1
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López-Sepulcre A, Amaral JR, Gautam N, Mohamed A, Naik S. The eco-evolutionary dynamics of stoichiometric homeostasis. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00195-2. [PMID: 39217062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Stoichiometric homeostasis is the ability of life to maintain inner chemical constancy despite changes in the environment and resources. Organisms can be stoichiometrically homeostatic to different degrees. This variation can be substantial even within species, but is ignored in most studies of ecological stoichiometry. Recent studies suggest that resource limitations are an important selective pressure behind homeostasis, but are contradictory in direction, likely owing to differences in nutrient storage strategies. Understanding the selective pressures underlying stoichiometric homeostasis, and its potential for rapid evolution, are key to predicting eco-evolutionary dynamics. This calls for the development of an evolutionary theory of stoichiometric homeostasis that incorporates rapid evolution, as well as for empirical studies to test the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeferson R Amaral
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nimisha Gautam
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amina Mohamed
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saismit Naik
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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2
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Sinclair-Waters M, Zamorano LS, Gompert Z, Parchman T, Tyukmaeva V, Hopkins DP, Nosil P. Genetic variation within a stick-insect species associated with community-level traits. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:642-652. [PMID: 38513126 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation within species can affect the ecological dynamics of populations and communities. Characterizing the genetic variation underlying such effects can help parse the roles of genetic evolution and plasticity in "eco-evolutionary dynamics" and inform how genetic variation may shape patterns of evolution. Here, we employ genome-wide association (GWA) methods in Timema cristinae stick insects and their co-occurring arthropod communities to identify genetic variation associated with community-level traits. Previous studies have shown that maladaptation (i.e., imperfect crypsis) of T. cristinae can reduce the abundance and species richness of other arthropods due to an increase in bird predation. Whether genetic variation that is independent of crypsis has similar effects is unknown and was tested here using genome-wide genotyping-by-sequencing data of stick insects, arthropod community information, and GWA mapping with Bayesian sparse linear mixed models. We find associations between genetic variation in stick insects and arthropod community traits. However, these associations disappear when host-plant traits are accounted for. We thus use path analysis to disentangle interrelationships among stick-insect genetic variation, host-plant traits, and community traits. This revealed that host-plant size has large effects on arthropod communities, while genetic variation in stick insects has a smaller, but still significant effect. Our findings demonstrate that (1) genetic variation in a species can be associated with community-level traits but that (2) interrelationships among multiple factors may need to be analyzed to disentangle whether such associations represent causal relationships. This work helps to build a framework for genomic studies of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sinclair-Waters
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura S Zamorano
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Tom Parchman
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Venera Tyukmaeva
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - David P Hopkins
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
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3
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Luiselli J, Overcast I, Rominger A, Ruffley M, Morlon H, Rosindell J. Detecting the ecological footprint of selection. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302794. [PMID: 38848435 PMCID: PMC11161045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The structure of communities is influenced by many ecological and evolutionary processes, but the way these manifest in classic biodiversity patterns often remains unclear. Here we aim to distinguish the ecological footprint of selection-through competition or environmental filtering-from that of neutral processes that are invariant to species identity. We build on existing Massive Eco-evolutionary Synthesis Simulations (MESS), which uses information from three biodiversity axes-species abundances, genetic diversity, and trait variation-to distinguish between mechanistic processes. To correctly detect and characterise competition, we add a new and more realistic form of competition that explicitly compares the traits of each pair of individuals. Our results are qualitatively different to those of previous work in which competition is based on the distance of each individual's trait to the community mean. We find that our new form of competition is easier to identify in empirical data compared to the alternatives. This is especially true when trait data are available and used in the inference procedure. Our findings hint that signatures in empirical data previously attributed to neutrality may in fact be the result of pairwise-acting selective forces. We conclude that gathering more different types of data, together with more advanced mechanistic models and inference as done here, could be the key to unravelling the mechanisms of community assembly and question the relative roles of neutral and selective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Luiselli
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure–PSL, Paris, France
- INSA-Lyon, Inria, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ECL, Université Lumière Lyon 2, LIRIS UMR5205, Lyon, France
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Andrew Rominger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Megan Ruffley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Hendry AP, Barrett RDH, Bell AM, Bell MA, Bolnick DI, Gotanda KM, Haines GE, Lind ÅJ, Packer M, Peichel CL, Peterson CR, Poore HA, Massengill RL, Milligan‐McClellan K, Steinel NC, Sanderson S, Walsh MR, Weber JN, Derry AM. Designing eco-evolutionary experiments for restoration projects: Opportunities and constraints revealed during stickleback introductions. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11503. [PMID: 38932947 PMCID: PMC11199335 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary experiments are typically conducted in semi-unnatural controlled settings, such as mesocosms; yet inferences about how evolution and ecology interact in the real world would surely benefit from experiments in natural uncontrolled settings. Opportunities for such experiments are rare but do arise in the context of restoration ecology-where different "types" of a given species can be introduced into different "replicate" locations. Designing such experiments requires wrestling with consequential questions. (Q1) Which specific "types" of a focal species should be introduced to the restoration location? (Q2) How many sources of each type should be used-and should they be mixed together? (Q3) Which specific source populations should be used? (Q4) Which type(s) or population(s) should be introduced into which restoration sites? We recently grappled with these questions when designing an eco-evolutionary experiment with threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) introduced into nine small lakes and ponds on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska that required restoration. After considering the options at length, we decided to use benthic versus limnetic ecotypes (Q1) to create a mixed group of colonists from four source populations of each ecotype (Q2), where ecotypes were identified based on trophic morphology (Q3), and were then introduced into nine restoration lakes scaled by lake size (Q4). We hope that outlining the alternatives and resulting choices will make the rationales clear for future studies leveraging our experiment, while also proving useful for investigators considering similar experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison M. Bell
- School of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Michael A. Bell
- Museum of PaleontologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Department of Biological SciencesBrock UniversitySaint CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Grant E. Haines
- Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar University CollegeSauðárkrókurIceland
| | - Åsa J. Lind
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Michelle Packer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Natalie C. Steinel
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowellMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Matthew R. Walsh
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA
| | - Jesse N. Weber
- Integrative BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Alison M. Derry
- Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec á MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
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5
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Fronhofer EA, Corenblit D, Deshpande JN, Govaert L, Huneman P, Viard F, Jarne P, Puijalon S. Eco-evolution from deep time to contemporary dynamics: The role of timescales and rate modulators. Ecol Lett 2023; 26 Suppl 1:S91-S108. [PMID: 37840024 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics, or eco-evolution for short, are often thought to involve rapid demography (ecology) and equally rapid heritable phenotypic changes (evolution) leading to novel, emergent system behaviours. We argue that this focus on contemporary dynamics is too narrow: Eco-evolution should be extended, first, beyond pure demography to include all environmental dimensions and, second, to include slow eco-evolution which unfolds over thousands or millions of years. This extension allows us to conceptualise biological systems as occupying a two-dimensional time space along axes that capture the speed of ecology and evolution. Using Hutchinson's analogy: Time is the 'theatre' in which ecology and evolution are two interacting 'players'. Eco-evolutionary systems are therefore dynamic: We identify modulators of ecological and evolutionary rates, like temperature or sensitivity to mutation, which can change the speed of ecology and evolution, and hence impact eco-evolution. Environmental change may synchronise the speed of ecology and evolution via these rate modulators, increasing the occurrence of eco-evolution and emergent system behaviours. This represents substantial challenges for prediction, especially in the context of global change. Our perspective attempts to integrate ecology and evolution across disciplines, from gene-regulatory networks to geomorphology and across timescales, from today to deep time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dov Corenblit
- GEOLAB, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Lynn Govaert
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Huneman
- Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (CNRS/Université Paris I Sorbonne), Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Viard
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - IRD - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sara Puijalon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
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6
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Pantel JH, Becks L. Statistical methods to identify mechanisms in studies of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:760-772. [PMID: 37437547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
While the reciprocal effects of ecological and evolutionary dynamics are increasingly recognized as an important driver for biodiversity, detection of such eco-evolutionary feedbacks, their underlying mechanisms, and their consequences remains challenging. Eco-evolutionary dynamics occur at different spatial and temporal scales and can leave signatures at different levels of organization (e.g., gene, protein, trait, community) that are often difficult to detect. Recent advances in statistical methods combined with alternative hypothesis testing provides a promising approach to identify potential eco-evolutionary drivers for observed data even in non-model systems that are not amenable to experimental manipulation. We discuss recent advances in eco-evolutionary modeling and statistical methods and discuss challenges for fitting mechanistic models to eco-evolutionary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena H Pantel
- Ecological Modelling, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Becks
- University of Konstanz, Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological Institute University of Konstanz Mainaustraße 252 78464, Konstanz/Egg, Germany
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7
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Paniw M, García-Callejas D, Lloret F, Bassar RD, Travis J, Godoy O. Pathways to global-change effects on biodiversity: new opportunities for dynamically forecasting demography and species interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221494. [PMID: 36809806 PMCID: PMC9943645 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In structured populations, persistence under environmental change may be particularly threatened when abiotic factors simultaneously negatively affect survival and reproduction of several life cycle stages, as opposed to a single stage. Such effects can then be exacerbated when species interactions generate reciprocal feedbacks between the demographic rates of the different species. Despite the importance of such demographic feedbacks, forecasts that account for them are limited as individual-based data on interacting species are perceived to be essential for such mechanistic forecasting-but are rarely available. Here, we first review the current shortcomings in assessing demographic feedbacks in population and community dynamics. We then present an overview of advances in statistical tools that provide an opportunity to leverage population-level data on abundances of multiple species to infer stage-specific demography. Lastly, we showcase a state-of-the-art Bayesian method to infer and project stage-specific survival and reproduction for several interacting species in a Mediterranean shrub community. This case study shows that climate change threatens populations most strongly by changing the interaction effects of conspecific and heterospecific neighbours on both juvenile and adult survival. Thus, the repurposing of multi-species abundance data for mechanistic forecasting can substantially improve our understanding of emerging threats on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paniw
- Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, 41001 Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - David García-Callejas
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, 41001 Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain.,Department Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Ronald D Bassar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Oscar Godoy
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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8
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Smith S, Mohamed A, Amaral JR, Kusi N, Smith A, Gordon SP, López-Sepulcre A. Rapid evolution of diet choice in an introduced population of Trinidadian guppies. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220443. [PMID: 36693425 PMCID: PMC9873468 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary theory has brought an interest in the rapid evolution of functional traits. Among them, diet is an important determinant of ecosystem structure, affecting food web dynamics and nutrient cycling. However, it is largely unknown whether diet, or diet preference, has a hereditary basis and can evolve on contemporary timescales. Here, we study the diet preferences of Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata collected from directly below an introduction site of fish transplanted from a high-predation environment into a low predation site where their densities and competition increased. Behavioural assays on F2 common garden descendants of the ancestral and derived populations showed that diet preference has rapidly evolved in the introduced population in only 12 years (approx. 36 generations). Specifically, we show that the preference for high-quality food generally found in high-predation guppies is lost in the newly derived low-predation population, who show an inertia toward the first encountered food. This result is predicted by theory stating that organisms should evolve less selective diets under higher competition. Demonstrating that diet preference can show rapid and adaptive evolution is important to our understanding of eco-evolutionary feedbacks and the role of evolution in ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Smith
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Amina Mohamed
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeferson Ribeiro Amaral
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nana Kusi
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Swanne P. Gordon
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrés López-Sepulcre
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Faillace CA, Grunberg RL, Morin PJ. Historical contingency and the role of post-invasion evolution in alternative community states. Ecology 2022; 103:e3711. [PMID: 35362167 PMCID: PMC9287070 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Historical contingency has long figured prominently in the conceptual frameworks of evolutionary biology and community ecology. Evolutionary biologists typically consider the effects of chance mutation and historical contingency in driving divergence and convergence of traits in populations, whereas ecologists instead are often interested in the role of historical contingency in community assembly and succession. Although genetic differences among individuals in populations can influence community interactions, variability among populations of the same species has received relatively little attention for its potential role in community assembly and succession. We used a community‐level study of experimental evolution in two compositionally different assemblages of protists and rotifers to explore whether initial differences in species abundances among communities attributed to differences in evolutionary history, persisted as species that continued to evolve over time. In each assemblage, we observed significant convergence between two invaded treatments initially differing in evolutionary history over an observation period equal to ~40–80 generations for most species. Nonetheless, community structure failed to converge completely across all invaded treatments within an assemblage to a single structure. This suggests that whereas the species in the assemblage represent a common selective regime, differences in populations reflecting their evolutionary history can produce long‐lasting transient alternative community states. In one assemblage, we also observed increasing within‐treatment variability among replicate communities over time, suggesting that ecological drift may be another factor contributing to community change. Although subtle, these transient alternative states, in which communities differed in the abundance of interacting species, could nonetheless have important functional consequences, suggesting that the role of evolution in driving these states deserves greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Faillace
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Environmental & Natural Resources Building, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Rita L Grunberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Peter J Morin
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Environmental & Natural Resources Building, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ
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10
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Wood ZT, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Inconsistent evolution and growth-survival tradeoffs in Gambusia affinis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212072. [PMID: 35168394 PMCID: PMC8848245 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-survival tradeoffs may be a generalizable mechanism influencing trajectories of prey evolution. Here, we investigate evolutionary contributions to growth and survival in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from 10 populations from high- and low-predation ancestral environments. We assess (i) the degree to which evolutionary components of growth and survival are consistent or inconsistent across populations within ancestral predation environments, and (ii) whether growth and survival trade off at the population level. We measure growth and survival on groups of common-reared mosquitofish in pond mesocosms. We find that evolution of growth is consistent, with fish from low-predation ancestral environments showing higher growth, while the evolution of survival is inconsistent, with significant population-level divergence unrelated to ancestral predation environment. Such inconsistency prevents a growth-survival tradeoff across populations. Thus, the generalizability of contemporary evolution probably depends on local context of evolutionary tradeoffs, and a continued focus on singular selective agents (e.g. predators) without such local context will impede insights into generalizable evolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Michael T. Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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11
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Wood ZT, Lopez LK, Symons CC, Robinson RR, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Drivers and cascading ecological consequences of Gambusia affinis trait variation. Am Nat 2021; 199:E91-E110. [DOI: 10.1086/717866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Toure MW, Reader SM. Colour biases in learned foraging preferences in Trinidadian guppies. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wyatt Toure
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
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13
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Faillace CA, Sentis A, Montoya JM. Eco-evolutionary consequences of habitat warming and fragmentation in communities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1933-1950. [PMID: 33998139 PMCID: PMC7614044 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics can mediate species and community responses to habitat warming and fragmentation, two of the largest threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. The eco-evolutionary consequences of warming and fragmentation are typically studied independently, hindering our understanding of their simultaneous impacts. Here, we provide a new perspective rooted in trade-offs among traits for understanding their eco-evolutionary consequences. On the one hand, temperature influences traits related to metabolism, such as resource acquisition and activity levels. Such traits are also likely to have trade-offs with other energetically costly traits, like antipredator defences or dispersal. On the other hand, fragmentation can influence a variety of traits (e.g. dispersal) through its effects on the spatial environment experienced by individuals, as well as properties of populations, such as genetic structure. The combined effects of warming and fragmentation on communities should thus reflect their collective impact on traits of individuals and populations, as well as trade-offs at multiple trophic levels, leading to unexpected dynamics when effects are not additive and when evolutionary responses modulate them. Here, we provide a road map to navigate this complexity. First, we review single-species responses to warming and fragmentation. Second, we focus on consumer-resource interactions, considering how eco-evolutionary dynamics can arise in response to warming, fragmentation, and their interaction. Third, we illustrate our perspective with several example scenarios in which trait trade-offs could result in significant eco-evolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we consider the possible eco-evolutionary consequences of (i) evolution in thermal performance of a species involved in a consumer-resource interaction, (ii) ecological or evolutionary changes to encounter and attack rates of consumers, and (iii) changes to top consumer body size in tri-trophic food chains. In these scenarios, we present a number of novel, sometimes counter-intuitive, potential outcomes. Some of these expectations contrast with those solely based on ecological dynamics, for example, evolutionary responses in unexpected directions for resource species or unanticipated population declines in top consumers. Finally, we identify several unanswered questions about the conditions most likely to yield strong eco-evolutionary dynamics, how better to incorporate the role of trade-offs among traits, and the role of eco-evolutionary dynamics in governing responses to warming in fragmented communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Faillace
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,Address for correspondence (Tel: +33 5 61 04 05 89; )
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne- CS 40061, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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14
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Evangelista C, Dupeu J, Sandkjenn J, Pauli BD, Herland A, Meriguet J, Vøllestad LA, Edeline E. Ecological ramifications of adaptation to size-selective mortality. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210842. [PMID: 34754498 PMCID: PMC8493199 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Size-selective mortality due to harvesting is a threat to numerous exploited species, but how it affects the ecosystem remains largely unexplored. Here, we used a pond mesocosm experiment to assess how evolutionary responses to opposite size-selective mortality interacted with the environment (fish density and light intensity used as a proxy of resource availability) to modulate fish populations, prey community composition and ecosystem functions. We used medaka (Oryzias latipes) previously selected over 10 generations for small size (harvest-like selection; small-breeder line) or large size (large-breeder line), which displayed slow somatic growth and early maturity or fast somatic growth and late maturity, respectively. Large-breeder medaka produced more juveniles, which seemed to grow faster than small-breeder ones but only under high fish density. Additionally, large-breeder medaka had an increased impact on some benthic prey, suggesting expanded diet breadth and/or enhanced foraging abilities. As a consequence, increased light stimulated benthic algae biomass only in presence of large-breeder medaka, which were presumably better at controlling benthic grazers. Aggregated effect sizes at the community and ecosystem levels revealed that the ecological effects of medaka evolution were of similar magnitude to those induced by the environment and fish introduction. These findings indicate the important environmental dependency of evolutionary response to opposite size-selective mortality on higher levels of biological organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Evangelista
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Dupeu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Joakim Sandkjenn
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beatriz Diaz Pauli
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Herland
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacques Meriguet
- CEREEP Ecotron Île-de-France, UMS CNRS/ENS, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Rennes, France
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15
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A comparison of the ecological effects of two invasive poeciliids and two native fishes: a mesocosm approach. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Leduc AOHC, Thomas SA, Bassar RD, López-Sepulcre A, MacNeill K, El-Sabaawi R, Reznick DN, Flecker AS, Travis J. The experimental range extension of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) influences the metabolic activity of tropical streams. Oecologia 2021; 195:1053-1069. [PMID: 33738525 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ecological consequences of biological range extensions reflect the interplay between the functional characteristics of the newly arrived species and their recipient ecosystems. Teasing apart the relative contribution of each component is difficult because most colonization events are studied retrospectively, i.e., after a species became established and its consequences apparent. We conducted a prospective experiment to study the ecosystem consequences of a consumer introduction, using whole-stream metabolism as our integrator of ecosystem activity. In four Trinidadian streams, we extended the range of a native fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), by introducing it over barrier waterfalls that historically excluded it from these upper reaches. To assess the context dependence of these range extensions, we thinned the riparian forest canopy on two of these streams to increase benthic algal biomass and productivity. Guppy's range extension into upper stream reaches significantly impacted stream metabolism but the effects depended upon the specific stream into which they had been introduced. Generally, increases in guppy biomass caused an increase in gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (CR). The effects guppies had on GPP were similar to those induced by increased light level and were larger in strength than the effects stream stage had on CR. These results, combined with results from prior experiments, contribute to our growing understanding of how consumers impact stream ecosystem function when they expand their range into novel habitats. Further study will reveal whether local adaptation, known to occur rapidly in these guppy populations, modifies the ecological consequences of this species introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine O H C Leduc
- Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59014002, Brazil. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Steven A Thomas
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Hardin Hall Room 403, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ronald D Bassar
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, 01267, USA
| | - Andrés López-Sepulcre
- CNRS UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris (iEES), Université Sorbonne, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris, France.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keeley MacNeill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rana El-Sabaawi
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, STN CSC, PO Box 1700, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Alexander S Flecker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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17
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Schmitz OJ, Leroux SJ. Food Webs and Ecosystems: Linking Species Interactions to the Carbon Cycle. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All species within ecosystems contribute to regulating carbon cycling because of their functional integration into food webs. Yet carbon modeling and accounting still assumes that only plants, microbes, and invertebrate decomposer species are relevant to the carbon cycle. Our multifaceted review develops a case for considering a wider range of species, especially herbivorous and carnivorous wild animals. Animal control over carbon cycling is shaped by the animals’ stoichiometric needs and functional traits in relation to the stoichiometry and functional traits of their resources. Quantitative synthesis reveals that failing to consider these mechanisms can lead to serious inaccuracies in the carbon budget. Newer carbon-cycle models that consider food-web structure based on organismal functional traits and stoichiometry can offer mechanistically informed predictions about the magnitudes of animal effects that will help guide new empirical research aimed at developing a coherent understanding of the interactions and importance of all species within food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald J. Schmitz
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Shawn J. Leroux
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
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18
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19
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Reznick DN, Travis J. Experimental Studies of Evolution and Eco-Evo Dynamics in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata). ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Guppies in Trinidad range across aquatic environments with fish communities that vary in risk of predation. These communities are often discrete, separated by waterfalls, with high-predation communities downstream and low-predation communities upstream. This gradient is repeated in many rivers; in each one, we see the same divergence between guppy populations in life history, behavior, morphology, and physiology. We have shown that the agent of selection on the life history, behavior, and physiology in low-predation communities is high population density and the cascade of ecological effects that stems from it. In effect, guppy populations modify their ecosystem and, in so doing, impose selection on themselves and shape their own evolution, which further changes the ecosystem. Evolution unfolds rapidly in this system, which has enabled us to study the dynamics of the process, not just its end points. Those studies enable us to answer some very general questions in ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Reznick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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20
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De Bona S, Bruneaux M, Lee AEG, Reznick DN, Bentzen P, López‐Sepulcre A. Spatio‐temporal dynamics of density‐dependent dispersal during a population colonisation. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:634-644. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano De Bona
- University of Jyväskylä Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Department of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Matthieu Bruneaux
- University of Jyväskylä Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Department of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Alex E. G. Lee
- University of Jyväskylä Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Department of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
| | | | - Paul Bentzen
- Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax Canada
| | - Andrés López‐Sepulcre
- University of Jyväskylä Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Department of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
- CNRS UMR 7618 Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris (iEES) Sorbonne University Paris France
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21
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McPeek MA. Limiting Similarity? The Ecological Dynamics of Natural Selection among Resources and Consumers Caused by Both Apparent and Resource Competition. Am Nat 2019; 193:E92-E115. [PMID: 30912964 DOI: 10.1086/701629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Much of ecological theory presumes that natural selection should foster species coexistence by phenotypically differentiating competitors so that the stability of the community is increased, but whether this will actually occur is a question of the ecological dynamics of natural selection. I develop an evolutionary model of consumer-resource interactions based on MacArthur's and Tilman's classic works, including both resource and apparent competition, to explore what fosters or retards the differentiation of resources and their consumers. Analyses of this model predict that consumers will differentiate only on specific ranges of environmental gradients (e.g., greater productivity, weaker stressors, lower structural complexity), and where it occurs, the magnitude of differentiation also depends on gradient position. In contrast to "limiting similarity" expectations, greater intraspecific phenotypic variance results in less differentiation among the consumers because of how phenotypic variation alters the fitness landscapes driving natural selection. In addition, the final structure of the community that results from the coevolution of these interacting species may be highly contingent on the initial properties of the species as the community is being assembled. These results highlight the fact that evolutionary conclusions about community structure cannot be based on ecological arguments of community stability or coexistence but rather must be explicitly based on the ecological dynamics of natural selection.
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22
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Leatherbury KN, Travis J. The effects of food level and social density on reproduction in the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:100-110. [PMID: 30680099 PMCID: PMC6341976 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The feedbacks from population density to demographic parameters, which drive population regulation, are the accumulated results of several ecological processes. The compensatory feedback from increased population density to fertility includes at least two distinct factors, the effects of decreases in per capita food level and increases in the social density (the number of interacting individuals). Because these effects have been studied separately, their relative importance is unknown. It is also unclear whether food limitation and social density combine additively to influence fertility. We investigated these questions with two factorial experiments on reproduction in the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa. In one experiment, we crossed two levels of density with two levels of a total food ration that was distributed to all individuals. In the other experiment, we crossed two levels of density with two levels of per capita food. Whereas the first experiment suggested that the effects of variation in food level and density were synergistic, the second experiment indicated that they were not. The apparent synergism-the statistical interaction of food and density levels-was the result of confounding per capita food with social density in that design. In the second experiment, the effects of social density on reproductive rate were stronger than the effects of food level, whereas the effects of food level were stronger on offspring size at parturition than those of social density. The results suggest that the social stresses that emerge at higher densities play an important role in the compensatory response of fertility to density, a role, that is, at least as important as that of decreased per capita food levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida
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23
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Schmitz OJ, Wilmers CC, Leroux SJ, Doughty CE, Atwood TB, Galetti M, Davies AB, Goetz SJ. Animals and the zoogeochemistry of the carbon cycle. Science 2018; 362:362/6419/eaar3213. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Predicting and managing the global carbon cycle requires scientific understanding of ecosystem processes that control carbon uptake and storage. It is generally assumed that carbon cycling is sufficiently characterized in terms of uptake and exchange between ecosystem plant and soil pools and the atmosphere. We show that animals also play an important role by mediating carbon exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere, at times turning ecosystem carbon sources into sinks, or vice versa. Animals also move across landscapes, creating a dynamism that shapes landscape-scale variation in carbon exchange and storage. Predicting and measuring carbon cycling under such dynamism is an important scientific challenge. We explain how to link analyses of spatial ecosystem functioning, animal movement, and remote sensing of animal habitats with carbon dynamics across landscapes.
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24
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Reznick DN, Losos J, Travis J. From low to high gear: there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of evolution. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:233-244. [PMID: 30478871 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies of evolution performed in nature and the associated demonstration of rapid evolution, observable on a time scale of months to years, were an acclaimed novelty in the 1980-1990s. Contemporary evolution is now considered ordinary and is an integrated feature of many areas of research. This shift from extraordinary to ordinary reflects a change in the perception of evolution. It was formerly thought of as a historical process, perceived through the footprints left in the fossil record or living organisms. It is now seen as a contemporary process that acts in real time. Here we review how this shift occurred and its consequences for fields as diverse as wildlife management, conservation biology, and ecosystems ecology. Incorporating contemporary evolution in these fields has caused old questions to be recast, changed the answers, caused new and previously inconceivable questions to be addressed, and inspired the development of new subdisciplines. We argue further that the potential of contemporary evolution has yet to be fulfilled. Incorporating evolutionary dynamics in any research program can provide a better assessment of how and why organisms and communities came to be as they are than is attainable without an explicit treatment of these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Reznick
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Jonathan Losos
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4340
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25
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Dalton CM, Tracy KE, Hairston NG, Flecker AS. Fasting or fear: disentangling the roles of predation risk and food deprivation in the nitrogen metabolism of consumers. Ecology 2018; 99:681-689. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Dalton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Karen E. Tracy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Nelson G. Hairston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Alexander S. Flecker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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26
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Park JS, Post DM. Evolutionary history of Daphnia drives divergence in grazing selectivity and alters temporal community dynamics of producers. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:859-865. [PMID: 29375760 PMCID: PMC5773292 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers with different seasonal life histories encounter different communities of producers during specific seasonal phases. If consumers evolve to prefer the producers that they encounter, then consumers may reciprocally influence the temporal composition of producer communities. Here, we study the keystone consumer Daphnia ambigua, whose seasonal life history has diverged due to intraspecific predator divergence across lakes of New England. We ask whether grazing preferences of Daphnia have diverged also and test whether any grazing differences influence temporal composition patterns of producers. We reared clonal populations of Daphnia from natural populations representing the two diverged life history types for multiple generations. We conducted short‐term (24 hr) and long‐term (27 days) grazing experiments in equal polycultures consisting of three diatom and two green algae species, treated with no consumer, Daphnia from lakes with anadromous alewife, or from lakes with landlocked alewife. After 24 hr, life history and grazing preference divergence in Daphnia ambigua drove significant differences in producer composition. However, those differences disappeared at the end of the 27‐day experiment. Our results illustrate that, despite potentially more complex long‐term dynamics, a multitrophic cascade of evolutionary divergence from a predator can influence temporal community dynamics at the producer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Park
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - David M Post
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
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27
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Skene KR. Thermodynamics, ecology and evolutionary biology: A bridge over troubled water or common ground? ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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El-Sabaawi RW. How Fishes Can Help Us Answer Important Questions about the Ecological Consequences of Evolution. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-16-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Rapid evolution of hosts begets species diversity at the cost of intraspecific diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11193-11198. [PMID: 28973943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701845114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems are complex food webs in which multiple species interact and ecological and evolutionary processes continuously shape populations and communities. Previous studies on eco-evolutionary dynamics have shown that the presence of intraspecific diversity affects community structure and function, and that eco-evolutionary feedback dynamics can be an important driver for its maintenance. Within communities, feedbacks are, however, often indirect, and they can feed back over many generations. Here, we studied eco-evolutionary feedbacks in evolving communities over many generations and compared two-species systems (virus-host and prey-predator) with a more complex three-species system (virus-host-predator). Both indirect density- and trait-mediated effects drove the dynamics in the complex system, where host-virus coevolution facilitated coexistence of predator and virus, and where coexistence, in return, lowered intraspecific diversity of the host population. Furthermore, ecological and evolutionary dynamics were significantly altered in the three-species system compared with the two-species systems. We found that the predator slowed host-virus coevolution in the complex system and that the virus' effect on the overall population dynamics was negligible when the three species coexisted. Overall, we show that a detailed understanding of the mechanism driving eco-evolutionary feedback dynamics is necessary for explaining trait and species diversity in communities, even in communities with only three species.
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30
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Schoener TW, Kolbe JJ, Leal M, Losos JB, Spiller DA. A Multigenerational Field Experiment on Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of the Influential LizardAnolis sagrei: A Mid-term Report. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-16-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Zandonà E, Dalton CM, El-Sabaawi RW, Howard JL, Marshall MC, Kilham SS, Reznick DN, Travis J, Kohler TJ, Flecker AS, Thomas SA, Pringle CM. Population variation in the trophic niche of the Trinidadian guppy from different predation regimes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5770. [PMID: 28720857 PMCID: PMC5515894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Population variation in trophic niche is widespread among organisms and is of increasing interest given its role in both speciation and adaptation to changing environments. Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) inhabiting stream reaches with different predation regimes have rapidly evolved divergent life history traits. Here, we investigated the effects of both predation and resource availability on guppy trophic niches by evaluating their gut contents, resource standing stocks, and δ15N and δ13C stable isotopes across five streams during the wet season. We found that guppies from low predation (LP) sites had a consistently higher trophic position and proportion of invertebrates in their guts and assimilate less epilithon than guppies from high predation (HP) sites. Higher trophic position was also associated with lower benthic invertebrate availability. Our results suggest that LP guppies could be more efficient invertebrate consumers, possibly as an evolutionary response to greater intraspecific competition for higher quality food. This may be intensified by seasonality, as wet season conditions can alter resource availability, feeding rates, and the intensity of intraspecific competition. Understanding how guppy diets vary among communities is critical to elucidating the role of niche shifts in mediating the link between environmental change and the evolution of life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Zandonà
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Ecology - IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil.
| | | | - Rana W El-Sabaawi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jason L Howard
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | | | - Susan S Kilham
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Tyler J Kohler
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, 2 - 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander S Flecker
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steven A Thomas
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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32
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Bassar RD, Bryan BL, Marshall MC, Pringle CM, Reznick DN, Travis J. Local adaptation of fish consumers alters primary production through changes in algal community composition and diversity. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D. Bassar
- Dept of Biology; Univ. of California; Riverside CA USA
- Dept of Zoology; Univ. of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Brynne L. Bryan
- Biology Dept; California State Univ. Dominguez Hills; Carson CA USA
| | - Michael C. Marshall
- Odum School of Ecology; Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA USA
- Center for Applied Isotope Studies-Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory; Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Travis
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Florida State Univ.; Tallahassee FL USA
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33
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Bassar RD, Simon T, Roberts W, Travis J, Reznick DN. The evolution of coexistence: Reciprocal adaptation promotes the assembly of a simple community. Evolution 2016; 71:373-385. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D. Bassar
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Troy Simon
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens Georgia
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia
| | - William Roberts
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside California
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida
| | - David N. Reznick
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside California
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34
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LaRue EA, Chambers SM, Emery NC. Eco-evolutionary dynamics in restored communities and ecosystems. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. LaRue
- Department of Biological Sciences; Purdue University; 915 West State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 U.S.A
| | - Sally M. Chambers
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; 527 Bartram Hall Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Colorado; Campus Box 334 Boulder CO 80309-0334 U.S.A
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Gómez P, Paterson S, De Meester L, Liu X, Lenzi L, Sharma MD, McElroy K, Buckling A. Local adaptation of a bacterium is as important as its presence in structuring a natural microbial community. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12453. [PMID: 27501868 PMCID: PMC4980492 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Local adaptation of a species can affect community composition, yet the importance of local adaptation compared with species presence per se is unknown. Here we determine how a compost bacterial community exposed to elevated temperature changes over 2 months as a result of the presence of a focal bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, that had been pre-adapted or not to the compost for 48 days. The effect of local adaptation on community composition is as great as the effect of species presence per se, with these results robust to the presence of an additional strong selection pressure: an SBW25-specific virus. These findings suggest that evolution occurring over ecological time scales can be a key driver of the structure of natural microbial communities, particularly in situations where some species have an evolutionary head start following large perturbations, such as exposure to antibiotics or crop planting and harvesting. Though both the presence and traits of a species can influence the dynamics of its ecological community, the effects of these factors are difficult to disentangle. Here, Gómez et al. demonstrate in a microbial mesocosm that local adaptation of a focal species can influence the community as much as the presence of the focal species per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.,CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Luca Lenzi
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - M D Sharma
- CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kerensa McElroy
- Common wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra GPO Box 1700, Australia
| | - Angus Buckling
- ESI and CEC, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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36
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Govaert L, Pantel JH, De Meester L. Eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics: assessing the importance of ecological and evolutionary contributions to population and community change. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:839-53. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
- Centre d'Ecologie fonctionelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175 CNRS Université de Montpellier EPHE; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin T. Burghardt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University 165 Prospect Street New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey P. terHorst
- Biology Department California State University, Northridge 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge California91330‐8303 USA
| | - Peter C. Zee
- Biology Department California State University, Northridge 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge California91330‐8303 USA
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39
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El-Sabaawi RW, Warbanski ML, Rudman SM, Hovel R, Matthews B. Investment in boney defensive traits alters organismal stoichiometry and excretion in fish. Oecologia 2016; 181:1209-20. [PMID: 27075487 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how trait diversification alters ecosystem processes is an important goal for ecological and evolutionary studies. Ecological stoichiometry provides a framework for predicting how traits affect ecosystem function. The growth rate hypothesis of ecological stoichiometry links growth and phosphorus (P) body composition in taxa where nucleic acids are a significant pool of body P. In vertebrates, however, most of the P is bound within bone, and organisms with boney structures can vary in terms of the relative contributions of bones to body composition. Threespine stickleback populations have substantial variation in boney armour plating. Shaped by natural selection, this variation provides a model system to study the links between evolution of bone content, elemental body composition, and P excretion. We measure carbon:nitrogen:P body composition from stickleback populations that vary in armour phenotype. We develop a mechanistic mass-balance model to explore factors affecting P excretion, and measure P excretion from two populations with contrasting armour phenotypes. Completely armoured morphs have higher body %P but excrete more P per unit body mass than other morphs. The model suggests that such differences are driven by phenotypic differences in P intake as well as body %P composition. Our results show that while investment in boney traits alters the elemental composition of vertebrate bodies, excretion rates depend on how acquisition and assimilation traits covary with boney trait investment. These results also provide a stoichiometric hypothesis to explain the repeated loss of boney armour in threespine sticklebacks upon colonizing freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana W El-Sabaawi
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Misha L Warbanski
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Seth M Rudman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel Hovel
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047, Switzerland
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40
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Kinnison MT, Hairston NG, Hendry AP. Cryptic eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1360:120-44. [PMID: 26619300 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural systems harbor complex interactions that are fundamental parts of ecology and evolution. These interactions challenge our inclinations and training to seek the simplest explanations of patterns in nature. Not least is the likelihood that some complex processes might be missed when their patterns look similar to predictions for simpler mechanisms. Along these lines, theory and empirical evidence increasingly suggest that environmental, ecological, phenotypic, and genetic processes can be tightly intertwined, resulting in complex and sometimes surprising eco-evolutionary dynamics. The goal of this review is to temper inclinations to unquestioningly seek the simplest explanations in ecology and evolution, by recognizing that some eco-evolutionary outcomes may appear very similar to purely ecological, purely evolutionary, or even null expectations, and thus be cryptic. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence for observational biases and mechanisms that might operate among the various links in eco-evolutionary feedbacks to produce cryptic patterns. Recognition that cryptic dynamics can be associated with outcomes like stability, resilience, recovery, or coexistence in a dynamically changing world provides added impetus for finding ways to study them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson G Hairston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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Culumber ZW, Tobler M. Ecological divergence and conservatism: spatiotemporal patterns of niche evolution in a genus of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae: Xiphophorus). BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:44. [PMID: 26895994 PMCID: PMC4761163 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ecological factors often have a strong impact on spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity. The integration of spatial ecology and phylogenetics allows for rigorous tests of whether speciation is associated with niche conservatism (constraints on ecological divergence) or niche divergence. We address this question in a genus of livebearing fishes for which the role of sexual selection in speciation has long been studied, but in which the potential role of ecological divergence during speciation has not been tested. Results By combining reconstruction of ancestral climate tolerances and disparity indices, we show that the earliest evolutionary split in Xiphophorus was associated with significant divergence for temperature variables. Niche evolution and present day niches were most closely associated with each species’ geographic distribution relative to a biogeographic barrier, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Tests for similarity of the environmental backgrounds of closely related species suggested that the relative importance of niche conservatism and divergence during speciation varied among the primary clades of Xiphophorus. Closely related species in the two swordtail clades exhibited higher levels of niche overlap than expected given environmental background similarity indicative of niche conservatism. In contrast, almost all species of platyfish had significantly divergent niches compared to environmental backgrounds, which is indicative of niche divergence. Conclusion The results suggest that the relative importance of niche conservatism and divergence differed among the clades of Xiphophorus and that traits associated with niche evolution may be more evolutionarily labile in the platyfishes. Our results ultimately suggest that the taxonomic scale of tests for conservatism and divergence could greatly influence inferences of their relative importance in the speciation process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0593-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Culumber
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Michael Tobler
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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42
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Experimental Evidence of an Eco-evolutionary Feedback during Adaptive Divergence. Curr Biol 2016; 26:483-9. [PMID: 26804555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Differences in how organisms modify their environment can evolve rapidly and might influence adaptive population divergence. In a common garden experiment in aquatic mesocosms, we found that adult stickleback from a recently diverged pair of lake and stream populations had contrasting effects on ecosystem metrics. These modifications were caused by both genetic and plastic differences between populations and were sometimes comparable in magnitude to those caused by the presence/absence of stickleback. Lake and stream fish differentially affected the biomass of zooplankton and phytoplankton, the concentration of phosphorus, and the abundance of several prey (e.g., copepods) and non-prey (e.g., cyanobacteria) species. The adult-mediated effects on mesocosm ecosystems influenced the survival and growth of a subsequent generation of juvenile stickleback reared in the same mesocosms. The prior presence of adults decreased the overall growth rate of juveniles, and the prior presence of stream adults lowered overall juvenile survival. Among the survivors, lake juveniles grew faster than co-occurring stream juveniles, except in mesocosm ecosystems previously modified by adult lake fish that were reared on plankton. Overall, our results provide evidence for reciprocal interactions between ecosystem dynamics and evolutionary change (i.e., eco-evolutionary feedbacks) in the early stages of adaptive population divergence.
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43
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Jørgensen C, Enberg K, Mangel M. Modelling and interpreting fish bioenergetics: a role for behaviour, life-history traits and survival trade-offs. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:389-402. [PMID: 26768979 PMCID: PMC4722850 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergetics is used as the mechanistic foundation of many models of fishes. As the context of a model gradually extends beyond pure bioenergetics to include behaviour, life-history traits and function and performance of the entire organism, so does the need for complementing bioenergetic measurements with trade-offs, particularly those dealing with survival. Such a broadening of focus revitalized and expanded the domain of behavioural ecology in the 1980s. This review makes the case that a similar change of perspective is required for physiology to contribute to the types of predictions society currently demands, e.g. regarding climate change and other anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jørgensen
- Uni Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem DynamicsP. O. Box 7810, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - K Enberg
- Institute of Marine Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem DynamicsP. O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Mangel
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, University of California Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA, 95064, U.S.A.
- Department of Biology, University of BergenP. O. Box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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44
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Landy JA, Travis J. Shape variation in the least killifish: ecological associations of phenotypic variation and the effects of a common garden. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5616-31. [PMID: 27069611 PMCID: PMC4813119 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the adaptive significance of variation among conspecific populations often focus on a single ecological factor. However, habitats rarely differ in only a single ecological factor, creating a challenge for identifying the relative importance of the various ecological factors that might be maintaining local adaptation. Here we investigate the ecological factors associated with male body shape variation among nine populations of the poeciliid fish, Heterandria formosa, from three distinct habitats and combine those results with a laboratory study of three of those populations to assess the contributions of genetic and environmental influences to shape variation. Field‐collected animals varied principally in three ways: the orientation of the gonopodium, the intromittent organ; the degree of body depth and streamlining; and the shape of the tail musculature. Fish collected in the spring season were larger and had a more anteriorly positioned gonopodium than fish collected in autumn. Fish collected from lotic springs were larger and more streamlined than those collected from lentic ponds or tidal marshes. Some of the variation in male shape among populations within habitats was associated with population‐level variation in species richness, adult density, vegetative cover, predation risk, and female standard length. Population‐level differences among males in body size, position of the gonopodium, and shape of the tail musculature were maintained among males reared in a common environment. In contrast, population variation in the degree of streamlining was eliminated when males were reared in a common environment. These results illustrate the complicated construction of multivariate phenotypic variation and suggest that different agents of selection have acted on different components of shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Landy
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida
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45
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Leroux SJ, Schmitz OJ. Predator-driven elemental cycling: the impact of predation and risk effects on ecosystem stoichiometry. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4976-88. [PMID: 26640675 PMCID: PMC4662303 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence is beginning to show that predators can be important drivers of elemental cycling within ecosystems by propagating indirect effects that determine the distribution of elements among trophic levels as well as determine the chemical content of organic matter that becomes decomposed by microbes. These indirect effects can be propagated by predator consumptive effects on prey, nonconsumptive (risk) effects, or a combination of both. Currently, there is insufficient theory to predict how such predator effects should propagate throughout ecosystems. We present here a theoretical framework for exploring predator effects on ecosystem elemental cycling to encourage further empirical quantification. We use a classic ecosystem trophic compartment model as a basis for our analyses but infuse principles from ecological stoichiometry into the analyses of elemental cycling. Using a combined analytical-numerical approach, we compare how predators affect cycling through consumptive effects in which they control the flux of nutrients up trophic chains; through risk effects in which they change the homeostatic elemental balance of herbivore prey which accordingly changes the element ratio herbivores select from plants; and through a combination of both effects. Our analysis reveals that predators can have quantitatively important effects on elemental cycling, relative to a model formalism that excludes predator effects. Furthermore, the feedbacks due to predator nonconsumptive effects often have the quantitatively strongest impact on whole ecosystem elemental stocks, production and efficiency rates, and recycling fluxes by changing the stoichiometric balance of all trophic levels. Our modeling framework predictably shows how bottom-up control by microbes and top-down control by predators on ecosystems become interdependent when top predator effects permeate ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Leroux
- Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's Newfoundland A1B 3X9 Canada
| | - Oswald J Schmitz
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA
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46
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Reznick D. Hard and Soft Selection Revisited: How Evolution by Natural Selection Works in the Real World. J Hered 2015; 107:3-14. [PMID: 26424874 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern synthesis of evolutionary biology unified Darwin's natural selection with Mendelian genetics, but at the same time it created the dilemma of genetic load. Lewontin and Hubby's (1966) and Harris's (1966) characterization of genetic variation in natural populations increased the apparent burden of this load. Neutrality or near neutrality of genetic variation was one mechanism proposed for the revealed excessive genetic variation. Bruce Wallace coined the term "soft selection" to describe an alternative way for natural selection to operate that was consistent with observed variation. He envisioned nature as presenting ecological vacancies that could be filled by diverse genotypes. Survival and successful reproduction was a combined function of population density, genotype, and genotype frequencies, rather than a fixed value of the relative fitness of each genotype. My goal in this review is to explore the importance of soft selection in the real world. My motive and that of my colleagues as described here is not to explain what maintains genetic variation in natural populations, but rather to understand the factors that shape how organisms adapt to natural environments. We characterize how feedbacks between ecology and evolution shape both evolution and ecology. These feedbacks are mediated by density- and frequency-dependent selection, the mechanisms that underlie soft selection. Here, I report on our progress in characterizing these types of selection with a combination of a consideration of the published literature and the results from my collaborators' and my research on natural populations of guppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reznick
- From the Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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47
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Bassar RD, Heatherly T, Marshall MC, Thomas SA, Flecker AS, Reznick DN. Population size-structure-dependent fitness and ecosystem consequences in Trinidadian guppies. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:955-68. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D. Bassar
- Department of Biology; University of California; Riverside CA USA
| | - Thomas Heatherly
- School of Natural Resources; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
| | | | - Steven A. Thomas
- School of Natural Resources; University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Alexander S. Flecker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - David N. Reznick
- Department of Biology; University of California; Riverside CA USA
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48
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Ross ST. Fish Out of Water: Evolutionary and Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Fishes in Water-Altered Environments: Introduction to the Symposium: Eco-Evolutionary Change and the Conundrum of Darwinian Debt. COPEIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-14-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Covarying variances: more morphologically variable populations also exhibit more diet variation. Oecologia 2015; 178:89-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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50
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Fischer BB, Kwiatkowski M, Ackermann M, Krismer J, Roffler S, Suter MJF, Eggen RIL, Matthews B. Phenotypic plasticity influences the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a predator–prey system. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0116.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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