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Lawson JS, Glenn WK. The viral origins of breast cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2024; 19:39. [PMID: 39187871 PMCID: PMC11346025 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-024-00595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades evidence has been developed that indicates a handful of viruses with known oncogenic capacity, have potential roles in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV - the cause of breast cancer in mice), high-risk human papilloma viruses (HPV-the cause of cervical cancer), Epstein Barr virus (EBV-the cause of lymphomas and naso-pharyngeal cancer) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV - the cause of cancers in cattle). These viruses may act alone or in combination. Each of these viruses are significantly more prevalent in breast cancers than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. The odds ratios for the prevalence of these viruses in breast cancer compared to normal and benign breast controls, are based on case control studies - MMTV 13·40, HPV 5.56, EBV 4·43 and BLV 2·57. The odds ratios for MMTV are much greater compared to the other three viruses. The evidence for a causal role for mouse mammary tumour virus and high risk for cancer human papilloma viruses in human breast cancer is increasingly comprehensive. The evidence for Epstein Barr virus and bovine leukemia virus is more limited. Overall the evidence is substantial in support of a viral cause of breast cancer.
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2
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Mendoza W, Isaza JP, López L, López-Herrera A, Gutiérrez LA. Bovine leukemia virus detection in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Virus Res 2023; 335:199186. [PMID: 37532141 PMCID: PMC10425403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
To review the available studies on the frequency of detection of the bovine leukemia virus in human samples, a systematic review with meta-analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, including papers published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in 5 multidisciplinary databases. We collected information from different populations following a detailed and reproducible search protocol in which two researchers verified the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We identified 759 articles, of which only 33 met the inclusion criteria. Analyzed studies reported that the presence of the virus was measured in human samples, such as paraffin-embedded breast tissue and peripheral blood from 10,398 individuals, through serological and molecular techniques. An overall virus frequency of 27% (Ranging between 17 and 37%) was observed, with a high-frequency data heterogeneity between studies. The presence of this virus in different human biological samples suggests the need to investigate further its transmission route to humans and its potential role in developing and progressing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willington Mendoza
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a Nº 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Isaza
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a Nº 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly López
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Albeiro López-Herrera
- Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad y Genética Molecular (BIOGEM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina A Gutiérrez
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1a Nº 70-01, Bloque 11C - Oficina 417, Medellín, Colombia.
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3
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de Quadros DL, Ribeiro VA, Rezende MA, Maté YA, Gomes MA, Secchi K, Strottmann DM, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Oncogenic viral DNA related to human breast cancer found on cattle milk and meat. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 101:102053. [PMID: 37672958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a major cause of lymphoma in cattle and has been recently correlated to breast cancer in humans. How and whether BLV might reach humans remains unknown but it could be through cattle-derived milk and meat. Here our aim was to investigate whether BLV DNA could be found in fresh milk and raw meat destined to human consumption and whether anti-BLV antibodies could be detected in human blood at the same geographical region. Milk (n = 36) and meat (n = 54) samples were collected from cows knowingly seropositive or negative to BLV and evaluated by nested PCR targeting BLV tax gene. Human serum samples (n = 900) were tested by ELISA to detect anti-BLV antibodies. BLV DNA was detected in 39 % of the milk samples and in 32 % of meat samples from BLV positive cows. Anti-BLV antibodies were found in 4.1 % of the human serum samples. Our data further supports the hypothesis that BLV might cause a zoonotic infection and indicate that milk and meat from BLV-infected cattle might be considered a potential source of infection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lazzari de Quadros
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Agnoletto Ribeiro
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Antunes Rezende
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Ampese Maté
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcio Alexandro Gomes
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Katia Secchi
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Daisy Maria Strottmann
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC/Fiocruz), Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3773, CEP 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Prédio G3, Campus I, Rodovia BR 285, Km 292, Bairro São José, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
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4
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Jeda AS, Zarei A, Ghabeshi S, Tabibzadeh A, Lotfi M, Etemadifar M, Niya MHK, Ghorbanlou M, Esghaei M. Evaluation of the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients. IJID REGIONS 2023; 7:233-236. [PMID: 37351152 PMCID: PMC10282537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune system-mediated neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies suggest that viral agents, especially the Epstein Barr virus (EBV), are etiological agents for MS. The roles of other viruses in MS have been investigated. Studies have shown an increase in the level of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in patients with MS. In this regard, our study aimed to examine the presence of BLV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MS patients in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, the presence of BLV in 109 Iranian MS patients and 60 healthy controls was evaluated. The isolated PBMCs were used for DNA extraction and PCR, using specific primers for two distinct genes. The mean age of the participants was 39 ± 9.5 years, and 27 (24.77%) of them were male. Clinical evaluation of these patients showed the most frequent MS type to be relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (71; 65.14%). BLV evaluation did not show any BLV DNA presence in the PBMCs of individuals in either the MS or healthy control groups. Therefore, our study showed no evidence of BLV infection in Iranian MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Zarei
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soad Ghabeshi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Lotfi
- Quality Control Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Ghorbanlou
- Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yamanaka MP, Saito S, Hara Y, Matsuura R, Takeshima SN, Hosomichi K, Matsumoto Y, Furuta RA, Takei M, Aida Y. No evidence of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA and antibodies in human specimens from Japan. Retrovirology 2022; 19:7. [PMID: 35585539 PMCID: PMC9116711 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential risk and association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) with human remains controversial as it has been reported to be both positive and negative in human breast cancer and blood samples. Therefore, establishing the presence of BLV in comprehensive human clinical samples in different geographical locations is essential. Result In this study, we examined the presence of BLV proviral DNA in human blood and breast cancer tissue specimens from Japan. PCR analysis of BLV provirus in 97 Japanese human blood samples and 23 breast cancer tissues showed negative result for all samples tested using long-fragment PCR and highly-sensitive short-fragment PCR amplification. No IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in any of the 97 human serum samples using BLV gp51 and p24 indirect ELISA test. Western blot analysis also showed negative result for IgG and IgM antibodies in all tested human serum samples. Conclusion Our results indicate that Japanese human specimens including 97 human blood, 23 breast cancer tissues, and 97 serum samples were negative for BLV. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00592-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara
- Division of Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rika A Furuta
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, 135-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. .,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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6
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Olaya-Galán NN, Blume S, Tong K, Shen H, Gutierrez MF, Buehring GC. In vitro Susceptibility of Human Cell Lines Infection by Bovine Leukemia Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:793348. [PMID: 35359744 PMCID: PMC8964291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.793348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the presence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in human beings and its association with breast cancer has been published in the literature, proposing it as a zoonotic infection. However, not enough evidence exists about transmission pathways nor biological mechanisms in human beings. This study was aimed at gathering experimental evidence about susceptibility of human cell lines to BLV infection. Malignant and non-malignant human cell lines were co-cultured with BLV-infected FLK cells using a cell-to-cell model of infection. Infected human cell lines were harvested and cultured for 3 to 6 months to determine stability of infection. BLV detection was performed through liquid-phase PCR and visualized through in situ PCR. Seven out of nine cell lines were susceptible to BLV infection as determined by at least one positive liquid-phase PCR result in the 3-month culture period. iSLK and MCF7 cell lines were able to produce a stable infection throughout the 3-month period, with both cytoplasmic and/or nuclear BLV-DNA visualized by IS-PCR. Our results support experimental evidence of BLV infection in humans by demonstrating the susceptibility of human cells to BLV infection, supporting the hypothesis of a natural transmission from cattle to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nury N Olaya-Galán
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Human Health, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Skyler Blume
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kan Tong
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - HuaMin Shen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gertrude C Buehring
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Afzal S, Fiaz K, Noor A, Sindhu AS, Hanif A, Bibi A, Asad M, Nawaz S, Zafar S, Ayub S, Hasnain SB, Shahid M. Interrelated Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:781111. [PMID: 35419411 PMCID: PMC8995849 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.781111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer is a multifactorial disease and recent evidence that viruses have a greater role in its aetiology and pathophysiology than previously hypothesized, has garnered a lot of attention in the past couple of years. After the role of Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in the oncogenesis of breast cancer has been proved in mice, search for similar viruses found quite a plausible relation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) with breast cancer. However, despite practical efforts to provide some clarity in this issue, the evidence that viruses cause breast cancer still remains inconclusive. Therefore, this article aims to clarify some ambiguity and elucidate the correlation of breast cancer and those particular viruses which are found to bring about the development of tumorigenesis by a previous infection or by their own oncogenic ability to manipulate the molecular mechanisms and bypass the immune system of the human body. Although many studies have reported, both, the individual and co-existing presence of HPV, EBV, MMTV, and BLV in patient sample tissues, particularly in Western women, and proposed oncogenic mechanisms, majority of the collective survey of literature fails to provide a delineated and strong conclusive evidence that viruses do, in fact, cause breast cancer. Measures to prevent these viral infections may curb breast cancer cases, especially in the West. More studies are needed to provide a definite conclusion.
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Khan Z, Abubakar M, Arshed MJ, Aslam R, Sattar S, Shah NA, Javed S, Tariq A, Bostan N, Manzoor S. Molecular investigation of possible relationships concerning bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4161. [PMID: 35264739 PMCID: PMC8907172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, breast cancer has an eminent morbidity and mortality rate, as it is a neoplastic disease among females. The query of the prospective danger of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to humans is an old but exceedingly topical focus of scientific debate. The objective of the current study was to determine the possible relationship between BLV and breast cancer. A total of 2710 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples were selected regardless of the age, ethnicity, or municipality origin of the subjects. The presence of BLV in human breast cancer was determined through nested PCR by amplifying tax and gag genes followed by partial sequencing. Homology was confirmed by using the online BLAST Tool. BLV genes were found to be positive in 26.8% (728/2710) of the samples from breast cancer patients and 10% (10/80) of the samples without cancer (negative control). The results indicated a correlation between the presence of the BLV gene and breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.3889; confidence interval = 1,18; p = 0.0029). The current findings suggest a possible link between BLV and human breast carcinoma. Therefore, screening cattle herds and milk products is suggested to reduce the viral transmission risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanib Khan
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roohi Aslam
- NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naseer Ali Shah
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamira Tariq
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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9
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Potential Risk Factors Associated with Infection with Bovine Leukaemia Virus in Dairy and Beef Cattle in Taiwan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121553. [PMID: 34959508 PMCID: PMC8707763 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), which is classified as a Deltaretrovirus, is the aetiologic agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with a worldwide distribution. EBL is widespread in dairy herds and causes a direct economic impact due to reduced milk production and the early culling of BLV-infected cattle. The BLV infection status in Taiwan remains largely unknown; a high prevalence of BLV in dairy cows was recently revealed. The present study further investigated BLV infections in beef cattle. Surprisingly, the prevalence of BLV proviral DNA was as low as 11.8% (23/195), which is significantly lower than that noted in dairy cows, which was 42.5% (102/240) (p < 0.001). Factors associated with BLV infections were subsequently investigated. Due to the differences in herd management, an analysis of risk factors for a BLV infection was independently conducted in these two sectors. Several factors associated with a BLV infection were identified. Age was significantly associated with BLV infection status in dairy cows (p < 0.001) but not in beef cattle. A high prevalence of BLV was observed in cattle >15.5 months old (57.8%) compared with those ≤15.5 months old (11.4%). Moreover, after stratification analysis, based on the critical age of 15.5 months, as determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a significantly higher BLV prevalence was demonstrated in lactating dairy cows, cattle undergoing bull breeding, heifers at older ages, and those undergoing routine rectal palpation. Due to the high prevalence of BLV in Taiwan, the development of an effective control program, based on the identified risk factors, is important for interrupting the routes of BLV transmission within herds.
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10
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Abstract
Abstract We have considered viruses and their contribution to breast cancer. Mouse mammary tumour virus The prevalence of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) is 15-fold higher in human breast cancer than in normal and benign human breast tissue controls. Saliva is the most plausible means of transmission. MMTV has been identified in dogs, cats, monkeys, mice and rats. The causal mechanisms include insertional oncogenesis and mutations in the protective enzyme ABOBEC3B. Human papilloma virus The prevalence of high risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) is frequently six fold higher in breast cancer than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. Women who develop HPV associated cervical cancer are at higher than normal risk of developing HPV associated breast cancer. Koilocytes have been identified in breast cancers which is an indication of HPV oncogenicity. The causal mechanisms of HPVs in breast cancer appear to differ from cervical cancer. Sexual activity is the most common form of HPV transmission. HPVs are probably transmitted from the cervix to the breast by circulating extra cellular vesicles. Epstein Barr virus The prevalence of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is five fold higher in breast cancer than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. EBV is mostly transmitted from person to person via saliva. EBV infection predisposes breast epithelial cells to malignant transformation through activation of HER2/HER3 signalling cascades. EBV EBNA genes contribute to tumour growth and metastasis and have the ability to affect the mesenchymal transition of cells. Bovine leukemia virus Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects beef and dairy cattle and leads to various cancers. The prevalence of BLV is double in human breast cancers compared to controls. Breast cancer is more prevalent in red meat eating and cow’s milk consuming populations. BLV may be transmitted to humans from cattle by the consumption of red meat and cow’s milk. Conclusion The evidence that MMTV, high risk HPVs and EBVs have causal roles in human breast cancer is compelling. The evidence with respect to BLV is more limited but it is likely to also have a causal role in human breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-021-00366-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Corredor-Figueroa AP, Olaya-Galán NN, Velandia-Álvarez S, Muñoz M, Salas-Cárdenas SP, Ibáñez-Pinilla M, Patarroyo MA, Gutiérrez MF. Co-Circulation of Bovine Leukemia Virus Haplotypes among Humans, Animals, and Food Products: New Insights of Its Zoonotic Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094883. [PMID: 34064361 PMCID: PMC8124648 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of leukemia/lymphoma in cattle. It has been found in humans and cattle-derived food products. In humans, it is described as a potential risk factor for breast cancer development. However, the transmission path remains unclear. Here, a molecular epidemiology analysis was performed to identify signatures of genetic flux of BLV among humans, animals, and food products. Sequences obtained from these sources in Colombia were used (n = 183) and compared with reference sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed in IQ-TREE software with the maximum likelihood algorithm. Haplotype (hap) distribution among the population was carried out with a median-joining model in Network5.0. Recombination events were inferred using SplitsTree4 software. In the phylogenetic analysis, no specific branches were identified for the Colombian sequences or for the different sources. A total of 31 haps were found, with Hap 1, 4, 5 and 7 being shared among the three sources of the study. Reticulation events among the different sources were also detected during the recombination analysis. These results show new insights about the zoonotic potential of BLV, showing evidence of genetic flux between cattle and humans. Prevention and control strategies should be considered to avoid viral dissemination as part of the One Health program policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P. Corredor-Figueroa
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad ECCI, Bogota 111311, Colombia
| | - Nury N. Olaya-Galán
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
- PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3002081160
| | - Sebastian Velandia-Álvarez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia;
| | - Sandra P. Salas-Cárdenas
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Milcíades Ibáñez-Pinilla
- Research Department, Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi—Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111411, Colombia;
| | - Manuel A. Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogota 111321, Colombia;
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogota 110231, Colombia
| | - Maria F. Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
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12
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Bovine leukemia viral DNA found on human breast tissue is genetically related to the cattle virus. One Health 2021; 13:100252. [PMID: 33997236 PMCID: PMC8100076 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is widespread in cattle and associated with B cell lymphoma. In a previous study we demonstrated that bovine leukemia viral DNA was detected in human breast tissues and significantly associated with breast cancer. Our current study aimed to determine whether BLV DNA found in humans and cattle at the same geographical region were genetically related. DNA was extracted from the breast tissue of healthy (n = 32) or cancerous women patients (n = 27) and from the blood (n = 30) of cattle naturally infected with BLV, followed by PCR-amplification and partial nucleotide sequencing of the BLV env gene. We found that the nucleotide sequence identity between BLV env gene fragments obtained from human breast tissue and cattle blood ranged from 97.8 to 99.7% and grouped into genotype 1. Thus, our results further support the hypothesis that this virus might cause a zoonotic infection.
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Bartlett PC, Ruggiero VJ, Hutchinson HC, Droscha CJ, Norby B, Sporer KRB, Taxis TM. Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1058. [PMID: 33352855 PMCID: PMC7766781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Bartlett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Vickie J. Ruggiero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.J.D.); (K.R.B.S.)
| | - Bo Norby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Kelly R. B. Sporer
- CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.J.D.); (K.R.B.S.)
| | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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14
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Bovine leukemia virus detection and dynamics following experimental inoculation. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:269-275. [PMID: 33039878 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects more than 40% of the United States cattle population and impacts animal health and production. Control programs aiming to reduce disease prevalence and incidence depend on the ability to detect the BLV provirus, anti-BLV antibodies, and differences in blood lymphocyte counts following infection. These disease parameters also can be indicative of long-term disease progression. The objectives of this study were to determine the timing and to describe early fluctuations of BLV-detection by qPCR, ELISA, and lymphocyte counts. Fifteen Holstein steers were experimentally inoculated with 100 μL of a blood saline inoculum. Three steers served as in-pen negative controls and were housed with the experimentally infected steers to observe the potential for contract transmission. Five additional negative controls were housed separately. Steers were followed for 147 days post-inoculation (DPI). Infections were detected in experimentally infected steers by qPCR and ELISA an average of 24- and 36 DPI, respectively. Significant differences in lymphocyte counts between experimentally infected and control steers were observed from 30 to 45 DPI. Furthermore, a wide variation in peak proviral load and establishment was observed between experimentally infected steers. The results of this study can be used to inform control programs focused on the detection and removal of infectious cattle.
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15
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Gao A, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Bovine leukemia virus relation to human breast cancer: Meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104417. [PMID: 32731009 PMCID: PMC7384413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a virus that infects cattle around the world and is very similar to the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Recently, presence of BLV DNA and protein was demonstrated in commercial bovine products and in humans. BLV DNA is generally found at higher rates in humans who have or will develop breast cancer, according to research done with subjects from several countries. These findings have led to a hypothesis that BLV transmission plays a role in breast cancer oncogenesis in humans. Here we summarize the current knowledge in the field. DNA of BLV is found at higher rates in humans who have or will develop breast cancer. Global analysis links the frequency of breast cancer cases to consumption of milk and beef in the countries studied. These findings have led to a hypothesis that BLV transmission plays a role in breast cancer oncogenesis. There are contradicting results in majority of cases can be explained by different experimental methods used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor F Tsigelny
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, USA; CureMatch Inc, USA.
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16
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Stobnicka-Kupiec A, Gołofit-Szymczak M, Górny RL, Cyprowski M. Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Bovine Adenovirus (BAdV) genomes among air and surface samples in dairy production. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2020; 17:312-323. [PMID: 32255403 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1742914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the occurrence of bovine viruses (bovine leukemia virus-BLV and bovine adenovirus-BAdV) at workplaces in traditional dairies and to evaluate the potential role of airborne and surface contamination in spreading of these viruses derived from raw milk. The total amount of 122 samples-including 37 air (bioaerosol), 40 surface, and 45 milk samples-were checked for the presence of BLV and BAdV genomes using RT-qPCR/qPCR method. The study showed that the viruses were present in 7 air (among them 71.4% were BLV-positive and 28.6% were BAdV-positive), 14 surface (among them 85.7% were BLV-positive and 14.3% were BAdV-positive), and 34 milk (all were BLV-positive only) samples. Statistical analysis revealed that both the air and surfaces in studied occupational environment were more frequently contaminated with BLV than with BAdV (Chi-square test: p = 0.002, Fisher's Exact test: p = 0.002). Kruskal-Wallis tests showed significant differences in BLV genome concentrations in the air (p = 0.045) as well as in BLV and BAdV genome concentrations on surfaces (p = 0.005 and p = 0.040, respectively) between studied processing areas. In units of genome copies (gc) per area, the highest concentrations of BLV and BAdV genomes in the air (9.8 × 101 ± 1.14 × 102 gc/m3 and 5.4 × 101 ± 9.1 × 101 gc/m3, respectively) and on surfaces (9.83 × 102 ± 7.41 × 102 gc/100cm2 and 2.30 × 102 ± 3.8 × 102 gc/100cm2, respectively) were observed in milk reception area. The air and surfaces of pre-production zones were also significantly more contaminated with BAdV genomes compared to production areas (Mann-Whitney test: p = 0.039 and p = 0.029, respectively). This study showed that dairy workers may be exposed to bovine viruses through the inhalation of bioaerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces. To reduce the probability of virus transmission from the raw milk to humans, efficient surface cleaning procedures degrading viral particles should be introduced and the use of personal protection equipment, especially within pre-production zones, should be required. As the raw milk may be a source of bovine viruses, the development of strategies for both the control and eradication of BLV and BAdV among cattle seems to be also urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafał L Górny
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Cyprowski
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Buehring GC, Sans HM. Breast Cancer Gone Viral? Review of Possible Role of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Breast Cancer, and Related Opportunities for Cancer Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010209. [PMID: 31892207 PMCID: PMC6982050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is a literature review of research that explored the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in humans with breast cancer. It summarizes and evaluates these publications. This review does not provide absolute proof that BLV is a cause of breast cancer, but, based on well-respected epidemiologic criteria for causation, it does suggest that BLV infection could be a breast cancer risk factor. Any expansion of the current understanding of breast cancer risk factors may increase possibilities to implement primary prevention strategies. The environmental role that BLV-infected cattle may play as a reservoir for infectious BLV offers possibilities for reducing or eliminating potential transmission of BLV from cattle to humans, and/or eliminating the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude C. Buehring
- School of Public Health, 16 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Hannah M. Sans
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA;
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18
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Saito S, Kitamura-Muramatsu Y, Komine F, Polat M, Takeshima SN, Takei M, Aida Y. Absence of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA in Japanese human blood cell lines and human cancer cell lines. Arch Virol 2019; 165:207-214. [PMID: 31776677 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle worldwide and causes B-cell lymphoma in cattle. BLV has been identified in human breast and lung cancer and in blood, but the association of BLV and human cancer is controversial. In this study, we investigated the existence of BLV in 145 Japanese human blood cell lines and 54 human cancer cell lines, using a new highly sensitive PCR assay that can amplify even one copy of BLV using LTR primers different from those in previous studies on BLV provirus in breast cancer. All samples were found negative for BLV provirus, suggesting that BLV is unlikely to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Saito
- RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD, Life Innovation Center 3F, 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitamura-Muramatsu
- RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD, Life Innovation Center 3F, 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Fumiko Komine
- RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD, Life Innovation Center 3F, 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama, 352-0017, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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Bai L, Sato H, Kubo Y, Wada S, Aida Y. CAT1/SLC7A1 acts as a cellular receptor for bovine leukemia virus infection. FASEB J 2019; 33:14516-14527. [PMID: 31648581 PMCID: PMC6894071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle, which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses. BLV has spread worldwide and causes a serious problem for the cattle industry. The cellular receptor specifically binds with viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), and this attachment mediates cell fusion to lead virus entry. BLV Env reportedly binds to cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1)/solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1), but whether the CAT1/SLC7A1 is an actual receptor for BLV remains unknown. Here, we showed that CAT1 functioned as an infection receptor, interacting with BLV particles. Cells expressing undetectable CAT1 levels were resistant to BLV infection but became highly susceptible upon CAT1 overexpression. CAT1 exhibited specific binding to BLV particles on the cell surface and colocalized with the Env in endomembrane compartments and membrane. Knockdown of CAT1 in permissive cells significantly reduced binding to BLV particles and BLV infection. Expression of CAT1 from various species demonstrated no species specificity for BLV infection, implicating CAT1 as a functional BLV receptor responsible for its broad host range. These findings provide insights for BLV infection and for developing new strategies for treating BLV and preventing its spread.-Bai, L., Sato, H., Kubo, Y., Wada, S., Aida, Y. CAT1/SLC7A1 acts as a cellular receptor for bovine leukemia virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN.,Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN.,Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology, and Innovation Hub, Wako, Japan; and
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN.,Nakamura Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology, and Innovation Hub, Wako, Japan; and
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21
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Khalilian M, Hosseini SM, Madadgar O. Bovine leukemia virus detected in the breast tissue and blood of Iranian women. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103566. [PMID: 31252065 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world particularly among Iranian women. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an enzootic, exogenous, and oncogenic retrovirus that causes B-cell leukosis in 1-5% of infected cattle. The current study aimed at evaluating the correlation between BLV infection and breast cancer in an Iranian population. MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES A total of 400 samples including 200 breast cancer-suspected tissue samples and 200 blood samples of women without breast cancer, were collected from July 2017 to October 2018 from women referred to two general hospitals in Qom Province, Iran. The nested PCR technique was performed to determine the presence of tax and gag gene of BLV in the collected samples. RESULTS Out of 200 breast cancer-suspected tissue samples, 172 samples were malignant in terms of pathology. Other samples were reported as non-malignant and non-tumor. Based on nested PCR technique, tax and gag genes of BLV were detected in 30% and 8% of breast cancer-suspected tissue samples, respectively. The frequency of BLV in blood samples collected from women without breast cancer was 16.5% (33/200). CONCLUSION It seems that human breast cancer and BLV infection in cattle could be associated using nested PCR technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Khalilian
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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22
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Blazhko NV, Vyshegurov SK, Donchenko AS, Shatokhin KS, Krytsyna TI, Ryabinina VA. Association of haplotypes for SNPs in the LTR regions of bovine leukemia virus with hematological indices of cattle. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular typing of BLV samples isolated from Holsteinized Russian Black Pied cattle was carried out, and various cytofluorometric and morphological blood indices were examined. We performed the total count of white blood cells (WBC), lymphocyte (lymf), granulocyte (gran), monocyte (mon), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HTC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and platelet crit count (PCT). The LTR-region of BLV was haplotyped. Only viruses of haplotypes I (0.33±0.03) and III (0.67±0.03) of the eight possible were detected. The ratio of hematologically sick, healthy, and suspected carriers of BLV of haplotypes I and II was comparable with the results of other researchers. The numbers of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets in the blood of carriers of haplotype III exceeded the corresponding parameters of cattle affected by the virus of haplotype I. It is interesting to note that the difference in the hemolytic status of animals was manifested not only by the concentration of leukocytes as direct immune agents but also by the count of erythrocytes and platelets, which are not directly involved in the immune response. The number of particles of haplotype III of the BLV circulating in the blood of infected individuals exceeded that of the carriers of haplotype I. In this connection, an assumption was made about the evolutionary advantage of the more virulent haplotype III. However, the results of our own research in conjunction with the data of other scientists indicate that the high virulence of individual virus strains is a consequence of the tendency to implement the maximum possible intensity of the synthesis of virus particles but not of the high damaging effect alone. It is shown that high lethality is evolutionarily disadvantageous for viruses, since the extinction of the carrier as a biological species is fraught with the disappearance of the virus itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. S. Donchenko
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University; Siberian Federal Research Centre for AgroBiotechnology, RAS
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23
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Buehring GC, DeLaney A, Shen H, Chu DL, Razavian N, Schwartz DA, Demkovich ZR, Bates MN. Bovine leukemia virus discovered in human blood. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:297. [PMID: 30940091 PMCID: PMC6444872 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is widespread in cattle globally and is present in marketed beef and dairy products. Human infection with BLV has been reported in breast and lung cancer tissues and was significantly associated with breast cancer in 3 case-control studies. The purpose of this current research was to determine if BLV is present in human blood cells and if antibodies to BLV are related to blood cell infection. METHODS Standard liquid PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing were used to test for BLV in buffy coat cells (leukocytes and platelets) of blood specimens from 95 self-selected female subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG, IgM, and IgA was used to detect antibodies to BLV in the plasma of the corresponding blood samples. RESULTS BLV DNA was detected in the buffy coat cells of blood in 33/95 (38%) of the subjects by PCR and DNA sequencing. IgG antibodies were detected in 30/95(32%), IgM in 55/95(58%), and IgA in 30/95(32%) of the subjects. There was no significant correlation between presence of the antibodies and presence of BLV DNA. CONCLUSIONS This first report of BLV in human blood raises the question of whether infection of leukocytes could conceivably lead to leukemia as it does in infected cattle. Also, system wide circulation of infected blood cells could facilitate BLV transit to various internal tissues/organs with potential for their infection and subsequent development of cancer. The most likely route of BLV transmission to humans would be zoonotic, as a foodborne infection. Although eradicated from cattle in some countries, BLV still has a high rate of infection in the Americas, the Middle East, and parts of Europe and Asia. This report of BLV in the blood layer containing human leukocytes/platelets adds important information which could be useful to elucidate possible routes of transmission of BLV to humans and to prevent further human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude C. Buehring
- School of Public Health, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7354 USA
| | - Anne DeLaney
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Cente, San Rafael, CA USA
| | - HuaMin Shen
- School of Public Health, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7354 USA
| | - David L. Chu
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland, MI USA
| | - Niema Razavian
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Daniel A. Schwartz
- Joint Medical Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Michael N. Bates
- School of Public Health, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7354 USA
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Schwingel D, Andreolla AP, Erpen LMS, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Bovine leukemia virus DNA associated with breast cancer in women from South Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2949. [PMID: 30814631 PMCID: PMC6393560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a neoplastic condition with a high morbidity and mortality amongst women worldwide. Recent data linking bovine leukemia virus (BLV) with breast cancer has been contested already. Our study investigated the presence of BLV genome in healthy (n = 72) and cancerous (n = 72) paraffin-embedded samples of breast tissues from women in south Brazil. BLV DNA was found most frequently (30.5%) in breast cancer tissue than in healthy breast (13.9%) (Odds ratio = 2.73; confidence interval = 1.18-6.29; p = 0.027). In contrast, antibodies to BLV were found in a very small percentage of healthy blood donors. There was no association between BLV DNA and other tumor prognostic biological markers such as hormonal receptors, HER2 oncoprotein, proliferation index, metastasis in sentinels lymph nodes, and tumor grade and size. Our findings suggest that BLV should be considered a potential predisposing factor to breast cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schwingel
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Prédio G3. Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, Km 292, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P Andreolla
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Prédio G3. Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, Km 292, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana M S Erpen
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Prédio G3. Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, Km 292, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Prédio G3. Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, Km 292, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Kreutz
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Prédio G3. Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, Km 292, 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
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Martinez Cuesta L, Lendez PA, Nieto Farias MV, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Can Bovine Leukemia Virus Be Related to Human Breast Cancer? A Review of the Evidence. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:101-107. [PMID: 29777406 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is continuously increasing worldwide, as influenced by many factors that act synergistically. In the last decade there was an increasing interest in the possible viral etiology of human breast cancer. Since then, many viruses have been associated with this disease (murine mammary tumor virus, MMTV; Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and human papillomavirus, HPV). Recently, BLV has been identified in human breast cancers giving rise to the hypothesis that it could be one of the causative agents of this condition. BLV is a retrovirus distributed worldwide that affects cattle, causing lymphosarcoma in a small proportion of infected animals. Because of its similarity with human retroviruses like HTLV and HIV, BLV was assumed to also be involved in tumor emergence. Based on this assumption, studies were focused on the possible role of BLV in human breast cancer development. We present a compilation of the current knowledge on the subject and some prospective analysis that is required to fully end this controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pamela Anahi Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, CIVETAN-CONICET, CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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Corredor AP, González J, Baquero LA, Curtidor H, Olaya-Galán NN, Patarroyo MA, Gutiérrez MF. In silico and in vitro analysis of boAP3d1 protein interaction with bovine leukaemia virus gp51. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199397. [PMID: 29928016 PMCID: PMC6013181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein 51 (gp51) is essential for bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) entry to bovine B-lymphocytes. Although the bovine adaptor protein 3 complex subunit delta-1 (boAP3D1) has been proposed as the potential receptor, the specific ligand-receptor interaction has not yet been completely defined and boAP3D1 receptor and gp51 3D structures have not been determined. This study was thus aimed at a functional annotation of boAP3D1 cellular adaptor protein and BLV gp51 and, proposing a reliable model for gp51-AP3D1 interaction using bioinformatics tools. The boAP3D1 receptor interaction patterns were calculated based on models of boAP3D1 receptor and gp51 complexes’ 3D structures, which were constructed using homology techniques and data-driven docking strategy. The results showed that the participation of 6 key amino acids (aa) on gp51 (Asn170, Trp127, His115, Ala97, Ser98 and Glu128) and 4 aa on AP3D1 (Lys925, Asp807, Asp695 and Arg800) was highly probable in the interaction between gp51 and BLVR domains. Three gp51 recombinant peptides were expressed and purified to validate these results: the complete domain (rgp51), the N-terminal portion (rNgp51) and the C-terminal fragment (rCgp51); and binding assays to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were then carried out with each recombinant. It was found that rNgp51 preferentially bound to MDBK cells, suggesting this domain’s functional role during invasion. The rNgp51-MDBK cell interaction was sensitive to trypsin (98% reduction) and chymotrypsin treatment (80% reduction). These results highlighted that the N-terminal portion of gp51 interacted in vitro with the AP3D1 receptor and provides a plausible in silico interaction model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janneth González
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Science Faculty, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
- * E-mail: (MFG); (JG)
| | - Luis Alfredo Baquero
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá DC, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Nury Nathalia Olaya-Galán
- Virology Laboratory, Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
- PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá DC, Colombia
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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Restricted viral cDNA synthesis in cell lines that fail to support productive infection by bovine leukemia virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2415-2422. [PMID: 29796925 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis, which results in significant economic losses on many affected farms. BLV infects a wide range of animals as well as cell lines derived from various mammalian species and organs; however, studies show that only some cell lines support sustained production of viral progeny. The differences between cells that produce viral progeny and those that do not are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the steps of BLV replication that are associated with the capacity of a cell to support a productive infection. Eleven cell lines derived from various species were categorized into two groups, those that produce BLV progeny and those that do not, and the efficiency of viral attachment was compared. In addition, viral entry and reverse transcription were compared for two BLV-producing cell lines and three non-producing cell lines. BLV attached to and entered all of the tested cells. However, synthesis of viral DNA was inhibited in all three non-virus-producing cell lines, suggesting that BLV production was blocked either prior to or at the stage of reverse transcription. These results increase our understanding of the BLV life cycle and should enable better control over the spread of BLV.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent literature and findings concerning selected foodborne viruses. Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. However, they are threats to human public health and make up for the majority of cases. In contrast, the meaning of viruses born from within the food such as natural animal and plant viruses is still in many cases unknown. An exception is Hepatitis E virus that is endemic in pigs, transmitted via pork meat and is recognised as an emerging zoonosis in industrialised countries. SUMMARY Even though the clinical meaning of "new" foodborne viruses, often detected by next generation sequencing, still needs clarification, the method has great potential to enhance surveillance and detection particularly in view of an increasingly globalised food trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Lawson JS, Salmons B, Glenn WK. Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Front Oncol 2018; 8:1. [PMID: 29404275 PMCID: PMC5786831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the risk factors for breast cancer are well established, namely female gender, early menarche and late menopause plus the protective influence of early pregnancy, the underlying causes of breast cancer remain unknown. The development of substantial recent evidence indicates that a handful of viruses may have a role in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma viruses (HPVs), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV-also known as human herpes virus type 4). Each of these viruses has documented oncogenic potential. The aim of this review is to inform the scientific and general community about this recent evidence. The evidence MMTV and human breast cancer—the evidence is detailed and comprehensive but cannot be regarded as conclusive. BLV and human breast cancer—the evidence is limited. However, in view of the emerging information about BLV in human breast cancer, it is prudent to encourage the elimination of BLV in cattle, particularly in the dairy industry. HPVs and breast cancer—the evidence is substantial but not conclusive. The availability of effective preventive vaccines is a major advantage and their use should be encouraged. EBV and breast cancer—the evidence is also substantial but not conclusive. Currently, there are no practical means of either prevention or treatment. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition, and cancer in general is a culmination of events, there is no evidence that inherited genetic traits are causal. Conclusion The influence of oncogenic viruses is currently the major plausible hypothesis for a direct cause of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Serologic response to porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in infants vaccinated with the human rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix™: A retrospective laboratory analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:237-244. [PMID: 27657348 PMCID: PMC5287324 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1231262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) material was unexpectedly detected in the oral live-attenuated human rotavirus (RV) vaccine, Rotarix™ (GSK Vaccines, Belgium). An initial study (NCT01511133) found no immunologic response against PCV1 in 40 vaccinated infants. As a follow-up, the current study (NCT02153333), searched for evidence of post-vaccination serologic response to PCV1 in a larger number of archived serum samples. Unlike the previous study, serum anti-PCV1 antibodies were assessed with an adapted Immuno Peroxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) using a Vero-adapted PCV1 strain. Samples from 596 infants who participated in clinical trials of the human RV vaccine were randomly selected and analyzed. The observed anti-PCV1 antibody seropositivity rate 1–2 months post-dose 2 was approximately 1% [90% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.3–2.6] (3/299 samples) in infants who received the human RV vaccine and 0.3% [90% CI: 0.0–1.6] (1/297 samples) in those who received placebo; the difference between the groups was −0.66 [90% CI: −2.16–0.60]. One subject in the vaccinated group was also seropositive before vaccination. Notably, the seropositivity rate observed in vaccinated subjects was below that observed during assay qualification in samples from unvaccinated subjects outside of this study (2.5%; 5/200 samples). No serious adverse events had been reported in any of the 4 subjects providing anti-PCV1 positive samples during the 31-day post-vaccination follow-up period in the original studies. In conclusion, the presence of PCV1 in the human RV vaccine is considered to be a manufacturing quality issue and does not appear to pose a safety risk to vaccinated infants.
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Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis, which has been reported worldwide. BLV has been found recently in human tissue and it could have a significant impact on human health. A possible hypothesis regarding viral entry to humans is through the consumption of infected foodstuffs. This study was aimed at detecting the presence of BLV DNA in raw beef and fresh milk for human consumption. Nested PCR directed at the BLV gag gene (272 bp) was used as a diagnostic test. PCR products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Forty-nine per cent of the samples proved positive for the presence of proviral DNA. This is the first study highlighting the presence of the BLV gag gene in meat products for human consumption and confirms the presence of the viral DNA in raw milk, as in previous reports. The presence of viral DNA in food products could suggest that viral particles may also be found. Further studies are needed to confirm the presence of infected viral particles, even though the present findings could represent a first approach to BLV transmission to humans through foodstuff consumption.
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Guo ZL, Wang JY, Li YS, Gong LL, Gan S, Wang SS. Association between butchers and cancer mortality and incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8177. [PMID: 28953674 PMCID: PMC5626317 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated whether increased risks of mortality and cancer incidence exist among butchers worldwide. To achieve this goal, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the correlations of the risks of cancer death and incidence with male and female butchers. METHODS We obtained data by performing a comprehensive literature search in several databases for eligible studies published before March 2017. Multivariable-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and odds ratio (OR), as well as associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and those by subgroups, were extracted and pooled. RESULTS A total of 17 observational studies comprising 397,726 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The butcher occupation was not associated with all-cancer mortality risk, with pooled overall SMRs of 1.07 (95% CI 0.96-1.20). However, the pooled ORs revealed that butchers hold an elevated risk of total cancer incidence (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.33-1.73). No proof of publication bias was obtained, and the findings were consistent in the subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that working as butchers did not significantly influence all-cancer mortality risk but significantly contributed to elevated all-cancer incidence risk. Nevertheless, well-designed observational studies on this topic are necessary to confirm and update our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu-Si Li
- School of Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Lei-Liang Gong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Shu Gan
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Viruses rapidly evolve and can emerge in unpredictable ways. Transmission pathways by which foodborne viruses may enter human populations and evolutionary mechanisms by which viruses can become virulent are discussed in this chapter. A majority of viruses emerge from zoonotic animal reservoirs, often by adapting and infecting intermediate hosts, such as domestic animals and livestock. Viruses that are known foodborne threats include hepatitis E virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, enteroviruses, adenovirus, and astroviruses, among others. Viruses may potentially evolve and emerge as a result of modern agricultural practices which can concentrate livestock and bring them into contact with wild animals. Examples of viruses that have emerged in this manner are influenza, coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, and the Nipah virus. The role of bats, bush meat, rodents, pigs, cattle, and poultry as reservoirs from which infectious pathogenic viruses emerge are discussed.
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Buehring GC. Response to "Lack of association between bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer in Chinese patients". Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:24. [PMID: 28270176 PMCID: PMC5341364 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude Case Buehring
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7354, USA.
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Gillet NA, Willems L. Whole genome sequencing of 51 breast cancers reveals that tumors are devoid of bovine leukemia virus DNA. Retrovirology 2016; 13:75. [PMID: 27814725 PMCID: PMC5095936 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy exists regarding the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and breast cancer. PCR-based experimental evidence indicates that BLV DNA is present in breast tissue and that as many as 37% of cancer cases may be attributable to viral exposure. Since this association might have major consequences for human health, we evaluated 51 whole genomes of breast cancer samples for the presence of BLV DNA. Among 32 billion sequencing reads retrieved from the NCBI database of genotype and phenotype, none mapped on different strains of the BLV genome. Controls for sequence divergence and proviral loads further validated the approach. This unbiased analysis thus excludes a clonal insertion of BLV in breast tumor cells and strongly argues against an association between BLV and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000, Sart-Tilman Liège, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio TechUniversity of Liège (ULg), 13 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA), University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000, Sart-Tilman Liège, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio TechUniversity of Liège (ULg), 13 Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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Diego OO, Alfredo SAN, Julio TON, Yanira C, Sandra CES, Mar iacute a FGER. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine leukemia virus in Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2016.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Munro AC, Houldcroft C. Human cancers and mammalian retroviruses: should we worry about bovine leukemia virus? Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Munro
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
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Buehring GC, Shen HM, Jensen HM, Jin DL, Hudes M, Block G. Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134304. [PMID: 26332838 PMCID: PMC4557937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age, reproductive history, hormones, genetics, and lifestyle are known risk factors for breast cancer, but the agents that initiate cellular changes from normal to malignant are not understood. We previously detected bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a common oncogenic virus of cattle, in the breast epithelium of humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of BLV DNA in human mammary epithelium is associated with breast cancer. METHODS This was a case-control study of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast tissues from 239 donors, received 2002-2008 from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Case definition as breast cancer versus normal (women with no history of breast cancer) was established through medical records and examination of tissues by an anatomical pathologist. Breast exposure to BLV was determined by in situ-PCR detection of a biomarker, BLV DNA, localized within mammary epithelium. RESULTS The frequency of BLV DNA in mammary epithelium from women with breast cancer (59%) was significantly higher than in normal controls (29%) (multiply- adjusted odds ratio = 3.07, confidence interval = 1.66-5.69, p = .0004, attributable risk = 37%). In women with premalignant breast changes the frequency of BLV DNA was intermediate (38%) between that of women with breast cancer and normal controls (p for trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS Among the specimens in this study, the presence of amplified BLV DNA was significantly associated with breast cancer. The odds ratio magnitude was comparable to those of well-established breast cancer risk factors related to reproductive history, hormones, and lifestyle and was exceeded only by risk factors related to genetics (familial breast cancer), high dose ionizing radiation, and age. These findings have the potential for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude Case Buehring
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua Min Shen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hanne M. Jensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Jin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Hudes
- Atkins Center for Weight and Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gladys Block
- Division of Community Health and Human Development, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Johnson ES, Cardarelli K, Jadhav S, Chedjieu IP, Faramawi M, Fischbach L, Ndetan H, Wells TLC, Patel KV, Katyal A. Cancer mortality in the meat and delicatessen departments of supermarkets (1950-2006). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 77:70-75. [PMID: 25656684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Meat cutters and meat wrappers in the meat department of supermarkets are exposed to oncogenic viruses present in raw meat from cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry, and their products (unpasteurized milk and raw eggs). Up to the mid 1970s, meat wrappers were also exposed to carcinogens present in fumes emitted from the machine used to wrap meat. Because of this we studied cancer mortality in a cohort of 10,701 workers in the meat and delicatessen departments of supermarkets, and we report here the findings after the third follow-up. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were estimated in the cohort as a whole and in race/sex subgroups, using the US population for comparison. Study subjects were followed up from January 1950 to December 2006. Significantly increased SMRs of 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2-1.5), and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-5.3) were recorded for cancers of the lung, and tonsils/oropharynx, respectively, in the entire cohort, affecting nearly all race/sex subgroups. SMRs of 4.6 (95% CI, 1.0-13.6) for cancer of the floor of the mouth, and 2.8 (95% CI, 1.3-5.3) for cancer of the gall bladder and biliary tract were recorded only in White male meatcutters. Significantly decreased SMRs were observed for a few cancers. It is not known if the observed excess of cancers is a result of occupational exposures. However, substantial evidence points to fumes from the wrapping machine as a possible candidate for explaining the excess in female meat wrappers. Nested case-control studies that can examine risks from occupational exposures in greater detail, and adequately control for confounding factors are now needed, to permit specifically investigate the role of the oncogenic viruses, fumes and non-occupational risk factors in the occurrence of these cancers. The findings are important, not only occupationally but also because the general population may also experience these exposures, albeit to a lesser degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Johnson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - K Cardarelli
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Epidemiology, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - S Jadhav
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - I P Chedjieu
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - M Faramawi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - L Fischbach
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - H Ndetan
- Parker Research Institute, Parker University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - T L-C Wells
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - K V Patel
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - A Katyal
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, Little Rock, AR, USA
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41
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Qualley DF, Sokolove VL, Ross JL. Bovine leukemia virus nucleocapsid protein is an efficient nucleic acid chaperone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:687-692. [PMID: 25686502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid proteins (NCs) direct the rearrangement of nucleic acids to form the most thermodynamically stable structure, and facilitate many steps throughout the life cycle of retroviruses. NCs bind strongly to nucleic acids (NAs) and promote NA aggregation by virtue of their cationic nature; they also destabilize the NA duplex via highly structured zinc-binding motifs. Thus, they are considered to be NA chaperones. While most retroviral NCs are structurally similar, differences are observed both within and between retroviral genera. In this work, we compare the NA binding and chaperone activity of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) NC to that of two other retroviral NCs: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) NC, which is structurally similar to BLV NC but from a different retrovirus genus, and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) NC, which possesses several key structural differences from BLV NC but is from the same genus. Our data show that BLV and HIV-1 NCs bind to NAs with stronger affinity in relation to HTLV-1 NC, and that they also accelerate the annealing of complementary stem-loop structures to a greater extent. Analysis of kinetic parameters derived from the annealing data suggests that while all three NCs stimulate annealing by a two-step mechanism as previously reported, the relative contributions of each step to the overall annealing equilibrium are conserved between BLV and HIV-1 NCs but are different for HTLV-1 NC. It is concluded that while BLV and HTLV-1 belong to the same genus of retroviruses, processes that rely on NC may not be directly comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic F Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mt. Berry, GA, USA.
| | | | - James L Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mt. Berry, GA, USA
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Buehring GC, Shen HM, Jensen HM, Choi KY, Sun D, Nuovo G. Bovine leukemia virus DNA in human breast tissue. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:772-82. [PMID: 24750974 PMCID: PMC4012802 DOI: 10.3201/eid2005.131298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus, causes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in cattle and is prevalent in herds globally. A previous finding of antibodies against BLV in humans led us to examine the possibility of human infection with BLV. We focused on breast tissue because, in cattle, BLV DNA and protein have been found to be more abundant in mammary epithelium than in lymphocytes. In human breast tissue specimens, we identified BLV DNA by using nested liquid-phase PCR and DNA sequencing. Variations from the bovine reference sequence were infrequent and limited to base substitutions. In situ PCR and immunohistochemical testing localized BLV to the secretory epithelium of the breast. Our finding of BLV in human tissues indicates a risk for the acquisition and proliferation of this virus in humans. Further research is needed to determine whether BLV may play a direct role in human disease.
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Bartlett PC, Sordillo LM, Byrem TM, Norby B, Grooms DL, Swenson CL, Zalucha J, Erskine RJ. Options for the control of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:914-22. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.8.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Qualley DF, Boleratz BL. Expression, purification, and characterization of full-length bovine leukemia virus Gag protein from bacterial culture. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 93:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Giovanna M, Carlos UJ, María UA, Gutierrez MF. Bovine Leukemia Virus Gene Segment Detected in Human Breast Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2013.31013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Ruzina MN, Andrianov BV, Shaikhaev GO, Sulimova GE. Identification and classification of bovine leukemia virus isolates in Russia and ukraine based on the pol viral gene polymorphism. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Johnson ES, Choi KM. Lung Cancer Risk in Workers in the Meat and Poultry Industries - A Review. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:303-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi KM, Ndetan H, Johnson E. A cohort mortality study of workers in a soup manufacturing plant. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2012; 67:199-205. [PMID: 23074977 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2011.619215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There has been no study of disease risk or exposures in workers in soup manufacturing plants. These workers may have hazardous exposures to biological and chemical cancer-causing agents at the workplace. The authors report here on mortality in 1,779 workers from a plant in Baltimore, Maryland. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were estimated using the US population for comparison. Significantly increased mortality was observed for cancer of the floor of the mouth, colon cancer, epilepsy, and chronic nephritis in certain groups. Significantly decreased SMRs were observed for some causes. The findings are important, given the complete absence of data on this occupational group. It is not known whether the associations observed are related to occupational or nonoccupational exposures, or due to chance. The findings do, however, indicate that further studies of this occupational group are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Mee Choi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
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49
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Marcus-Sekura C, Richardson JC, Harston RK, Sane N, Sheets RL. Evaluation of the human host range of bovine and porcine viruses that may contaminate bovine serum and porcine trypsin used in the manufacture of biological products. Biologicals 2011; 39:359-69. [PMID: 22000165 PMCID: PMC3206158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current U.S. requirements for testing cell substrates used in production of human biological products for contamination with bovine and porcine viruses are U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 9CFR tests for bovine serum or porcine trypsin. 9CFR requires testing of bovine serum for seven specific viruses in six families (immunofluorescence) and at least 2 additional families non-specifically (cytopathicity and hemadsorption). 9CFR testing of porcine trypsin is for porcine parvovirus. Recent contaminations suggest these tests may not be sufficient. Assay sensitivity was not the issue for these contaminations that were caused by viruses/virus families not represented in the 9CFR screen. A detailed literature search was undertaken to determine which viruses that infect cattle or swine or bovine or porcine cells in culture also have human host range [ability to infect humans or human cells in culture] and to predict their detection by the currently used 9CFR procedures. There are more viruses of potential risk to biological products manufactured using bovine or porcine raw materials than are likely to be detected by 9CFR testing procedures; even within families, not all members would necessarily be detected. Testing gaps and alternative methodologies should be evaluated to continue to ensure safe, high quality human biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Marcus-Sekura
- Biotechnology Assessment Services Inc., 7413 Ottenbrook Terrace, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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50
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Johnson ES. Cancer mortality in workers employed in cattle, pigs, and sheep slaughtering and processing plants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:950-959. [PMID: 21497401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied mortality in two separate cohorts of workers in abattoirs (N=4996) and meat processing plants (N=3642) belonging to a meatcutters' union, because they were exposed to viruses that cause cancer in food animals, and also to chemical carcinogens at work. METHODS Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were estimated for each cohort as a whole and in subgroups defined by race and sex, using the US general population mortality rates for comparison. Study subjects were followed up from January 1950 to December 2006, during which time over 60% of them died. RESULTS An excess of deaths from cancers of the base of the tongue, esophagus, lung, skin, bone and bladder, lymphoid leukemia, and benign tumors of the thyroid and other endocrine glands, and possibly Hodgkin's disease, was observed in abattoir and meat processing workers. Significantly lower SMRs were recorded for cancer of the thymus, mediastinum, pleura, etc., breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. CONCLUSION This study confirms the excess occurrence of cancer in workers in abattoirs and meat processing plants, butchers, and meatcutters, previously reported in this cohort and other similar cohorts worldwide. Large nested case-control studies are now needed to examine which specific occupational and non-occupational exposures are responsible for the excess. There is now sufficient evidence for steps to be taken to protect workers from carcinogenic exposures at the workplace. There are also serious implications for the general population which may also be exposed to some of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Johnson
- UNT Health Sciences Center, Department of Epidemiology, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
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