique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hughes AM, Evans CT, Ray C, Kaur H, Fitzpatrick MA, Vivo A, Olagoke AA, Wilson GM, Suda KJ. Antimicrobial stewardship strategy implementation and impact in acute care spinal cord injury and disorder units. J Spinal Cord Med 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37982811 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2023.2277963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) are crucial to optimizing antibiotic use. ASPs are implemented in the Veterans Health Administration (VAs), but they do not target the needs of populations at high risk for resistant infections, such as spinal cord injury and disorder (SCI/D). OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess key ASP leader and SCI/D clinicians' perceived level of implementation and impact of 33 Antimicrobial Stewardship (AS) strategies. METHOD SCI/D clinicians and ASP leaders across 24 VA facilities with SCI/D units were surveyed. Participants rated their perceived level of impact ("high", "mild", "low") and perceived level of implementation ("not", "partially", "fully") for 33 AS strategies in SCI/D units in VAs. Strategies were grouped into core elements which they support. We conducted a Fisher's exact test to assess differences between respondent perceptions based on role (SCI/D clinicians versus ASP leaders). RESULTS AS strategy implementation varied across VA facilities. Of the AS strategies, pre-authorization was perceived to be highly impactful (78%) and fully implemented (82%). SCI/D clinicians and ASP leaders rated AS strategies differently such that SCI/D clinicians were less aware of implementation of AS strategies related to reporting requirements; further, SCI/D clinicians rated strategies which guide treatment duration and which limit C. difficile antibiotic exposure as more impactful than ASP leaders. Ratings for facility-wide and SCI/D unit ratings did not significantly differ for impact or implementation. CONCLUSION Implementation practices varied across VA facilities. Future work should implement highly impactful AS strategies according to facility and unit needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Hughes
- Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward Hines JR VA Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Charlesnika T Evans
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward Hines JR VA Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Preventive Medicine and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cara Ray
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward Hines JR VA Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Harveen Kaur
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret A Fitzpatrick
- Center of Innovation for Veteran Centered and Value Driven Care, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda Vivo
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward Hines JR VA Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Ayokunle A Olagoke
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Geneva M Wilson
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare (CINCCH), Edward Hines JR VA Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Preventive Medicine and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katie J Suda
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Al-Baghli NA, Al Saif AZ, Al Dorazi SA, Zainaldeen MH, Alameer AH, Albaghli S, Al-Dawood AM, Buhelaiga SM, Alsalim BS, Rabaan AA. Antibiotic-Prescribing Patterns Among Patients With Respiratory Symptoms in the Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e44298. [PMID: 37649929 PMCID: PMC10462910 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) represent the most common diagnosis in ambulatory care settings. Some of these infections are properly treated with antibiotics, but evidence points to an inappropriate overuse of antibiotics in URTI management. This overuse is linked to antibiotic resistance, drug-related adverse effects, and increased costs. Objective This study evaluated the prevalence and predictors of antibiotic prescription for patients with URTI symptoms at the primary healthcare centers (PHCCs) and pediatric emergency department (ED) of the Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Methods A prospective study was conducted in the PHCCs and pediatric ED of MCH. Trained physicians collected data on patients with URTI symptoms aged three years and older. Scores based on modified Centor criteria were calculated, and rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) were conducted for all study participants. Results Out of 469 patients with a URTI, 141 (30.1%) received a prescription for an antibiotic, with a smaller proportion in the PHCCs (n=85; 24.4%) than in the pediatric ED (n=56; 46.3%). The main significant predictors of antibiotic prescription in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were a positive RADT result (OR=41.75, 95%CI=4.76-366.28), the presence of tonsillar exudate (OR=5.066, 95%CI=3.08-8.33), tender and/or swollen anterior cervical lymph nodes (OR=4.537, 95%CI=1.96-10.54), and fever (OR=3.519, 95%CI=2.33-5.31). A higher Centor score was also a predictor (2 to 5 vs. -1 to 1) (OR=2.72, 95%CI=1.8-4.12). The absence of a cough was not a significant predictor (OR=1.13, 95%CI=0.74-1.72). Conclusions Although a positive RADT increased the likelihood that a patient would be prescribed an antibiotic at the time of assessment, most antibiotic prescriptions were not justified. To control expenses, prevent adverse effects, and limit the spread of antibiotic resistance, efforts should be made to reduce unnecessarily high antibiotic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Z Al Saif
- Keep Well, Model of Care, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, SAU
| | | | - Mariam H Zainaldeen
- Directorate of Infection Prevention and Control, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Eastern Province, Dammam, SAU
| | | | - Slava Albaghli
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Microbiology, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, SAU
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Mendel A, Behlouli H, de Moura CS, Vinet É, Curtis JR, Bernatsky S. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis during treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis with rituximab in the United States of America: a retrospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:133. [PMID: 37516897 PMCID: PMC10386686 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended during ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) induction. We aimed to describe the frequency, persistence, and factors associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) use in an adult population sample with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) treated with rituximab (RTX). METHODS We identified adults with GPA treated with RTX within the Merative™ Marketscan® Research Databases (2011-2020). TMP-SMX prophylaxis was defined as a [Formula: see text] 28-day prescription dispensed within a month of starting RTX. We estimated TMP-SMX persistence, allowing prescription refill gaps of 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the factors associated with baseline TMP-SMX use and persistence, respectively. Covariates included age, sex, calendar year, insurance type, immunosuppressant use, hospitalization, and co-morbidities. RESULTS Among 1877 RTX-treated GPA patients, the mean age was 50.9, and 54% were female. A minority (n = 426, 23%) received TMP-SMX with a median persistence of 141 (IQR 83-248) days. In multivariable analyses, prophylaxis was associated with prednisone use in the month prior to RTX ([Formula: see text] 20 mg/day vs none, OR 3.96; 95% CI 3.0-5.2; 1-19 mg/day vs none, OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.8-3.8), and methotrexate use (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.04-2.1), intensive care (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.4-2.7), and non-intensive care hospitalization (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.2-2.1) in the 6 months prior to RTX. Female sex (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.5-0.8) was negatively associated with TMP-SMX use. CONCLUSIONS TMP-SMX was dispensed to a minority of RTX-treated GPA patients, more often to those on glucocorticoids and with recent hospitalization. Further research is needed to determine the optimal use and duration of TMP-SMX prophylaxis following RTX in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Mendel
- Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1560 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, QC, H4A 3S9, Canada.
| | - Hassan Behlouli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, QC, H4A 3S9, Canada
| | - Cristiano Soares de Moura
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, QC, H4A 3S9, Canada
| | - Évelyne Vinet
- Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1560 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, QC, H4A 3S9, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Curtis
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2000 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35255, USA
| | - Sasha Bernatsky
- Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, 1560 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, QC, H4A 3S9, Canada
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Jarkvist J, Gülen T. Diagnostic Evaluation of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Antibiotics in a Large Cohort of Mastocytosis Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2241. [PMID: 37443635 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaphylactic reactions are a well-known feature of mastocytosis, particularly in relation to hymenoptera venom stings. Although data on the frequency of drug hypersensitivity reactions is limited in mastocytosis, it is hypothesized that these patients may be predisposed to hypersensitivity reactions to certain drugs, including antibiotics. Nevertheless, this issue has not been systematically investigated. Thus, we investigate the prevalence and clinical features of hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics (HRA) in mastocytosis. METHODS A 15-year retrospective study was conducted among 239 (≥18 years old) consecutive mastocytosis patients who were investigated in our center. All patients underwent a thorough allergy work-up, where self-reported reactions were individually evaluated by an allergist. RESULTS Overall, 34 patients (14.2%) were deemed to have HRA. Most patients reacted with cutaneous symptoms (74%), and anaphylaxis was rare, confirmed only in two of 34 patients (0.8%). Beta-lactams were the most common elicitors (63%). There were no differences in age, gender, atopic status and tryptase levels between mastocytosis patients with and without antibiotic hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates a similar prevalence of HRA in mastocytosis compared to those of the general population. Moreover, antibiotics appear to be rare elicitors of anaphylaxis in these patients. Hence, our results suggest that mastocytosis patients without a history of HRA may be treated with these drugs without special precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Jarkvist
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theo Gülen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Mastocytosis Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ramanathan S, Evans CT, Hershow RC, Calip GS, Rowan S, Hubbard C, Suda KJ. Comparison of guideline concordant antibiotic prophylaxis in Veterans Affairs and non-Veterans Affairs dental settings among those with cardiac conditions or prosthetic joints. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:427. [PMID: 37353757 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No research has been conducted to assess whether antibiotic prophylaxis prescribing differs by dental setting. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the prescribing of antibiotic prophylaxis in Veterans Affairs (VA) and non-Veterans Affairs settings. METHODS This was a retrospective study of veteran and non-veteran dental patients with cardiac conditions or prosthetic joints between 2015-2017. Multivariable log binomial regression analysis was conducted to compare concordant prescribing by setting with a sub-analysis for errors of dosing based on antibiotic duration (i.e., days prescribed). RESULTS A total of 61,124 dental visits that received a prophylactic antibiotic were included. Most were male (61.0%), and 55 years of age or older (76.2%). Nearly a third (32.7%) received guideline concordant prophylaxis. VA dental settings had a lower prevalence of guideline concordant prescribing compared to non-VA settings in unadjusted results (unadjusted prevalence ratio [uPR] = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.95). After adjustment, prevalence of guideline concordant prescribing was higher in those with prosthetic joints in the VA setting (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.59-1.88), with no difference identified in those without a prosthetic joint (aPR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96-1.01). Concordance of dosing was higher in VA compared to non-VA settings (aPR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07-1.15). CONCLUSIONS VA has a higher prevalence of guideline concordant prescribing among those with prosthetic joints and when assessing dosing errors. Though the presence of an integrated electronic health record (EHR) may be contributing to these differences, other system or prescriber-related factors may be responsible. Future studies should focus on to what extent the integrated EHR may be responsible for increased guideline concordant prescribing in the VA setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ramanathan
- School of Public Heath, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charlesnika T Evans
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald C Hershow
- School of Public Heath, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory S Calip
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan Rowan
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colin Hubbard
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katie J Suda
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 3609 Forbes Ave. Suite 2, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Pelham M, Ganter M, Eudy J, Anderson DT. Evaluation of Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prescribing Habits in Patients with a Positive MRSA Nasal Swab in the Absence of Positive Cultures. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11030081. [PMID: 37218963 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nasal swabs are guideline-recommended de-escalation tools in certain patients with pneumonia. Prior studies have demonstrated reduced anti-MRSA therapy with negative results, but the impact on durations of therapy has been poorly elucidated in patients with positive PCRs. The objective of this review was to evaluate anti-MRSA treatment durations in patients with a positive MRSA PCR in the absence of MRSA growth on culture. This was a single-center, retrospective observational study evaluating 52 hospitalized, adult patients receiving anti-MRSA therapy with positive MRSA PCRs. The overall median duration of anti-MRSA therapy was five days, including a median of four days after PCR results. This was consistent among intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patient populations and in patients with suspected community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Among patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), the median duration of anti-MRSA therapy was seven days, with a median of six days after PCR results. Overall, patients received a median duration of anti-MRSA therapy that would constitute a full treatment course for many respiratory infections, which indicates that providers may equate a positive MRSA nasal PCR with positive culture growth and highlights the need for education on the interpretation of positive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Pelham
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Madeline Ganter
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Joshua Eudy
- Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Daniel T Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Uysal E, Çal MA, Cine HS. The use of vancomycin powder in the compound depressed skull fractures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 225:107570. [PMID: 36587442 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Compound or open depressed fractures (CDF) is one of the urgent operations of neurosurgery, as it can result in complications of infection. This study is reported to investigate the effect of topical vancomycin powder to the infection rates in the compound depressed skull fractures which have been operated on. MATERIALS AND METHODS This present study was conducted on 46 cases with compound depressed skull fractures which have been operated on. Cases were divided into two groups according to the use of subgaleal topical vancomycin powder during the operation. The preoperative and postoperative CRP levels, localization of the fracture, hospitalization time, operation length, dural injury, pneumocephalus, and mortality rates have been examined. RESULTS In cases with dural injury and pneumocephalus, a statistically significant relationship was found between the use of topical vancomycin powder and the frequency of post-op infection (p < 0.001). It was observed that the incidence of postoperative infection was significantly higher in 12 (85.7%) cases with pneumocephalus and dural injury when vancomycin powder was not used. Also, it was observed that the post-operative infection level was significantly higher in fractures in the frontal and parietal regions without vancomycin powder(p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of subgaleal topical vancomycin powder is an option to reduce the infection rates and mortality, especially in the cases of compound depressed fractures, which is considered as a dirty wound and prone to infection. It is especially recommended in the presence of dural injury and pneumocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Uysal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşçıoğlu City Hospital, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Alpay Çal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşçıoğlu City Hospital, Turkey
| | - Hidayet Safak Cine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın City Hospital, Turkey
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Hastier-De Chelle A, Onana-Ndong P, Olivier R, Bentellis I, Pioche M, Rivory J, Gonzalez JM, Bailly L, Piche T, Ponchon T, Brochard C, Coron E, Barthet M, Vanbiervliet G. Impact of antibiotic prophylaxis and conditioning modalities in per-oral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal motor disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:1522-1530. [PMID: 35850618 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2097892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS No recommendation regarding antibiotic prophylaxis and preparation modalities are available for patients with esophageal motor disorders who benefit from Per-Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM). The aim of our study was to evaluate their impact on the POEM's safety. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a comparative and multicentric retrospective analysis of a database prospectively collected. Patients over 18 years old with esophageal motor disorders confirmed by prior manometry, who underwent POEM were included. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of adverse events, as classified by Cotton, based on whether or not antibiotic prophylaxis was administered. RESULTS A total of 226 patients (median age 52.9 ± 19.12 years [18-105], 116 women [51.3%]) were included. The indication for POEM was mainly type 2 achalasia (n = 135, 60.3%). Antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to 170 patients (75.2%) during 3.93 ± 3.46 days [1-21]. The overall adverse events rate was 9.3% (n = 21). Antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with the occurrence of adverse events (p = .003), but had no impact on their severity (p = .238). Antibiotic prophylaxis didn't influence the effectiveness of POEM (1 [0-4] vs 1 [0-9], p = .231). The use of a liquid diet in the 48 h prior to the procedure was significantly associated with a lower adverse events rate (3.1% vs 6.19%, p = .0002). CONCLUSION The antibiotic prophylaxis during POEM does not prevent adverse events, had no impact on their severity and the efficacy of the procedure. A liquid diet before the procedure should be systematically proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Onana-Ndong
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital L'Archet 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Raphaël Olivier
- Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Imad Bentellis
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital L'Archet 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Mathieu Pioche
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital Édouard Herriot, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Rivory
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital Édouard Herriot, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Michel Gonzalez
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Bailly
- Direction de L'Information Médicale, Hôpital L'Archet 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Piche
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital L'Archet 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Ponchon
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital Édouard Herriot, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Charlène Brochard
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Coron
- Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Barthet
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Geoffroy Vanbiervliet
- Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital L'Archet 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
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The Procalcitonin-guided Antibiotics in Respiratory Infections (PARI) project in general practice – a study protocol. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2022; 23:43. [PMID: 35279069 PMCID: PMC8917812 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-022-01646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is a global health challenge and the close correlation between antibiotic use and the development of resistance makes it essential to maintain a rational use of antibiotics. Most antibiotics are prescribed in general practice against acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI), even though most of these infections are of viral etiology. Thus, a safe method to substantially reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics in general practice is needed. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a precursor protein with very low circulating levels in the blood under physiological conditions. However, in response serious bacterial infection the level of PCT in the blood may increase significantly. Until recently, quantitative analyses of PCT was performed in hospital laboratories, impeding the implementation of PCT in primary care. Our aim is to determine whether it is possible to lower the use of antibiotics in patients presenting with symptoms of ARTI, without significantly prolonging the period of illness, by using a newly released PCT point-of-care test in general practice. Methods The Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotics in Respiratory Infections (PARI) study is a randomized, single-blinded, non-inferiority, multi-practice intervention study comparing a PCT-group to a control group. Patients (N = 508) will be randomly assigned 1:1 to standard care or to the PCT group. The primary outcomes the duration of illness and symptoms from ARTI measured with the Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include (1) Number of participants in each trial arm exposed to antibiotic treatment at index consultation (day 1) and within 30 days, (2) Number of participants in each trial arm with side effects from antibiotic treatment within 14 days, (3) Number of participants in each trial arm with re-consultations within 30 days, (4) Number of participants in each trial arm admitted to hospital (including diagnosis and mortality) within 30 days, (5) Characterization of biomarker (CRP and PCT) level at index consultation. Tertiary outcomes include patient and general practitioner satisfaction with the use of the PCT point-of-care test, and long-term follow-up. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine a PCT point-of-care test in general practice with the aim of reducing the use of antibiotics in patients with symptoms of ARTI. Results of this study may prove important in targeting antibiotic treatment only to those patients who need it, thus contributing to limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04216277, date of registration: 2. of January 2020.
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27
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Kowalik A, de Monestrol I, Sorjonen K, Brockow K, Gülen T. Antibiotic hypersensitivity in cystic fibrosis - Low frequency of anaphylaxis over 16 000 courses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4845-4853. [PMID: 35671007 PMCID: PMC9796175 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) to antibiotics are common and a substantial issue in managing patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical features as well as risk factors of DHR to antibiotics in CF. METHOD A 20-year retrospective study was conducted among 226 CF patients (100 children and 126 adults) attending our centre. The Swedish Registry for Cystic Fibrosis and electronic medical records enabled us to ascertain the number and routes of antibiotic courses. All suspected DHR were evaluated. RESULTS The patients had a total of 16 910 antibiotic courses, of which 6832 (40%) were intravenously administered. Of 226 enrolled CF patients, 70 (31%) developed overall 131 DHR to antibiotics. The prevalence of DHR increased with advancing age (P < .001). Beta-lactams elicited 71% of all DHR and piperacillin was the most common single culprit (30% of intravenous and 24% of all DHR). Reactions were mild to moderate and mostly limited to skin; no severe cutaneous adverse reactions were observed. Additionally, anaphylaxis was rare, constituting 2.3% (3/131) of all DHR. Patients with DHR were exposed to significantly more courses of antibiotics than those without DHR (median 124 vs. 46, retrospectively, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS DHR to antibiotics, particularly to beta-lactams, are increased in CF patients, and associated with a higher number of cumulative exposures because of recurrent infections. However, severe cutaneous or systemic DHR, such as anaphylaxis, appear to be rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kowalik
- Stockholm Cystic Fibrosis CentreKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Isabelle de Monestrol
- Stockholm Cystic Fibrosis CentreKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of PediatricsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kimmo Sorjonen
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Theo Gülen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and AllergyKarolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Department of Medicine SolnaKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Shiroshita A, Yamamoto S, Anan K, Suzuki H, Takeshita M, Kataoka Y. Association Between Empirical Anti-Pseudomonal Antibiotics for Recurrent Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:2919-2929. [DOI: 10.2147/copd.s386965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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29
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Sadeq AA, Hasan SS, AbouKhater N, Conway BR, Abdelsalam AE, Shamseddine JM, Babiker ZOE, Nsutebu EF, Bond SE, Aldeyab MA. Exploring Antimicrobial Stewardship Influential Interventions on Improving Antibiotic Utilization in Outpatient and Inpatient Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101306. [PMID: 36289964 PMCID: PMC9598859 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship interventions are targeted efforts by healthcare organizations to optimize antimicrobial use in clinical practice. The study aimed to explore effective interventions in improving antimicrobial use in hospitals. Literature was systemically searched for interventional studies through PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases that were published in the period between January 2010 to April 2022. A random-effects model was used to pool and evaluate data from eligible studies that reported antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions in outpatient and inpatient settings. Pooled estimates presented as proportions and standardized mean differences. Forty-eight articles were included in this review: 32 in inpatient and 16 in outpatient settings. Seventeen interventions have been identified, and eight outcomes have been targeted. AMS interventions improved clinical, microbiological, and cost outcomes in most studies. When comparing non-intervention with intervention groups using meta-analysis, there was an insignificant reduction in length of stay (MD: -0.99; 95% CI: -2.38, 0.39) and a significant reduction in antibiotics' days of therapy (MD: -2.73; 95% CI: -3.92, -1.54). There were noticeable reductions in readmissions, mortality rates, and antibiotic prescriptions post antimicrobial stewardship multi-disciplinary team (AMS-MDT) interventions. Studies that involved a pharmacist as part of the AMS-MDT showed more significant improvement in measured outcomes than the studies that did not involve a pharmacist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Sadeq
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaikh Shakhbout Medical City in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Noha AbouKhater
- Department of Medicine, Shaikh Shakhbout Medical City in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
| | - Barbara R. Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
- Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Abeer E. Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaikh Shakhbout Medical City in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jinan M. Shamseddine
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaikh Shakhbout Medical City in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zahir Osman Eltahir Babiker
- Division of Infecious Diseases, Shaikh Shakhbout Medical City in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emmanuel Fru Nsutebu
- Division of Infecious Diseases, Shaikh Shakhbout Medical City in Partnership with Mayo Clinic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stuart E. Bond
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
- Pharmacy Department, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield WF1 4DG, UK
| | - Mamoon A. Aldeyab
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01484-472825
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Keller SC, Cosgrove SE, Miller MA, Tamma P. A framework for implementing antibiotic stewardship in ambulatory care: Lessons learned from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2022; 2:e109. [PMID: 36483406 PMCID: PMC9726561 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic overuse is common in ambulatory care settings, underscoring the importance of outpatient antibiotic stewardship to ensure safe and effective antibiotic prescription. In response to this need, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) developed the AHRQ Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use in Ambulatory Care. The Safety Program successfully assisted 389 outpatient practices across the United States to establish ambulatory antibiotic stewardship. Herein, we have used lessons learned from the AHRQ Safety Program to describe a step-by-step framework to assist practices with establishing antibiotic stewardship in the outpatient setting. Steps include obtaining support from practice leadership; establishing an antibiotic stewardship team; garnering support from practice members; determining how to access antibiotic prescribing data; building communication skills around antibiotic use in the practice; implementing educational content around an infectious syndrome; monitoring antibiotic prescription data; and implementing a sustainability plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Keller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara E. Cosgrove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Center for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Pranita Tamma
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Smolinski NE, Antonelli PJ, Winterstein AG. Watchful Waiting for Acute Otitis Media. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188303. [PMID: 35726560 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-055613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Updated guidelines continue to support watchful waiting as an option for uncomplicated acute otitis media (AOM) and provide explicit diagnostic criteria. To determine treatment prevalence and associated determinants of watchful waiting for AOM in commercially insured pediatric patients. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study using IBM Marketscan Commercial Claims Databases (2005 to 2019) of patients 1 to 12 years old with AOM, without otitis-related complications within 6 months prior, with no tympanostomy tubes, and no other infections around index diagnosis of AOM. We examined monthly antibiotic treatment prevalence (defined as pharmacy dispensing within 3 days of AOM diagnosis) and used multivariable logistic regression models to examine determinants of watchful waiting. RESULTS Among 2 176 617 AOM episodes, 77.8% were treated within 3 days. Whereas some clinical characteristics were moderate determinants for watchful waiting, clinician antibiotic prescribing volume and specialty were strong determinants. Low-volume antibiotic prescribers (≥80% of AOM episodes managed with watchful waiting) had 11.61 (95% confidence interval 10.66-12.64) higher odds of using watchful waiting for the index AOM episode than high-volume antibiotic prescribers (≥80% treated). Otolaryngologists were more likely to adopt watchful waiting (odds ratio 5.45, 95% CI 5.21-5.70) than pediatricians, whereas other specialties deferred more commonly to antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Adoption of watchful waiting for management of uncomplicated, nonrecurrent AOM was limited and stagnant across the study period and driven by clinician rather than patient factors. Future work should assess motivators for prescribing and evaluate patient outcomes among clinicians who generally prefer versus reject watchful waiting approaches to guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Smolinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES)
| | - Patrick J Antonelli
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES).,Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine
| | - Almut G Winterstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES).,Department of Epidemiology, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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32
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Taylor A, Zerfas I, Le C, D'Amico F, Heath FR, Baumgartner M. Treatment of Acute Bronchitis and its Impact on Return Emergency Department Visits. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:10-16. [PMID: 35933264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are not recommended in healthy, uncomplicated adults for the treatment of acute bronchitis, yet are still often prescribed. No randomized studies have examined whether prescribing antibiotics in the emergency department (ED) impacts hospital return rates. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare hospital return rates between those who were prescribed an antibiotic vs. those who were not prescribed an antibiotic for the treatment of acute bronchitis. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was completed evaluating patients aged 18-64 years who presented to a community teaching hospital ED with acute bronchitis between January 2017 and December 2019. The primary outcomes were 30-day ED return and hospital admissions from initial ED visit. The rates of ED return or readmitted were compared for patients prescribed an antibiotic for treatment of acute bronchitis vs. those patients who were not prescribed an antibiotic. RESULTS Of the 752 patients included, 311 (41%) were prescribed antibiotics. Baseline demographics were similar between both groups. Of those prescribed an antibiotic, 26 of 311 (8.4%) returned to the hospital within 30 days compared with 33 of 441 patients (7.5%) who were not prescribed an antibiotic (odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.92). CONCLUSIONS There was no association found between antibiotic therapy for treatment of acute bronchitis and return to the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Zerfas
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina Le
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank D'Amico
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - F Richard Heath
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Spencer HJJ, Katz S, Staub M, Audet CM, Banerjee R. A qualitative assessment of nonclinical drivers of pediatric outpatient antibiotic prescribing: The importance of continuity. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2022; 2:e107. [PMID: 36483400 PMCID: PMC9726583 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antibiotic overuse is common in outpatient pediatrics and varies across clinical setting and clinician type. We sought to identify social, behavioral, and environmental drivers of outpatient antibiotic prescribing for pediatric patients. METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews with physicians and advanced practice providers (APPs) across diverse outpatient settings including pediatric primary, urgent, and retail care. We used the grounded theory constant comparative method and a thematic approach to analysis. We developed a conceptual model, building on domains of continuity to map common themes and their relationships within the healthcare system. RESULTS We interviewed 55 physicians and APPs. Clinicians across all settings prioritized provision of guideline-concordant care but implemented these guidelines with varying degrees of success. The provision of guideline-concordant care was influenced by the patient-clinician relationship and patient or parent expectations (relational continuity); the clinician's access to patient clinical history (informational continuity); and the consistency of care delivered (management continuity). No difference in described themes was determined by setting or clinician type; however, clinicians in primary care described having more reliable relational and informational continuity. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians described the absence of long-term relationships (relational continuity) and lack of availability of prior clinical history (informational continuity) as factors that may influence outpatient antibiotic prescribing. Guideline-concordant outpatient antibiotic prescribing was facilitated by consistent practice across settings (management continuity) and the presence of relational and informational continuity, which are common only in primary care. Management continuity may be more modifiable than informational and relational continuity and thus a focus for outpatient stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. J. Spencer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sophie Katz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Milner Staub
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carolyn M. Audet
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ritu Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Drug-Related Hypersensitivity Reactions Leading to Emergency Department: Original Data and Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102811. [PMID: 35628936 PMCID: PMC9143688 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to describe pharmacological characteristics of drug-related allergies and anaphylaxis leading to the emergency department (ED). An 8-year post hoc analysis on the MEREAFaPS Study database was performed (2012−2019). Subjects who experienced drug-related hypersensitivity leading to an ED visit were selected. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the reporting odds ratios (RORs) of drug-related allergies and anaphylaxis adjusting for sex, age classes, and ethnicity. In addition, a systematic review of observational studies evaluating drug-related hypersensitivity reactions leading to ED visits in outpatients was performed. Out of 94,073 ED visits, 14.4% cases were drug-related allergies and 0.6% were anaphylaxis. Females accounted for 56%. Multivariate logistic regression showed a higher risk of drug-related allergy among males and all age classes < 65 years, while a higher risk of anaphylaxis was observed for females (ROR 1.20 [1.01−1.42]) and adults (ROR 2.63 [2.21−3.14]). The systematic review included 37 studies. ED visits related to allergy and anaphylaxis ranged from 0.004% to 88%, and drug-related allergies and anaphylaxis ranged from 0.007% to 88%. Both in our analysis and in primary studies, antibacterials, analgesics, and radiocontrast agents were identified as the most common triggers of hypersensitivity.
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Dreyfuss I, Ramnot A, Jean-Pierre PH, French F, Hernandez L, Nouri K. Review of the Current Antibiotic Guidelines used in Dermatologic Surgery. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15557. [PMID: 35524368 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been used as a prophylaxis for dermatologic procedures. We will review the various procedures that specific antibiotics with dosages are used for, depending on the procedure, diagnosis, and circumstance of the patient. We will examine the current and updated guidelines used in dermatologic surgery and the overlapping guidelines across other fields. Physicians must consider the side effects of antibiotics and the resistance that may occur as a result before using the class or level of prophylaxis. Initial evaluation for alcohol, chlorhexidine or iodine should be measured as well. Updated guidelines aim to address the contraindications of antibiotics, yet further research is needed to avoid antibiotic resistance and to explore alternative methods of antibiotic application, such as intranasal and intravenous. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dreyfuss
- Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine
| | - Amanda Ramnot
- Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine
| | - Philippe H Jean-Pierre
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Fabio French
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Loren Hernandez
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine
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Bloomer AK, Coe KM, Brandt AM, Roomian T, Brighton B, Scannell BP. Hold the Antibiotics: Are Preoperative Antibiotics Unnecessary in the Treatment of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures? J Pediatr Orthop 2022; 42:e474-e479. [PMID: 35200212 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fracture is the most common elbow injury in children and often treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP). There is little published evidence supporting or refuting the use of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics for SCH CRPP in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of surgical site infection for patients with and without preoperative antibiotics. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients less than or equal to 16 years from 2012 to 2018 who underwent primary CRPP. Open fractures, multilimbed polytraumas, and immunodeficient patients were excluded. Infection rates were compared using a noninferiority test assuming a 3% infection rate and a predefined noninferiority margin of 4%. A total of 255 patients were needed to adequately power the study. RESULTS Of the 1253 cases identified, 845 met eligibility criteria. A total of 337 received antibiotics, and 508 did not. Preoperative nerve injury (P=0.0244) and sterilization technique (P<0.0001) were associated with antibiotic use: 4 patients developed an infection; there were successfully treated superficial infections, and 1 was a deep infection requiring a formal debridement. There were 8 patients that had a recorded mal-union, and 6 patients required additional procedures; 1 patient had a postoperative compartment syndrome on postoperation day 1. The infection rates among patients treated with and without antibiotics were 0.60% and 0.40%, respectively. The absence of antibiotics was not clinically inferior to using antibiotics (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Infection remains a rare complication following CRPP of SCH fractures. According to our current data, not giving perioperative antibiotics was not inferior to using perioperative antibiotics for preventing superficial or deep infection in patients undergoing CRPP of SCH fractures. With the increase in attention to antibiotic stewardship, it is important to eliminate unnecessary antibiotic use while continuing to maintain a low rate of surgical site infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-case series. This is a therapeutic study that investigates the results from a case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley K Bloomer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute
| | - Kelsie M Coe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute
| | - Aaron M Brandt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute
| | - Tamar Roomian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute
| | - Brian Brighton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute
- OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, NC
| | - Brian P Scannell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute
- OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, NC
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Mallhi TH, Alanazi AS, Khan YH, Alotaibi NH, Salman M, Alzarea AI, Khan SUD, Alruwaili NK, Alenazi AS, Alatawi AD, Iqbal Z, Butt MH, Iqbal MS. Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Safety Profile, Use, and Boxed Warnings of Fluoroquinolones Among Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia: A Potential Implication for Drug Regulatory Authorities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:816320. [PMID: 35572979 PMCID: PMC9099140 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.816320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a series of "boxed warnings" (BWs) issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the most prescribed antibiotics across the world. Moreover, few studies demonstrated that BW of FQs had less or no impact on prescribing patterns among healthcare professionals (HCPs), which might be attributed to the lack of knowledge toward such warnings. Since FQs contribute to a major proportion of antimicrobial prescriptions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), this study aimed to ascertain the extent of knowledge toward safety profile, use, and BW of FQs among HCPs working in the KSA. Methods This cross-sectional study (May-August 2021) was conducted among HCPs working in KSA through a validated questionnaire. The HCPs were requested to identify the indications, adverse effects (AEs), and BW of FQs. The knowledge score (out of 40) was estimated among participants, and its association with demographics was ascertained through the chi-square test, Student's t-test, or Mann-Whitney U-test and one-way ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis test, where appropriate. Results Of the 573 participants (age: 36.1 ± 10.6 years, men: 59.7%), 262 (45.8%) were prescribers reporting frequent use of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin. One-fourth (25.6%) of the prescribers did not recognize nalidixic acid as an agent from FQs class. About 60% of participants correctly identified the mechanism of action of FQs. The average knowledge score was 14.8 ± 6.4, where only 21.5% of respondents scored ≥50%. The average knowledge score for indications, AEs, and BW domains was 5.29 ± 3.05, 6.17 ± 4.05, and 2.3 ± 1.5, respectively. Only 75 (13.1%) participants recognized half of the BW, and 38.6% of participants identified at least one warning. The HCPs aged >40 years (p = 0.043), having non-Saudi's nationality (p < 0.001), working in Riyadh and Eastern regions (p < 0.001), having pharmacy and medicine disciplines (p < 0.001), practicing in public sectors (p = 0.004), and having more than 10 years of experience (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with high knowledge score. Conclusion This study demonstrates the unsatisfactory knowledge toward safety profile, use, and BW of FQs among HCPs which may put patients at increased risks of AEs. The knowledge score differed among various socio-demographic groups. There is a dire need to initiate the antimicrobial-focused educational campaigns among HCPs regardless of their specialties and methods to improve education and disseminate FDA warnings in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Salah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil K. Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed D. Alatawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Armed Forces Hospital, King Abdulaziz Airbase, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Hammad Butt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Kwak JH, Lee SW, Lee JE, Ha EK, Baek HS, Lee E, Kim JH, Han MY. Association of Antibiotic Use during the First 6 Months of Life with Body Mass of Children. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040507. [PMID: 35453258 PMCID: PMC9033100 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, our objective was to assess the association of body mass in preschool children with the use of antibiotics within 6 months after birth. National administrative databases were used to examine all children born between 2008 and 2009 in Korea. Exposure was defined as the use of systemic antibiotics during the first 6 months of age. The observed outcomes were stunting (height for age [HFA] z score < −2.0), short stature (HFA z score < −1.64), overweight (body mass index [BMI] for age z score ≥ 1.04), and obesity (BMI for age z score ≥ 1.64), and the children’s height and body weight were measured from three to six years of age. To balance characteristics between the antibiotic user and non-user groups, propensity score matching was performed. The outcomes were evaluated using a generalized estimation equation with the logit link function. Analysis of antibiotic use by children during the first 6 months of life indicated there were 203,073 users (54.9%) and 166,505 non-users (45.1%). After PS matching, there were 72,983 antibiotic users and 72,983 non-users. Antibiotic use was significantly associated with stunting (aOR = 1.198, 95% CI = 1.056 to 1.360) and short stature (aOR = 1.043, 95% CI = 1.004 to 1.083), and had significant negative association with HFA z score (weighted β = −0.023). The use of an antibiotic for 14 days or more had a marked association with stunting. Antibiotic use was also associated with overweight, obesity, and increased BMI for age z score. Antibiotic use during the first 6 months of life increased the risk of stunting, short stature, overweight, and obesity in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03181, Korea;
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, College of Software Convergence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.W.L.); (J.E.L.)
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Data Science, College of Software Convergence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.W.L.); (J.E.L.)
| | - Eun Kyo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul 07441, Korea;
| | - Hey-Sung Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul 05355, Korea;
| | - Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea;
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Data Science, College of Software Convergence, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.W.L.); (J.E.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul 05355, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (M.Y.H.); Tel.: +82-2-2224-2251 (J.H.K.); +82-31-780-3491 (M.Y.H.); Fax: +82-31-780-3942 (M.Y.H.)
| | - Man Yong Han
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (M.Y.H.); Tel.: +82-2-2224-2251 (J.H.K.); +82-31-780-3491 (M.Y.H.); Fax: +82-31-780-3942 (M.Y.H.)
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Meltzer AC, Newton S, Lange J, Hall NC, Vargas NM, Huang Y, Moran S, Ma Y. A randomized control trial of a multiplex gastrointestinal PCR panel versus usual testing to assess antibiotics use for patients with infectious diarrhea in the emergency department. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12616. [PMID: 35072157 PMCID: PMC8760946 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed physician treating behavior through the use of a multiplex gastrointestinal polymerase chain reaction (GI PCR) test compared with usual testing in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected acute infectious diarrhea to assess differences in antibiotic management. METHODS A prospective, single-center, randomized control trial was designed to investigate antibiotic use in ED patients with moderate to severe suspected infectious diarrhea, comparing those who received GI PCR to those who received usual testing. ED patients with signs of dehydration, inflammation, or persistent symptoms were randomized to either the experimental arm (GI PCR) or the control arm (usual testing or no testing). RESULTS A total of 74 patients met study criteria and were randomized to either the experimental GI PCR arm (n = 38) or to the control arm (n = 36). Participants in the GI PCR arm received antibiotics in 87% of bacterial or protozoal diarrheal infections (13/15) whereas those in the control arm received antibiotics in 46% of bacterial or protozoal infections (6/13) (P value 0.042) with 2-proportion difference 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.07 and 0.68). CONCLUSIONS ED use of multiplex GI PCR led to an increase in antibiotic use for bacterial and protozoal causes of infectious diarrhea compared to usual testing. This increase in antibiotics appears to be appropriate given patients' moderate to severe symptoms and a definitive identification of a likely bacterial or protozoal cause of symptoms. Results should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Meltzer
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeorge Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Sophia Newton
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeorge Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Joel Lange
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeorge Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Nicole C. Hall
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeorge Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Nataly Montano Vargas
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeorge Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Yihe Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsGeorge Washington University (GWU) Milken Institute School of Public HealthWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Seamus Moran
- Department of Emergency MedicineGeorge Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsGeorge Washington University (GWU) Milken Institute School of Public HealthWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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Liu HH, Mutneja H, Buckley M, Cushinotto L. Trends in Antimicrobial Allergies in Patients Seen in Infectious Disease Consultation During Selected Periods 2007–2016. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Impact of a pilot multimodal intervention to decrease antibiotic use for respiratory infections in a geriatric clinic. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:e1. [PMID: 36310812 PMCID: PMC9614947 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2021.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: More than 80% of antibiotics are prescribed in the outpatient setting, of which 30% are inappropriate. The National Action Plan for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance called for a 50% decrease in outpatient antibiotic use by 2020. Inappropriate antibiotics are associated with adverse reactions and Clostridioides difficile infection, especially among older adults. Study design: Before and after study. Methods: We performed a quality improvement initiative at the University of Colorado Seniors Clinic. Providers received education on antibiotic guidelines, electronic antibiotic order sets were introduced with standardized stop dates. Antibiotic use data were collected for 6 months before and 6 months after the intervention, from December to May to avoid seasonal variation. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed-effects regression models were used for this comparison. Results: Total antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory conditions decreased from 137 prescriptions before the intervention (December 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018) to 112 prescriptions after the intervention (December 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019), driven primarily by decreases in antibiotic prescriptions for pneumonia, sinusitis, and bronchitis. Prescriptions for broad-spectrum antibiotics declined following the intervention including decreases in levofloxacin from 12 (9%) to 3 (3%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate from 15 (12%) to 7 (7%). We detected significant reductions in prescribed antibiotic durations (days) after the intervention for sinusitis (estimate, −2.0; 95% CI, −3.1 to −1.0; P = .0003), pharyngitis (estimate, −2.5; 95% CI, −4.6 to −0.5; P = .018), and otitis (−3.2; 95% CI, −5.2 to −1.3; P = .008). Conclusions: Low-cost interventions were initially successful in changing patterns of antibiotic use and decreasing overall antibiotic prescribing among older patients in the outpatient setting. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the sustainability and clinical impact of these interventions.
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Daga A, Nguyen OT, Moothedan E, Czyz DM, Faldu A, Ham T, Goyal A, Motwani K, Feller DB. Antibiotic prescribing patterns for acute respiratory infections in a free clinic network: A pooled cross-sectional study. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 38:51-55. [PMID: 35755971 PMCID: PMC9232164 DOI: 10.1007/s40267-021-00883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, overprescribing of antibiotics for viral respiratory infections and antimicrobial resistance continue to be public health concerns. To date, no literature has focused on antibiotic prescribing patterns from free clinics. To address this gap, we used patient-level data from a student-run free clinic network of four primary care clinics to assess factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for viral respiratory infections. Treatment plans were deemed inappropriate if any type of antibiotic was prescribed. We used unpaired t-tests and chi-square tests to assess for differences in receiving an inappropriate antibiotic prescription by patient-level factors (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, sex, educational attainment, preferred language, insurance status). Of 298 visits, 22.5% did not meet treatment guidelines. No patient-level factors studied were associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Our findings suggest other factors, beyond patient-level, may be drivers of variation in antibiotic prescribing in free clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Daga
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Oliver T. Nguyen
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Elijah Moothedan
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Daniel M. Czyz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Aashi Faldu
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Taylor Ham
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Arshia Goyal
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kartik Motwani
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - David B. Feller
- Department of Community Health & Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Karer M, Haider T, Kussmann M, Obermüller M, Tiehen C, Burgmann H, Lagler H, Traby L. Treatment of legionellosis including a single intravenous dose of 1.5 g azithromycin: 18-year experience at a tertiary care hospital. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 59:106481. [PMID: 34801678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to recent safety concerns regarding fluoroquinolones and the potential medical and economic benefits, we investigated the efficacy of a single intravenous dose of 1.5 g azithromycin for the treatment of pulmonary legionellosis. METHODS Using a nationwide legionellosis registry for pre-selection, 74 patients admitted from 2000-2018 to a tertiary care hospital owing to pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila were retrospectively included in this study. RESULTS Conventional treatment regimens consisting of fluoroquinolones (n = 20), macrolides (n = 30) or combinations of both (n = 24) and a single intravenous dose of azithromycin (n = 12) have been demonstrated to be equally effective. Single-dose azithromycin treatment was well tolerated and resulted in a shorter hospital stay (P = 0.0464) and shorter antibiotic treatment duration (P = 0.0004) allowing earlier discharge. CONCLUSION A single intravenous dose of azithromycin might be a valuable treatment alternative for patients with legionellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karer
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Haider
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Kussmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Obermüller
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claas Tiehen
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Lagler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ludwig Traby
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Richards AR, Linder JA. Behavioral Economics and Ambulatory Antibiotic Stewardship: A Narrative Review. Clin Ther 2021; 43:1654-1667. [PMID: 34702589 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Behavioral economics recognizes that contextual, psychological, social, and emotional factors powerfully influence decision-making. Behavioral economics has the potential to provide a better understanding of, and, through subtle environmental changes, or "nudges," improve persistent quality-of-care challenges, like ambulatory antibiotic overprescribing. Despite decades of admonitions and educational initiatives, in the United States, up to 50% of ambulatory antibiotic prescriptions remain inappropriate or not associated with a diagnosis. METHODS We conducted a Medline search and performed a narrative review that examined the use of behavioral economics to understand the rationale for, and improvement of, ambulatory antibiotic prescribing. FINDINGS Clinicians prescribe antibiotics inappropriately because of perceived patient demand, to maintain patient satisfaction, diagnostic uncertainty, or time pressure, among other reasons. Behavioral economics-informed approaches offer additional improvements in antibiotic prescribing beyond clinician education and communication training. Precommitment, in which clinicians publicize their intent to prescribe antibiotics "only when they are absolutely necessary," leverages clinicians' self-conception and a desire to act in a manner consistent with public statements. Precommitment was associated with a 20% absolute reduction in the inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections. Justification alerts, in which clinicians must provide a brief written rationale for prescribing antibiotics, leverages social accountability, redefines the status quo as an active choice, and helps clinicians to shift from fast to slow, careful thinking. With justification alerts, the absolute rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing decreased from 23% to 5%. Peer comparison, in which clinicians receive feedback comparing their performance to their top-performing peers, provides evidence of improved performance and leverages peoples' desire to conform to social norms. Peer comparison decreased absolute inappropriate antibiotic prescribing rates from 20% to 4%, a decrease that persisted for 12 months after the end of the intervention. Also, a one-time peer-comparison letter from a high-profile messenger to primary care practices with high rates of prescribing antibiotics, there was a 6-month, 3% decrease inantibiotic prescribing. Future directions in applying behavioral economics to the inappropriate antibiotic prescribing include paying careful attention to design details; improving intervention effectiveness and durability; making harms salient; participants' involvement in the development of interventions (the "Ikea effect"); factoring in patient satisfaction; and patient-facing nudges about antibiotic use and care-seeking. In addition, the COVID pandemic could aid in ambulatory antibiotic prescribing improvements due to changing cognitive frames around respiratory symptom evaluation and antibiotic prescribing. IMPLICATIONS To improve ambulatory antibiotic prescribing, several behavioral economics-informed approaches-especially precommitment, justification alerts, and peer comparison-have reduced the rates of inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics to low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey A Linder
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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45
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Grosu-Creangă IA, Trofor AC, Crișan-Dabija RA, Robu-Popa D, Ghiciuc CM, Lupușoru EC. Adverse effects induced by second-line antituberculosis drugs: an update based on last WHO treatment recommendations for drug-resistant tuberculosis. PNEUMOLOGIA 2021; 70:117-126. [DOI: 10.2478/pneum-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB), a common condition worldwide, is still among the main infectious diseases with high mortality rates, both in adults and infants. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) drugs, revised by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, are a prolonged and complex therapy associated with many adverse drug effects (ADEs).
Aim: To systematically review the ADEs of second-line anti-TB drugs reported in multicentric studies published after the latest WHO guidelines, compared with those from clinical trials published before 2018.
Material and methods: A PubMed search, using keywords (TB OR DR-TB) AND (adverse effects) AND “second-line anti-TB drugs”, resulted in 56 studies. Only two studies, published after the last update of WHO guidelines in 2018, reported ADEs.
Results: A total of 223 participants were included in the two selected studies. The use of multidrug regimens has been associated with an increased incidence of ADEs: 42 ADEs were recorded in 30 patients (26.3%) in the first study, while all patients had at least one ADE that occurred or worsened during treatment; and 19 (17%) had severe ADEs in the second study. However, both studies had a good favourable outcome rate (90% and 79.8%, respectively). Gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatotoxicity, headache and dizziness are the most common ADEs induced by a majority of second-line DR-TB treatments. A special attention should be given in the case of association of drugs determining QT interval (QT) prolongation on electrocardiogram, or psychiatric disorders.
Conclusions: Proper strategies about ADE management have to be planned for timely detection of the possible ADEs that can be induced by second-line anti-TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela-Alina Grosu-Creangă
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Antigona Carmen Trofor
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Radu Adrian Crișan-Dabija
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Daniela Robu-Popa
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II – Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology at “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
| | - Elena Cătălina Lupușoru
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II – Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology at “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași , Romania
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46
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Rodríguez González-Moro JM, Izquierdo Alonso JL. [Oral antibiotic treatment of exacerbation of COPD. Beyond COVID-19]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2021; 34:429-440. [PMID: 34533020 PMCID: PMC8638829 DOI: 10.37201/req/125.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) includes patients with chronic bronchitis and / or emphysema who have in common the presence of a chronic and progressive airflow obstruction, with symptoms of dyspnea and whose natural history is modified by acute episodes of exacerbations. Exacerbation (EACOPD) is defined as an acute episode of clinical instability characterized by a sustained worsening of respiratory symptoms. It is necessary to distinguish a new EACOPD from a previous treatment failure or a relapse. EACOPD become more frequent and intense over time, deteriorating lung function and quality of life. The diagnosis of EACOPD consists of 3 essential steps: a) differential diagnosis; b) establish the severity, and c) identify its etiology. The main cause of exacerbations is infection, both bacterial and viral. Antibiotics are especially indicated in severe EACOPD and the presence of purulent sputum. Beta-lactams (amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefditoren) and fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) are the most widely used antimicrobials. This review updates the problem of acute exacerbation with infectious origin from the perspective of etiology, antimicrobial resistance, microbiological studies, risk stratification, and antimicrobial management. The risk, prognosis and characteristics of COPD patients who develop COVID19 are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rodríguez González-Moro
- José Miguel Rodríguez González-Moro, Servicio de neumología. Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
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47
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Zhang W, Huang J, Liu H, Wen X, Zheng Q, Li L. Whether Immunostimulants Are Effective in Susceptible Children Suffering From Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Modeling Analysis Based on Literature Aggregate Data. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 62:245-253. [PMID: 34535904 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulants are gradually being used in the prevention and treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections in susceptible children, but their drug effects have not been quantified. The purpose of this study was to confirm the efficacy of immunostimulants in the prevention and treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections in susceptible children. A model-based meta-analysis was used to describe the time course of placebo and immunostimulants in the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children. The cumulative number of respiratory tract infections was used as an indicator of efficacy. A meta-analysis was used to analyze the incidence of drug-related adverse events. Fourteen articles with 2400 pediatric subjects were finally included in the analysis. The results showed that the cumulative number of respiratory tract infections increased linearly with time, with the incidence of respiratory tract infections in the placebo group being 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.75) per month. OM-85 BV and pidotimod reduced the incidence of respiratory tract infections by 0.21 (95%CI, 0.16-0.26) and 0.19 (95%CI, 0.17-0.21) compared to placebo per month, respectively. Pidotimod and OM-85 BV can effectively reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infections in susceptible children, with no significant increase in the incidence of drug-related adverse events when compared with placebo (risk ratio values were 1.07 [95%CI, 0.66-1.71] and 1.31 [95%CI, 0.54-3.19], respectively). This study provides quantitative support for the application of immunostimulants for the prevention of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihan Huang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingshan Zheng
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujin Li
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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48
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Saatchi A, Morris AM, Patrick DM, Mccormack J, Reyes RC, Morehouse P, Reid J, Shariff S, Povitz M, Silverman M, Marra F. Outpatient antibiotic use in British Columbia, Canada: reviewing major trends since 2000. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab116. [PMID: 34396123 PMCID: PMC8360297 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With 90% of all antibiotics in Canada being used in the community setting, tracking outpatient prescribing is integral to mitigate the issue of antimicrobial resistance. In 2005, a provincial programme was launched in British Columbia (BC) to disseminate information regarding the judicious use of antibiotics. These efforts include educational campaigns, updated practitioner guidelines and academic detailing. The impact of provincial stewardship on community prescribing requires ongoing evaluation. OBJECTIVES This study examines outpatient prescribing to quantify rates of antibiotic use, evaluate major trends over time and identify new targets for stewardship. METHODS A retrospective cohort design using population-level data. RESULTS This study included over 3.5 million unique individuals with a total of 51 367 938 oral antibiotic prescriptions dispensed over a 19 year period (2000-18). Overall antibiotic utilization decreased by 23% over the course of the study period. This trend in the reduction of antibiotic prescription was observed across all major antibiotic classes, apart from the class of other antibacterials, which was mostly related to use of nitrofurantoin. The largest magnitudes of decreased prescribing were observed in the paediatric population. Prescribing across two distinct eras of provincial stewardship reaffirmed preliminary findings of programme efficacy, when compared with pre-stewardship levels of antibiotic use. CONCLUSIONS Outpatient prescribing in BC is decreasing overall, and this study confirms an association between provincial stewardship interventions and improvements in antibiotic use. Pronounced declines in paediatric populations are promising, and further research is underway to examine prescribing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew M Morris
- Sinai Health System, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David M Patrick
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Mccormack
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Romina C Reyes
- LifeLabs, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Marcus Povitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Silverman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fawziah Marra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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49
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Aizman L, Barbieri JS, Feit EM, Lukowiak TM, Perz AM, Shin TM, Miller CJ, Golda N, Leitenberger JJ, Carr DR, Nijhawan RI, Hasan A, Eisen DB, Etzkorn JR. Preferences for Prophylactic Oral Antibiotic Use in Dermatologic Surgery: A Multicenter Discrete Choice Experiment. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:1214-1219. [PMID: 34081047 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are often prescribed after dermatologic surgery for infection prophylaxis, but patient preferences about prophylactic antibiotics are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To understand patient preferences about taking antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) relative to antibiotic efficacy and antibiotic-associated adverse drug reactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multi-center, prospective discrete choice experiment (DCE). RESULTS Three hundred thirty-eight respondents completed the survey and DCE. 54.8% of respondents preferred to take an antibiotic if it reduced the SSI rate from 5% to 2.5% and if the risk of adverse drug reactions was low (1% risk gastrointestinal upset, 0.5% risk itchy skin rash, 0.01% risk emergency department visit). Even if an antibiotic could eliminate SSI risk (0% risk SSI) and had a low adverse drug reaction profile, 26.7% of respondents prefer not to take prophylactic oral antibiotics. CONCLUSION Risk-benefit thresholds for taking antibiotics to prevent SSI vary widely. Clinical trials are needed to better characterize the effectiveness and risks of oral antibiotic SSI prophylaxis to guide decision-making. Future studies should also evaluate whether shared decision-making can improve the patient experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Aizman
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John S Barbieri
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elea M Feit
- LeBow College of Business, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tess M Lukowiak
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Allison M Perz
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Thuzar M Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Golda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Justin J Leitenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon
| | - David R Carr
- Division of Dermatology, the Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rajiv I Nijhawan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aliza Hasan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Daniel B Eisen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Jeremy R Etzkorn
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Fischer MA, Mahesri M, Lii J, Linder JA. Non-Visit-Based and Non-Infection-Related Antibiotic Use in the US: A Cohort Study of Privately Insured Patients During 2016-2018. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab412. [PMID: 34580643 PMCID: PMC8436380 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambulatory antibiotic prescriptions without a clinic visit or without documentation of infection could represent overuse and contribute to adverse outcomes. We aim to describe US ambulatory antibiotic prescribing, including those without an associated visit or infection diagnosis. METHODS We conducted an observational cohort study using data of all patients receiving antibacterial, antibiotic prescriptions from 04/01/2016 to 06/30/2018 in a large US private health insurance plan. We identified outpatient antibiotic prescriptions as (1) associated with a clinician visit and an infection-related diagnosis; (2) associated with a clinician visit but no infection-related diagnosis; or (3) not associated with an in-person clinician visit in the 7 days before the prescription (non-visit-based). We then assessed whether non-visit-based antibiotic prescriptions (NVBAPs) differed from visit-based antibiotics by patient, clinician, or antibiotic characteristics using multivariable models. RESULTS The cohort included 8.6M enrollees who filled 22.3M antibiotic prescriptions. NVBAP accounted for 31% (6.9M) of fills, and non-infection-related prescribing accounted for 22% (4.9M). NVBAP rates were lower for children than for adults (0-17 years old, 16%; 18-64 years old, 33%; >65 years old, 34%). Among most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes, NVBAP was highest for penicillins (36%) and lowest for cephalosporins (25%) and macrolides (25%). Specialist physicians had the highest rate of NVBAP (38%), followed by internists (28%), family medicine (20%), and pediatricians (10%). In multivariable models, NVBAP was associated with increasing age, and NVBAP was less likely for patients in the South, those with more baseline clinical visits, or those with chronic lung disease. CONCLUSIONS Over half of ambulatory antibiotic use was either non-visit-based or non-infection-related. Particularly given health care changes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing must account for non-visit-based and non-infection-related prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fischer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mufaddal Mahesri
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joyce Lii
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Linder
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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