1
|
Matveev VA, Mihelic EZ, Benko E, Budylowski P, Grocott S, Lee T, Korosec CS, Colwill K, Stephenson H, Law R, Ward LA, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Mailhot G, Delgado-Brand M, Pasculescu A, Wang JH, Qi F, Tursun T, Kardava L, Chau S, Samaan P, Imran A, Copertino DC, Chao G, Choi Y, Reinhard RJ, Kaul R, Heffernan JM, Jones RB, Chun TW, Moir S, Singer J, Gommerman J, Gingras AC, Kovacs C, Ostrowski M. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on HIV reservoir in older people with HIV. iScience 2023; 26:107915. [PMID: 37790281 PMCID: PMC10542941 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals and people with HIV (PWH) were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination, yet comprehensive studies of the immunogenicity of these vaccines and their effects on HIV reservoirs are not available. Our study on 68 PWH and 23 HIV-negative participants aged 55 and older post-three vaccine doses showed equally strong anti-spike IgG responses in serum and saliva through week 48 from baseline, while PWH salivary IgA responses were low. PWH had diminished live-virus neutralization responses after two vaccine doses, which were 'rescued' post-booster. Spike-specific T cell immunity was enhanced in PWH with normal CD4+ T cell count, suggesting Th1 imprinting. The frequency of detectable HIV viremia increased post-vaccination, but vaccines did not affect the size of the HIV reservoir in most PWH, except those with low-level viremia. Thus, older PWH require three doses of COVID-19 vaccine for maximum protection, while individuals with unsuppressed viremia should be monitored for adverse reactions from HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy A. Matveev
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erik Z. Mihelic
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto ON M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sebastian Grocott
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver BC V6Z IY6, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Henry Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lesley A. Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Geneviève Mailhot
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jenny H. Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Freda Qi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Tulunay Tursun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Serena Chau
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Philip Samaan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Annam Imran
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yoojin Choi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert J. Reinhard
- Independent Public/Global Health Consultant, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences (CHÉOS), Vancouver BC V6Z IY6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto ON M5G 1K2, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malatji K, Singh A, Thobakgale C, Alexandre K. Development of a Multiplex HIV/TB Diagnostic Assay Based on the Microarray Technology. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:894. [PMID: 37754128 PMCID: PMC10526232 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently there are diagnostic tests available for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB); however, they are still diagnosed separately, which can delay treatment in cases of co-infection. Here we report on a multiplex microarray technology for the detection of HIV and TB antibodies using p24 as well as TB CFP10, ESAT6 and pstS1 antigens on epoxy-silane slides. To test this technology for antigen-antibody interactions, immobilized antigens were exposed to human sera spiked with physiological concentrations of primary antibodies, followed by secondary antibodies conjugated to a fluorescent reporter. HIV and TB antibodies were captured with no cross-reactivity observed. The sensitivity of the slides was compared to that of high-binding plates. We found that the slides were more sensitive, with the detection limit being 0.000954 µg/mL compared to 4.637 µg/mL for the plates. Furthermore, stability studies revealed that the immobilized antigens could be stored dry for at least 90 days and remained stable across all pH and temperatures assessed, with pH 7.4 and 25 °C being optimal. The data collectively suggested that the HIV/TB multiplex detection technology we developed has the potential for use to diagnose HIV and TB co-infection, and thus can be developed further for the purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanyane Malatji
- Array Technology Laboratory, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre: Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (K.A.)
- Department of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
| | - Advaita Singh
- Future Production: Chemicals Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- Department of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Kabamba Alexandre
- Array Technology Laboratory, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre: Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (K.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onabajo OO, Lewis MG, Mattapallil JJ. GALT CD4 +PD-1 hi T follicular helper (Tfh) cells repopulate after anti-retroviral therapy. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104396. [PMID: 34157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by dramatic alterations in the mucosal CD4 T cell compartment. Though viremia is effectively suppressed, and peripheral CD4 T cell numbers recover to near healthy levels after highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), some of the dysfunctional consequences of HIV infection continue to persist during therapy. We hypothesized that CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cell deficiencies may play a role in this process. Using the macaque model we show that SIV infection was associated with a significant loss of Tfh cells in the GALT that drain the mesentery lining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Loss of Tfh cells significantly correlated with the depletion of the overall memory CD4 T cell compartment; most Tfh cells in the GALT expressed a CD95+CD28+ memory phenotype suggesting that infection of the memory compartment likely drives the loss of GALT Tfh cells during infection. Continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was accompanied by a significant repopulation of Tfh cells in the GALT to levels similar to those of uninfected animals. Repopulating Tfh cells displayed significantly higher capacity to produce IL-21 as compared to SIV infected animals suggesting that cART fully restores Tfh cells that are functionally capable of supporting GC reactions in the GALT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Onabajo OO, Mattapallil JJ. Gut Microbiome Homeostasis and the CD4 T- Follicular Helper Cell IgA Axis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657679. [PMID: 33815419 PMCID: PMC8017181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are associated with severe perturbations in the gut mucosal environment characterized by massive viral replication and depletion of CD4 T cells leading to dysbiosis, breakdown of the epithelial barrier, microbial translocation, immune activation and disease progression. Multiple mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut mucosa and protecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Among these are the secretory IgA (sIgA) that are produced daily in vast quantities throughout the mucosa and play a pivotal role in preventing commensal microbes from breaching the epithelial barrier. These microbe specific, high affinity IgA are produced by IgA+ plasma cells that are present within the Peyer’s Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the isolated lymphoid follicles that are prevalent in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Differentiation, maturation and class switching to IgA producing plasma cells requires help from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are present within these lymphoid tissues. HIV replication and CD4 T cell depletion is accompanied by severe dysregulation of Tfh cell responses that compromises the generation of mucosal IgA that in turn alters barrier integrity leading to commensal bacteria readily breaching the epithelial barrier and causing mucosal pathology. Here we review the effect of HIV infection on Tfh cells and mucosal IgA responses in the GIT and the consequences these have for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Czartoski J, Lemos MP, Fong Y, Mize GJ, Konchan A, Berger D, Maenza J, McElrath MJ. Rapid Collection of Human Rectal Secretions Using OriCol Devices Is Suitable for Measurement of Mucosal Ig without Blood Contamination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2312-2320. [PMID: 32929044 PMCID: PMC7942816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of IgG and IgA in human rectal secretions are used to evaluate the Abs elicited by HIV vaccines or the bioaccumulation following immunoprophylaxis at the sites of HIV exposure. To improve sampling methods and tolerability of the procedure, we optimized a balloon device (OriCol) for rectal microbiome sampling requiring 10 second inflation and compared this method to a 5 minute collection using sponges. Lubrication of the device did not interfere with IgG, IgA, or hemoglobin ELISA. Lubricated OriCols inflated to 30 cc minimized hemoglobin contamination (<4.68 ng/ml) compared with collections with two sponge types (Weck-Cel: 267.2 ng/ml, p < 0.0001; and Merocel: 59.38 ng/ml, p = 0.003). Median human serum albumin for OriCols was 14.9 μg/ml, whereas Merocels and Weck-Cels were 28.57 μg/ml (p = 0.0005) and 106.2 μg/ml (p = 0.0002), respectively. Consistent with reduced systemic contamination, the median IgG measured in OriCol-collected rectal secretions (986 ng) was lower than secretions from sponges (Weck-Cel: 8588 ng, p < 0.0001; Merocel: 2509 ng, p = 0.0389). The median IgA yield of samples using the OriCol method (75,253 ng) was comparable to that using Merocel (71,672 ng; p = 0.6942) but significantly higher than Weck-Cel sponges (16,173 ng, p = 0.0336). Median recovery volumes for OriCols were 800 μl, whereas Merocels and Weck-Cels were 615 μl (p = 0.0010) and 655 μl (p = 0.0113), respectively. The balloon device was acceptable among 23 participants, as 85.1% experiencing their first collection ranked it as "seven: acceptable - a lot" or "six: acceptable - somewhat" in a seven-point Likert scale. Therefore, lubricated OriCols inflated to 30 cc allowed for a rapid, well-tolerated, blood-free collection of human rectal secretions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Gregory J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Anne Konchan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - David Berger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and .,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suphaphiphat K, Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Delache B, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Kent SJ, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Le Grand R, Cavarelli M. Innate and Adaptive Anti-SIV Responses in Macaque Semen: Implications for Infectivity and Risk of Transmission. Front Immunol 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32528466 PMCID: PMC7247827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is transmitted primarily by sexual exposure, with semen being the principal contaminated fluid. However, HIV-specific immune response in semen has been understudied. We investigated specific parameters of the innate, cellular, and humoral immune response that may affect semen infectivity in macaques infected with SIVmac251. Serial semen levels of cytokines and chemokines, SIV-specific antibodies, neutralization, and FcγR-mediated functions and SIV-specific T-cell responses were assessed and compared to systemic responses across 53 cynomolgus macaques. SIV infection induced an overall inflammatory state in the semen. Several pro-inflammatory molecules correlated with SIV virus levels. Effector CD8+ T cells were expanded in semen upon infection. SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells that expressed multiple effector molecules (IFN-γ+MIP-1β+TNF+/-) were induced in the semen of a subset of SIV-infected macaques, but this did not correlate with local viral control. SIV-specific IgG, commonly capable of engaging the FcγRIIIa receptor, was detected in most semen samples although this positively correlated with seminal viral load. Several inflammatory immune responses in semen develop in the context of higher levels of SIV seminal plasma viremia. These inflammatory immune responses could play a role in viral transmission and should be considered in the development of preventive and prophylactic vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karunasinee Suphaphiphat
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sibylle Bernard-Stoecklin
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Céline Gommet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, “Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases”, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
As our understanding of mucosal immunity increases, it is becoming clear that the host response to HIV-1 is more complex and nuanced than originally believed. The mucosal landscape is populated with a variety of specialized cell types whose functions include combating infectious agents while preserving commensal microbiota, maintaining barrier integrity, and ensuring immune homeostasis. Advances in multiparameter flow cytometry, gene expression analysis and bioinformatics have allowed more detailed characterization of these cell types and their roles in host defense than was previously possible. This review provides an overview of existing literature on immunity to HIV-1 and SIVmac in mucosal tissues of the female reproductive tract and the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on major effector cell populations and briefly summarizing new information on tissue resident memory T cells, Treg, Th17, Th22 and innate lymphocytes (ILC), subsets that have been studied primarily in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sabbaj S, Mestecky J. Evaluation of Mucosal Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV in External Secretions and Mucosal Tissues. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:41-48. [PMID: 33312087 PMCID: PMC7731984 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180621152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts as the most frequent sites of HIV-1 entry, display remarkable immunological differences from the systemic immune compartment which must be considered in the evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1. Marked differences in the fluids from the genital and intestinal tracts and in plasma with respect to the Ig isotypes, their levels, molecular forms and distinct effector functions must be taken into consideration in the evaluation and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Because of the low levels and highly pronounced variation in Ig content, HIV-1-specific antibody concentrations should be always related to the levels of total Ig of a given isotype. This practice will avoid inevitable differences due to the small volumes of collected fluids and sample dilution during the collection and processing of samples from external secretions. Furthermore, appropriate controls and immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which is prone to false positivity. In the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions, precautions and rigorous controls must be used to exclude the effect of innate humoral factors. The evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues is difficult due to the low yields of cells obtained from tissue biopsies or cytobrush scrapings. Furthermore, tissue biopsies of, for example rectal mucosa, provide information pertinent exclusively to this local site, which due to the differences in distribution of cells of different phenotypes, do not provide information generalized to the entire intestinal tract. Importantly, studies concerning the kinetics of cellular responses are difficult to perform due to the limited availability of samples or to the inability of obtaining frequent repeated tissue biopsies. For sampling the female genital tract parallel collection of menstrual and peripheral blood yields high numbers of cells that permit their detailed phenotypic and functional analyses. In contrast to tissue biopsies, this non-traumatic collection procedure, results in high cell yields and repeated monthly sampling permits extensive and parallel functional studies of kinetics and unique characteristics of HIV-1-specific cellular responses in the female genital tract and peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie Sabbaj
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A multiplex assay for detection of SHIV plasma and mucosal IgG and IgA. J Immunol Methods 2017; 450:34-40. [PMID: 28750871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating antibody maturation provides valuable data to characterize immune responses to HIV infection and can provide insight into biomedical intervention efficacy. It is important to develop assays that evaluate antibody maturation in both plasma and mucosal compartments. The nonhuman primate model provides a controlled system to collect temporal data that are integral to assessing intervention strategies. We report the development of a novel multiplex assay, based on the Bio-Plex platform, to evaluate plasma and mucosal IgG and IgA avidity and maturation against simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in this controlled system. Vaginal mucosa and plasma samples were collected from a prior study evaluating the efficacy of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) intravaginal ring (IVR) against SHIVSF162P3 challenge in female pigtailed macaques. For validation of the multiplex assay, specimens from six SHIV-infected placebo animals and one TDF breakthrough animal were evaluated. For SHIV and HIV envelope analytes, antibody levels and avidity in both compartments continued to mature post-infection. Maturation of IgG and IgA levels was similar in each compartment, however, mucosal antibody levels tended to be more variable. This SHIV assay elucidates IgG/IgA antibody kinetics in the plasma and vaginal mucosa and will be a valuable tool in vaccine and other biomedical intervention studies in the nonhuman primate model.
Collapse
|
10
|
Banholzer ML, Wandel C, Barrow P, Mannino M, Schmitt G, Guérard M, Müller L, Greig G, Amemiya K, Peck R, Singer T, Doessegger L. Clinical trial considerations on male contraception and collection of pregnancy information from female partner: update. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:23. [PMID: 27455840 PMCID: PMC4960246 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an update to our 2012 publication on clinical trial considerations on male contraception and collection of pregnancy information from female partner, after critical review of recent (draft) guidances released by the International Council for Harmonisation [ICH] the Clinical Trial Facilitation Group [CTFG] and the US Food & Drug Administration [FDA]. METHODS Relevant aspects of the new guidance documents are discussed in the context of male contraception and pregnancy reporting from female partner in clinical trials and the approach is updated accordingly. RESULTS Genotoxicity The concept of a threshold is introduced using acceptable daily intake/permissible daily exposure to define genotoxicity requirements, hence highly effective contraception in order to avoid conception. The duration for highly effective contraception has been extended from 74 to 90 days from the end of relevant systemic exposure. Teratogenicity Pharmacokinetic considerations to estimate safety margins have been contextualized with regard to over- and underestimation of the risk of teratogenicity transmitted by a vaginal dose. The duration of male contraception after the last dose takes into account the end of relevant systemic exposure if measured, or a default period of five half-lives after last dose for small molecules and two half-lives for immunoglobulins (mAbs). Measures to prevent exposure of the conceptus via a vaginal dose apply to reproductively competent or vasectomized men, unless measurements fail to detect the compound in seminal fluid. CONCLUSION Critical review of new guidance documents provides a comparison across approaches and resulted in an update of our previous publication. Separate algorithms for small molecules and monoclonal antibodies are proposed to guide the recommendations for contraception for male trial participants and pregnancy reporting from female partners. No male contraception is required if the dose is below a defined threshold for genotoxic concern applicable to small molecules. For men treated with teratogenic mAbs, condom use to prevent exposure of a potentially pregnant partner is unlikely to be recommended because of the minimal female exposure anticipated following a vaginal dose. The proposed safety margins for teratogenicity may evolve with further knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Longauer Banholzer
- Safety Risk Management, Licensing & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Wandel
- Safety Risk Management, Licensing & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Barrow
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie Mannino
- Safety Risk Management, Licensing & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, New York, NY USA
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Guérard
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Müller
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Greig
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Clinical Pharmacology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenjie Amemiya
- Non-Clinical Safety Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Richard Peck
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Clinical Pharmacology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sholukh AM, Watkins JD, Vyas HK, Gupta S, Lakhashe SK, Thorat S, Zhou M, Hemashettar G, Bachler BC, Forthal DN, Villinger F, Sattentau QJ, Weiss RA, Agatic G, Corti D, Lanzavecchia A, Heeney JL, Ruprecht RM. Defense-in-depth by mucosally administered anti-HIV dimeric IgA2 and systemic IgG1 mAbs: complete protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal SHIV challenge. Vaccine 2015; 33:2086-95. [PMID: 25769884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although IgA is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin in humans, its role in preventing HIV-1 acquisition, which occurs mostly via mucosal routes, remains unclear. In our passive mucosal immunizations of rhesus macaques (RMs), the anti-HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb) HGN194, given either as dimeric IgA1 (dIgA1) or dIgA2 intrarectally (i.r.), protected 83% or 17% of the RMs against i.r. simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge, respectively. Data from the RV144 trial implied that vaccine-induced plasma IgA counteracted the protective effector mechanisms of IgG1 with the same epitope specificity. We thus hypothesized that mucosal dIgA2 might diminish the protection provided by IgG1 mAbs targeting the same epitope. To test our hypothesis, we administered HGN194 IgG1 intravenously (i.v.) either alone or combined with i.r. HGN194 dIgA2. We enrolled SHIV-exposed, persistently aviremic RMs protected by previously administered nmAbs; RM anti-human IgG responses were undetectable. However, low-level SIV Gag-specific proliferative T-cell responses were found. These animals resemble HIV-exposed, uninfected humans, in which local and systemic cellular immune responses have been observed. HGN194 IgG1 and dIgA2 used alone and the combination of the two neutralized the challenge virus equally well in vitro. All RMs given only i.v. HGN194 IgG1 became infected. In contrast, all RMs given HGN194 IgG1+dIgA2 were completely protected against high-dose i.r. SHIV-1157ipEL-p challenge. These data imply that combining suboptimal defenses at the mucosal and systemic levels can completely prevent virus acquisition. Consequently, active vaccination should focus on defense-in-depth, a strategy that seeks to build up defensive fall-back positions well behind the fortified frontline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Sholukh
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Watkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemant K Vyas
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandeep Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swati Thorat
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingkui Zhou
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Protein-coated nanoparticles are internalized by the epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract and induce systemic and mucosal immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114601. [PMID: 25490456 PMCID: PMC4260873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) includes the oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix and vagina. A layer of columnar epithelium separates the endocervix and uterus from the outside environment, while the vagina is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The mucosa of the FRT is exposed to antigens originating from microflora, and occasionally from infectious microorganisms. Whether epithelial cells (ECs) of the FRT take up (sample) the lumen antigens is not known. To address this question, we examined the uptake of 20-40 nm nanoparticles (NPs) applied vaginally to mice which were not treated with hormones, epithelial disruptors, or adjuvants. We found that 20 and 40 nm NPs are quickly internalized by ECs of the upper FRT and within one hour could be observed in the lymphatic ducts that drain the FRT, as well as in the ileac lymph nodes (ILNs) and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Chicken ovalbumin (Ova) conjugated to 20 nm NPs (NP-Ova) when administered vaginally reaches the internal milieu in an immunologically relevant form; thus vaginal immunization of mice with NP-Ova induces systemic IgG to Ova antigen. Most importantly, vaginal immunization primes the intestinal mucosa for secretion of sIgA. Sub-cutaneous (s.c) boosting immunization with Ova in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) further elevates the systemic (IgG1 and IgG2c) as well as mucosal (IgG1 and sIgA) antibody titers. These findings suggest that the modes of antigen uptake at mucosal surfaces and pathways of antigen transport are more complex than previously appreciated.
Collapse
|
13
|
Decorte I, Van Breedam W, Van der Stede Y, Nauwynck HJ, De Regge N, Cay AB. Detection of total and PRRSV-specific antibodies in oral fluids collected with different rope types from PRRSV-vaccinated and experimentally infected pigs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:134. [PMID: 24938323 PMCID: PMC4072892 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral fluid collected by means of ropes has the potential to replace serum for monitoring and surveillance of important swine pathogens. Until now, the most commonly used method to collect oral fluid is by hanging a cotton rope in a pen. However, concerns about the influence of rope material on subsequent immunological assays have been raised. In this study, we evaluated six different rope materials for the collection of oral fluid and the subsequent detection of total and PRRSV-specific antibodies of different isotypes in oral fluid collected from PRRSV-vaccinated and infected pigs. RESULTS An initial experiment showed that IgA is the predominant antibody isotype in porcine saliva. Moreover, it was found that synthetic ropes may yield higher amounts of IgA, whereas all rope types seemed to be equally suitable for IgG collection. Although IgA is the predominant antibody isotype in porcine oral fluid, the PRRSV-specific IgA-based IPMA and ELISA tests were clearly not ideal for sensitive detection of PRRSV-specific IgA antibodies. In contrast, PRRSV-specific IgG in oral fluids was readily detected in PRRSV-specific IgG-based IPMA and ELISA tests, indicating that IgG is a more reliable isotype for monitoring PRRSV-specific antibody immunity in vaccinated/infected animals via oral fluids with the currently available tests. CONCLUSIONS Since PRRSV-specific IgG detection seems more reliable than PRRSV-specific IgA detection for monitoring PRRSV-specific antibody immunity via oral fluids, and since all rope types yield equal amounts of IgG, it seems that the currently used cotton ropes are an appropriate choice for sample collection in PRRSV monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mestecky J, Wei Q, Alexander R, Raska M, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z. Humoral immune responses to HIV in the mucosal secretions and sera of HIV-infected women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:600-7. [PMID: 24494997 PMCID: PMC4024328 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sera and all external secretions contain antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), their levels, specificity, isotypes, and relevant effector functions display a great degree of variability. Antibodies that bind HIV antigens and neutralize the virus are predominantly associated with the IgG isotype in sera and in all external secretions, even where total levels of IgG are much lower than those of IgA. Rectal fluid that contains high IgA, but low IgG levels, displayed low neutralizing activity independent of antibodies. Therefore, external secretions should be evaluated before and after selective depletion of Ig. At the systemic level, HIV-specific IgA may interfere with the effector functions of IgG, as suggested by recent studies of individuals systemically immunized with an experimental HIV vaccine. Although HIV-specific IgG and IgA antibodies may exhibit their protective activities at mucosal surfaces through interference with viral entry and local neutralization at the systemic level, such antibodies may display discordant effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rashada Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Braibant M, Barin F. The role of neutralizing antibodies in prevention of HIV-1 infection: what can we learn from the mother-to-child transmission context? Retrovirology 2013; 10:103. [PMID: 24099103 PMCID: PMC3851888 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In most viral infections, protection through existing vaccines is linked to the presence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). However, more than 30 years after the identification of AIDS, the design of an immunogen able to induce antibodies that would neutralize the highly diverse HIV-1 variants remains one of the most puzzling challenges of the human microbiology. The role of antibodies in protection against HIV-1 can be studied in a natural situation that is the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) context. Indeed, at least at the end of pregnancy, maternal antibodies of the IgG class are passively transferred to the fetus protecting the neonate from new infections during the first weeks or months of life. During the last few years, strong data, presented in this review, have suggested that some NAbs might confer protection toward neonatal HIV-1 infection. In cases of transmission, it has been shown that the viral population that is transmitted from the mother to the infant is usually homogeneous, genetically restricted and resistant to the maternal HIV-1-specific antibodies. Although the breath of neutralization was not associated with protection, it has not been excluded that NAbs toward specific HIV-1 strains might be associated with a lower rate of MTCT. A better identification of the antibody specificities that could mediate protection toward MTCT of HIV-1 would provide important insights into the antibody responses that would be useful for vaccine development. The most convincing data suggesting that NAbs migh confer protection against HIV-1 infection have been obtained by experiments of passive immunization of newborn macaques with the first generation of human monoclonal broadly neutralizing antibodies (HuMoNAbs). However, these studies, which included only a few selected subtype B challenge viruses, provide data limited to protection against a very restricted number of isolates and therefore have limitations in addressing the hypervariability of HIV-1. The recent identification of highly potent second-generation cross-clade HuMoNAbs provides a new opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of passive immunization to prevent MTCT of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Braibant
- Université François-Rabelais, UFR Médecine, Inserm U966 10 bld Tonnellé, cedex, 37032 Tours, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moussa S, Jenabian MA, Gody JC, Léal J, Grésenguet G, Le Faou A, Bélec L. Adaptive HIV-specific B cell-derived humoral immune defenses of the intestinal mucosa in children exposed to HIV via breast-feeding. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63408. [PMID: 23704905 PMCID: PMC3660449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated whether B cell-derived immune defenses of the gastro-intestinal tract are activated to produce HIV-specific antibodies in children continuously exposed to HIV via breast-feeding. Methods Couples of HIV-1-infected mothers (n = 14) and their breastfed non HIV-infected (n = 8) and HIV-infected (n = 6) babies, and healthy HIV-negative mothers and breastfed babies (n = 10) as controls, were prospectively included at the Complexe Pédiatrique of Bangui, Central African Republic. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) and anti-gp160 antibodies from mother’s milk and stools of breastfed children were quantified by ELISA. Immunoaffinity purified anti-gp160 antibodies were characterized functionally regarding their capacity to reduce attachment and/or infection of R5- and X4- tropic HIV-1 strains on human colorectal epithelial HT29 cells line or monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDM). Results The levels of total IgA and IgG were increased in milk of HIV-infected mothers and stools of HIV-exposed children, indicating the activation of B cell-derived mucosal immunity. Breast milk samples as well as stool samples from HIV-negative and HIV-infected babies exposed to HIV by breast-feeding, contained high levels of HIV-specific antibodies, mainly IgG antibodies, less frequently IgA antibodies, and rarely IgM antibodies. Relative ratios of excretion by reference to lactoferrin calculated for HIV-specific IgA, IgG and IgM in stools of HIV-exposed children were largely superior to 1, indicating active production of HIV-specific antibodies by the intestinal mucosa. Antibodies to gp160 purified from pooled stools of HIV-exposed breastfed children inhibited the attachment of HIV-1NDK on HT29 cells by 63% and on MDM by 77%, and the attachment of HIV-1JRCSF on MDM by 40%; and the infection of MDM by HIV-1JRCSF by 93%. Conclusions The intestinal mucosa of children exposed to HIV by breast-feeding produces HIV-specific antibodies harbouring in vitro major functional properties against HIV. These observations lay the conceptual basis for the design of a prophylactic vaccine against HIV in exposed children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Moussa
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des Rétrovirus-VIH, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu X, Duval M, Lewis C, Gawron MA, Wang R, Posner MR, Cavacini LA. Impact of IgA constant domain on HIV-1 neutralizing function of monoclonal antibody F425A1g8. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23183895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the majority of HIV infections resulting from mucosal transmission, induction of an effective mucosal immune response is thought to be pivotal in preventing transmission. HIV-specific IgA, but not IgG, has been detected in the genital tract, seminal fluid, urethral swabs, urine, and vaginal wash samples of HIV-negative sex workers and HIV-status discordant couples. Purified mucosal and plasma IgA from some individuals with highly exposed, persistently seronegative status can neutralize infection and present cross-clade neutralization activity, though present at low levels. We generated a CD4-induced human mAb, F425A1g8, and characterized the impact of its isotype variants on HIV neutralizing activity. The result showed that, in contrast to little neutralization by the F425A1g8 IgG1 in the absence of sCD4, the IgA1 variant of the Ab displayed significant independent neutralization activity against a range of HIV clade B isolates in the absence of sCD4. Studies of the neutralizing function of IgA isotypes, and the functional relationship between different antigenic epitopes and IgA Abs, may also suggest strategies for the intervention of virus transmission and spread within the mucosa of the host, as well as serve to inform the design of vaccine strategies that may be more effective at preventing mucosal transmission. This research clearly suggests that IgA isotype, because of its unique molecular structure, may play an important role in HIV neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Yu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J. HIV-specific antibodies capable of ADCC are common in breastmilk and are associated with reduced risk of transmission in women with high viral loads. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002739. [PMID: 22719248 PMCID: PMC3375288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited data describing the functional characteristics of HIV-1 specific antibodies in breast milk (BM) and their role in breastfeeding transmission. The ability of BM antibodies to bind HIV-1 envelope, neutralize heterologous and autologous viruses and direct antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) were analyzed in BM and plasma obtained soon after delivery from 10 non-transmitting and 9 transmitting women with high systemic viral loads and plasma neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Because subtype A is the dominant subtype in this cohort, a subtype A envelope variant that was sensitive to plasma NAbs was used to assess the different antibody activities. We found that NAbs against the subtype A heterologous virus and/or the woman's autologous viruses were rare in IgG and IgA purified from breast milk supernatant (BMS)--only 4 of 19 women had any detectable NAb activity against either virus. Detected NAbs were of low potency (median IC50 value of 10 versus 647 for the corresponding plasma) and were not associated with infant infection (p = 0.58). The low NAb activity in BMS versus plasma was reflected in binding antibody levels: HIV-1 envelope specific IgG titers were 2.2 log(10) lower (compared to 0.59 log(10) lower for IgA) in BMS versus plasma. In contrast, antibodies capable of ADCC were common and could be detected in the BMS from all 19 women. BMS envelope-specific IgG titers were associated with both detection of IgG NAbs (p = 0.0001) and BMS ADCC activity (p = 0.014). Importantly, BMS ADCC capacity was inversely associated with infant infection risk (p = 0.039). Our findings indicate that BMS has low levels of envelope specific IgG and IgA with limited neutralizing activity. However, this small study of women with high plasma viral loads suggests that breastmilk ADCC activity is a correlate of transmission that may impact infant infection risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mabuka
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Program of Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katherine Odem-Davis
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dylan Peterson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chaoul N, Burelout C, Peruchon S, van Buu BN, Laurent P, Proust A, Raphael M, Garraud O, Le Grand R, Prevot S, Richard Y. Default in plasma and intestinal IgA responses during acute infection by simian immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2012; 9:43. [PMID: 22632376 PMCID: PMC3414759 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting results regarding changes in mucosal IgA production or in the proportions of IgA plasma cells in the small and large intestines during HIV-infection have been previously reported. Except in individuals repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 but yet remaining uninfected, HIV-specific IgAs are frequently absent in mucosal secretions from HIV-infected patients. However, little is known about the organization and functionality of mucosal B-cell follicles in acute HIV/SIV infection during which a T-dependent IgA response should have been initiated. In the present study, we evaluated changes in B-cell and T-cell subsets as well as the extent of apoptosis and class-specific plasma cells in Peyer's Patches, isolated lymphoid follicles, and lamina propria. Plasma levels of IgA, BAFF and APRIL were also determined. RESULTS Plasma IgA level was reduced by 46% by 28 days post infection (dpi), and no IgA plasma cells were found within germinal centers of Peyer's Patches and isolated lymphoid follicles. This lack of a T-dependent IgA response occurs although germinal centers remained functional with no sign of follicular damage, while a prolonged survival of follicular CD4+ T-cells and normal generation of IgG plasma cells is observed. Whereas the average plasma BAFF level was increased by 4.5-fold and total plasma cells were 1.7 to 1.9-fold more numerous in the lamina propria, the relative proportion of IgA plasma cells in this effector site was reduced by 19% (duodemun) to 35% (ileum) at 28 dpi. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that SIV is unable to initiate a T-dependent IgA response during the acute phase of infection and favors the production of IgG (ileum) or IgM (duodenum) plasma cells at the expense of IgA plasma cells. Therefore, an early and generalized default in IgA production takes place during the acute of phase of HIV/SIV infection, which might impair not only the virus-specific antibody response but also IgA responses to other pathogens and vaccines as well. Understanding the mechanisms that impair IgA production during acute HIV/SIV infection is crucial to improve virus-specific response in mucosa and control microbial translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Chaoul
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CEA, Institut des Maladies Emergentes et Thérapies Innovantes Service d'Immuno-Virologie, CEA, Fontenay-aux Roses, F-92260, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antiviral antibodies and T cells are present in the foreskin of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:7098-106. [PMID: 22532691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00410-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No information exists regarding immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the foreskin or glans of the human penis, although this is a key tissue for HIV transmission. To address this gap, we characterized antiviral immune responses in foreskin of male rhesus macaques (RMs) inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIVmac251 by penile foreskin exposure. We found a complete population of immune cells in the foreskin and glans of normal RMs, although B cells were less common than CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. IgG-secreting cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in cell suspensions made from the foreskin. In the foreskin and glans of SIV-infected RMs, although B cells were less common than CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, SIV-specific IgG antibody was present in foreskin secretions. In addition, cytokine-secreting SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were readily found in cell suspensions made from the foreskin. Although potential HIV target cells were found in and under the epithelium covering all penile surfaces, the presence of antiviral effector B and T cells in the foreskin suggests that vaccines may be able to elicit immunity in this critical site to protect men from acquiring HIV.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lewis DJ, Fraser CA, Mahmoud AN, Wiggins RC, Woodrow M, Cope A, Cai C, Giemza R, Jeffs SA, Manoussaka M, Cole T, Cranage MP, Shattock RJ, Lacey CJ. Phase I randomised clinical trial of an HIV-1(CN54), clade C, trimeric envelope vaccine candidate delivered vaginally. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25165. [PMID: 21984924 PMCID: PMC3184147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a phase 1 double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a HIV-1 envelope protein (CN54 gp140) candidate vaccine delivered vaginally to assess immunogenicity and safety. It was hypothesised that repeated delivery of gp140 may facilitate antigen uptake and presentation at this mucosal surface. Twenty two healthy female volunteers aged 18–45 years were entered into the trial, the first receiving open-label active product. Subsequently, 16 women were randomised to receive 9 doses of 100 µg of gp140 in 3 ml of a Carbopol 974P based gel, 5 were randomised to placebo solution in the same gel, delivered vaginally via an applicator. Participants delivered the vaccine three times a week over three weeks during one menstrual cycle, and were followed up for two further months. There were no serious adverse events, and the vaccine was well tolerated. No sustained systemic or local IgG, IgA, or T cell responses to the gp140 were detected following vaginal immunisations. Repeated vaginal immunisation with a HIV-1 envelope protein alone formulated in Carbopol gel was safe, but did not induce local or systemic immune responses in healthy women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Lewis
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Fraser
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdel N. Mahmoud
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Wiggins
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Woodrow
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Alethea Cope
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Cai
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Rafaela Giemza
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Jeffs
- Jefferiss Trust Research Laboratories, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Manoussaka
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cole
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P. Cranage
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J. Lacey
- Hull York Medical School & Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
HIV-specific functional antibody responses in breast milk mirror those in plasma and are primarily mediated by IgG antibodies. J Virol 2011; 85:9555-67. [PMID: 21734046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05174-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite months of mucosal virus exposure, the majority of breastfed infants born to HIV-infected mothers do not become infected, raising the possibility that immune factors in milk inhibit mucosal transmission of HIV. HIV Envelope (Env)-specific antibodies are present in the milk of HIV-infected mothers, but little is known about their virus-specific functions. In this study, HIV Env-specific antibody binding, autologous and heterologous virus neutralization, and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses were measured in the milk and plasma of 41 HIV-infected lactating women. Although IgA is the predominant antibody isotype in milk, HIV Env-specific IgG responses were higher in magnitude than HIV Env-specific IgA responses in milk. The concentrations of anti-HIV gp120 IgG in milk and plasma were directly correlated (r = 0.75; P < 0.0001), yet the response in milk was 2 logarithm units lower than in plasma. Similarly, heterologous virus neutralization (r = 0.39; P = 0.010) and ADCC activity (r = 0.64; P < 0.0001) in milk were directly correlated with that in the systemic compartment but were 2 log units lower in magnitude. Autologous neutralization was rarely detected in milk. Milk heterologous virus neutralization titers correlated with HIV gp120 Env-binding IgG responses but not with IgA responses (r = 0.71 and P < 0.0001, and r = 0.17 and P = 0.30). Moreover, IgGs purified from milk and plasma had equal neutralizing potencies against a tier 1 virus (r = 0.65; P < 0.0001), whereas only 1 out of 35 tested non-IgG milk fractions had detectable neutralization. These results suggest that plasma-derived IgG antibodies mediate the majority of the low-level HIV neutralization and ADCC activity in breast milk.
Collapse
|
23
|
Mestecky J, Wright PF, Lopalco L, Staats HF, Kozlowski PA, Moldoveanu Z, Alexander RC, Kulhavy R, Pastori C, Maboko L, Riedner G, Zhu Y, Wrinn T, Hoelscher M. Scarcity or absence of humoral immune responses in the plasma and cervicovaginal lavage fluids of heavily HIV-1-exposed but persistently seronegative women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:469-86. [PMID: 21091128 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To address an existing controversy concerning the presence of HIV-1-specific antibodies of the IgA isotype in the female genital tract secretions of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative (HEPSN) women, 41 samples of plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid were distributed to six laboratories for their blinded evaluation using ELISA with 10 different HIV-1 antigens, chemiluminescence-enhanced Western blots (ECL-WB), and virus neutralization. HIV-specific IgG or IgA antibodies in plasma samples from HEPSN women were absent or detectable only at low levels. In CVL, 11/41 samples displayed low levels of reactivity in ELISA against certain antigens. However, only one sample was positive in two of five laboratories. All but one CVL sample yielded negative results when analyzed by ECL-WB. Viral neutralizing activity was either absent or inconsistently detected in plasma and CVL. Plasma and CVL samples from 26 HIV-1-infected women were used as positive controls. Irrespective of the assays and antigens used, the results generated in all laboratories displayed remarkable concordance in the detection of HIV-1-specific antibodies of the IgG isotype. In contrast, IgA antibodies to HIV-1 antigens were not detected with consistency, and where present, IgA antibodies were at markedly lower levels than IgG. Although HIV-neutralizing activity was detected in plasma of all HIV-1-infected women, only a few of their CVL samples displayed such activity. In conclusion, frequent HIV-1 sexual exposure does not stimulate uniformly detectable mucosal or systemic HIV-1-specific responses, as convincingly documented in the present blindly performed study using a broad variety of immunological assays. Although HIV-1-infection leads to vigorous IgG responses in plasma and CVL, it does not stimulate sustained IgA responses in either fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology and the Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rashada C. Alexander
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rose Kulhavy
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Leonard Maboko
- National Institute for Medical Research–Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Gabriele Riedner
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Terri Wrinn
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mestecky J, Alexander RC, Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z. Methods for evaluation of humoral immune responses in human genital tract secretions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:361-7. [PMID: 21087333 PMCID: PMC3057909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The compilation of epidemiological, virological, and immunological data clearly indicates that HIV-1 infection must be considered primarily as a disease of the mucosal immune system. The earliest and most dramatic alterations of the immune system occur in the mucosal compartment. However, the mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts display remarkable immunological differences that must be considered in the evaluation of humoral immune responses in HIV-1-infected individuals or in volunteers immunized with experimental HIV vaccines. In this regard, marked differences in the dominant Ig isotypes, molecular forms of HIV-1-specific antibodies, and their distinct effector functions in the genital versus intestinal tracts must be carefully evaluated and considered in the measurement and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Appropriate controls and alternative immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which are prone to false positivity. Special precautions and rigorous controls must be used in the evaluation of antibody-mediated virus neutralization in external secretions of the genital and intestinal tracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street, South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wilks AB, Christian EC, Seaman MS, Sircar P, Carville A, Gomez CE, Esteban M, Pantaleo G, Barouch DH, Letvin NL, Permar SR. Robust vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses in breast milk following systemic simian immunodeficiency virus DNA prime and live virus vector boost vaccination of lactating rhesus monkeys. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7097-106. [PMID: 21041730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk transmission of HIV remains an important mode of infant HIV acquisition. Enhancement of mucosal HIV-specific immune responses in milk of HIV-infected mothers through vaccination may reduce milk virus load or protect against virus transmission in the infant gastrointestinal tract. However, the ability of HIV/SIV strategies to induce virus-specific immune responses in milk has not been studied. In this study, five uninfected, hormone-induced lactating, Mamu A*01(+) female rhesus monkey were systemically primed and boosted with rDNA and the attenuated poxvirus vector, NYVAC, containing the SIVmac239 gag-pol and envelope genes. The monkeys were boosted a second time with a recombinant Adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing matching immunogens. The vaccine-elicited immunodominant epitope-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte response in milk was of similar or greater magnitude than that in blood and the vaginal tract but higher than that in the colon. Furthermore, the vaccine-elicited SIV Gag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte polyfunctional cytokine responses were more robust in milk than in blood after each virus vector boost. Finally, SIV envelope-specific IgG responses were detected in milk of all monkeys after vaccination, whereas an SIV envelope-specific IgA response was only detected in one vaccinated monkey. Importantly, only limited and transient increases in the proportion of activated or CCR5-expressing CD4(+) T lymphocytes in milk occurred after vaccination. Therefore, systemic DNA prime and virus vector boost of lactating rhesus monkeys elicits potent virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in milk and may warrant further investigation as a strategy to impede breast milk transmission of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Wilks
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alpert MD, Rahmberg AR, Neidermyer W, Ng SK, Carville A, Camp JV, Wilson RL, Piatak M, Mansfield KG, Li W, Miller CJ, Lifson JD, Kozlowski PA, Evans DT. Envelope-modified single-cycle simian immunodeficiency virus selectively enhances antibody responses and partially protects against repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge. J Virol 2010; 84:10748-64. [PMID: 20702641 PMCID: PMC2950576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of rhesus macaques with strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are limited to a single cycle of infection elicits T-cell responses to multiple viral gene products and antibodies capable of neutralizing lab-adapted SIV, but not neutralization-resistant primary isolates of SIV. In an effort to improve upon the antibody responses, we immunized rhesus macaques with three strains of single-cycle SIV (scSIV) that express envelope glycoproteins modified to lack structural features thought to interfere with the development of neutralizing antibodies. These envelope-modified strains of scSIV lacked either five potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp120, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp41, or 100 amino acids in the V1V2 region of gp120. Three doses consisting of a mixture of the three envelope-modified strains of scSIV were administered on weeks 0, 6, and 12, followed by two booster inoculations with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G trans-complemented scSIV on weeks 18 and 24. Although this immunization regimen did not elicit antibodies capable of detectably neutralizing SIV(mac)239 or SIV(mac)251(UCD), neutralizing antibody titers to the envelope-modified strains were selectively enhanced. Virus-specific antibodies and T cells were observed in the vaginal mucosa. After 20 weeks of repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge with SIV(mac)251(UCD), six of eight immunized animals versus six of six naïve controls became infected. Although immunization did not significantly reduce the likelihood of acquiring immunodeficiency virus infection, statistically significant reductions in peak and set point viral loads were observed in the immunized animals relative to the naïve control animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Alpert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew R. Rahmberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - William Neidermyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sharon K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angela Carville
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael Piatak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Limited contribution of mucosal IgA to Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific neutralizing antibody response and virus envelope evolution in breast milk of SIV-infected, lactating rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2010; 84:8209-18. [PMID: 20519381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00656-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an important mode of infant HIV acquisition. Interestingly, the majority of infants remain uninfected during prolonged virus exposure via breastfeeding, raising the possibility that immune components in milk prevent mucosal virus transmission. HIV-specific antibody responses are detectable in the milk of HIV-infected women and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected monkeys; however, the role of these humoral responses in virus neutralization and local virus quasispecies evolution has not been characterized. In this study, four lactating rhesus monkeys were inoculated with SIVmac251 and monitored for SIV envelope-specific humoral responses and virus evolution in milk and plasma throughout infection. While the kinetics and breadth of the SIV-specific IgG and IgA responses in milk were similar to those in plasma, the magnitude of the milk responses was considerably lower than that of the plasma responses. Furthermore, a neutralizing antibody response against the inoculation virus was not detected in milk samples at 1 year after infection, despite a measurable autologous neutralizing antibody response in plasma samples obtained from three of four monkeys. Interestingly, while IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin in milk, the milk SIV envelope-specific IgA response was lower in magnitude and demonstrated more limited neutralizing capacity against a T-cell line-adapted SIV compared to those of the milk IgG response. Finally, amino acid mutations in the envelope gene product of SIV variants in milk and plasma samples occurred in similar numbers and at similar positions, indicating that the humoral immune pressure in milk does not drive distinct virus evolution in the breast milk compartment.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hel Z, Stringer E, Mestecky J. Sex steroid hormones, hormonal contraception, and the immunobiology of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:79-97. [PMID: 19903932 PMCID: PMC2852204 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, an increasing number of women use oral or injectable hormonal contraceptives. However, inadequate information is available to aid women and health care professionals in weighing the potential risks of hormonal contraceptive use in individuals living with HIV-1 or at high risk of infection. Numerous epidemiological studies and challenge studies in a rhesus macaque model suggest that progesterone-based contraceptives increase the risk of HIV-1 infection in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques, accelerate disease progression, and increase viral shedding in the genital tract. However, because several other studies in humans have not observed any effect of exogenously administered progesterone on HIV-1 acquisition and disease progression, the issue continues to be a topic of intense research and ongoing discussion. In contrast to progesterone, systemic or intravaginal treatment with estrogen efficiently protects female rhesus macaques against the transmission of SIV, likely by enhancing the natural protective properties of the lower genital tract mucosal tissue. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effect of sex steroid hormones on HIV-1 and SIV acquisition and disease progression are not well understood, progesterone and estrogen are known to regulate a number of immune mechanisms that may exert an effect on retroviral infection. This review summarizes current knowledge of the effects of various types of sex steroid hormones on immune processes involved in the biology of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mestecky J, Moldoveanu Z, Smith PD, Hel Z, Alexander RC. Mucosal immunology of the genital and gastrointestinal tracts and HIV-1 infection. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 83:196-200. [PMID: 19853927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The male and female genital tracts are protected by a local immune system that displays features distinguishing them from other mucosal sites. In contrast to the intestinal tract, where locally produced IgA is the dominant Ig, secretions of the male and female genital tract contain predominantly IgG of both local and systemic origin. Genital tract tissues also lack mucosal lymphoepithelial inductive sites analogous to intestinal Peyer's patches; consequently, local immunization or infections with sexually transmitted pathogens induce low immune responses. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection must be primarily considered as a mucosal disease with extensive involvement of the systemic immune compartment. Although the majority of infections is acquired through the genital mucosa, a high rate of virus replication and profound CD4(+) T cell depletion occurs in the intestinal mucosa and other mucosal tissues shortly after infection. Evaluation of HIV-specific antibodies in sera and external secretions, including vaginal washes and semen, unexpectedly revealed a selective lack of IgA responses. Moreover, specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood were of the IgG isotype, even in mucosally infected individuals. Whether humoral responses to previously or newly encountered antigens are compromised in HIV-1-infected persons is under current investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Heuer L, Ashwood P, Schauer J, Goines P, Krakowiak P, Hertz-Picciotto I, Hansen R, Croen LA, Pessah IN, Van de Water J. Reduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms. Autism Res 2009; 1:275-83. [PMID: 19343198 DOI: 10.1002/aur.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assay if plasma antibody levels in children with autism or developmental delays (DD) differ from those with typical development as an indicator of immune function and to correlate antibody levels with severity of behavioral symptoms. METHODS Plasma was collected from children with autistic disorder (AU; n=116), DD but not autism (n=32), autism spectrum disorder but not full autism (n=27), and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (n=96). Samples were assayed for systemic levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subjects with autism were evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, and all subjects were scored on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) by the parents. Numerical scores for each of the ABC subscales as well as the total scores were then correlated with Ig levels. RESULTS Children with AU have a significantly reduced level of plasma IgG (5.39+/-0.29 mg/mL) compared to the TD (7.72+/-0.28 mg/mL; P<0.001) and DD children (8.23+/-0.49 mg/mL; P<0.001). Children with autism also had a reduced level of plasma IgM (0.670.06 mg/mL) compared to TD (0.79+/-0.05 mg/mL; P<0.05). Ig levels were negatively correlated with ABC scores for all children (IgG: r=-0.334, P<0.0001; IgM: r=-0.167, P=0.0285). CONCLUSION Children with AU have significantly reduced levels of plasma IgG and IgM compared to both DD and TD controls, suggesting an underlying defect in immune function. This reduction in specific Ig levels correlates with behavioral severity, where those patients with the highest scores in the behavioral battery have the most reduced levels of IgG and IgM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Heuer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Envelope-specific antibody response in HIV-2 infection: C2V3C3-specific IgG response is associated with disease progression. AIDS 2008; 22:2257-65. [PMID: 18981765 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283155546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the unspecific and envelope-specific IgA and IgG responses in acute and chronic HIV-2 infection. METHODS Twenty-eight chronically infected adults and two children with perinatal infection were studied. Total plasma concentrations of IgA and IgG were determined by nephelometry. IgA and IgG reactivity against the immunodominant region in gp36 and the C2V3C3 region in gp125 was tested with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-HIV-2 assay. Clonal sequences of the C2V3C3 env region were obtained for most patients. RESULTS Total plasma IgG concentration, but not IgA, was significantly higher than normal in HIV-2 patients and correlated inversely with CD4 T-cell counts. Seroconversion to gp36 occurred during the first year of life in both infants. The infant with rapid disease progression did not elicit C2V3C3-specific antibodies. Most chronically infected patients produced plasma IgG1, IgG3 and IgA antibodies against gp36 and C2V3C3. Lack of C2V3C3-specific IgG response in two patients was associated with a major antigenic change in the V3 region. In longitudinal analysis, there was a significant inverse association between the C2V3C3-specific IgG antibody response and the number of CD4 T cells. CONCLUSION HIV-2 promotes an early, strong and broad gp36 and C2V3C3-specific IgG and IgA response. Increase in the IgG response against the envelope C2V3C3 region is associated with increased loss of CD4 T cells in chronically infected patients. These results provide further support for the immune protective role of the C2V3C3 envelope region during HIV-2 infection and have direct implications for HIV-2 diagnosis, clinical management and pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Dynamics of acute and memory mucosal and systemic immune responses against HIV-1 envelope following immunizations through single or combinations of mucosal and systemic routes. Vaccine 2008; 26:2796-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Planque S, Mitsuda Y, Taguchi H, Salas M, Morris MK, Nishiyama Y, Kyle R, Okhuysen P, Escobar M, Hunter R, Sheppard HW, Hanson C, Paul S. Characterization of gp120 hydrolysis by IgA antibodies from humans without HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:1541-54. [PMID: 18160012 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody hydrolysis of the superantigenic gp120 site and HIV-1 neutralization was studied as a potential anti-HIV mechanism in uninfected humans. gp120 hydrolysis by purified serum and salivary antibodies was determined by electrophoresis and peptide sequencing, the proteolytic mechanism was analyzed using electrophilic peptide analogs, and viral neutralization was studied using peripheral blood mononuclear cells as hosts. Polyclonal and monoclonal IgA but not IgG preparations selectively catalyzed the cleavage of HIV gp120 at rates sufficient to predict biologically relevant protection against the virus. The IgA hydrolytic reaction proceeded by noncovalent recognition of gp120 residues 421-433, a component of the superantigenic site of gp120, coordinated with peptide bond cleavage via a serine protease-like mechanism. The Lys-432-Ala-433 bond was one of the cleavage sites. Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by a primary isolate of HIV was neutralized by the IgA but not IgG fractions. The neutralizing activity was specifically inhibited by an electrophilic inhibitor of the catalytic activity. The existence of catalytic IgAs to gp120 in uninfected humans suggests their role in resistance to HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Planque
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yukie Mitsuda
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hiroaki Taguchi
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Maria Salas
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Mary-Kate Morris
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Robert Kyle
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Pablo Okhuysen
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Miguel Escobar
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Robert Hunter
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Haynes W. Sheppard
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Carl Hanson
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Sudhir Paul
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mestecky J. Humoral immune responses to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in the genital tract compared to other mucosal sites. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 73:86-97. [PMID: 17354294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) must be considered as a primarily mucosal disease. On a worldwide basis, the absolute majority of HIV infections occur through mucosal surfaces of the genital and intestinal tracts, and the earliest and most dramatic immunologic alterations are induced by the virus in mucosal tissues. However, individual compartments of mucosal components of the immune system display remarkable differences with respect to dominant antibody isotypes, virus phenotypes, densities and origins of cells involved in innate and specific immunity, presence or absence of inductive sites, and routes of immunizations that induce humoral and cellular responses. In this regard, the mucosal immune system of the female and male genital tracts exhibit several features which are distinct from other mucosal tissues, including dominance of the IgG isotype, local as well as pronounced systemic origin of antibodies, the absence of organized lymphoepithelial inductive sites and limited humoral responses stimulated by local antigen administration. Furthermore, it is evident that, irrespective of the route of infection, HIV-1 induces easily detectable IgG but not IgA specific antibody responses. These differences must be considered in the design of protective vaccines against infection with HIV and other agents of sexually transmitted diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Box 1, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mestecky J. Humoral immune responses to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in the genital tract compared to other mucosal sites. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 72:1-17. [PMID: 17095369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) must be considered as a primarily mucosal disease. On a worldwide basis, the absolute majority of HIV infections occur through mucosal surfaces of the genital and intestinal tracts, and the earliest and most dramatic immunologic alterations are induced by the virus in mucosal tissues. However, individual compartments of mucosal components of the immune system display remarkable differences with respect to dominant antibody isotypes, virus phenotypes, densities and origins of cells involved in innate and specific immunity, presence or absence of inductive sites, and routes of immunizations that induce humoral and cellular responses. In this regard, the mucosal immune system of the female and male genital tracts exhibit several features which are distinct from other mucosal tissues, including dominance of the IgG isotype, local as well as pronounced systemic origin of antibodies, the absence of organized lymphoepithelial inductive sites and limited humoral responses stimulated by local antigen administration. Furthermore, it is evident that, irrespective of the route of infection, HIV-1 induces easily detectable IgG but not IgA specific antibody responses. These differences must be considered in the design of protective vaccines against infection with HIV and other agents of sexually transmitted diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Box 1, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marais DJ, Sampson C, Jeftha A, Dhaya D, Passmore JAS, Denny L, Rybicki EP, Van Der Walt E, Stephen LXG, Williamson AL. More men than women make mucosal IgA antibodies to Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) and HPV-18: a study of oral HPV and oral HPV antibodies in a normal healthy population. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:95. [PMID: 16762074 PMCID: PMC1524783 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown the high prevalence of oral anti-human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) antibodies in women with HPV-associated cervical neoplasia. It was postulated that the HPV antibodies were initiated after HPV antigenic stimulation at the cervix via the common mucosal immune system. The present study aimed to further evaluate the effectiveness of oral fluid testing for detecting the mucosal humoral response to HPV infection and to advance our limited understanding of the immune response to HPV. METHODS The prevalence of oral HPV infection and oral antibodies to HPV types 16, 18 and 11 was determined in a normal, healthy population of children, adolescents and adults, both male and female, attending a dental clinic. HPV types in buccal cells were determined by DNA sequencing. Oral fluid was collected from the gingival crevice of the mouth by the OraSure method. HPV-16, HPV-18 and HPV-11 antibodies in oral fluid were detected by virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As a reference group 44 women with cervical neoplasia were included in the study. RESULTS Oral HPV infection was highest in children (9/114, 7.9%), followed by adolescents (4/78, 5.1%), and lowest in normal adults (4/116, 3.5%). The predominant HPV type found was HPV-13 (7/22, 31.8%) followed by HPV-32 (5/22, 22.7%). The prevalence of oral antibodies to HPV-16, HPV-18 and HPV-11 was low in children and increased substantially in adolescents and normal adults. Oral HPV-16 IgA was significantly more prevalent in women with cervical neoplasia (30/44, 68.2%) than the women from the dental clinic (18/69, 26.1% P = 0.0001). Significantly more adult men than women displayed oral HPV-16 IgA (30/47 compared with 18/69, OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.09-12.1, P < 0.001) and HPV-18 IgA (17/47 compared with 13/69, OR 2.4, 95% CI 0.97-6.2, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION The increased prevalence of oral HPV antibodies in adolescent individuals compared with children was attributed to the onset of sexual activity. The increased prevalence of oral anti-HPV IgA in men compared with women was noteworthy considering reportedly fewer men than women make serum antibodies, and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne J Marais
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Candice Sampson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthea Jeftha
- Departments of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dherendra Dhaya
- Departments of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynette Denny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eric Van Der Walt
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence XG Stephen
- Departments of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Mestecky J, Moldoveanu Z, Russell MW. Immunologic Uniqueness of the Genital Tract: Challenge for Vaccine Development. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005; 53:208-14. [PMID: 15833098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the genital tract is considered to be a component of the mucosal immune system, it displays several distinct features not shared by other typical mucosal tissues and external secretions. Both male and female genital tract tissues lack inductive mucosal sites analogous to intestinal Peyer's patches. Consequently, local humoral and cellular immune responses stimulated by infections [with e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)] are weak or absent, and repeated local intravaginal immunizations result in minimal humoral responses. In contrast to typical external secretions such as intestinal fluid that contain secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) as the dominant isotype, semen and cervico-vaginal fluid contain more IgG than IgA. Furthermore, irrespective of the route of infection, humoral immune responses to HIV-1 are dominated by specific IgG and low or absent IgA antibodies in all external secretions. Because a significant proportion of IgG in genital tract secretions is derived from the circulation, systemic immunization may provide protective IgG antibody-mediated immunity in the genital tract. Furthermore, combined systemic and mucosal (oral, rectal, and especially intranasal) immunization may induce protective humoral responses in both the systemic and mucosal compartments of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Box 1, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mucosal Immunity and Vaccines Against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
40
|
Mestecky J, Jackson S, Moldoveanu Z, Nesbit LR, Kulhavy R, Prince SJ, Sabbaj S, Mulligan MJ, Goepfert PA. Paucity of antigen-specific IgA responses in sera and external secretions of HIV-type 1-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:972-88. [PMID: 15585085 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to resolve existing controversies with respect to the detection of IgA HIV-1-specific mucosal antibodies in infected individuals. External secretions, including tears, nasal, rectal, and vaginal washes, saliva, semen, urine, and sera were obtained from 50 HIV-1-infected individuals and 20 controls using collection procedures that minimize the irritation of mucosal surfaces. Levels of total and antigen (gp120 and gp160)-specific antibodies of the IgG and IgA isotypes were measured by assays that proved reliable in a large multicenter study: quantitative ELISA and chemiluminescence-enhanced Western blot analyses. Although the levels of total IgG and IgA were increased or remained unchanged in body fluids of HIV-1-infected individuals as compared to the controls, HIV-1-specific IgA antibodies were either absent or present at low levels even in secretions with characteristically high relative contents of total IgA vs. IgG (saliva, tears, and rectal and nasal washes). In these secretions, HIV-1-specific IgG antibodies dominated. In assessing levels and frequency of detection of IgG antibodies, both female and male genital tract secretions, urine, and nasal wash were preferable to parotid saliva and especially to rectal wash. External secretions contained IgG antibodies to gp160> gp120> gp41 and p24; when present, IgA antibodies were predominantly directed at gp160. Analyses of peripheral blood antibody-secreting cells (ASC) isolated from the same individuals paralleled these serological findings: gp160-specific IgG-secreting ASC were dominant. Therefore, in striking contrast to other mucosally encountered microbial infections, HIV-1 does not induce vigorous specific IgA responses in any body fluid examined or in ASC in peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu X, Hall S, Jackson S. Tropism-restricted neutralization by secretory IgA from parotid saliva of HIV type 1-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:275-81. [PMID: 12804003 DOI: 10.1089/088922203764969474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined secretory IgA, isolated from the parotid saliva of 10 HIV-1-infected subjects, for its ability to influence HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with two R5 and two X4 primary isolates. Salivary IgA from four subjects was found to inhibit both R5 viruses but not the X4 viruses. In another subject, salivary IgA inhibited both X4 viruses but not the R5 viruses. The specificity of these antibodies seemed to be directed against, but not restricted to, gp160 and gp120. Compared with subjects whose salivary IgA did not inhibit HIV-1 infection, subjects who displayed neutralizing activity were in relatively early stages of disease and had CD4(+) T cell counts greater than 200 cells/microl. Our data indicate the presence of tropism-specific (more frequently R5-specific) neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1-infected subjects. Because mucosal transmission of HIV-1 occurs exclusively in R5 viruses, and X4 viruses often emerge in established infection and account for viral persistence later in disease, our data suggest a potential role for secretory IgA in preventing viral transmission, but a less likely effect on chronic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Coombs RW, Reichelderfer PS, Landay AL. Recent observations on HIV type-1 infection in the genital tract of men and women. AIDS 2003; 17:455-80. [PMID: 12598766 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200303070-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Coombs
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The patterns of plasma and salivary IgG and IgA antibodies reacting to HIV-1 proteins were followed in seven HIV-1-infected individuals for a period of 18-40 months. Western blot analyses revealed diversities in specificity of these antibodies among subjects; however, for the same subject, the specificity profile remained consistent throughout the entire follow-up period. The staining intensities of plasma IgG from two subjects were associated with plasma viral load. The band intensities of salivary IgG were mostly determined by plasma IgG; the health of the oral cavity might also influence the transudation of salivary IgG antibodies. The binding intensities of plasma and salivary IgA antibodies specific for certain viral proteins were associated with plasma viral load in some subjects as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Most HIV infections worldwide are transmitted through heterosexual contact. In order to develop vaccination strategies, the basic biology of the immune system in female reproductive tract and the full range of vaginal immune responses that occur during natural HIV infection must be understood. The cervicovaginal mucosa contains a complete set of immune cells, including antigen-presenting cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells. The CVS of HIV-infected women and SIV-infected female rhesus macaques contain variable levels of antiviral antibodies. Some of this variation is due to the effects of female ovarian hormone cycle. IgG antibodies make up the bulk of the antiviral antibody response. However, IgA antibodies are present at lower levels. HIV/SIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are present in the cervicovaginal mucosa of infected women and rhesus macaques. A vaccine that can elicit strong antiviral immunity may provide protection for hetorosexual HIV-1 transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Miller
- Virology and Immunology Unit, California Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wright PF, Kozlowski PA, Rybczyk GK, Goepfert P, Staats HF, VanCott TC, Trabattoni D, Sannella E, Mestecky J. Detection of mucosal antibodies in HIV type 1-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:1291-300. [PMID: 12487817 DOI: 10.1089/088922202320886334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-specific mucosal IgA antibodies may correlate with protection in highly exposed but uninfected individuals, but have been detected at highly variable levels in HIV-1-infected individuals. To determine the best assays for detection of IgA antibodies in mucosal samples, rectal washes from 16 HIV-1-infected and 14 uninfected individuals were distributed to six laboratories experienced in detection of mucosal antibodies. Assays for HIV-1-specific IgA and IgG were performed in a blinded fashion by each of the laboratories using modifications of ELISA and chemiluminescence-enhanced Western blotting. Rectal washes contained easily detectable total IgA levels that did not differ between HIV-1-infected and uninfected groups. Irrespective of the assay used, HIV-1-specific IgA antibodies were absent in most samples; only one laboratory identified a higher frequency of positive samples from HIV-1-infected than uninfected individuals. In spite of 10-fold lower levels of total IgG than IgA, all but one laboratory identified HIV-1-specific IgG in most rectal washes of HIV-1-infected individuals. Comparable and readily detectable levels of influenza-specific IgA antibodies were present in nasal, salivary, and rectal secretions from both HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals. These observations suggest a selective alteration in the production of HIV-1-specific IgA antibodies in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Wright
- AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Guy B. Evaluation of events occurring at mucosal surfaces: techniques used to collect and analyze mucosal secretions and cells. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:753-62. [PMID: 12093669 PMCID: PMC120023 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.4.753-762.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guy
- Research Department, Aventis Pasteur, Campus Merieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Snowhite IV, Jones WE, Dumestre J, Dunlap K, Braly PS, Hagensee ME. Comparative analysis of methods for collection and measurement of cytokines and immunoglobulins in cervical and vaginal secretions of HIV and HPV infected women. J Immunol Methods 2002; 263:85-95. [PMID: 12009206 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The goal of these studies was to distinguish which of two techniques [cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and cervical wick (SS)] is the optimal collection method for the measurement of the local immunological response in human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV infected women. The following parameters were measured in 24 paired samples from 15 women (9 HIV+, 6 HIV-): total protein, immunoglobulin levels, HPV-specific antibodies, and Th1-Th2 cytokines. In addition, relative mRNA levels from CVL cell pellets were compared to protein levels from CVL supernatants. The total protein (2-fold) and IgG concentration (10-fold) are higher in the SS samples, were reproducible (%CV<3) and these levels correlated (P<0.0001) with their paired CVL sample. Type-specific HPV-L1 IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in CVL and SS (r>0.28, P<0.008) with excellent reproducibility (CV<3.0%). However, SS (%CV>18) failed to yield reproducible results for the cytokine assays as compared to the CVL (%CV<5.0). Furthermore, no correlations were found between relative mRNA levels from CVL cell pellet and cytokine protein levels in CVL supernatants. The CVL sample's superior reproducibility in the cytokine assays makes this the better collection method. In addition, cytokine protein level's failure to correlate with mRNA suggests tight regulation of cytokine genes or production from a different cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I V Snowhite
- Department of Microbiology, LSU Heath Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
We examined IgA and IgM responses in parotid saliva from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. Compared to the uninfected controls, levels of salivary secretory IgA2 were significantly increased in HIV-1-infected subjects, with higher levels in those who displayed oral manifestations of HIV- I infection. Assessed by enzyme immunoassay, about two thirds of the HIV-1-infected individuals tested positive for salivary HIV-1-specific IgA antibodies but not for salivary IgM. No clear correlations between the amount of HIV-1-specific IgA and CD4 counts or plasma viral loads were found. The proportions of HIV-1-specific IgA did not correlate with the levels of total IgA. Determined by Western blot, IgA1 accounted for the majority of anti-HIV-1 IgA antibodies in saliva. Comparisons between the specificities of plasma and salivary IgA directed to HIV-1 proteins revealed the absence of salivary anti-gp41 IgA antibodies, and lower HIV-1-specific reactivity of IgA and IgM were determined in saliva than in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Granade TC, Phillips SK, Kitson-Piggott W, Gomez P, Mahabir B, Oleander H, George JR, Baggs J, Parekh B. Influence of host factors on immunoglobulin G concentration in oral fluid specimens. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:194-7. [PMID: 11777855 PMCID: PMC119911 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.1.194-197.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of host factors (tobacco use, dentition, bleeding gums, oral rinsing, nasal medications, and time since the last meal) on immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in oral fluids (OF) was determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. Significant differences in IgG concentration were found to be associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status (HIV antibody positive, +16.60 microg/ml, P = 0.0001), sex (female, +1.23 microg/ml, P = 0.004), dentition (+2.83 microg/ml, edentulous versus dentulous, P = 0.0001), bleeding gums (+6.35 microg/ml, P = 0.0001), and time since the last meal (+3.55 microg/ml, >6 h, P = 0.0001). These factors could impact diagnostic methods that rely on the immunoglobulin concentration in OF specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Granade
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road D-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Marais DJ, Best JM, Rose RC, Keating P, Soeters R, Denny L, Dehaeck CM, Nevin J, Kay P, Passmore JA, Williamson AL. Oral antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 in women with cervical neoplasia. J Med Virol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|