The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies

The Healthy Caregiver? A Positive Impact of Informal Caregiving Status on Cognitive Functions Over Time From the Midlife in the United States Study

OBJECTIVES

The current study examined whether informal caregivers performed worse, better, or similar to non-caregivers on cognitive tests of executive functioning and episodic memory over 10 years. Methods: Data were from waves 2 (2003-04) and 3 (2013-14) of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study (N = 2086). Multiple linear regression models examined whether caregiving at both waves 2 and 3 predicted better cognitive functioning at wave 3, than caregiving at only one time point or no caregiving (reference) while controlling for baseline covariates (i.e., sociodemographic, health, and functional status).

RESULTS

After controlling for covariates, caregiving at both waves was independently associated with better performance in episodic memory (b = .24, SE = .10, p = .013) but not executive function (b = -.06, SE = .05, p = .246). Discussion:The findings partially supported both healthy caregiver and stress process models, indicating caregiving may be associated with better episodic memory but not executive functioning over time among the middle-aged and older adults.

A pilot study to establish feasibility and acceptability of a yoga and self-management education intervention to support caregivers and care receivers with persistent pain

Introduction

Approximately 75% of caregivers providing unpaid care to family members or friends experience persistent pain. Simultaneously, individuals who require caregiving commonly experience pain. The inherent complexity of pain is enhanced by relationship dynamics of two closely tied individuals (i.e., caregiving dyad = caregivers and care recipients). Currently there are no proven pain interventions that target the caregiving dyad. Thus, the purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of a new behavioral multi-modal intervention, the Merging Yoga and self-management to develop Skills (MY-Skills) intervention.

Methods

Each participant was part of a caregiving dyad and all participants had moderate to severe musculoskeletal pain, a score of ≥4 of 6 on the short mini-mental status exam, were ≥18 years old, sedentary, able to speak English, able to stand, and living at home. Participants were randomized to MY-Skills or the control group. MY-Skills was offered twice a week for eight weeks and each two-hour session included yoga and self-management education developed specifically for caregiving dyads experiencing persistent pain. MY-Skills was group based and developed as an in-person intervention. Due to Covid-19, the intervention was moved online and data are presented for in-person and online cohorts. Benchmarks for feasibility were set a priori, addressing: recruitment, attrition, attendance, safety, acceptability/satisfaction, and study completion.

Results

Thirteen participants completed the in-person MY-Skills intervention (caregivers n = 7, care-receivers n = 6) and 18 individuals completed the online MY-Skills intervention (9 dyads). Most participants had pain for ≥10 years. Recruitment and attrition benchmarks for the in-person intervention were not met; yet they were met for the online version. In-person and online MY-Skills intervention attendance, safety, acceptability/satisfaction, and completion exceeded benchmark criteria.

Discussion

The MY-Skills intervention appears feasible and acceptable, however changes to recruitment criteria are necessary. Additional testing and larger sample sizes are required to test efficacy.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov, #NCT03440320.

Customizing Yoga for Global Diversity: A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Practices for Effective Integration Into Complementary Healthcare

INTRODUCTION

 This cross-sectional study aimed to examine differences in yoga practices to enhance the validity and comparability of yoga research findings. It addresses the "black-box" approach to yoga interventions by highlighting various delivery components that can impact the validity of outcomes. By moving away from the generalization of yoga outcomes, this study provides deeper insights into yoga practices across culturally diverse populations. These insights are crucial for improving the reliability of outcomes and facilitating the integration of yoga into global complementary healthcare.

METHODS

 The study included 2,619 participants, with a balanced representation from India (1,296) and the United States (1,323). The participants were diverse, with 47.5% being yoga masters, gurus, therapists, and experts. The study utilized the 14 subscales of the Essential Properties of Yoga Questionnaire (EPYQ) to assess four factors of yoga practice: region (India/United States), sex (male/female), delivery mode (remote/in-person), and participation status (instructor/practitioner). The EPYQ demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.928).

RESULTS

 The total EPYQ score was higher in India than in the United States. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for the 14 subscales across all four factors: region, sex, delivery mode, and participation status. Notable observations include that, by region, the United States sample scored higher than the Indian sample on the subscales of body awareness and acceptance/compassion (mean differences of -0.06 and -0.03, respectively), while the Indian sample scored higher on the spirituality and social aspects subscales (mean differences of 0.54 and 0.57, respectively). The remote delivery mode scored higher for the subscales of yoga philosophy and health benefits (mean differences of 0.17 and 0.13, respectively), and lower for the subscales of individual attention and active postures (mean differences of -0.17 and -0.04, respectively). By sex, the scores on the subscales of social aspects and yoga philosophy were higher for men than for women (mean differences of -0.26 and -0.24, respectively), whereas women scored higher for the subscales of body awareness and restorative postures (mean differences of 0.19 and 0.17, respectively). By participation status, practitioners showed higher scores for the subscales of physicality and active postures (mean differences of -0.05 and -0.02, respectively), whereas instructors scored higher on the subscales of yoga philosophy and meditation/mindfulness (mean differences of 0.37 and 0.32, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

 This study emphasizes the importance of recognizing variations in yoga practices and highlights the need for customization to enhance its integration into healthcare. To address the challenges posed by global diversity and practice heterogeneity, the study suggests moving from "black box" evaluations of yoga interventions toward data-driven analysis of macro- and micro-level factors. These insights can guide developers, healthcare providers, and researchers in creating culturally sensitive, user-friendly solutions and inform future cross-cultural research. Further related research will help create robust standards for yoga practices and delivery, applying the same rigor as that applied to conventional healthcare practices.

Hatha yoga reduces momentary stress but does not impact diurnal profiles of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: A randomized controlled trial

Does the practice of yoga impact stress? Various studies have suggested that yoga may reduce both self-reported stress and stress biomarkers, but the evidence for such claims remains inconclusive, especially for yoga styles with a focus on physical postures. In a randomized controlled trial with 98 participants, we therefore examined whether an eight-week Hatha yoga intervention (60 min, 3×/week or more) led to reduced levels of diurnal salivary cortisol (sCort), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and subjective momentary stress as compared to a waitlist control group. To ensure the concomitant assessment of self-report and biological measures in an ecologically valid setting, and to capture the diurnal profile of cortisol and alpha-amylase, we employed an ecological momentary assessment approach. Five times per day, participants reported their momentary stress levels on a visual analogue scale and collected saliva samples for the assessment of salivary biomarkers. The intervention led to a significant reduction of subjective momentary stress but there was no change in diurnal sCort or sAA levels. There are several potential explanations for these findings: The intervention may have helped participants to cope better with stress while leaving diurnal levels of stress biomarkers unaffected, or the change may at least not have been reflected in sCort and sAA. Alternatively, there may have been a self-report bias, insofar as a favorable disposition towards yoga may have led participants to report reductions in stress in order to indicate positive effects of the intervention. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the effects of distinct yoga interventions, demonstrating their potential to serve as low-risk stress relief tools.

Effects of aerobic exercise on executive function of healthy middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The deterioration of executive function is a hallmark of cognitive aging. Reports indicate that signs of decline in executive function begin to emerge as early as middle age. Aerobic exercise improves executive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults, but the optimal exercise prescription variables are still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on executive function of healthy middle-aged and older adults and explore the dose-response relationship and moderators.

METHODS

We conducted comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus for English literature, and CNKI, WanFang, and VIP for Chinese literature, covering the period from inception until April 25, 2024. Randomized controlled trials examining the effect of aerobic exercise on executive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged 45 or older were included. The Cochrane Collaboration's RoB2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. And subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to elucidate the impact of aerobic exercise on executive function.

RESULTS

Forty-two eligible randomized controlled trials, involving a total of 2881 participants, met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that aerobic exercise had positive effects on improving cognitive flexibility (Hedge's g = 0.343, p < 0.001), working memory (Hedge's g = 0.392, p < 0.001), and inhibitory control (Hedge's g = 0.229, p < 0.001) in healthy middle-aged and older adults. However, it did not demonstrate an improvement in planning (Hedge's g = 0.094, p = 0.440). The dose-response relationships between different exercise parameters and subdomains of executive functions revealed that the largest effects on cognitive flexibility were observed after 13-24 weeks of progression-intensity mind-body exercise, 46-60 min per session, and 5-7 days per week. Regarding working memory, the largest effects were observed after 13-24 weeks of progression-intensity general aerobic exercise, 20-45 min per session, and 5-7 days per week. For inhibitory control, the greatest effects were noted after 13-24 weeks of low-intensity general aerobic exercise, 20-45 min per session, and 3-4 days per week.

CONCLUSION

Aerobic exercise can significantly improve cognitive flexibility, working memory, and inhibitory control in healthy middle-aged and older adults. The effect of aerobic exercise on different aspects of executive function is influenced by specific exercise parameters, suggesting that personalized aerobic exercise programs may be more effective for enhancing executive function of healthy middle-aged and older adults.

Effects of yoga compared with health promotion on health-related quality of life in adults with post-COVID-19 condition: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Post-COVID-19 condition (post COVID, also known as long COVID) is a global public health issue estimated to affect over 100 million people. Common symptoms include fatigue, dyspnoea and cognitive dysfunction ('brain fog'). Over time, these symptoms have an adverse effect on mental health, physical activity and quality of life (QoL). The condition requires innovative and feasible treatment approaches that can be effective and self-managed. Physical activity is essential for good health; however, aerobic exercise or weightlifting may not be suitable for post COVID patients who experience fatigue or breathlessness. The benefits of yoga include improved flexibility, mobility, body strength and balance. It is also shown to reduce symptoms of fatigue and improve breathing efficiency, mental health and QoL. This study protocol describes the rationale and methods for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a yoga-based intervention designed for adults with post COVID.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A two-group, parallel, RCT with blinded follow-up assessments. Participants will be randomised with a 1:1 allocation to either a 12-week yoga-based intervention or a 12-week health promotion (active comparison) intervention. In total, 88 participants aged 30-65 years will be recruited and randomised. The primary outcome is health-related QoL (36-item Short-Form). Secondary outcomes are dyspnoea, fatigue, sleep quality, cognitive functions, mental fatigue, depression, anxiety, physical activity, demographic data and physical health measures. Data will be analysed as intention-to-treat basis, using linear mixed modelling. All assessments are conducted at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. The yoga-based intervention will take place at a yoga studio centrally located in Stockholm city.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study is approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, reference number 2023/06518-01. All participants must sign written informed consent before enrolment and are free to withdraw from the study at any point. Key results will be available through research articles and seminars.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00032837.

An Intervention to Improve Mental and Physical Health of Undergraduate Nursing Students

BACKGROUND

Nursing students experience poorer mental and physical health relative to students in other health-related disciplines and young adults of similar age outside post-secondary school. Compromised mental and physical health has numerous negative impacts on nursing students and can result in burnout and development of chronic diseases.

PURPOSE

To determine whether an asynchronous online yoga intervention would improve mental and physical health of students.

METHODS

An asynchronous online 6-week yoga intervention was carried out between January and December 2021, using a pre/post design. Participants' symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-compassion were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and Self-Compassion Scale and core endurance was assessed using the Mackenzie Core Endurance Test prior to commencement and at the conclusion of the program.

RESULTS

Of 114 participants, 68 completed the online program and pre and post measures showed that the mean depression, anxiety, stress, self-compassion and core endurance scores improved significantly (p<0.001) between baseline and study completion.

CONCLUSION

A six-week virtual yoga program significantly improved mental and physical health of undergraduate nursing students. Targeted modifications to the yoga program might enhance participant retention.

The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Vasovagal Syncope

The mechanism of vasovagal syncope (VVS) is multifaceted and involves a delicate balance within the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review delves into the complex interplay between the ANS and VVS, elucidating the pivotal role that autonomic imbalance plays in the pathophysiology of this condition. Through a comprehensive exploration of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS, this review provides insights into the mechanisms that underlie VVS. In addition, this article discusses established and emerging research on the management of VVS.

Comparing the effectiveness of mind-body practices (MBPs) and various psychological methods on occupational stress among healthcare workers: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of mind-body practices (MBPs) and multiple psychological methods, and identify the optimal method for relieving work-related stress among healthcare workers (HCWs) by network meta-analysis (NMA).

METHODS

We applied six electronic databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure to identify relevant RCTs from inception to September 16, 2023, and implemented a search strategy based on the PICOS principles. Data selection, extraction, and analysis of bias were carried out independently and in duplicate by separate researchers. State 16.0 was used to conduct NMA for comparing the effectiveness of various therapies.

RESULTS

We identified 23 studies including MBPs and three different psychological therapies, namely mindfulness-related therapy (MRT), psychoeducational therapy (PT), and comprehensive therapy (CT), which were divided into eleven specific techniques, namely yoga, meditation techniques (MT), Qigong, muscle relaxation(MR), biofeedback therapy (BT), mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), modified mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR-M), mindfulness-based interventions combined with others (MBIs-C), mindfulness-based awareness(MBA), PT and CT. Our NMA results of MBPs and three psychological therapies showed MBPs (SMD = -0.90, CrI:-1.26, -0.05, SUCRA = 99%) were effective for occupational stress in HCWs, followed by MRT(SMD = -0.48, CrI:-0.87, -0.08, SUCRA = 66.5%). NMA results of eleven specific techniques showed yoga (SMD = 1.36, CrI:0.91, 1.81, SUCRA = 97.5%) was the most effective technique in relieving the stress of HCWs, followed by MR (SMD = 1.36, CrI:0.91, 1.81, SUCRA = 87.3%).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested MBPs may be the most effective intervention to improve the occupational stress of HCWs. Furthermore, yoga is likely to be the most optimal of MBPs. Hospital managers should attach importance to yoga in addressing occupational stress among medical workers.

Effects of yoga and add on Ayurvedic Kati Basti therapy for patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) signficantly affects quality of life and productivity, leading to limitations in mobility, activity, and potential work absenteesim. Yoga and Ayurveda have shown promising evidence in reducing pain, improve function, and enhancing well-being for individuals with CLBP, as demonstrated by numerous studies.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of a 1-week residential integrative approach to yoga therapy. (IAYT) alone versus when combined with Ayurveda therapy (Kati Basti) in patients with CLBP.

METHODS

Forty patients were recruited from E-section of a holistic health center in South India for randomization and split into a Yoga and Ayurveda (n=20) and a Yoga-only (n=20) group. Yoga and Ayurveda group received a 1-week residential program combining Yoga and Ayurveda (therapy including Kati Basti with Ksheerbala Taila), while the Yoga-only group received only yoga therapy. Assessments at baseline, 1-week, and three months were measure pain intensity, disability, and depression.

RESULTS

Both Yoga and Ayurveda group, and Yoga-only group showed significant reductions in pain and improvements in disability and depression at 1-week and three months. Quality of life also improved, specifically in physical, social, environmental, and psychological health. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of pain, disability, and depression.

CONCLUSION

Both interventions demonstrated comparable results in pain reduction and disability improvement, as well as alleviating depression symptoms. Only Yoga and Ayurveda group exhibited improvement in physical health. Further research should explore long-term effects and compare different yoga interventions.

The impact of traditional mind-body exercises on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic condition characterized primarily by airflow obstruction, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Traditional mind-body exercises, as a non-pharmacological intervention for COPD, have become a new research focus.

Objective

To assess the impact of traditional mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Qigong, Yoga) on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in COPD patients. Additionally, to identify the most suitable form of traditional mind-body exercise for different indicators.

Methods

Searches were conducted in databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost, CNKI, etc., to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the intervention of traditional mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Yoga, Qigong) in COPD. The Cochrane evaluation tool was applied for methodological quality assessment of the included literature. Statistical analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed using Revman 5.4 software, while publication bias was assessed using R software.

Results

This study included 23 studies with a total of 1862 participants. Traditional mind-body exercises improved patients' FEV1% index (WMD = 4.61, 95%CI [2.99, 6.23]), 6-min walk distance (SMD = 0.83, 95%CI [0.55, 1.11]), and reduced patients' SGRQ score (SMD = -0.79, 95%CI [-1.20, -0.38]) and CAT score (SMD = -0.79, 95%CI [-1.20, -0.38]). Qigong showed the most significant improvement in FEV1% and 6MWT, while Tai Chi primarily improved 6MWT, and the effect of Yoga was not significant. Sensitivity analysis indicated stable and reliable research conclusions.

Conclusion

Traditional mind-body exercises are effective rehabilitation methods for COPD patients, significantly improving pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. They are suitable as complementary interventions for standard COPD treatment.

Systematic review registration

[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display-record.php?ID=CRD42023495104], identifier [CRD42023495104].

The impact of yoga on occupational stress and wellbeing: exploring practitioners' experiences

Background

Workplace stress is a serious problem globally. It represents a major threat to the UN's sustainability goal of good health and wellbeing (SDG 3). The purpose of this article is to explore how yoga may be a tool for increased wellbeing and stress management at work and in everyday life.

Methods

To examine how yoga can facilitate employees' wellbeing and ability to cope with stress, we performed qualitative interviews with practitioners who did yoga regularly. We focused on how yoga was experienced by each of our interviewees and what practicing yoga meant to them. Our data material consists of 13 semi-structured lifeworld interviews. The sample consisted of 10 female and 3 male in the age range of 20-55 years old. The data were analyzed through a thematic analysis.

Results

The themes identified in the thematic analysis include: (1) yoga as a tool for increased wellbeing, (2) yoga for coping with stress and dealing with challenges, (3) the role of breathing, and (4) contextual factors. While confirming other research findings, this article elaborates on aspects informants described as induced by yoga, like self-awareness, calmness, balance, mood-lifting, focus, presence, self-care, and mastery. The reported positive outcomes of yoga constituted increased wellbeing, and also facilitated the ability to cope with stress and experience less stress. Informants also emphasized that yogic breathing was a central factor in inducing wellbeing and feeling less stressed. They also expressed that contextual factors, such as time, teacher, and location, influenced how practicing yoga was experienced and made sense of.

Conclusion

The study concludes that the interviewees experienced practicing yoga as positive, by reducing their occupational stress. Moreover, yoga increased their wellbeing, as well as their ability to cope with stress. These experienced changes were especially facilitated by yogic breathing, and influenced by contextual factors.

Effect of Integrated Yoga as an add-on therapy in adults with clinical depression - A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Depression is a leading cause of disability and the conventional management has several limitations. Recent studies demonstrated the benefits of yoga in psychological disorders.

AIMS

To evaluate the efficacy of the Integrated Yoga Module (IYM) to standard care with added yogic education on lifestyle modification (YELM) in patients with clinical depression.

METHODS

A PROBE trial was conducted at a single tertiary care hospital in India. Adults aged 18 to 64 with clinical depression were randomized to either an IYM or an active control group using a computer-generated mixed block randomization sequence. Both groups received YELM in addition to standard care and the intervention group practiced IYM, for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the reduction in depression symptoms assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and secondary outcomes involved self-compassion, brief resilience, positive and negative experiences, and quality of life, evaluated at 8 weeks.

RESULTS

The mean ± SD age of participants was 32.2 ± 10.0 and 54.3% were females. The IYM group showed statistically significant improvements in BDI-II scores β = -6.7 (95% CI [-10.8, -2.5]; p = .001), resilience β = 0.4 (95% CI [0.02, 0.80]; p = .037), physical health domain of WHOQOL - BREF β = 10.1 (95% CI [0.7, 19.5]; p = .035) and negative emotions (SPANE-N) β = 2.8 (95% CI [0.1, 5.4]; p = .037). However, no significant differences were found in SCS-SF β = -0.3 (95% CI [-0.7, 0.0]; p = .053).

CONCLUSIONS

IYM as an adjunct is superior to conventional medical management in reducing symptoms and improving positive psychological resources in clinical depression.

Effect of a single session of yoga and meditation on stress reactivity: A systematic review

This systematic review synthesises the evidence for the effectiveness of a single session of yoga or its components including meditation and breathing techniques in reducing acute stress reactivity in healthy adults. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO on 30th July 2023 for randomised controlled or crossover trials of yoga components and reporting physiological and/or psychological outcome measure(s) related to stress reactivity. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane ROB 2 tool. Data were synthesised narratively. Twenty-one out of 28 eligible studies (n = 2574) relating to 31 interventions (meditation [n = 22], breathing [n = 4] and yoga [n = 5]) reported outcomes in favour of the intervention. Stress reactivity was reported to be reduced by 71% of studies measuring physiological outcomes and 65% of studies measuring psychological outcomes. These studies show that a single session of yoga components is effective in reducing acute stress reactivity in adults and could be recommended for stress management. Future studies with larger populations and a more equal representation of genders and age groups are warranted.

Implementation of a Clinic-Based Yoga Program for Chronic Pain

PURPOSE

Although many integrative therapies exist, studies increasingly demonstrate yoga can help change the negative neuroplastic effects experienced by people living with chronic pain. Despite encouraging findings, a gap exists in accessible yoga programs designed to meet the individual needs of those experiencing limitations from chronic pain. This study evaluated a yoga program designed for people living with chronic pain delivered in a health care setting. Although yoga began as a spiritual practice thousands of years ago, it is now widely practiced for its physical and mental well-being aspects achieved through movement and breathing techniques.

DESIGN

This was a piolt study that did not include a control group.

METHODS

Twenty-one people with chronic pain participated in an in-person group yoga program for 8 weeks that included an educational program and yoga practice. A prepost design was used to measure effectiveness of the program on pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory), physical function, opioid medication use, overall impression of change in pain, satisfaction with the program, and likelihood of continuation of yoga practice.

RESULTS

Data collected from participants demonstrated a decrease in pain interference as measured by the Brief Pain Inventory subscale between pre- and postintervention (5.6 ± 2.2 to 4.0 ± 2.3). In addition, the proportion of respondents with a pain interference rating of severe decreased by 15.4% (38.1% to 22.7%) between the pre- and postintervention time point. On follow-up from a survey 3 months after the completion of the study, more than 25% (N = 5) of participants were still practicing yoga daily.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite yoga being practiced for thousands of years, studies evaluating the neural effects of yoga show possible reversal of persistent patterns leading to chronic pain, leading to new interest in an ancient practice. This study helps fill the gap in research findings addressing the benefits of yoga programs designed to meet the needs of people living in chronic pain and provides an accessible option. This program provides pain management nurses an innovative nonpharmacological intervention to consider for people living with chronic pain.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Evidence supporting the use of yoga in the treatment of chronic pain is growing, yet it remains an underutilized approach in a comprehensive treatment plan. Yoga can not only improve self-agency, but also reduces social isolation. Pain management nurses can play an important role in promoting the application of yoga for chronic pain and advocating for yoga programs that are focused on accessibility for people living with pain.

Effect of online Kundalini Yoga mental health of university students during Covid-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial

University students were at an increased risk for psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a randomized controlled trial, we examined the efficacy of an online Kundalini Yoga intervention on students' psychological functioning. Healthy university students (N = 106) were randomly assigned to a Kundalini Yoga group, an active control group, or a passive control group in a 1:1:1 ratio. The experimental group attended six Yoga sessions over 6 weeks and the active control group attended to six autogenic relaxation sessions over 6 weeks. All participants completed the study protocol, which involved answering questionnaires related to psychological distress, emotion regulation, self-compassion, self-concept, spiritual well-being, and subjective happiness at three different time points: baseline, at the end of the intervention, and at 1-month follow-up. Results showed that Yoga contributed to improving self-compassion, extrinsic affect improving, and personal and communal spiritual well-being, in comparison to the control groups.

Comparative efficacy of seven nonpharmacological interventions on global cognition in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

To maintain current cognitive function and access greater cognitive reserves, nonpharmacological interventions may be a viable alternative for older adults with or without cognitive impairment. This study aimed to compare different nonpharmacological interventions for enhancing global cognition, including mind-body exercise, physical exercise, non-invasive brain stimulation, cognitive training intervention (CTI), acutherapy (ACU), meditation, and music therapy, by applying a network meta-analysis (NMA). Sixty-one randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions on global cognition in older adults with or without mild cognitive decline were selected. An NMA was conducted to compare the efficacy of different nonpharmacological interventions. The NMA revealed that mind-body exercise (standardized mean difference, 1.384; 95% confidence interval, 0.777-1.992); ACU (1.283; 0.478-2.088); meditation (0.910; 0.097-1.724); non-invasive brain stimulation (1.242; 0.254-2.230); CTI (1.269; 0.736-1.802); and physical exercise (0.977; 0.212-1.742), showed positive effects compared to passive controls. There were no significant differences between the efficacies of other interventions. Nonpharmacological interventions may potentially enhance and maintain global cognition through various pathways, such as memorizing movements and enhancing brain plasticity by reducing stress in the older adult population. Additional studies are needed to clarify the impact of other variables, including intervention methods or psychological variables.

A Study on Yoga-Based Lifestyle Intervention versus Dietary Intervention Alone on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among People with Prediabetes

BACKGROUND

Prediabetes is presented as a metabolic state that predisposes persons to a greater risk of diabetes progression in the future. Prediabetes is an intervening stage between normoglycemia and diabetes with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. This study aimed to compare the effect of the yoga-based lifestyle intervention (including diet) versus dietary intervention (DI) alone on cardiometabolic parameters namely fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid profile; triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), heart rate variability (HRV), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among people with prediabetes.

METHODS

A randomized controlled study was conducted on 250 people with prediabetes who were randomly allocated by computer-generated methods to the yoga-based lifestyle intervention (including diet) (n = 125) and DI alone (n = 125) groups. Yoga sessions were approximately 45 min 6 days a week over a period of 6 months. Assessments were made at baseline and after 6 months of intervention.

RESULTS

Post-intervention comparison of cardiometabolic parameters in yoga-based lifestyle intervention (including diet) versus DI alone showed a significant decline in body mass index (P = 0.0002), waist-hip ratio (P = 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.0001), perceived stress score (P = 0.0001), FBG (P = 0.0001), HbA1C (P = 0.0001), lipid profile; TG (P = 0.008), LDL (P = 0.0001), VLDL (P = 0.0001), HRV (P = 0.0001), CIMT (P = 0.02) and a nonsignificant decline in, TC (P = 0.22), HDL (P = 0.211), FFQ (P = 0.164).

CONCLUSION

The finding of this study suggests that a 24-week yoga-based lifestyle intervention which includes diet significantly decreased cardiometabolic parameters compared to DI alone among people with prediabetes.

Determining the Completeness of Registration and Reporting in Systematic Reviews of Yoga for Health

Introduction: Yoga is a mind-body practice often used to improve health. Systematic reviews (SRs) of randomized controlled trials on yoga for health are foundational to evidence-based yoga interventions and require rigorous and transparent methods, including preparation of a protocol (e.g., PROSPERO) and following SR reporting guidelines (e.g., Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [PRISMA]). Objective: To evaluate the availability of protocols and the completeness of reporting for SRs on yoga for health. Methods: We used a previously assembled database of SRs focused on the use of yoga for health. The authors independently extracted data on protocol availability, PROSPERO registration, and reporting for each PRISMA 2009 checklist item. Discrepancies were discussed or referred to a third author. We used Stata 10 software to produce descriptive statistics and tests for relationships between registration, reporting, and publication year, country, and journal type. Results: We included 147 reviews published between 2005 and 2019. The most common first author country was the United States or Germany (total 67/147; 46%), and the most common journal type was specialty journals (71/147; 48%). Most reviews (116/147; 79%) made no mention of a protocol or registration, and only 15/147 (10%) reviews were linked to an accessible protocol or registration. Most SRs published in 2010 or later mentioned or cited PRISMA (97/139; 70%), and individual PRISMA items were addressed between 10% and 100% of the time. PRISMA reporting improved; over time, but there was no relationship with country or journal type. Discussion: This study identifies a need for increased SR registration for yoga research. The assessment of PRISMA reporting did not evaluate the comprehensiveness with which each item was reported, and while trends are encouraging, there is likely room for improvement. We recommend registering all yoga SRs and following updated PRISMA and recent yoga-specific guidelines for reporting. This may increase transparency, minimize bias, and produce high-quality data to inform evidence-based yoga practices.

The effect of yin yoga intervention on state and trait anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction

Although some findings indicate that yoga can reduce stress and anxiety, many studies present mixed results. The potential of yoga interventions to alleviate anxiety, including the mechanisms and boundary conditions by which it does so, is an under-researched topic. Anxiety is often divided into "state anxiety" and "trait anxiety," the former being a temporary reaction to stressful events, while the latter is a more stable personality feature that responds to adverse situations or perceived threats.

Materials and methods

This study investigates whether a yin yoga intervention delivered online reduces state anxiety immediately after each yoga session and whether the anxiety levels are significantly lower at the end of the 10-week yoga intervention than at the beginning of the study. We also predicted no effect of yin yoga intervention on trait anxiety. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic when participants (N = 48 Latvian women) experienced heightened anxiety levels.

Results

This study shows that a ten-week online yin yoga intervention significantly reduced state anxiety in the intervention group compared with the control group. State anxiety levels also significantly decreased after each yin yoga session, providing more support for the anxiety-reducing effect of yin yoga. In contrast, yoga participation did not cause differences in trait anxiety between the control and intervention groups, even though trait anxiety decreased in the intervention group and increased in the control group over the study period.

Conclusion

The positive effects of yin yoga on state anxiety indicate the potential of yin yoga intervention as a first-line treatment to control and reduce state anxiety, with possible additional effects on trait anxiety.

Effects of sport or physical recreation for adults with physical or intellectual disabilities: a systematic review with meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effects of sport or physical recreation on participation, mobility and quality of life for adults living with disabilities.

DESIGN

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

Six databases searched from inception to May 2022.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials including adults living with a physical or intellectual disability, comparing sport or physical recreation to non-active control.

RESULTS

Seventy-four trials (n=2954; mean age 55 years) were included. Most (70) trials included people with physical disabilities, none evaluated sport and the most common physical recreation activities tested were traditional Chinese exercise (35%), yoga (27%) and dance (18%). Mean frequency and duration was 65 min/session, two times per week for 13 weeks. Most (86%) interventions were led by people with experience and/or training in the recreation activity, and only 37% reported leader experience and/or training working with people with disabilities. Participation was measured as attendance (mean 81%, 30 intervention groups). Physical recreation improved mobility (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.38, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.69, n=469) and walking endurance (mean difference (MD) 40.3 m, 95% CI 19.5 to 61.1, n=801) with low certainty evidence and balance (Berg Balance Scale, range 0-56 points; MD 3.4 points, 95% CI 2.3 to 4.4, n=906) and quality of life (physical health; SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.72, n=468) with very low certainty evidence, but not walking speed (MD 0.03 m/s, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.11, n=486).

CONCLUSION

Physical recreation may confer multiple benefits for people living with disabilities regardless of the activity chosen, thus offering a potentially enjoyable and scalable strategy to increase physical activity.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42018104379.

Perceived delivery of essential yoga properties within in-person and remote weight loss maintenance interventions

OBJECTIVES

While previous research has utilized remote delivery of yoga interventions, no research has specifically interrogated the effectiveness of remote yoga intervention delivery. In this secondary analysis of weight-maintenance trial data, we examined participant perceptions of essential yoga properties across in-person and remote formats, hypothesizing that perceptions would not differ following remote delivery.

METHODS

24 women with overweight or obesity (34.6±4.1 kg/m2, 48.2±9.9 years) received a 12-week Iyengar yoga intervention (2x/week) following a 3-month behavioral weight loss program. Of 23 participants who completed follow-up questionnaires, 12 received the planned in-person intervention and 11 received a remote intervention (delivered live) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Essential Properties of Yoga Questionnaire (EPYQ) was completed online by participants and by the instructors to measure the perceptions of the relative emphasis placed on the essential components of the yoga intervention via 14 subscales. Linear regression models were used to compare perceptions of each EPYQ dimension across in-person and remote delivery methods, as well as between participants and instructors, independent of delivery method.

RESULTS

13 of the 14 subscales did not differ between delivery modalities (p>0.05). Participants perceived more individual attention within in-person yoga (p = 0.003). For both delivery methods, instructors perceived breathwork, restorative postures, and body locks to be incorporated to a lesser degree compared to participants (β = -1.28, p = 0.003; β = -1.57, p = 0.019; β = -1.39, p = 0.036; respectively). No other significant differences across the participant and instructor scores were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings provide preliminary support for the use of live remote delivery of yoga, effectively communicating most essential yoga properties when compared to in-person classes. However, participants perceived more individual attention with in-person versus remote delivery; thus, future remote-based yoga interventions may benefit from providing additional individualized feedback.

Executive Function After Yoga: Adults With Acquired Brain Injury-A Pilot Study

IMPORTANCE

Acquired brain injury (ABI) may result in deficits in executive function (EF), which affects engagement in occupations.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the impact of group yoga on EF in people with ABI.

DESIGN

Single-arm pilot study with preyoga assessments and postyoga assessments (after 8 wk of yoga).

SETTING

Yoga classes and assessments were completed within university buildings on a college campus.

PARTICIPANTS

Twelve participants with chronic ABI (>6 mo post-ABI) were recruited through convenience and purposive strategies from the local community.

INTERVENTION

An 8-wk adaptive group yoga intervention was provided by an adaptive yoga specialist. Yoga classes were 60 min and occurred once per week.

OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

EF was assessed before and after the yoga intervention using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) self-report form. Normative data were analyzed with paired sample t tests.

RESULTS

Nine participants completed all study procedures. Results from paired sample t tests showed significant improvements on the Behavioral Regulation Index of the BRIEF-A (p = .046). No significant improvements were found on individual EF scales, the Metacognition Index, or the Global Executive Composite (ps > .05).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Group-based yoga may improve some aspects of EF for adults with chronic ABI; however, further research with larger sample sizes is needed. Plain-Language Summary: Yoga, an intervention increasingly used in occupational therapy practice, may be beneficial in improving behavioral regulation (an executive function) for adults with acquired brain injury.

Effects of a complex yoga-based intervention on physical characteristics

Empirical studies on yoga have shown that regular practice can have a beneficial effect on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases; also, it can decrease body weight, body fat and increase muscle mass. Positive effects on balance and flexibility were also reported. This study evaluated the impact of a 3-month complex yoga-based program, including physical exercises, education, and social support, with a quasi-randomized design in a middle-aged community sample. The intervention group consisted of 46 participants while the passive control group was 29 participants. The intervention group showed a significant increase in core muscle strength and hamstring flexibility and a decrease in body  fat. No significant changes were found concerning risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, body weight, muscle mass, balancing ability, and dietary habits. A 3-month yoga intervention cannot substantially impact the cardiovascular system and body weight control in middle-aged adults.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Orthostatic Hypotension and Its Severity in Residents Aged > 60 years: A Cross-Sectional Study

This cross-sectional study investigated the epidemiology and risk factors associated with orthostatic hypotension (OH) and its severity in older adults residing in the Jizhou community of Tianjin and the Jimei community of Xiamen. The study, conducted from March to September 2019, involved adults aged over 60. A comprehensive questionnaire survey was administered, resulting in the enrolment of 4383 older adults. The overall prevalence of OH was found to be 11.7% (516 out of 4383). Notably, a significant gender difference was observed, with a prevalence of 10% among males (194 out of 1926) and 13.1% among females (322 out of 2457) (P=0.002). Among individuals with OH, 332 exhibited mild symptoms, 64 had moderate OH, 58 had severe OH cases, and 50 have very severe OH. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that being female, widowed, engaging in general social activities, and a history of hypertension, migraines, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and mental health conditions (anxiety and depression) were independently associated with OH. Ordinal logistic regression analysis further confirmed that hypertension, migraine, and a history of general anesthesia surgery were independently associated with the severity of OH. This study highlights a relatively high prevalence of OH among older adults in the Jizhou community of Tianjin and the Jimei community of Xiamen, China. The identified risk factors, particularly social activities, and hypertension, significantly influence the severity of OH. Further examination is required to corroborate these findings and investigate potential interventions.

Effects of Breaking Up Sedentary Behavior With Short Bouts of Yoga and Tai-Chi on Glycemia, Concentration, and Well-Being

BACKGROUND

Investigating the effects of breaking up sedentary behavior with short bouts of Yoga and Tai-Chi on glycemic control, concentration, and well-being in healthy individuals.

METHODS

In this randomized balanced incomplete block study, 15 adults (age = 26 [2.50] y, 8 females) completed 2 of 3 protocols: uninterrupted sitting (Control), sitting interrupted with 3 minutes of Yoga every 30 minutes, or with 3 minutes of Tai-Chi every 30 minutes. Protocols lasted 7.5 hours and included a standardized diet. Glucose was measured every 30 minutes with a glucometer (Abbott FreeStyle Libre). Concentration and well-being were recorded with self-reported ecological momentary assessment. Area under the curve was calculated for glucose data. Statistical analyses were performed as a hierarchical repeated-measures model.

RESULTS

Glucose area under the curve for the Yoga intervention (34.55 [3.12] mmol/L) was significantly lower than the Control (38.14 [3.18] mmol/L; P < .05). There was a trend toward lower glucose in the Tai-Chi group compared with the Control, but no significant differences were found (AUCTai-Chi = 36.64 [3.11] mmol/L; P = .57). Mean concentration in all groups decreased throughout the day, with the largest decrease in the Control. Well-being for the Yoga and Control groups decreased but increased with Tai-Chi. Concentration and well-being responses were not statistically significant between intervention groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Breaking up sedentary behavior using 3-minute bouts of Yoga significantly lowers blood glucose in healthy individuals without compromising concentration or well-being. Tai-Chi did not provide the same significant effect on glucose levels but allowed better maintenance of concentration and well-being. These interventions provide effective ways to combat the deleterious effects of prolonged sedentary time while maintaining concentration and well-being.

Protective roles of meditation practice and self-esteem on cognitive functions over time: findings from the Midlife in the United States study

BACKGROUND

Cognitive function is an important component of healthy ageing. However, it is unclear whether relaxation/meditation practices provide cognitive benefits, particularly in midlife and early late life. Meditative practices are associated with higher self-esteem, and self-esteem serves as a general protective factor for many health outcomes. The current study examines associations between meditation practice, self-esteem, and change over 10 years in midlife cognitive performance.

METHODS

Data were from waves 2 (2003-2004) and 3 (2013-2014) of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. We used structural equation modelling to examine whether persistent meditation practice at both waves or episodic practice at one wave is associated with better cognitive function over 10 years, compared to no meditation practice, while controlling for prior cognitive function and covariates (baseline socio-demographics, health, and functional status). Additionally, we assessed if self-esteem mediates the above associations.

RESULTS

We included 2168 individuals (Mage  = 65 ± 11). After controlling for covariates, the findings revealed that persistent meditation practice in both waves was associated with significantly less decline in episodic memory; however, no such effects were found for executive function. Further, although participants' higher self-esteem was significantly associated with less decline in executive function and episodic memory, it did not mediate the associations between meditation practice and cognitive functions.

CONCLUSIONS

While both persistent meditation practice and self-esteem have associations with cognitive outcomes for middle-aged and older adults in MIDUS, self-esteem as a mediator was not supported. Thus, future investigations should examine mechanisms that underlie these protective factors on cognitive performances across adulthood.

Identical movement control exercises with and without synchronized breathing for chronic non-specific low back pain:A randomized pilot trial

BACKGROUND

Exercise is a first-line treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP). Exercise combined with specific breathing techniques have the potential to improve multifactorial outcomes. No previous studies, however, have compared outcomes between identical exercises with or without a specific breathing protocol in a uniform clinical study setting.

OBJECTIVES

1) To investigate the feasibility of combining synchronized breathing with movement control exercises and evaluate eligibility criteria, randomization procedures, and dropout rates. 2) To study the preliminary efficacy of the interventions on multifactorial outcome measures.

METHODS

Thirty subjects with CNSLBP were randomized into two groups. Both groups had four contact clinic visits where they received personalized home movement control exercises to practice over two months. The experimental group included a movement control exercise intervention combined with synchronized breathing techniques. Trial registration number: NCT05268822.

RESULTS

Feasibility was demonstrated by meeting the recruitment goal of 30 subjects within the pre-specified timeframe with enrolment rate of 24.8% (30/121). Synchronized breathing techniques were successfully adhered by participants. Home exercise adherence was nearly identical between the groups without any adverse events. Preliminary efficacy findings on pain intensity, disability, and self-efficacy in the experimental group exceeded the minimal clinically important difference. No such findings were observed in any outcome measures within the control group. Overall, multifactorial differences were consistent because nine out of eleven outcome measures showed greater improvements for the experimental group.

CONCLUSION

The synchronized breathing with movement control exercises protocol was feasible and may be more beneficial for improving multifactorial outcomes compared to identical exercises alone. Results suggested progression to a full-scale trial.

Effects of Different Mind-body Exercises in Managing Chronic Pain of Older Adults: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials

INTRODUCTION

Mind-body exercises (MBEs) were shown to be effective in managing chronic pain among older adults in several recent studies. However, the differences in the effects of different MBEs remained unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of different MBEs in managing chronic pain in older adults.

METHODS

Eight databases were searched for studies published between 2012 and 2023, and 14 studies were included in this systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). The NMA was performed using R and Metainsight.

RESULTS

Results showed that tai chi and yoga were effective in alleviating chronic pain, but their effects were not superior to traditional physical exercises and other MBEs. In addition, none of the MBEs were shown to be effective in mitigating chronic pain-related disabilities.

CONCLUSION

Tai chi and yoga can be used for relieving chronic pain in older adults; however, MBE programs alone were not sufficient to mitigate chronic pain-related disabilities.

The Therapeutic Potential of Yoga for Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and behavioral changes, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected individuals and their caregivers. While pharmacological treatments offer limited relief, nonpharmacological interventions, like yoga, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. This critical review synthesizes findings from various studies on the feasibility, adherence, physical function, cognitive improvements, inflammatory markers, neuroprotection, and mood and behavioral changes associated with yoga interventions for older adults with AD. Despite these promising results, further research with randomized controlled trials, larger sample sizes, control groups, longitudinal follow-ups, standardized protocols, and diverse populations is necessary to confirm these benefits and understand the long-term effects of yoga on AD progression. This critical review highlights yoga's potential as a valuable nonpharmacological intervention in the holistic management of AD.

Effect of Yoga or Physical Exercise on Muscle Function in Rural Indian Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Synergistic effects of yoga or physical exercise (PE) along with protein supplementation on children's muscle function in rural India have not been studied. Hence, we aimed to study the effect of yoga and PE along with protein supplementation on muscle function in healthy 6- to 11-year-old rural Indian children post 6 months of intervention.

METHODS

A randomized controlled trial on 232 children, recruited into 3 groups, each receiving 1 protein-rich ladoo (148 kcal, 7 g protein/40 g ladoo-an Indian sweet snack) daily and performing (1) yoga (n = 78) for 30 minutes 5 times per week, (2) PE (n = 76) for 30 minutes 5 times per week, or (3) control group (n = 78) no additional exercise. Maximum power, maximum voluntary force (Fmax), and grip strength (GS) were measured. Data were analyzed using paired t tests and a 2-way mixed analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni adjustment.

RESULTS

GS, maximum power, and Fmax within yoga group increased significantly (P < .05) from baseline to endline. GS and Fmax increased significantly within PE group postintervention (P < .001). In controls, GS increased (P < .05) at endline. No significant effect of the intervention was observed on the change in maximum power (P > .05) postintervention. The 2 exercise groups showed significant increase in Fmax compared with the control group (P < .05). Similarly, increase in GS was significantly higher in both the exercise groups compared with the control group (P < .05). No significant difference was observed in change in muscle function between the 2 exercise groups (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Structured physical activity along with protein supplementation resulted in improved muscle function in children. Yoga and PE showed a comparable impact on muscle force.

Yoga Pose Estimation Using Angle-Based Feature Extraction

OBJECTIVE

This research addresses the challenges of maintaining proper yoga postures, an issue that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent shift to virtual platforms for yoga instruction. This research aims to develop a mechanism for detecting correct yoga poses and providing real-time feedback through the application of computer vision and machine learning (ML) techniques.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This study utilized computer vision-based pose estimation methods to extract features and calculate yoga pose angles. A variety of models, including extremely randomized trees, logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and deep neural networks, were trained and tested to classify yoga poses. Our study employed the Yoga-82 dataset, consisting of many yoga pose images downloaded from the web.

RESULTS

The results of this study show that the extremely randomized trees model outperformed the other models, achieving the highest prediction accuracy of 91% on the test dataset and 92% in a fivefold cross-validation experiment. Other models like random forest, gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and deep neural networks achieved accuracies of 90%, 89%, 90%, and 85%, respectively, while logistic regression underperformed, having the lowest accuracy.

CONCLUSION

This research concludes that the extremely randomized trees model presents superior predictive power for yoga pose recognition. This suggests a valuable avenue for future exploration in this domain. Moreover, the approach has significant potential for implementation on low-powered smartphones with minimal latency, thereby enabling real-time feedback for users practicing yoga at home.

The Effects of Tele-Yoga in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: This randomized controlled trial aimed at investigating the effects of tele-yoga on physical function, disease activity, spinal mobility, flexibility, muscular endurance, exercise capacity, balance, sleep quality, stress, depression, anxiety, quality of life (QoL), and mindfulness in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: Sixty patients with AS were randomly assigned to the tele-yoga group (TYG) or wait-list control group (CG). In addition to their medical treatments, TYG participants attended online yoga classes three times per week for 8 weeks. The CG continued their standard medical treatment. Data were collected at baseline and after 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure was physical function as assessed by the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI). Secondary outcome measures included the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Patient Global Score (BAS-G), Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society Health Index (ASAS HI), Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI), sit-and-reach test, sit-up test, push-up test, incremental shuttle walk test, Balance Master test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Results: Compared with the CG (n = 27), participants in the TYG (n = 28) demonstrated significant improvements in BASFI (p = 0.001). The TYG also showed significant improvements in disease activity, spinal mobility, flexibility, muscular endurance, balance, sleep quality, stress, depression, and QoL compared with the CG (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Tele-yoga practice appears to be a safe and promising intervention for patients with AS and should be considered as a part of holistic disease management because of its potential physical and psychological benefits. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04803383.

The Effect of Yoga Practice on Cervical Tactile Acuity and Body Awareness

Body-mind-based holistic methods of relaxation and improved well-being, such as yoga and meditation, improve body awareness and have often been used to enhance quality of life and the ability to cope with pain. We aimed to compare tactile sensory acuity and body awareness in healthy sedentary individuals who practiced yoga regularly and in control participants who had not practiced yoga. Participants were 60 individuals, aged between 18 and 35 years who were divided into two groups according to whether they had previously practiced yoga. We used the two-point discrimination (TPD) test to determine participants' tactile acuity, as measured with a digital calliper at the C7, C5, C3, C1 and T1 spinal segments and with the Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ). The TPD measurements of individuals who practiced yoga and meditation had a lower discriminatory threshold compared to those who had not practiced yoga (p < .001), and the self-reported BAQ score of yoga practitioners was higher than that of the controls (p < .001). We found a positive correlation between the length of the prior duration of yoga experience and self-reported body awareness (r = .567, p < .001). There was a significant negative correlation (r = -.379, p = .015) between the C5 segment and the TPD measurements, but not for the other cervical spinal segments (p > .05). There was a negative correlation between the length of prior yoga practice and the TPD measurements in all cervical segments (p < .001). The most negative correlation was found at the C7 segment (r = -.844, p < .001) and the least negative correlation was found at the C3 segment (r = -.669, p < .001). These data suggest that yoga and meditation practices may improve well-being and diminish pain by increasing body awareness and tactile sensory acuity in the cervical region.

A Remotely Delivered Yoga Intervention for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Feasibility and Effectiveness for Improving Skills Related to Physical Activity

This study evaluated the feasibility of remotely delivered yoga for improving four physical activity-related skills: motor skills, strength, balance, and flexibility in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nineteen of 20 participants enrolled (age 13.2 ± 2.2 years; 60% male) completed the 12-week intervention and attended 83% of the scheduled yoga sessions. Overall, physical activity-related skills improved pre to post intervention (Φ = 0.90, p = 0.005, 95% CI 0.72-1.0). Specifically, significant increases in leg strength (12.5%, p = 0.039), flexibility (40.3%, p = 0.008), and dynamic balance on the right (11.1%, p = 0.001) and left legs (8.1%, p = 0.003) were observed across 12 weeks. These results demonstrate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of yoga to improve physical activity-related skills in adolescents with ASD.

A randomized trial examining the effect of yoga on dietary lapses and lapse triggers following behavioral weight loss treatment

Background

Dietary lapses can hinder weight loss and yoga can improve self-regulation, which may protect against lapses. This study examined the effect of yoga on dietary lapses, potential lapse triggers (e.g., affective states, cravings, dietary temptations), and reasons for initiating eating following weight loss treatment.

Methods

Sixty women with overweight/obesity (34.3 ± 3.9 kg/m2) were randomized to a 12 week yoga intervention (2x/week; YOGA) or contact-matched control (cooking/nutrition classes; CON) following a 12-week behavioral weight loss program. Participants responded to smartphone surveys (5x/day) over a 10-day period at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks to assess lapses and triggers.

Results

At 24 weeks, YOGA and CON differed on several types of lapses (i.e., less eating past full, eating more than usual, loss of control when eating, self-identified overeating, difficulty stopping eating in YOGA), and YOGA was less likely to eat to feel better or in response to stress (ps < 0.05). YOGA also reported less stress and anxiety and more positive affect (ps < 0.01); dietary temptations and cravings did not differ from CON.

Conclusion

Yoga resulted in fewer dietary lapses and improved affect among women with overweight/obesity following weight loss. While preliminary, findings suggest that yoga should be considered as a potential component of weight loss treatment to target dietary lapses.

Feasibility and impact of a remote moderate-intensity yoga intervention on stress and executive functioning in working adults: a randomized controlled trial

The feasibility of a moderate-intensity yoga intervention, delivered remotely via supervised and unsupervised sessions, and its psychosocial and cognitive effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This randomized controlled trial assessed feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an 8-week moderate-intensity yoga intervention (3×/week, 50 min) delivered remotely (vs. a waitlist control arm), on stress and cognitive functioning. Participants (n = 86) were low active, full-time working adults (81.40% female; Mage = 41 years) with symptoms of stress. Feasibility was assessed via adherence, enjoyment, and safety; stress and anxiety via self-report questionnaires; and executive functioning via neuropsychological tests. Overall attendance was 75.1%, 100% of participants enjoyed the intervention, and only one adverse event was reported. At follow-up, the yoga group had significantly lower stress and anxiety, and higher accuracy on working memory tasks. Remote moderate intensity yoga practice proved safe, enjoyable, and may reduce stress and improve cognitive functioning. This study was pre-registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04740229).

The Vermont Family Based Approach in Primary Care Pediatrics: Effects on Children's and Parents' Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Parents' Health-Related Quality of Life

This randomized controlled trial tested the Vermont Family Based Approach (VFBA) in primary care pediatrics. The VFBA is a model of healthcare delivery that shifts the focus from the individual to the family, emphasizes emotional and behavioral health, and uses evidence-based health promotion/prevention along with the treatment of emotional and behavioral problems. Participants were 81 families of 3-15-year-olds. For children, the VFBA was associated with greater reductions than the Control condition on the Child Behavior Checklist Emotionally Reactive, Withdrawn, Sleep Problems, Aggressive Behavior and Total Problems scales. For parents, the VFBA was associated with greater reductions than the Control condition on the Adult Self-Report Anxious/Depressed, Rule-Breaking Behavior, Internalizing Problems and Total Problems scales. The VFBA was also associated with greater improvement than the Control condition in the parents' health-related quality of life, as indicated by all scales of the Medical Outcomes Study Health Survey.

Well-being predictors of body composition and associated behavioral risk factors in midlife/older women participating in a meditative movement intervention: an exploratory analysis

Introduction

Greater than 40% of women are obese, a key risk factor for cardiometabolic, neurocognitive disease, mood disorders, and certain cancers. Obesity and unfavorable body composition can compromise physical and psychological health and well-being. Preliminary evidence demonstrates Meditative Movement (i.e., Tai Chi Easy) improves health outcomes and body composition among midlife/older women. This single-group pilot study explored relationships between well-being predictors related to body composition and associated behavioral risk factors in midlife/older women pre-to-post Tai Chi Easy intervention.

Methods

Eligible women 45-75 years old, participated in once-weekly 30-minute Tai Chi Easy classes over 8-weeks. Pre/post-intervention data included self-report surveys and on-site body composition. Multivariate linear regression models were fitted with putative predictor variables having correlations p-values of 0.20 or less with sleep quality and eating behaviors.

Results

Participants (N = 36) (M age = 53.7) were White (80.4%) and attended ≥ 4 years of college (70.6%). Analyses resulted in one independent variable per model as a predictor of the dependent variables of sleep quality and emotional eating. Results indicated: (1) stress explained 13.4% sleep quality variance (F (2, 20) = 2.71, p = 0.09) and (2) self-compassion explained 42.1% emotional eating variance (F (2, 31) = 12.54, p < .01).

Conclusion

Findings suggest stress and self-compassion partially explain variance in the dependent variables of sleep quality and emotional eating, both associated behavioral risk factors of body composition. Additional research may guide interventions to test efficacy and examine mediators to improve well-being predictors, body composition, and associated behavioral risk factors among midlife/older women.

Yoga and Mental Well-being: A Qualitative Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Yoga Practitioners

Context

Participation in yoga has increased dramatically amongst all demographic groups in recent decades. While studies have explored the physical and mental benefits of yoga, few have focused on the lived experiences of those practicing yoga and why they continue their involvement.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to assess practitioners' views about the impact of yoga on mental well-being and explore how these benefits may support their continued practice.

Settings and Design

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 individuals, the majority identified as female (M age = 44.25, standard deviation = 11.80). The majority of participants were White (86.36%) and had practiced yoga for an average of 8-10 years (40.91%).

Methods

A pragmatic qualitative approach was taken that included the adoption of a constructivist, narrative, meaning-making ontology, hermeneutic epistemology, and interpretivist axiology. Interviews were conducted on Zoom, recorded, and transcribed verbatim.

Analysis Used

Interviews were coded independently by two team members following reflexive thematic analysis procedures.

Results

Two major themes, structural and functional components, covered the five main subthemes that explained why yoga was beneficial for mental well-being and highlighted the self-sustaining nature of yoga practice: (1) the yoga environment, (2) personnel, (3) strengthening of mind and body during practice, (4) transfer of skills, and (5) giving back. The practitioners described how their yoga journeys supported their mental well-being and encouraged the long-term maintenance of their yoga practices. A conceptual model will be presented that incorporates the major themes and provides an explanation of why practitioners continue to practice yoga.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into how yoga's mental well-being benefits affect adherence, and ultimately, informs our understanding of yoga as a self-sustaining practice.

Effects of Yoga Training Applied with Telerehabilitation on Core Stabilization and Physical Fitness in Junior Tennis Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to investigate the effects of yoga training applied with telerehabilitation on core stability, and strength, balance, flexibility, upper extremity stability, body awareness, and quality of life in tennis players aged 6-18 years.

METHODS

Forty tennis players were randomly divided into two groups to participate in this study. The control group (n = 20) continued tennis training and was informed about the importance of the core region. The yoga group (n = 20) received yoga training with telerehabilitation 2 days a week for 8 weeks. Athletes were evaluated with sport-specific core muscle strength and stability tests, the back scratch test, the sit and reach test, the flamingo balance test, the y-balance test (lower quarter), the upper extremity closed kinetic chain stability test, the SF-36, and body awareness questionnaires. Measurements have been done in the tennis club before and after the 8 weeks of training.

RESULTS

A significant increase was determined in core strength and stability, sit and reach, back scratch test, upper extremity stability, and body awareness questionnaire in the yoga group (p < 0.001). Flamingo and Y balance test results were significant (p < 0.002). Positive improvements were found in SF-36s energy-fatigue level, mental well-being, social function (p < 0.042), pain (p < 0.005), and general health (p < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in the core strength measurement mean score in the control group (p < 0.018). Sit and reach test, flamingo test, and body awareness questionnaire were found to be significant after the intervention (p < 0.001). Significant improvements were found in the pain (p < 0.042), and mental well-being (p < 0.001) sub-parameters of the SF-36.

CONCLUSION

In the study, it was concluded that yoga training applied with telerehabilitation in tennis players aged 6-18 has a positive effect on core strength, and stabilization, physical fitness parameters, quality of life, and body awareness.

Einleitung

Mit dieser Studie sollten die Auswirkungen von Yogatraining in Verbindung mit Telerehabilitation auf Rumpfstabilität, Kraft, Gleichgewicht, Flexibilität, Stabilität der oberen Extremität, Körperwahrnehmung und Lebensqualität bei Tennisspielern im Alter von 6 bis 18 Jahren untersucht werden.

Methoden

Vierzig Tennisspieler wurden randomisiert in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt und nahmen an der Studie teil. Die Kontrollgruppe (n = 20) führte das Tennistraining fort und wurde über die Bedeutung der Rumpfregion aufgeklärt. Die Yoga-Gruppe (n = 20) erhielt an 2 Tagen pro Woche über 8 Wochen ein Yogatraining mittels Telerehabilitation. Die Sportler wurden mittels sportartspezifischer Tests zur Kraft und Stabilität der Rumpfmuskulatur, dem Back-Scratch-Test, dem Sit-and-Reach-Test, dem Flamingo-Balance-Test, dem Y-Balance-Test (unteres Viertel), dem Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test sowie dem SF-36 und dem Fragebogen zur Körperwahrnehmung beurteilt. Die Messungen wurden im Tennisclub vor und nach dem 8-wöchigen Training durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

In der Yoga-Gruppe wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg der Rumpfkraft und -stabilität sowie im Sit-and-Reach-Test, Back-Scratch-Test, der Stabilität der oberen Extremität und beim Fragebogen zur Körperwahrnehmung festgestellt (p < 0,001). Die Ergebnisse des Flamingo-Balance-Tests und des Y-Balance-Tests fielen signifikant aus (p < 0,002). Verbesserungen zeigten sich beim SF-36-Score für Energieverlust und Erschöpfung, psychisches Wohlbefinden, soziale Funktion (p < 0,042), Schmerzen (p < 0,005) und allgemeine Gesundheit (p < 0,001). In der Kontrollgruppe war ein signifikanter Anstieg des mittleren Scores der Rumpfkraftmessung zu beobachten (p < 0,018). Der Sit-and-Reach-Test, der Flamingo-Test und der Fragebogen zur Körperwahrnehmung fielen nach der Intervention signifikant aus (p < 0,001). Bei den Unterparametern Schmerz und psychisches Wohlbefinden des SF-36 wurden signifikante Verbesserungen festgestellt (p < 0,042 bzw. p < 0,001).

Diskussion/Schlussfolgerung

Die Studie kam zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass Yoga-Training bei Anwendung mittels Telerehabilitation bei Tennisspielern im Alter von 6 bis 18 Jahren einen positiven Effekt auf die Rumpfkraft und -stabilisierung, die Parameter der körperlichen Fitness, die Lebensqualität und die Körperwahrnehmung hat.

Lessons From India: A Narrative Review of Integrating Yoga Within the US Healthcare System

The ancient practice of yoga has gained worldwide popularity as a way for people to improve their overall health and well-being. This manuscript reviews and examines the history of yoga, its physical and mental health benefits, its incorporation into the Indian healthcare system, and the public perception of yoga in India. Many initiatives for yoga exist, including promoting research on yoga, providing education and information on its benefits, and developing evidence-based standardized yoga therapy guidelines. With this in mind, this narrative review article explores the potential benefits of incorporating yoga into the United States (US) healthcare system and the possible challenges of doing so. It also provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare professionals.

Adverse childhood experiences contribute to race/ethnic differences in post-secondary academic performance among college students

OBJECTIVE

This study explores how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to race/ethnicity and academic achievement among a sample of college students.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants were students attending a large public university in the Southwest (n = 404). Methods: Online surveys captured ACE scores, demographics, and self-reported GPA.

RESULTS

Students of Color had higher ACE scores and lower GPAs than White students. Regression analyses also revealed that an ACE score of 4 or higher is associated with lower GPAs, but only for Students of Color (Black and Hispanic students), not for White students.

CONCLUSIONS

There are race/ethnic differences in the incidence and impact of adverse childhood experiences on post-secondary academic achievement. Thus, it is important for colleges and universities to create a trauma-informed campus culture and holistic mental health support system, particularly for Students of Color, who may not have had access to high quality care before attending college.

Non-pharmacologic approaches to treatment of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders

Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) affect up to 25% of children in the United States. These disorders are more recently known as disorders of "brain-gut" interaction. The diagnosis is based on the ROME IV criteria, and requires the absence of an organic condition to explain the symptoms. Although these disorders are not completely understood, several factors have been involved in the pathophysiology including disordered gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, allergies, anxiety/stress, gastrointestinal infection/inflammation, as well dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. The pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for FAPDs are directed to modifying these pathophysiologic mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the non-pharmacologic interventions used in the treatment of FAPDs including dietary modifications, manipulation of the gut microbiome (neutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplant) and psychological interventions that addresses the "brain" component of the brain-gut axis (cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, breathing and relaxation techniques). In a survey conducted at a large academic pediatric gastroenterology center, 96% of patients with functional pain disorders reported using at least 1 complementary and alternative medicine treatment to ameliorate symptoms. The paucity of data supporting most of the therapies discussed in this review underscores the need for large randomized controlled trials to assess their efficacy and superiority compared to other treatments.

Protocol of identical exercise programs with and without specific breathing techniques for the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain: randomized feasibility trial with two-month follow-up

BACKGROUND

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a leading cause of disability globally. Exercise therapies are one of the commonly prescribed treatment options for CLBP. The specific exercise therapies for CLBP most commonly target movement dysfunction, but seldom brain-based pain modulation. Exercise therapies with specific breathing techniques (SBTs) have been shown to influence and enhance brain-based structural and functional pain modulation.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To assess the feasibility of the SBTs protocol, eligibility criteria, randomization, and dropout rates. To quantify the changes in patient outcome measures and choose the most relevant measure for larger-scale study. To quantify self-adherence levels to home exercise and monitor and record possible pain medication and other treatment modality usage, and adverse events during exercise.

DESIGN

A parallel randomised analyst-blinded feasibility trial with two-month follow-up.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Feasibility related to aims and objectives. Multiple pain- and health-related patient-reported outcome measures of pain intensity, disability, central sensitization, anxiety, kinesiophobia, catastrophising, self-efficacy, sleep quality, quality of life, and health and well-being status. Exercise adherence, pain medication and other treatment modality usage, and possible adverse events related to exercises will be monitored and recorded.

METHODS

Thirty participants will be randomized to movement control exercise with SBTs (15 subjects in experimental group) or movement control exercise without SBTs (15 subjects in control group) in private chiropractic practice setting with two-month follow-up. Trial registration number; NCT05268822.

DISCUSSION

The clinical difference in effectiveness between practically identical exercise programs in uniform study settings with or without SBTs has not been studied before. This study aims to inform feasibility and help determine whether progression to a full-scale trial is worthwhile.

Combined effect of yoga and naturopathy in uncomplicated varicose vein disease - a prospective randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Though the treatment of uncomplicated varicose vein (UVV) might prevent late complications such as skin change or ulceration, but, there are limited studies available to justify this concept. Yoga and Naturopathy being a proficient tool in managing non communicable diseases including many cardiovascular diseases; no attempt was made to study its potential effect in Varicose Vein diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims to study the combination of Yoga and Naturopathy in uncomplicated varicose vein patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

50 UVV participants were prospectively recruited and randomly divided into two groups, Experimental and Active control groups. Both the groups practiced their respective interventions, and follow up was done after 1 and 3 months of active intervention. Finally study was completed with 46 participants (2 dropouts in each groups). The sample size was calculated based on the previous study, considering power as 0.8 and 'α' as 0.05, using 'G' power software. The variables such as Body weight, BMI, Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Heart rate (HR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), homocysteine (HCy) were recorded before and after the intervention, but Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) and Visual analogue heaviness scale (VAHS) were recorded on 60 and 120 days of the follow up in addition to active intervention period.

RESULTS

There was a significant decrease in hs-CRP (p < 0.05) in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Body weight, BMI, SBP, HR, hs-CRP, HCy (p < 0.001) and DBP (p < 0.05) significantly decreases following the Combined Yoga and Naturopathy (CYN) intervention for a month in the experimental group. Also, the AVVQ (p < 0.01) and VAHS (p < 0.05) decreases following active intervention and two consecutive follow up. No adverse event was noted during or after the trial.

CONCLUSION

The combined effect of Yoga and Naturopathy reduced blood pressure and inflammatory markers suggestive of potential of recovery in inflammation in the endothelial tissue of the microvascular system in UVV patients.

TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER

CTRI/2018/10/015895; Clinical Trials Registry- India; www.ctri.nic.in.

Effect of yoga and mindfulness on psychological correlates in young athletes: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This meta-analysis planned to assess the impact of yoga and mindfulness practice in reducing stress and anxiety to improve athletes' sports performance.

METHODS

Several databases were electronically searched for eligible articles till September 2022. Participants aged 18-45 yrs, male and female, and recreational athletes from different sports were included. Athletes' stress, competitive anxiety, and sports performance were measured. The mean difference or standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval was calculated in RevMan software 5.4. The fixed effect model was applied to test the statistical significance difference and heterogeneity (p < 0.05). The GRADE pro evidence was also created to assess the quality of evidence.

RESULTS

Results were analyzed with pooled data from fifteen articles. Forest plots showed an overall significant effect of yoga and mindfulness on Mindfulness [Z = 4.13 (p < 0.0001)] [(I2 = 48%), MD -2.6, (95% CI, -3.85, -1.37)] and flow state [Z = 9.49 (p < 0.00001)] [(I2 = 85%), SMD 3.13, (95% CI, 2.48, 3.77)]. The insignificant effects were noted on attention and awareness [Z = 1.51 (p = 0.13)] [(I2 = 25%), SMD -0.26, (95% CI, -0.60, 0.80)], and action and acceptance [Z = 0.43 (p = 0.67)] [(I2 = 0%), MD 0.20, (95% CI, -0.69, 1.08)]. We also observed a significant effect for the comparison of stress [Z = 6.56 (p < 0.00001)] [(I2 = 76%), SMD -0.74, (95% CI, -0.97, 0.52)] and an insignificant effect for comparing anxiety [Z = 1.62 (p = 0.11)] [(I2 = 14%), SMD -0.31, (95% CI, -0.69, 0.07)].

CONCLUSION

The findings of this meta-analysis provides valuable insights to the beneficial or complementary effects of yoga and mindfulness on athletes' psychological health and sports performance.

Effects of Yoga for Coping with Premenstrual Symptoms in Taiwan-A Cluster Randomized Study

Home-based yoga practice has not been approved as a method for alleviating premenstrual symptoms in Taiwan. This study was a cluster randomized trial. A total of 128 women self-reporting at least one premenstrual symptom were enrolled in the study, of which there were 65 participants in the experimental group and 63 participants in the control group. Women in the yoga group were provided with a yoga DVD program (30 min) to practice for three menstrual months, at least three times a week. All participants were given the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) form to measure premenstrual symptoms. After the yoga exercise intervention, the yoga group had statistically significantly fewer and/or less severe premenstrual depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and anger/irritability. Other disturbances and the impairment of daily routine, hobbies/social activities, and relationships also occurred significantly less often in the yoga group. The study found that yoga is useful to relieve premenstrual symptoms. Moreover, home-based yoga practice is more pertinent in the pandemic era. The strengths and drawbacks of the study are discussed and further study is recommended.

Integration of yoga within exercise and sports science as a preventive and management strategy for musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and mental disorders - A review of the literature

OBJECTIVES

Exercise-induced musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and associated mental disorders are prevalent among athletes. The main objective of this review is to analyze the prospects of Yoga practices as a preventive and management strategy for musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and associated mental disorders often encountered in exercise and sports activities.

METHODS

A review of the literature was performed using electronic databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed and google scholar published between January 1991 and December 2021 which yielded 88 research articles. The keywords used were yoga OR exercise AND musculoskeletal injuries OR disorders, yoga OR exercise AND mental disorders, yoga AND sports injuries, yoga AND stress, yoga OR exercise AND oxidative stress, yoga OR exercise AND inflammation, yoga OR exercise AND diet.

RESULTS

The moderate and regular exercises are beneficial to health. However, high intensity and overtraining physical activities lead to immune suppression, oxidative stress, muscle damage/fatigue, coronary risk, psychiatric disorders and so on due to enormous strain on various physiological functions. Yoga seems to undermine these adverse activities through up-regulating the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and down-regulating the activities of hypothalamohypophysial axis (HPA) which are conducive to healing, recovery, regeneration, reduction in stress, relaxation of mind, better cognitive functions, promotion of mental health, reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress, and so on.

CONCLUSION

Literature suggests that Yoga should be integrated within exercise and sports sciences mainly to prevent & manage musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and associated mental disorders.