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Chen Q, Li L, Xu L, Yang B, Huang Y, Qiao D, Yue X. Proteomic analysis discovers potential biomarkers of early traumatic axonal injury in the brainstem. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:207-227. [PMID: 37338605 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Application of Tandem Mass Tags (TMT)-based LC-MS/MS analysis to screen for differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in traumatic axonal injury (TAI) of the brainstem and to predict potential biomarkers and key molecular mechanisms of brainstem TAI. METHODS A modified impact acceleration injury model was used to establish a brainstem TAI model in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the model was evaluated in terms of both functional changes (vital sign measurements) andstructural changes (HE staining, silver-plating staining and β-APP immunohistochemical staining). TMT combined with LC-MS/MS was used to analyse the DEPs in brainstem tissues from TAI and Sham groups. The biological functions of DEPs and potential molecular mechanisms in the hyperacute phase of TAI were analysed by bioinformatics techniques, and candidate biomarkers were validated using western blotting and immunohistochemistry on brainstem tissues from animal models and humans. RESULTS Based on the successful establishment of the brainstem TAI model in rats, TMT-based proteomics identified 65 DEPs, and bioinformatics analysis indicated that the hyperacute phase of TAI involves multiple stages of biological processes including inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, neuronal excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Three DEPs, CBR1, EPHX2 and CYP2U1, were selected as candidate biomarkers and all three proteins were found to be significantly expressed in brainstem tissue 30 min-7 days after TAI in both animal models and humans. CONCLUSION Using TMT combined with LC-MS/MS analysis for proteomic study of early TAI in rat brainstem, we report for the first time that CBR1, EPHX2 and CYP2U1 can be used as biomarkers of early TAI in brainstem by means of western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, compensating for the limitations of silver-plating staining and β-APP immunohistochemical staining, especially in the case of very short survival time after TAI (shorter than 30 min). A number of other proteins that also have a potential marker role are also presented, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic targets and forensic identification of early TAI in brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingyue Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuebing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongfang Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xia Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Harris G, Stickland CA, Lim M, Goldberg Oppenheimer P. Raman Spectroscopy Spectral Fingerprints of Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:2589. [PMID: 37998324 PMCID: PMC10670390 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people of all ages around the globe. TBI is notoriously hard to diagnose at the point of care, resulting in incorrect patient management, avoidable death and disability, long-term neurodegenerative complications, and increased costs. It is vital to develop timely, alternative diagnostics for TBI to assist triage and clinical decision-making, complementary to current techniques such as neuroimaging and cognitive assessment. These could deliver rapid, quantitative TBI detection, by obtaining information on biochemical changes from patient's biofluids. If available, this would reduce mis-triage, save healthcare providers costs (both over- and under-triage are expensive) and improve outcomes by guiding early management. Herein, we utilize Raman spectroscopy-based detection to profile a panel of 18 raw (human, animal, and synthetically derived) TBI-indicative biomarkers (N-acetyl-aspartic acid (NAA), Ganglioside, Glutathione (GSH), Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), Cholesterol, D-Serine, Sphingomyelin, Sulfatides, Cardiolipin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), S100B, Galactocerebroside, Beta-D-(+)-Glucose, Myo-Inositol, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Neurofilament Light Chain (NFL)) and their aqueous solution. The subsequently derived unique spectral reference library, exploiting four excitation lasers of 514, 633, 785, and 830 nm, will aid the development of rapid, non-destructive, and label-free spectroscopy-based neuro-diagnostic technologies. These biomolecules, released during cellular damage, provide additional means of diagnosing TBI and assessing the severity of injury. The spectroscopic temporal profiles of the studied biofluid neuro-markers are classed according to their acute, sub-acute, and chronic temporal injury phases and we have further generated detailed peak assignment tables for each brain-specific biomolecule within each injury phase. The intensity ratios of significant peaks, yielding the combined unique spectroscopic barcode for each brain-injury marker, are compared to assess variance between lasers, with the smallest variance found for UCHL1 (σ2 = 0.000164) and the highest for sulfatide (σ2 = 0.158). Overall, this work paves the way for defining and setting the most appropriate diagnostic time window for detection following brain injury. Further rapid and specific detection of these biomarkers, from easily accessible biofluids, would not only enable the triage of TBI, predict outcomes, indicate the progress of recovery, and save healthcare providers costs, but also cement the potential of Raman-based spectroscopy as a powerful tool for neurodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Harris
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clarissa A. Stickland
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthias Lim
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Healthcare Technologies, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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Toft-Bertelsen TL, Andreassen SN, Rostgaard N, Olsen MH, Norager NH, Capion T, Juhler M, MacAulay N. Distinct Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipid Signature in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Hydrocephalus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2360. [PMID: 37760800 PMCID: PMC10525923 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), which is treated with surgical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. This diversion is associated with risk of infection and shunt failure. Biomarkers for PHH etiology, CSF dynamics disturbances, and potentially subsequent shunt dependency are therefore in demand. With the recent demonstration of lipid-mediated CSF hypersecretion contributing to PHH, exploration of the CSF lipid signature in relation to brain pathology is of interest. Despite being a relatively new addition to the omic's landscape, lipidomics are increasingly recognized as a tool for biomarker identification, as they provide a comprehensive overview of lipid profiles in biological systems. We here employ an untargeted mass spectroscopy-based platform and reveal the complete lipid profile of cisternal CSF from healthy control subjects and demonstrate its bimodal fluctuation with age. Various classes of lipids, in addition to select individual lipids, were elevated in the ventricular CSF obtained from patients with SAH during placement of an external ventricular drain. The lipidomic signature of the CSF in the patients with SAH suggests dysregulation of the lipids in the CSF in this patient group. Our data thereby reveal possible biomarkers present in a brain pathology with a hemorrhagic event, some of which could be potential future biomarkers for hypersecretion contributing to ventriculomegaly and thus pharmacological targets for pathologies involving disturbed CSF dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Søren Norge Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (T.L.T.-B.)
| | - Nina Rostgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas H. Norager
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna Capion
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (T.L.T.-B.)
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Xu H, Zheng LX, Chen XS, Pang QY, Yan YN, Liu R, Guo HM, Ren ZY, Yang Y, Gu ZY, Gao C, Gao Y, Luo CL, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang T, Tao LY. Brain-specific loss of Abcg1 disturbs cholesterol metabolism and aggravates pyroptosis and neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 2022; 33:e13126. [PMID: 36271611 PMCID: PMC10154369 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on accumulating evidence, cholesterol metabolism dysfunction has been suggested to contribute to the pathophysiological process of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and lead to neurological deficits. As a key transporter of cholesterol that efflux from cells, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family exerts many beneficial effects on central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, there is no study regarding the effects and mechanisms of ABCG1 on TBI. As expected, TBI resulted in the different time-course changes of cholesterol metabolism-related molecules in the injured cortex. Considering ABCG1 is expressed in neuron and glia post-TBI, we generated nestin-specific Abcg1 knockout (Abcg1-KO) mice using the Cre/loxP recombination system. These Abcg1-KO mice showed reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increased plasma lower-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels under the base condition. After TBI, these Abcg1-KO mice were susceptible to cholesterol metabolism turbulence. Moreover, Abcg1-KO exacerbated TBI-induced pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuronal cell insult, brain edema, neurological deficits, and brain lesion volume. Importantly, we found that treating with retinoid X receptor (RXR, the upstream molecule of ABCG1) agonist, bexarotene, in Abcg1-KO mice partly rescued TBI-induced neuronal damages mentioned above and improved functional deficits versus vehicle-treated group. These data show that, in addition to regulating brain cholesterol metabolism, Abcg1 improves neurological deficits through inhibiting pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuronal cell insult, and brain edema. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that the cerebroprotection of Abcg1 on TBI partly relies on the activation of the RXRalpha/PPARgamma pathway, which provides a potential therapeutic target for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Le-Xin Zheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Shi Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Pang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Han-Mu Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ya Gu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Sackheim AM, Villalba N, Sancho M, Harraz OF, Bonev AD, D’Alessandro A, Nemkov T, Nelson MT, Freeman K. Traumatic Brain Injury Impairs Systemic Vascular Function Through Disruption of Inward-Rectifier Potassium Channels. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab018. [PMID: 34568829 PMCID: PMC8462507 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Trauma can lead to widespread vascular dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir2.1) play a critical role in the dynamic regulation of regional perfusion and blood flow. Kir2.1 channel activity requires phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a membrane phospholipid that is degraded by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in conditions of oxidative stress or inflammation. We hypothesized that PLA2-induced depletion of PIP2 after trauma impairs Kir2.1 channel function. A fluid percussion injury model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats was used to study mesenteric resistance arteries 24 hours after injury. The functional responses of intact arteries were assessed using pressure myography. We analyzed circulating PLA2, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and metabolites to identify alterations in signaling pathways associated with PIP2 in TBI. Electrophysiology analysis of freshly-isolated endothelial and smooth muscle cells revealed a significant reduction of Ba2+-sensitive Kir2.1 currents after TBI. Additionally, dilations to elevated extracellular potassium and BaCl2- or ML 133-induced constrictions in pressurized arteries were significantly decreased following TBI, consistent with an impairment of Kir2.1 channel function. The addition of a PIP2 analog to the patch pipette successfully rescued endothelial Kir2.1 currents after TBI. Both H2O2 and PLA2 activity were increased after injury. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated altered lipid metabolism signaling pathways, including increased arachidonic acid, and fatty acid mobilization after TBI. Our findings support a model in which increased H2O2-induced PLA2 activity after trauma hydrolyzes endothelial PIP2, resulting in impaired Kir2.1 channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Sackheim
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nuria Villalba
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Maria Sancho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Osama F Harraz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Adrian D Bonev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark T Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kalev Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Address correspondence to K.F. (e-mail: )
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Nessel I, Michael-Titus AT. Lipid profiling of brain tissue and blood after traumatic brain injury. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 112:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Park JH, Lee CW, Nam MJ, Kim H, Kwon DY, Yoo JW, Lee KN, Han K, Jung JH, Park YG, Kim DH. Association of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Variability and the Risk of Developing Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2021; 96:e1391-e1401. [PMID: 33536275 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the longitudinal association among high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, HDL-C variability, and the risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS We conducted a nationwide, population-based cohort study. We included 382,391 patients aged ≥65 years who underwent at least 3 health examinations provided by the Korean National Health Insurance System from 2008 to 2013 and followed up until 2017. Individuals with a history of PD and missing values were excluded (n = 1,987). We assessed HDL-C variability using 3 indices, including variability independent of the mean (VIM). A multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Among the 380,404 participants, 2,733 individuals were newly diagnosed with PD during a median follow-up period of 5 years. The lowest quartile (Q1) group of baseline HDL-C and mean HDL-C was associated with increased PD incidence as compared with the highest quartile (Q4) group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.34; and aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.30, respectively). The Q4 group of HDL-C variability (VIM) was associated with increased PD incidence compared to the Q1 group (aHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06-1.33). The group with the Q1 of baseline HDL-C and with the Q4 of HDL-C variability had the highest risk of PD incidence (aHR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.31-1.96). CONCLUSION Lower HDL-C level and greater HDL-C variability were associated with a higher incidence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Park
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung-Woo Lee
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ji Nam
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Young Kwon
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoo
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Na Lee
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Hyung Jung
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gyu Park
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- From the Departments of Family Medicine (J.-H.P., C.-w.L., M.J.N., H.K., D.-H.K.) and Neurology (D.-Y.K.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.Y.), University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (K.N.L., K.H.), Soongsil University; and Department of Biostatistics (J.-H.J., Y.-G.P.), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dave AM, Peeples ES. Cholesterol metabolism and brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:37-44. [PMID: 33106607 PMCID: PMC8511855 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) results from impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain. The pathophysiology of NE is complex and our understanding of its underlying pathways continues to evolve. There is considerable evidence that cholesterol dysregulation is involved in several adult diseases, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the research is less robust in pediatrics, there is emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may also be involved in the pathophysiology of neonatal NE. This narrative review provides an overview of cholesterol metabolism in the brain along with several examples from the adult literature where pathologic alterations in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with inflammatory and ischemic brain injury. Using those data as a background, the review then discusses the current preclinical data supporting the involvement of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of NE as well as how brain-specific cholesterol metabolites may serve as serum biomarkers for brain injury. Lastly, we review the potential for using the cholesterol metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets. Further investigation of the shifts in cholesterol synthesis and metabolism after hypoxia-ischemia may prove vital in understanding NE pathophysiology as well as providing opportunities for rapid diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: This review summarizes emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of NE. Using data from NE as well as analogous adult disease states, this article reviews the potential for using cholesterol pathways as targets for developing novel therapeutic interventions and using cholesterol metabolites as biomarkers for injury. When possible, gaps in the current literature were identified to aid in the development of future studies to further investigate the interactions between cholesterol pathways and NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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9
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Huguenard CJC, Cseresznye A, Evans JE, Oberlin S, Langlois H, Ferguson S, Darcey T, Nkiliza A, Dretsch M, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L. Plasma Lipidomic Analyses in Cohorts With mTBI and/or PTSD Reveal Lipids Differentially Associated With Diagnosis and APOE ε4 Carrier Status. Front Physiol 2020; 11:12. [PMID: 32082186 PMCID: PMC7005602 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis between mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) sequelae and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is challenging due to their symptomatic overlap and co-morbidity. As such, there is a need to develop biomarkers which can help with differential diagnosis of these two conditions. Studies from our group and others suggest that blood and brain lipids are chronically altered in both mTBI and PTSD. Therefore, examining blood lipids presents a minimally invasive and cost-effective approach to identify promising biomarkers of these conditions. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) we examined hundreds of lipid species in the blood of healthy active duty soldiers (n = 52) and soldiers with mTBI (n = 21), PTSD (n = 34) as well as co-morbid mTBI and PTSD (n = 13) to test whether lipid levels were differentially altered with each. We also examined if the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele can affect the association between diagnosis and peripheral lipid levels in this cohort. We show that several lipid classes are altered with diagnosis and that there is an interaction between diagnosis and the ε4 carrier status on these lipids. Indeed, total lipid levels as well as both the degree of unsaturation and chain lengths are differentially altered with diagnosis and ε4 status, specifically long chain unsaturated triglycerides (TG) and both saturated and mono-unsaturated diglycerides (DG). Additionally, an examination of lipid species reveals distinct profiles in each diagnostic group stratified by ε4 status, mainly in TG, saturated DG species and polyunsaturated phosphatidylserines. In summary, we show that peripheral lipids are promising biomarker candidates to assist with the differential diagnosis of mTBI and PTSD. Further, ε4 carrier status alone and in interaction with diagnosis has a strong influence on peripheral lipid levels. Therefore, examining ε4 status along with peripheral lipid levels could help with differential diagnosis of mTBI and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J C Huguenard
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Adam Cseresznye
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - James E Evans
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Oberlin
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Heather Langlois
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Scott Ferguson
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Teresa Darcey
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Aurore Nkiliza
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Michael Dretsch
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, WA, United States.,U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL, United States
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laila Abdullah
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
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10
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Chong AJ, Wee HY, Chang CH, Chio CC, Kuo JR, Lim SW. Effects of a High-Fat Diet on Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis in Acute Stage After Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Neurocrit Care 2019; 33:230-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Chong AJ, Lim SW, Lee YL, Chio CC, Chang CH, Kuo JR, Wang CC. The Neuroprotective Effects of Simvastatin on High Cholesterol Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:e99-e108. [PMID: 31518751 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High cholesterol has been correlated with a greater risk of cerebrovascular diseases. Whether pre-existing high cholesterol exacerbates traumatic brain injury (TBI), and whether treatment with the cholesterol-lowering agent simvastatin has neuroprotective effects, especially anti-neuroinflammatory effects, after TBI are not well investigated. METHODS Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups, including the sham-operated control, TBI control, and TBI with simvastatin treatment (4 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 20 mg/kg) groups. Simvastatin was intraperitoneally injected at 0, 24, and 48 hours after TBI. Motor function was measured using an inclined plane. Neuronal apoptosis (maker Neu-N, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling), tumor necrosis factor-α expression in microglia (marker OX42) and astrocytes (marker glial fibrillary acidic protein), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor (TNFR) 1 and TNFR2 expression in neurons in the ischemic cortex were investigated using an immunofluorescence assay. All of the parameters were measured on the third day after TBI. RESULTS TBI significantly increased the serum levels of cholesterol. The TBI-induced motor deficit was significantly attenuated by 4, 10, and 20 mg/kg simvastatin therapy on the third day after TBI. TBI-induced neuronal TNFR1 activation and apoptosis, as well as tumor necrosis factor-α expression in astrocytes in the ischemic cortex, were significantly attenuated by simvastatin, particularly when 20 mg/kg was administered. Simultaneously, the serum cholesterol remained high despite simvastatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS The neuroprotection effects of simvastatin on the pre-existing hypercholesterolemia during TBI in rats may be related to its anti-neuroinflammatory effects but not to its cholesterol-lowing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arng Jack Chong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sher-Wei Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Rung Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Chuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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12
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Zhu Z, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Yu L, Tao L, Guo A, Fang Q. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Promotes Chemotaxis of Astrocytes through Regulation of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Following Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 408:349-360. [PMID: 31026565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol derived from cholesterol metabolism is involved in the inflammatory activation, and consequently in development of major chronic diseases. Multiple cytokines have been found to induce the expression of cholesterol metabolism-related enzymes. Several studies have shown that the protein level of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is remarkably increased in response to injury of central nervous system (CNS), but little is known about the mechanisms of cytokine-induced expression of CH25H in specific cell types, and the resultant effects. In the present study, we demonstrated that ch25h expression was significantly upregulated in the astrocytes of rat injured spinal cord, in parallel with those of MIF. Administration of MIF inhibitor 4-IPP in the lesion sites attenuated injury-induced ch25h expression. MIF facilitated ch25h expression of astrocytes through interaction with CD74 membrane receptor, which in turn promoted production of chemokines, as identified by transcriptome profiles. MIF-induced release of oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) from astrocytes affects cell migration, but inhibited cell viability in dose-dependent manner, suggesting that MIF aggravates progressive neuropathology through regulation of cholesterol metabolism following CNS injury. These results have provided a novel mechanism and a potential therapeutic strategy for injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Liqiang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
| | - Lihong Tao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, PR China
| | - Aisong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
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13
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Ojo JO, Algamal M, Leary P, Abdullah L, Mouzon B, Evans JE, Mullan M, Crawford F. Converging and Differential Brain Phospholipid Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:103. [PMID: 30837829 PMCID: PMC6390207 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) is a major epigenetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The precise nature of how rmTBI leads to or precipitates AD pathology is currently unknown. Numerous neurological conditions have shown an important role for dysfunctional phospholipid metabolism as a driving factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise role in rmTBI and AD remains elusive. We hypothesized that a detailed phospholipid characterization would reveal profiles of response to injury in TBI that overlap with age-dependent changes in AD and thus provide insights into the TBI-AD relationship. We employed a lipidomic approach examining brain phospholipid profiles from mouse models of rmTBI and AD. Cortex and hippocampal tissue were collected at 24 h, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-rmTBI, and at ages representing ‘pre’, ‘peri’ and ‘post’ onset of amyloid pathology (i.e., 3, 9, 15 months-old). Total levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), LysoPE, and phosphatidylinositol (PI), including their monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acid (FA) containing species were significantly increased at acute and/or chronic time points post-injury in both brain regions. However, levels of most phospholipid species in PS1/APP mice were nominal in the hippocampus, while in the cortex, levels were significantly decreased at ages post-onset of amyloid pathology. Sphingomyelin and LysoPC levels showed coincidental trends in our rmTBI and AD models within the hippocampus, an increase at acute and/or chronic time points examined. The ratio of arachidonic acid (omega-6 FA) to docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3 FA)-containing PE species was increased at early time points in the hippocampus of injured versus sham mice, and in PS1/APP mice there was a coincidental increase compared to wild type littermates at all time points. This study demonstrates some overlapping and diverse phospholipid profiles in rmTBI and AD models. Future studies are required to corroborate our findings in human post-mortem tissue. Investigation of secondary mechanisms triggered by aberrant downstream alterations in bioactive metabolites of these phospholipids, and their modulation at the appropriate time-windows of opportunity could help facilitate development of novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the neurodegenerative consequences of rmTBI or the potential triggering of AD pathogenesis by rmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Ojo
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.,The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Paige Leary
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Laila Abdullah
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.,The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.,The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States.,The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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14
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Sun Y, Lee J, Ma RC, Kwok T. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a protective predictor of executive function in older patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:139-146. [PMID: 29777621 PMCID: PMC6319476 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Older people with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for cognitive impairment or dementia. The clinical predictors for cognitive decline in older people with diabetes mellitus were elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a vitamin B12 intervention trial in older people with diabetes mellitus. A total of 271 non-demented individuals were followed up at 9-month intervals for 27 months. We explored the association between baseline clinical features with changes in cognitive measures (Clinical Dementia Rating scale, Neuropsychological Test Battery including executive function z-scores, psychomotor speed z-scores and memory z-scores). RESULTS A total of 152 participants had normal cognition (Clinical Dementia Rating 0) and 119 had cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5) at baseline. After 27 months, 41 participants had cognitive decline, 36 of whom were cognitively normal at baseline. Multiple logistic regression showed no significant clinical predictor of global cognitive decline. Higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was associated with better executive performance at month 27 (β = 0.359, P < 0.001). Multilevel modeling showed that the highest tertile of HDL-C was associated with better executive function z-scores than the lowest tertile of HDL-C at all time-points. CONCLUSIONS Among older people with diabetes mellitus, higher serum HDL-C was associated with better executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Medicine and Therapeuticsthe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong Kong
| | - Jenny Lee
- Department of MedicineAlice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole HospitalTaipoHong Kong
- Department of Medicine & GeriatricsTai Po HospitalTaipoHong Kong
| | - Ronald C Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeuticsthe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong Kong
| | - Timothy Kwok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeuticsthe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong Kong
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15
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Ojo JO, Algamal M, Leary P, Abdullah L, Mouzon B, Evans JE, Mullan M, Crawford F. Disruption in Brain Phospholipid Content in a Humanized Tau Transgenic Model Following Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:893. [PMID: 30564087 PMCID: PMC6288299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy typified by immunoreactive tau aggregates in the depths of the sulci. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms involved have not been largely explored. Phospholipids are important molecules which form membrane lipid bilayers; they are ubiquitous to every cell in the brain, and carry out a host of different functions. Imbalance in phospholipid metabolism, signaling and transport has been documented in some neurological conditions. However, not much is currently known about their roles in repetitive mTBI and how this may confer risk for the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. To address this question, we designed a longitudinal study (24 h, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-injury) to comprehensively investigate mTBI dependent brain phospholipid profiles compared to sham counterparts. We use our established mouse model of repetitive mTBI that has been extensively characterized up to 1-year post-injury in humanized tau (hTau) mice, which expresses all six human tau isoforms, on a null murine background. Our data indicates a significant increase in sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and derivative lysoPE and lysoPC at acute and/or sub-acute time points post-injury within the cortex and hippocampus. There was also a parallel increase at early time points in monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Omega-6 (arachidonic acid) to omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) fatty acid ratio for PE and PC species was increased also at 24 h and 3 months post-injury in both hippocampus and cortex. The long-term consequences of these early changes in phospholipids on neuronal and non-neuronal cell function is unclear, and warrants further study. Understanding phospholipid metabolism, signaling and transport following TBI could be valuable; they may offer novel targets for therapeutic intervention not only in TBI but other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O. Ojo
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
- The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Paige Leary
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Laila Abdullah
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
- The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Evans
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Michael Mullan
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Experimental Neuropathology and Omics Laboratory, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
- The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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16
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Merritt VC, Clark AL, Sorg SF, Evangelista ND, Werhane ML, Bondi MW, Schiehser DM, Delano-Wood L. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype is associated with reduced neuropsychological performance in military veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:1050-1061. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1508555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra L. Clark
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego (SDSU/UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott F. Sorg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Madeleine L. Werhane
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego (SDSU/UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dawn M. Schiehser
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Hogan SR, Phan JH, Alvarado-Velez M, Wang MD, Bellamkonda RV, Fernández FM, LaPlaca MC. Discovery of Lipidome Alterations Following Traumatic Brain Injury via High-Resolution Metabolomics. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2131-2143. [PMID: 29671324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can occur across wide segments of the population, presenting in a heterogeneous manner that makes diagnosis inconsistent and management challenging. Biomarkers offer the potential to objectively identify injury status, severity, and phenotype by measuring the relative concentrations of endogenous molecules in readily accessible biofluids. Through a data-driven, discovery approach, novel biomarker candidates for TBI were identified in the serum lipidome of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in the first week following moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI). Serum samples were analyzed in positive and negative modes by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). A predictive panel for the classification of injured and uninjured sera samples, consisting of 26 dysregulated species belonging to a variety of lipid classes, was developed with a cross-validated accuracy of 85.3% using omniClassifier software to optimize feature selection. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA-containing diacylglycerols were found to be upregulated in sera from injured rats, while changes in sphingolipids and other membrane phospholipids were also observed, many of which map to known secondary injury pathways. Overall, the identified biomarker panel offers viable molecular candidates representing lipids that may readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and aid in the understanding of TBI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Hogan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - John H Phan
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Melissa Alvarado-Velez
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - May Dongmei Wang
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Michelle C LaPlaca
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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18
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Pang J, Wu Y, Peng J, Yang P, Kuai L, Qin X, Cao F, Sun X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Jiang Y. Potential implications of Apolipoprotein E in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: Involvement in the modulation of blood-brain barrier integrity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56030-56044. [PMID: 27463015 PMCID: PMC5302894 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) genetic polymorphisms have been implicated in the long term outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), but little is known about the effect of Apoe on the early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. This study investigated the potential role of APOE in EBI post-SAH. Multiple techniques were used to determine the early BBB disruption in EBI post-SAH in a murine model using wild-type (WT) and Apoe−/− (KO) mice. Progressive BBB disruption (Evans blue extravasation and T2 hyperintensity in magnetic resonance imaging) was observed before the peak of endogenous APOE expression elevation at 48h after SAH. Moreover, Apoe−/− mice exhibited more severe BBB disruption charcteristics after SAH than WT mice, including higher levels of Evans blue and IgG extravasation, T2 hyperintensity in magnetic resonance imaging, tight junction proteins degradation and endothelial cells death. Mechanistically, we found that APOE restores the BBB integrity in the acute stage after SAH via the cyclophilin A (CypA)-NF-κB-proinflammatory cytokines-MMP-9 signalling pathway. Consequently, although early BBB disruption causes neurological dysfunctions after SAH, we capture a different aspect of the effects of APOE on EBI after SAH that previous studies had overlooked and open up the idea of BBB disruption as a target of APOE-based therapy for EBI amelioration research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Departement of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Kuai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Departement of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Asellus P, Nordström P, Nordström AL, Jokinen J. CSF Apolipoprotein E in attempted suicide. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:246-249. [PMID: 28841487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol and cholesterol metabolism, involved in continued neural plasticity, has been associated to suicide and suicidal behavior. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in the cholesterol metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ApoE in cerebrospinal fluid was related to severity of suicidal behavior as measured by number of earlier suicide attempts, reversibility/interruptabilty and violent method of suicide attempt. METHODS CSF ApoE and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in 42 medication free suicide attempters. Earlier suicide attempts and the reversibility of suicide attempt method were assessed with the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) and the Freeman Scale. Suicide attempts were classified according to violence of method. RESULTS CSF ApoE levels significantly negatively correlated to the scores on Freeman Reversibility and there was a trend for lower CSF ApoE levels in suicide attempters using a violent method. Patients with at least one earlier suicide attempt (repeaters) showed a trend for higher CSF ApoE levels compared to suicide attempters debuting with suicidal behavior at inclusion in the study. The correlation between CSF ApoE and 5-HIAA was not significant. LIMITATIONS The main limitations to this study were a relatively small sample size and lack of a healthy control group. CONCLUSION Irreversible suicide attempts, representing a high risk for completed suicide, may be associated with lower level of ApoE in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Asellus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, R5, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, R5, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, R5, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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ApoE4-associated phospholipid dysregulation contributes to development of Tau hyper-phosphorylation after traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11372. [PMID: 28900205 PMCID: PMC5595858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) genotype combines with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism(s) is not well-understood. We found that after exposure to repetitive blast-induced TBI, phosphoinositol biphosphate (PIP2) levels in hippocampal regions of young ApoE3 mice were elevated and associated with reduction in expression of a PIP2 degrading enzyme, synaptojanin 1 (synj1). In contrast, hippocampal PIP2 levels in ApoE4 mice did not increase after blast TBI. Following blast TBI, phospho-Tau (pTau) levels were unchanged in ApoE3 mice, whereas in ApoE4 mice, levels of pTau were significantly increased. To determine the causal relationship between changes in pTau and PIP2/synj1 levels after TBI, we tested if down-regulation of synj1 prevented blast-induced Tau hyper-phosphorylation. Knockdown of synj1 decreased pTau levels in vitro, and abolished blast-induced elevation of pTau in vivo. Blast TBI increased glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β activities in ApoE4 mice, and synj1 knockdown inhibited GSK3β phosphorylation of Tau. Together, these data suggest that ApoE proteins regulate brain phospholipid homeostasis in response to TBI and that the ApoE4 isoform is dysfunctional in this process. Down-regulation of synj1 rescues blast-induced phospholipid dysregulation and prevents development of Tau hyper-phosphorylation in ApoE4 carriers.
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Connor DE, Chaitanya GV, Chittiboina P, McCarthy P, Scott LK, Schrott L, Minagar A, Nanda A, Alexander JS. Variations in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome following traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 24:169-183. [PMID: 28549769 PMCID: PMC7303909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has shown great promise in identifying potential markers of injury in neurodegenerative diseases [1-13]. Here we compared CSF proteomes in healthy individuals, with patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in order to characterize molecular biomarkers which might identify these different clinical states and describe different molecular mechanisms active in each disease state. METHODS Patients presenting to the Neurosurgery service at the Louisiana State University Hospital-Shreveport with an admitting diagnosis of TBI or SAH were prospectively enrolled. Patients undergoing CSF sampling for diagnostic procedures were also enrolled as controls. CSF aliquots were subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D GE) and spot percentage densities analyzed. Increased or decreased spot expression (compared to controls) was defined in terms of in spot percentages, with spots showing consistent expression change across TBI or SAH specimens being followed up by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Polypeptide masses generated were matched to known standards using a search of the NCBI and/or GenPept databases for protein matches. Eight hundred fifteen separately identifiable polypeptide migration spots were identified on 2D GE gels. MALDI-MS successfully identified 13 of 22 selected 2D GE spots as recognizable polypeptides. RESULTS Statistically significant changes were noted in the expression of fibrinogen, carbonic anhydrase-I (CA-I), peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx-2), both α and β chains of hemoglobin, serotransferrin (Tf) and N-terminal haptoglobin (Hp) in TBI and SAH specimens, as compared to controls. The greatest mean fold change among all specimens was seen in CA-I and Hp at 30.7 and -25.7, respectively. TBI specimens trended toward greater mean increases in CA-I and Prx-2 and greater mean decreases in Hp and Tf. CONCLUSIONS Consistent CSF elevation of CA-I and Prx-2 with concurrent depletion of Hp and Tf may represent a useful combination of biomarkers for the prediction of severity and prognosis following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Connor
- Baptist Health Neurosurgery Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Ganta V Chaitanya
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Sect. of Nephrology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - L Keith Scott
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - Lisa Schrott
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - Anil Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
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Yue JK, Robinson CK, Burke JF, Winkler EA, Deng H, Cnossen MC, Lingsma HF, Ferguson AR, McAllister TW, Rosand J, Burchard EG, Sorani MD, Sharma S, Nielson JL, Satris GG, Talbott JF, Tarapore PE, Korley FK, Wang KK, Yuh EL, Mukherjee P, Diaz‐Arrastia R, Valadka AB, Okonkwo DO, Manley GT. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE-ε 4) genotype is associated with decreased 6-month verbal memory performance after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00791. [PMID: 28948085 PMCID: PMC5607554 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele associates with memory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Its association with memory after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is unclear. METHODS mTBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15, no neurosurgical intervention, extracranial Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≤1) aged ≥18 years with APOE genotyping results were extracted from the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Pilot (TRACK-TBI Pilot) study. Cohorts determined by APOE-ε4(+/-) were assessed for associations with 6-month verbal memory, measured by California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II) subscales: Immediate Recall Trials 1-5 (IRT), Short-Delay Free Recall (SDFR), Short-Delay Cued Recall (SDCR), Long-Delay Free Recall (LDFR), and Long-Delay Cued Recall (LDCR). Multivariable regression controlled for demographic factors, seizure history, loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, and acute intracranial pathology on computed tomography (CT). RESULTS In 114 mTBI patients (APOE-ε4(-)=79; APOE-ε4(+)=35), ApoE-ε4(+) was associated with long-delay verbal memory deficits (LDFR: B = -1.17 points, 95% CI [-2.33, -0.01], p = .049; LDCR: B = -1.58 [-2.63, -0.52], p = .004), and a marginal decrease on SDCR (B = -1.02 [-2.05, 0.00], p = .050). CT pathology was the strongest predictor of decreased verbal memory (IRT: B = -8.49, SDFR: B = -2.50, SDCR: B = -1.85, LDFR: B = -2.61, LDCR: B = -2.60; p < .001). Seizure history was associated with decreased short-term memory (SDFR: B = -1.32, p = .037; SDCR: B = -1.44, p = .038). CONCLUSION The APOE-ε4 allele may confer an increased risk of impairment of 6-month verbal memory for patients suffering mTBI, with implications for heightened surveillance and targeted therapies. Acute intracranial pathology remains the driver of decreased verbal memory performance at 6 months after mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Yue
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Caitlin K. Robinson
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - John F. Burke
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Ethan A. Winkler
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Maryse C. Cnossen
- Department of Public HealthErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hester F. Lingsma
- Department of Public HealthErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Jonathan Rosand
- Program in Medical and Population GeneticsThe Broad Institute at MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Marco D. Sorani
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Sourabh Sharma
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Stritch School of Medicine at Loyola UniversityMaywoodILUSA
| | - Jessica L. Nielson
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Gabriela G. Satris
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Jason F. Talbott
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Phiroz E. Tarapore
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Frederick K. Korley
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Michigan at Ann ArborAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kevin K.W. Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Esther L. Yuh
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Alex B. Valadka
- Department of Neurological SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Geoffrey T. Manley
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterSan Francisco General HospitalSan FranciscoCAUSA
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Ercole A, Magnoni S, Vegliante G, Pastorelli R, Surmacki J, Bohndiek SE, Zanier ER. Current and Emerging Technologies for Probing Molecular Signatures of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:450. [PMID: 28912750 PMCID: PMC5582086 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is understood as an interplay between the initial injury, subsequent secondary injuries, and a complex host response all of which are highly heterogeneous. An understanding of the underlying biology suggests a number of windows where mechanistically inspired interventions could be targeted. Unfortunately, biologically plausible therapies have to-date failed to translate into clinical practice. While a number of stereotypical pathways are now understood to be involved, current clinical characterization is too crude for it to be possible to characterize the biological phenotype in a truly mechanistically meaningful way. In this review, we examine current and emerging technologies for fuller biochemical characterization by the simultaneous measurement of multiple, diverse biomarkers. We describe how clinically available techniques such as cerebral microdialysis can be leveraged to give mechanistic insights into TBI pathobiology and how multiplex proteomic and metabolomic techniques can give a more complete description of the underlying biology. We also describe spatially resolved label-free multiplex techniques capable of probing structural differences in chemical signatures. Finally, we touch on the bioinformatics challenges that result from the acquisition of such large amounts of chemical data in the search for a more mechanistically complete description of the TBI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Ercole
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Magnoni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Unit of Gene and Protein Biomarkers, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Jakub Surmacki
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS – Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Henderson M, Rice B, Sebastian A, Sullivan PG, King C, Robinson RAS, Reed TT. Neuroproteomic study of nitrated proteins in moderate traumatic brain injured rats treated with gamma glutamyl cysteine ethyl ester administration post injury: Insight into the role of glutathione elevation in nitrosative stress. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1218-1224. [PMID: 27739215 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study are to establish a time point to determine the most beneficial time to administer GCEE post incident to reduce oxidative damage and second, by using redox proteomics, to determine if GCEE can readily suppress 3-NT modification in TBI animals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By using a moderate traumatic brain injury model with Wistar rats, it is hypothesized that the role of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation as an intermediate will predict the involvement of protein nitration/nitrosation and oxidative damage in the brain. RESULTS In this experiment, the levels of protein carbonyls, 4-hydroxynonenal, and 3-nitrotyrosine were significantly elevated in TBI injured, saline treated rats compared with those who sustained an injury and were treated with 150 mg/kg of the glutathione mimetic, GCEE. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Determining the existence of elevated 3-NT levels provides insight into the relationship between the protein nitration/nitrosation and the oxidative damage, which can determine the pathogenesis and progression of specific neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
| | - Brittany Rice
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
| | - Andrea Sebastian
- Spinal Cord & Brian Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord & Brian Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christina King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanea T Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
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Mild TBI Results in a Long-Term Decrease in Circulating Phospholipids in a Mouse Model of Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 19:122-135. [PMID: 27540748 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological and neurological dysfunction is usually experienced for a short period of time in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, around 15 % of patients exhibit symptoms months after TBI. Phospholipid (PL) changes have been observed in plasma from mTBI patients at chronic stages, suggesting a role in TBI pathology. We examined long-term plasma phospholipid profiles in a mouse model of mTBI to determine their translational value in reproducing PL changes observed in mTBI patients. Plasma samples were collected at an acute timepoint (24 h post-injury) and at several chronic stages (3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury) from injured mice and sham controls. Phospholipids were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. In accordance with human data, we observed significantly lower levels of several major PL classes in mTBI mice compared to controls at chronic timepoints. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were differently regulated over time. As PUFA levels were decreased at 3 months, we measured levels of malondialdehyde to assess lipid peroxidation, which we found to be elevated at this timepoint. Ether-containing PE species were elevated at 24 h post-injury and decreased relative to controls at chronic stages. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid-containing species were significantly decreased within all PL classes at the chronic stages. Our findings are similar to changes in PL levels observed in human mTBI subjects. Chronic TBI biomarkers have received little attention, even though disabilities at this stage can be of major importance. Our study provides information on biochemical abnormalities that persist long after the initial injury; these abnormalities may provide useful insight into the continuing pathogenesis and serve as diagnostic biomarkers.
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Emmerich T, Abdullah L, Crynen G, Dretsch M, Evans J, Ait-Ghezala G, Reed J, Montague H, Chaytow H, Mathura V, Martin J, Pelot R, Ferguson S, Bishop A, Phillips J, Mullan M, Crawford F. Plasma Lipidomic Profiling in a Military Population of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with Apolipoprotein E ɛ4-Dependent Effect. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1331-48. [PMID: 26714394 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the military population, there is high comorbidity between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the inherent risk of psychological trauma associated with combat. These disorders present with long-term neurological dysfunction and remain difficult to diagnose due to their comorbidity and overlapping clinical presentation. Therefore, we performed cross-sectional analysis of blood samples from demographically matched soldiers (total, n = 120) with mTBI, PTSD, and mTBI+PTSD and those who were considered cognitively and psychologically normal. Soldiers were genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4, and phospholipids (PL) were examined using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. We observed significantly lower levels of several major PL classes in TBI, PTSD, and TBI+PTSD, compared with controls. PTSD severity analysis revealed that significant PL decreases were primarily restricted to the moderate-to-severe PTSD group. An examination of the degree of unsaturation showed that monounsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) species were lower in the TBI and TBI+PTSD groups. However, these PLs were unaltered among PTSD subjects, compared with controls. Similarly, ether PC (ePC) levels were lower in PTSD and TBI+PTSD subjects, relative to controls. Ratios of arachidonic acid (AA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing species were significantly decreased within PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) classes. APOE ɛ4 (+) subjects exhibited higher PL levels than their APOE ɛ4 (-) counterparts within the same diagnostic groups. These findings suggest that PL profiles, together with APOE genotyping, could potentially aid to differentiate diagnosis of mTBI and PTSD and warrant further validation. In conclusion, PL profiling may facilitate clinical diagnosis of mTBI and PTSD currently hindered by comorbid pathology and overlapping symptomology of these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Emmerich
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Laila Abdullah
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Gogce Crynen
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dretsch
- 4 National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , Bethesda, Maryland
- 5 United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory , Rucker, Alabama
| | | | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Jon Reed
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Venkatarajan Mathura
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Robert Pelot
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | - Scott Ferguson
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Michael Mullan
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- 1 The Roskamp Institute , Sarasota, Florida
- 2 The Open University , Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
- 3 James A. Haley Veteran's Hospital , Tampa, Florida
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Constantinou C, Karavia EA, Xepapadaki E, Petropoulou PI, Papakosta E, Karavyraki M, Zvintzou E, Theodoropoulos V, Filou S, Hatziri A, Kalogeropoulou C, Panayiotakopoulos G, Kypreos KE. Advances in high-density lipoprotein physiology: surprises, overturns, and promises. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E1-E14. [PMID: 26530157 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence strongly supports that changes in the HDL metabolic pathway, which result in changes in HDL proteome and function, appear to have a causative impact on a number of metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a critical review of the most recent and novel findings correlating HDL properties and functionality with various pathophysiological processes and disease states, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammation and sepsis, bone and obstructive pulmonary diseases, and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni A Karavia
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Eva Xepapadaki
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | - Eugenia Papakosta
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Marilena Karavyraki
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zvintzou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | - Serafoula Filou
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatziri
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | | | | | - Kyriakos E Kypreos
- Pharmacology Department, University of Patras Medical School, Rio Achaias, Greece
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Aĝirbaşli M, Song J, Lei F, Wang S, Kunselman AR, Clark JB, Myers JL, Ündar A. Apolipoprotein E levels in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif Organs 2015; 39:28-33. [PMID: 25626577 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) may play a critical role in modulating the response to neurological injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. Plasma samples were collected from 38 pediatric patients. Half of the patients received nonpulsatile flow and the other half underwent pulsatile flow during CPB. Plasma samples were collected at three time points: at baseline prior to incision (T1), 1 h after CPB (T2), and 24 h after CPB (T3). The study included 38 pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery (mean age 2.5 ± 2.1 years). Baseline apoE levels were low (<30 μg/mL) in 21 patients (55%). ApoE levels were significantly decreased at 1 h after CPB compared with baseline (22 ± 14 vs. 34 ± 18 μg/mL, P = 0.001). At 24 h after CPB, apoE levels were significantly increased compared with baseline (47 ± 25 vs. 34 ± 18 μg/mL, P = 0.002). Pulsatile mode was associated with lower apoE levels at 24 h after CPB compared with nonpulsatile mode (38 ± 14 vs. 57 ± 29 μg/mL, P = 0.018). ApoE levels correlated negatively with pump time (r = -0.525, P = 0.021) and cross-clamp time (r = -0.464, P = 0.045) at 24 h following CPB for the nonpulsatile group but not for the pulsatile group. In this cohort of young children with congenital heart disease, baseline apoE levels were low in the majority of patients prior to surgery. ApoE levels decreased further at 1 h after CPB, and then significantly increased by 24 h. The mode of perfusion and the duration of pump time and clamp time influence the apoE levels after CPB. An improved understanding of these mechanisms may translate into the development of new techniques to improve the clinical outcomes after pediatric CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Aĝirbaşli
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University College of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abdullah L, Evans JE, Ferguson S, Mouzon B, Montague H, Reed J, Crynen G, Emmerich T, Crocker M, Pelot R, Mullan M, Crawford F. Lipidomic analyses identify injury‐specific phospholipid changes 3 mo after traumatic brain injury. FASEB J 2014; 28:5311-21. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Abdullah
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - James E. Evans
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Scott Ferguson
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | - Jon Reed
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Tanja Emmerich
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | - Robert Pelot
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp InstituteSarasotaFloridaUSA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
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Hottman DA, Chernick D, Cheng S, Wang Z, Li L. HDL and cognition in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:22-36. [PMID: 25131449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins composed of various lipids and proteins. HDL is formed both in the systemic circulation and in the brain. In addition to being a crucial player in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, HDL possesses a wide range of other functions including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, pro-endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, and modulation of immune function. It has been firmly established that high plasma levels of HDL protect against cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial role of HDL extends to many other systems including the central nervous system. Cognition is a complex brain function that includes all aspects of perception, thought, and memory. Cognitive function often declines during aging and this decline manifests as cognitive impairment/dementia in age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A growing concern is that no effective therapy is currently available to prevent or treat these devastating diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that HDL may play a pivotal role in preserving cognitive function under normal and pathological conditions. This review attempts to summarize recent genetic, clinical and experimental evidence for the impact of HDL on cognition in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders as well as the potential of HDL-enhancing approaches to improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hottman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dustin Chernick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Stukas S, Freeman L, Lee M, Wilkinson A, Ossoli A, Vaisman B, Demosky S, Chan J, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Remaley AT, Wellington CL. LCAT deficiency does not impair amyloid metabolism in APP/PS1 mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1721-9. [PMID: 24950691 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m049940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in plasma HDL maturation from discoidal to spherical particles is the esterification of cholesterol to cholesteryl ester, which is catalyzed by LCAT. HDL-like lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are also spherical, whereas nascent lipoprotein particles secreted from astrocytes are discoidal, suggesting that LCAT may play a similar role in the CNS. In plasma, apoA-I is the main LCAT activator, while in the CNS, it is believed to be apoE. apoE is directly involved in the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease, including facilitating β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance from the brain, a function that requires its lipidation by ABCA1. However, whether apoE particle maturation by LCAT is also required for Aβ clearance is unknown. Here we characterized the impact of LCAT deficiency on CNS lipoprotein metabolism and amyloid pathology. Deletion of LCAT from APP/PS1 mice resulted in a pronounced decrease of apoA-I in plasma that was paralleled by decreased apoA-I levels in CSF and brain tissue, whereas apoE levels were unaffected. Furthermore, LCAT deficiency did not increase Aβ or amyloid in APP/PS1 LCAT(-/-) mice. Finally, LCAT expression and plasma activity were unaffected by age or the onset of Alzheimer's-like pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Taken together, these results suggest that apoE-containing discoidal HDLs do not require LCAT-dependent maturation to mediate efficient Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Lita Freeman
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Alice Ossoli
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508
| | - Boris Vaisman
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508
| | | | - Jeniffer Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Veronica Hirsch-Reinshagen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | | | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
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Lipoprotein-associated lysolipids are differentially involved in high-density lipoprotein- and its oxidized form-induced neurite remodeling in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 68:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Namjoshi DR, Martin G, Donkin J, Wilkinson A, Stukas S, Fan J, Carr M, Tabarestani S, Wuerth K, Hancock REW, Wellington CL. The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53529. [PMID: 23349715 PMCID: PMC3547922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and leads to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits similar to those found in AD. Agonists of Liver X receptors (LXRs), which regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation, improve cognition and reduce neuropathology in AD mice. One pathway by which LXR agonists exert their beneficial effects is through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid transport onto apolipoprotein E (apoE). To test the therapeutic utility of this pathway for TBI, we subjected male wild-type (WT) and apoE−/− mice to mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mrTBI) followed by treatment with vehicle or the LXR agonist GW3965 at 15 mg/kg/day. GW3965 treatment restored impaired novel object recognition memory in WT but not apoE−/− mice. GW3965 did not significantly enhance the spontaneous recovery of motor deficits observed in all groups. Total soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were significantly elevated in WT and apoE−/− mice after injury, a response that was suppressed by GW3965 in both genotypes. WT mice showed mild but significant axonal damage at 2 d post-mrTBI, which was suppressed by GW3965. In contrast, apoE−/− mice showed severe axonal damage from 2 to 14 d after mrTBI that was unresponsive to GW3965. Because our mrTBI model does not produce significant inflammation, the beneficial effects of GW3965 we observed are unlikely to be related to reduced inflammation. Rather, our results suggest that both apoE-dependent and apoE-independent pathways contribute to the ability of GW3965 to promote recovery from mrTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay R. Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgina Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Donkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Carr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sepideh Tabarestani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelli Wuerth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: *
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Crawford F, Crynen G, Reed J, Mouzon B, Bishop A, Katz B, Ferguson S, Phillips J, Ganapathi V, Mathura V, Roses A, Mullan M. Identification of plasma biomarkers of TBI outcome using proteomic approaches in an APOE mouse model. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:246-60. [PMID: 21895520 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury (TBI) confounds treatment and management of patients and is of increasing concern as the TBI population grows. We have generated plasma proteomic profiles from mice receiving TBI by controlled cortical impact at either 1.3 mm or 1.8 mm depth, comparing these against those of sham injured-animals to identify plasma biomarkers specific to mild or severe TBI at 24 hours, 1 month, or 3 months post-injury. To identify possible prognostic biomarkers, we used apolipoprotein E (APOE)3 and APOE4 transgenic mice, which demonstrate relatively favorable and unfavorable outcomes respectively, following TBI. Using a quantitative proteomics approach (isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation--iTRAQ) we have identified proteins that are significantly modulated as a function of TBI and also in response to the TBI*APOE genotype interaction, the latter representing potential prognostic biomarkers. These preliminary data clearly demonstrate plasma protein changes that are not only injury dependent but also interaction dependent. Importantly, these results demonstrate the presence of TBI-dependent and interaction-dependent plasma proteins at a 3-month time point, which is a considerable time post-injury in the mouse model, and will potentially be of significance for combat veterans receiving assessment at extended periods post-injury. Furthermore, our identification of clusters of functionally related proteins indicates disturbance of particular biological modules, which potentially increases their value beyond that of solitary biomarkers.
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Pasvogel AE, Miketova P, Moore IM. Differences in CSF phospholipid concentration by traumatic brain injury outcome. Biol Res Nurs 2010; 11:325-31. [PMID: 20338895 DOI: 10.1177/1099800409346056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. A cascade of events is initiated with TBI that leads to degradation of the membrane lipid bilayer of neurons and neuroglia. The purpose of this study was to (a) describe changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phospholipid concentration over time for those who survived and those who died following TBI; and (b) determine whether there were differences in the CSF phospholipid concentration between those who survived and those who died following TBI. Thirty-nine CSF samples were obtained from 10 participants who sustained a TBI. Following extraction, phospholipids were separated and quantified by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. For those who died, the highest median concentration was on Day 1 after TBI for lysophosphatidylcholine and on Day 4 after TBI for phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. For those who survived, the highest median concentration was on Day 1 after TBI for phosphatidylcholine, on Day 3 after TBI for phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, on Day 4 after TBI for sphingomyelin, and on Day 5 after TBI for lysophosphatidylcholine. There were significant differences in the concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine on Days 1-2 and of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin on Days 3-4 after TBI between those who survived and died, with the highest concentrations in those who died. These findings provide preliminary evidence of greater disruption of central nervous system membrane phospholipids in participants who died after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Pasvogel
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, 1305 N. Martin, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Smiljanic K, Lavrnja I, Mladenovic Djordjevic A, Ruzdijic S, Stojiljkovic M, Pekovic S, Kanazir S. Brain injury induces cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (Cyp46) expression in glial cells in a time-dependent manner. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:159-69. [PMID: 20559650 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the cholesterol homeostasis is essential for normal CNS functioning. The enzyme responsible for elimination of cholesterol excess from the brain is cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (Cyp46). Since cholesterol homeostasis is disrupted following brain injury, in this study we examined the effect of right sensorimotor cortex suction ablation on cellular and temporal pattern of Cyp46 expression in the rat brain. Increased expression of Cyp46 at the lesion site at all post injury time points (2, 7, 14, 28 and 45 days post injury, dpi) was detected. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed colocalization of Cyp46 expression with different types of glial cells in time-dependent manner. In ED1(+) microglia/macrophages Cyp46 expression was most prominent at 2 and 7 dpi, whereas Cyp46 immunoreactivity persisted in reactive astrocytes throughout all time points post-injury. However, during the first 2 weeks Cyp46 expression was enhanced in both GFAP(+) and Vim(+) astrocytes, while at 28 and 45 dpi its expression was mostly associated with GFAP(+) cells. Pattern of neuronal Cyp46 expression remained unchanged after the lesion, i.e. Cyp46 immunostaining was detected in dendrites and cell body, but not in axons. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that in pathological conditions, like brain injury, Cyp46 displayed atypical expression, being expressed not only in neuronal cells, but also in microglia and astrocytes. Therefore, injury-induced expression of Cyp46 in microglial and astroglial cells may be involved in the post-injury removal of damaged cell membranes contributing to re-establishment of the brain cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosara Smiljanic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Burns MP, Rebeck GW. Intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and amyloid precursor protein processing. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:853-9. [PMID: 20304094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many preclinical and clinical studies have implied a role for cholesterol in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review we will discuss the movement of intracellular cholesterol and how normal distribution, transport, and export of cholesterol are vital for regulation of the AD related protein, Abeta. We focus on cholesterol distribution in the plasma membrane, transport through the endosomal/lysosomal system, control of cholesterol intracellular signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, the HMG-CoA reductase pathway and finally export of cholesterol from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Burns
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:709-35. [PMID: 19535999 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1500] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1920s, it has been known that the repetitive brain trauma associated with boxing may produce a progressive neurological deterioration, originally termed dementia pugilistica, and more recently, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We review 48 cases of neuropathologically verified CTE recorded in the literature and document the detailed findings of CTE in 3 profession althletes, 1 football player and 2 boxers. Clinically, CTE is associated with memory disturbances, behavioral and personality changes, parkinsonism, and speech and gait abnormalities. Neuropathologically, CTE is characterized by atrophy of the cerebral hemispheres, medial temporal lobe, thalamus, mammillary bodies, and brainstem, with ventricular dilatation and a fenestrated cavum septum pellucidum. Microscopically, there are extensive tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary tangles, astrocytic tangles, and spindle-shaped and threadlike neurites throughout the brain. The neurofibrillary degeneration of CTE is distinguished from other tauopathies by preferential involvement of the superficial cortical layers, irregular patchy distribution in the frontal and temporal cortices, propensity for sulcal depths, prominent perivascular, periventricular, and subpial distribution, and marked accumulation of tau-immunoreactive astrocytes. Deposition of beta-amyloid, most commonly as diffuse plaques, occurs in fewer than half the cases. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a neuropathologically distinct slowly progressive tauopathy with a clear environmental etiology.
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Hiekkanen H, Kurki T, Brandstack N, Kairisto V, Tenovuo O. MRI changes and ApoE genotype, a prospective 1-year follow-up of traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Brain Inj 2009; 21:1307-14. [DOI: 10.1080/02699050701739549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Pasvogel AE, Miketova P, Moore IMK. Cerebrospinal fluid phospholipid changes following traumatic brain injury. Biol Res Nurs 2008; 10:113-20. [PMID: 18829594 DOI: 10.1177/1099800408323218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with approximately 1.4 million people suffering a TBI each year. With TBI, a cascade of events is initiated including the activation of phospholipases, which leads to the disruption of the lipid bilayer of the membrane of neurons and neuroglia. The purpose of this study is to describe phospholipid changes following TBI. A total of 39 cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from the ventricular catheter system of 10 participants who received a TBI as a result of a motor vehicle crash, being struck by a vehicle as a pedestrian, or a fall. Phospholipids were extracted from samples and measured by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector at a wavelength of 206 nm. The highest mean concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine occurred on Day 1 after injury. The concentration of phosphatidylserine was variable, with the highest mean concentration occurring on Day 2 after injury. The highest mean concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin occurred on Day 4 after injury. Findings provide preliminary evidence for disruption of central nervous system membrane phospholipids following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Pasvogel
- College of Nursing, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Cartagena CM, Ahmed F, Burns MP, Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Pak DT, Faden AI, Rebeck GW. Cortical injury increases cholesterol 24S hydroxylase (Cyp46) levels in the rat brain. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:1087-98. [PMID: 18729719 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), cellular loss from initial impact as well as secondary neurodegeneration leads to increased cholesterol and lipid debris at the site of injury. Cholesterol accumulation in the periphery can trigger inflammatory mechanisms while cholesterol clearance may be anti-inflammatory. Here we investigated whether TBI altered the regulation of cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (Cyp46), an enzyme that converts cholesterol to the more hydrophilic 24S-hydroxycholesterol. We examined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry changes in Cyp46 expression following fluid percussion injury. Under normal conditions, most Cyp46 was present in neurons, with very little measurable in glia. Cyp46 levels were significantly increased at 7 days post-injury, and cell type specific analysis at 3 days post-injury showed a significant increase in levels of Cyp46 (84%) in microglia. Since 24-hydroxycholesterol induces activation of genes through the liver X receptor (LXR), we examined protein levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and apolipoprotein E, two LXR regulated cholesterol homeostasis proteins. Apolipoprotein E and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 were increased at 7 days post-injury, indicating that increased LXR activity coincided with increased Cyp46 levels. We found that activation of primary rat microglia by LPS in vitro caused increased Cyp46 levels. These data suggest that increased microglial Cyp46 activity is part of a system for removal of damaged cell membranes post-injury, by conversion of cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol and by activation of LXR-regulated gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra M Cartagena
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
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Does the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele predispose varsity athletes to concussion? A prospective cohort study. Clin J Sport Med 2008; 18:322-8. [PMID: 18614883 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0b013e31817e6f3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele and concussion. We hypothesized that apolipoprotein epsilon 4 carriers may be more likely to sustain a concussion. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING University of Toronto varsity athletics. PARTICIPANTS Included 318 of 822 collegiate student athletes who participated in University of Toronto varsity sports from September 2002 to April 2006. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS The presence of apolipoprotein epsilon 4 was described dichotomously after genotyping blood samples collected from participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Concussions were identified by sport-medicine professionals present on the sidelines using on-field assessment forms. All concussion diagnoses were verified by a sports medicine physician. Survival analysis was used to determine the association between apolipoprotein epsilon 4 and first concussion. RESULTS The unadjusted hazard ratio for concussion in the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 carriers was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.52, 2.69) compared to noncarriers. Adjustment for sex, weight, height, and team type resulted in a hazard ratio of 1.06 (95% CI: 0.41, 2.72), indicating little effect from confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS There is no important association between carrying the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele and sustaining a concussion. At this time, we do not recommend preseason genetic testing for varsity athletes as a mechanism for targeting prevention strategies.
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Sheikh AM, Barrett C, Villamizar N, Alzate O, Miller S, Shelburne J, Lodge A, Lawson J, Jaggers J. Proteomics of cerebral injury in a neonatal model of cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132:820-8. [PMID: 17000293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concern over neurologic injury limits safe duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in surgery for congenital cardiac disease. Proteomics is a novel and powerful technique to study global protein changes in a given protein system. Using a neonatal model of cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA, we sought to characterize the protein changes associated with DHCA brain injury. METHODS Ten neonatal piglets were randomized to cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA or sham operation. DHCA animals underwent induction of bypass (100 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)), cooling to 18 degrees C, then DHCA for 60 minutes. Animals were rewarmed to normothermia, weaned from bypass, and harvested after 30 minutes off bypass. Sham animals underwent sternotomy without further instrumentation. Plasma samples were taken before bypass and before harvest. Proteins differentially expressed in the cerebral neocortex between the 2 groups were determined by 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis using fluorescent cyanine dyes and mass spectrometry. A second group of 4 piglets were similarly randomized and, after the experiment, tissues underwent perfusion-fixation for histologic examination. RESULTS Cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA caused extensive histologic and ultrastructural cerebral injury. Proteomic analysis of cerebral cortex found 10 protein spots to be differentially expressed; 9 were identified by mass spectrometry to represent 6 proteins, including apolipoprotein A-1, neurofilament-M protein, and enolase. Decreased expression of plasma apolipoprotein A-1 was found in DHCA. CONCLUSIONS The acute protein changes associated with cerebral injury in a neonatal model of cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA have been characterized. These may direct further research aimed at attenuating injury seen from cardiopulmonary bypass with DHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Sheikh
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, the Neuroproteomics Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Tagalakis AD, Dickson JG, Owen JS, Simons JP. Correction of the neuropathogenic human apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene to APOE3 in vitro using synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts). J Mol Neurosci 2005; 25:95-103. [PMID: 15781970 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:25:1:095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional circulating 34-kDa protein, whose gene encodes single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we evaluate whether synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) can convert a dysfunctional gene, APOE4 (C, A and E, T, Cys112Arg), a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders, into wild-type APOE3. In preliminary experiments, we treated recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably secreting apoE4 and lymphocytes from a patient homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele with a 68-mer apoE4-to-apoE3 chimeraplast, complexed to the cationic delivery reagent, polyethyleneimine. Genotypes were analyzed after 48 h by routine polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and by genomic sequencing. Clear conversions of APOE4 to APOE3 were detected using either technique, although high concentrations of chimeraplast were needed (> or =800 nM). Spiking experiments of PCR reactions or CHO-K1 cells with the chimeraplast confirmed that the repair was not artifactual. However, when treated recombinant CHO cells were passaged for 10 d and then subcloned, no conversion could be detected when >90 clones were analyzed by locus-specific PCR-RFLP. We conclude that the apparent efficient repair of the APOE4 gene in CHO cells or lymphocytes 48 h post-treatment is unstable, possibly because the high levels of chimeraplast and polyethyleneimine that were needed to induce nucleotide substitution are cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides D Tagalakis
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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Teasdale GM, Murray GD, Nicoll JAR. The association between APOE ε4, age and outcome after head injury: a prospective cohort study. Brain 2005; 128:2556-61. [PMID: 16033781 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous preliminary studies have suggested that possession of the APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with a poor outcome after head injury. This study was designed to confirm and extend those observations in a larger study with examination of additional variables. We prospectively identified admissions to a Neurosurgical Unit for head injury, collected demographic and clinical data, determined APOE genotypes and obtained follow-up information at 6 months. A total of 1094 subjects were enrolled (age range: 0-93 years, mean 37 years). Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. There was no overall association between APOE genotype and outcome, with 36% of APOE epsilon4 carriers having an unfavourable outcome compared with 33% of non-carriers of APOE epsilon4. However, there was evidence of an interaction between age and APOE genotype on outcome (P = 0.007) such that possession of APOE epsilon4 reduced the prospect of a favourable outcome in children and young adults. The influence of APOE genotype in younger patients after head injury can be expressed as, at age <15 years, carriage of APOE epsilon4 being equivalent to ageing by 25 years. This finding is consistent with experimental data suggesting that the effect of APOE genotype on outcome after head injury may be expressed through the processes of repair and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Teasdale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Glasgow, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review on traumatic brain injury consolidates the substantial current literature available on the pathophysiology, mechanisms, developments, and their subsequent effects on outcome. In particular, it tries to conceptualize why our greatly improved understanding of pathophysiology and neurobiology in traumatic brain injury has not translated into clear outcome improvements. RECENT FINDINGS Early cerebral ischaemia has been characterized further, with ischaemic brain volume correlating with 6-month outcome. The Brain Trauma Foundation has revised perfusion pressure targets, and there are additional data on the outcome impact of brain tissue oxygen response and asymmetric patterns of cerebral autoregulation. Mechanistic studies have highlighted the role of inflammation and introduced concepts such as therapeutic vaccination and immune modulation. Experimental neurogenesis and repair strategies show promise. Despite continuing gains in knowledge, the experimental successes have not yet translated to the clinic. Indeed, several major articles have attempted to understand the clinical failure of highly promising strategies such as hypothermia, and set out the framework for further studies (e.g. addressing decompressive craniectomy). High-dose mannitol has shown promise in poor grade patients, while hypertonic saline has shown better intracranial pressure control. Negative results may be the consequence of ineffective therapies. However, there is a gathering body of work that highlights the outcome impact of subtle neurocognitive changes, which may not be quantified adequately by outcome measures used in previous trials. Such knowledge has also informed improved definition of mild traumatic brain injury, and allowed validation of management guidelines. SUMMARY The evidence base for current therapies in this heterogeneous patient group is being refined, with greater emphasis on long-term functional outcomes. Improved monitoring techniques emphasize the need for individualization of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgens Nortje
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) has for a long time been thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Analysis of available data indicates that Abeta possesses properties of a metal-binding apolipoprotein influencing lipid transport and metabolism. Protection of lipoproteins from oxidation by transition metals, synaptic activity and role in the acute phase response represent plausible physiological functions of Abeta. However, these important biochemical qualities which may critically influence the development of AD, have been largely ignored by mainstream AD researchers, making Abeta appear to be a "black sheep" in a "good apolipoprotein" family. New studies are needed to shed further light on the physiological role of Abeta in lipid metabolism in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- INSERM Unité 551, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavilion Benjamin Delessert, 83, Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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