1
|
Ameer OZ. Hypertension in chronic kidney disease: What lies behind the scene. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949260. [PMID: 36304157 PMCID: PMC9592701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a frequent condition encountered during kidney disease development and a leading cause in its progression. Hallmark factors contributing to hypertension constitute a complexity of events that progress chronic kidney disease (CKD) into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Multiple crosstalk mechanisms are involved in sustaining the inevitable high blood pressure (BP) state in CKD, and these play an important role in the pathogenesis of increased cardiovascular (CV) events associated with CKD. The present review discusses relevant contributory mechanisms underpinning the promotion of hypertension and their consequent eventuation to renal damage and CV disease. In particular, salt and volume expansion, sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity, upregulated renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), oxidative stress, vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and a range of mediators and signaling molecules which are thought to play a role in this concert of events are emphasized. As the control of high BP via therapeutic interventions can represent the key strategy to not only reduce BP but also the CV burden in kidney disease, evidence for major strategic pathways that can alleviate the progression of hypertensive kidney disease are highlighted. This review provides a particular focus on the impact of RAAS antagonists, renal nerve denervation, baroreflex stimulation, and other modalities affecting BP in the context of CKD, to provide interesting perspectives on the management of hypertensive nephropathy and associated CV comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Z. Ameer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Omar Z. Ameer,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cabiati M, Giacomarra M, Fontanini M, Cecchettini A, Pelosi G, Vozzi F, Del Ry S. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 system expression in human coronary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells under dynamic flow: effect of medicated bioresorbable vascular scaffolds at low and normal shear stress. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:2137-2149. [PMID: 35857064 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-022-02140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction is an early event at the onset of atherosclerosis, a heterogeneous and multifactorial pathology of the vascular wall. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, a mechanosensitive autocrine cytokine, and BMPR-1a, BMPR-1b, BMPR-2 specific receptors play a key role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and vascular calcification and BMP4 is regarded as a biomarker of endothelial cell activation. The study aimed to examine the BMP4 system expression by Real-Time PCR in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial (HCAECs) and Smooth Muscle Cells (HCASMCs) under different flow rates determining low or physiological shear stress in the presence/absence of medicated Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (BVS). The HCAEC and HCASMC were subjected to 1-10-20 dyne/cm2 shear stress in a laminar flow bioreactor system, with/without BVS+ Everolimus (600 nM). In HCAECs without BVS the BMP4 expression was similar at 1, 20 dyne/cm2 decreasing at 10 dyne/cm2, while adding BVS+ Everolimus, it decreased both at 1, 10 compared to 20 dyne/cm2. In HCASMCs without BVS + Everolimus, the BMP4 system mRNA expression was significantly reduced at 1, 10 dyne/cm2 compared to 20 dyne/cm2, while in the presence of BVS+ Everolimus, higher BMP4 mRNA levels were observed at 10 compared to 1, 20 dyne/cm2. In HCAECs and HCASMCs BMPRs were expressed in all experimental conditions except for BMPR-1a at 1 dyne/cm2 in HCAEC. Significant correlations were found between BMP4 and BMPRs. The more negligible on BMP4 expression due to low shear stress in HCAEC compared to HCASMC and its reduction in the presence of BVS+ Everolimus at low shear stress highlighted the protection of BMP4-mediated against endothelial dysfunction and neoatherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cabiati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Manuel Giacomarra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Fontanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFC-CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Pelosi
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vozzi
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Del Ry
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Yao J, Yao Y, Boström KI. Contributions of the Endothelium to Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620882. [PMID: 34079793 PMCID: PMC8165270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) increases morbidity and mortality and constitutes a significant obstacle during percutaneous interventions and surgeries. On a cellular and molecular level, VC is a highly regulated process that involves abnormal cell transitions and osteogenic differentiation, re-purposing of signaling pathways normally used in bone, and even formation of osteoclast-like cells. Endothelial cells have been shown to contribute to VC through a variety of means. This includes direct contributions of osteoprogenitor cells generated through endothelial-mesenchymal transitions in activated endothelium, with subsequent migration into the vessel wall. The endothelium also secretes pro-osteogenic growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, inflammatory mediators and cytokines in conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and renal failure. High phosphate levels caused by renal disease have deleterious effects on the endothelium, and induction of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase adds to the calcific process. Furthermore, endothelial activation promotes proteolytic destruction of the internal elastic lamina that serves, among other things, as a stabilizer of the endothelium. Appropriate bone mineralization is highly dependent on active angiogenesis, but it is unclear whether the same relationship exists in VC. Through its location facing the vascular lumen, the endothelium is the first to encounter circulating factor and bone marrow-derived cells that might contribute to osteoclast-like versus osteoblast-like cells in the vascular wall. In the same way, the endothelium may be the easiest target to reach with treatments aimed at limiting calcification. This review provides a brief summary of the contributions of the endothelium to VC as we currently know them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Troia A, Knutsen RH, Halabi CM, Malide D, Yu ZX, Wardlaw-Pickett A, Kronquist EK, Tsang KM, Kovacs A, Mecham RP, Kozel BA. Inhibition of NOX1 Mitigates Blood Pressure Increases in Elastin Insufficiency. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab015. [PMID: 34223172 PMCID: PMC8248879 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elastin (ELN) insufficiency leads to the cardiovascular hallmarks of the contiguous gene deletion disorder, Williams-Beuren syndrome, including hypertension and vascular stiffness. Previous studies showed that Williams-Beuren syndrome deletions, which extended to include the NCF1 gene, were associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and reduced vascular stiffness. NCF1 encodes for p47phox, the regulatory component of the NOX1 NADPH oxidase complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall. Dihydroethidium and 8-hydroxyguanosine staining of mouse aortas confirmed that Eln heterozygotes (Eln+/- ) had greater ROS levels than the wild-types (Eln+/+ ), a finding that was negated in vessels cultured without hemodynamic stressors. To analyze the Nox effect on ELN insufficiency, we used both genetic and chemical manipulations. Both Ncf1 haploinsufficiency (Ncf1+/- ) and Nox1 insufficiency (Nox1-/y ) decreased oxidative stress and systolic BP in Eln+/- without modifying vascular structure. Chronic treatment with apocynin, a p47phox inhibitor, lowered systolic BP in Eln+/- , but had no impact on Eln+/+ controls. In vivo dosing with phenylephrine (PE) produced an augmented BP response in Eln+/- relative to Eln+/+ , and genetic modifications or drug-based interventions that lower Nox1 expression reduced the hypercontractile response to PE in Eln+/- mice to Eln+/+ levels. These results indicate that the mechanical and structural differences caused by ELN insufficiency leading to oscillatory flow can perpetuate oxidative stress conditions, which are linked to hypertension, and that by lowering the Nox1-mediated capacity for vascular ROS production, BP differences can be normalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Troia
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Russell H Knutsen
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carmen M Halabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniela Malide
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu Xi Yu
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Wardlaw-Pickett
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elise K Kronquist
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kit Man Tsang
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beth A Kozel
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Address correspondence to B.A.K. (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Protective Effect and Mechanism of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 on Apoptosis of Human Lens Epithelium Cells under Oxidative Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8109134. [PMID: 33575344 PMCID: PMC7864734 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, are abundant in human ocular tissues and play an important role in lens development. Targeted deletion of BMP-4 in mice results in failure of lens placode formation. Following lens maturation, the formation of senile cataracts is demonstrably associated with free radical-related oxidative stress. Previous studies reported that BMPs play an antiapoptotic role in cells under oxidative stress, and the BMP-4 signal is important in inflammation regulation and homeostasis. BMP-4 evidently suppressed the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECS) under oxidative stress induced by H2O2. This protective antiapoptotic effect is partly due to a decrease in caspase-3 activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Furthermore, the expression of activating transcription factor- (ATF-) 6 and Krüppel-like factor- (KLF-) 6 increased under oxidative stress and decreased after BMP-4 treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao X, Liu YZ, Cheng ZB, Sun JX, Shao YD, Qu SL, Huang L, Zhang C. Adipokines in vascular calcification. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:15-26. [PMID: 33476587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT), a critical endocrine gland, is capable of producing and secreting abundant adipokines. Adipokines act on distant or adjacent organ tissues via paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine mechanism, which play attractive roles in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism and inflammatory response. Increasing evidence shows that adipokines can connect obesity with cardiovascular diseases by serving as promoters or inhibitors in vascular calcification. The chronic hypoxia in AT, caused by the adipocyte hypertrophy, is able to trigger imbalanced adipokine generation, which leads to apoptosis, osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), vascular inflammation, and abnormal deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the vessel wall. The objectives of this review aim at providing a brief summary of the crucial influence of major adipokines on the formation and development of vascular calcification, which may contribute to better understanding these adipokines for establishing the appropriate therapeutic strategies to counteract obesity-associated vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Bin Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xiang Sun
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Duo Shao
- Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Insights into the mechanism of vascular endothelial cells on bone biology. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227494. [PMID: 33403387 PMCID: PMC7816070 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skeletal system, blood vessels not only function as a conduit system for transporting gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, or cells but also provide multifunctional signal molecules regulating bone development, regeneration, and remodeling. Endothelial cells (ECs) in bone tissues, unlike in other organ tissues, are in direct contact with the pericytes of blood vessels, resulting in a closer connection with peripheral connective tissues. Close-contact ECs contribute to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis by secreting various cytokines in the paracrine or juxtacrine pathways. An increasing number of studies have revealed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ECs can directly regulate maturation process of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The different pathways focus on targets at different distances, forming the basis of the intimate spatial and temporal link between bone tissue and blood vessels. Here, we provide a systematic review to elaborate on the function of ECs in bone biology and its underlying mechanisms based on three aspects: paracrine, EVs, and juxtacrine. This review proposes the possibility of a therapeutic strategy targeting blood vessels, as an adjuvant treatment for bone disorders.
Collapse
|
8
|
Watanabe S, Fujii H, Kono K, Watanabe K, Goto S, Nishi S. Influence of oxidative stress on vascular calcification in the setting of coexisting chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20708. [PMID: 33244056 PMCID: PMC7693179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Particularly, CKD patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) develop severe VC. Specific mechanisms of VC remain unclear; this study aimed to investigate them in the context of coexisting CKD and DM, mainly regarding oxidative stress. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups as follows: control rats (Control), 5/6 nephrectomized rats (CKD), streptozotocin-injected rats (DM), 5/6 nephrectomized and streptozotocin-injected rats (CKD + DM), CKD + DM rats treated with insulin (CKD + DM + INS), and CKD + DM rats treated with antioxidant apocynin (CKD + DM + APO). At 18 weeks old, the rats were sacrificed for analysis. Compared to the control, DM and CKD groups, calcification of aortas significantly increased in the CKD + DM group. Oxidative stress and osteoblast differentiation-related markers considerably increased in the CKD + DM group compared with the other groups. Moreover, apocynin considerably reduced oxidative stress, osteoblast differentiation-related markers, and aortic calcification despite high blood glucose levels. Our data indicate that coexisting CKD and DM hasten VC primarily through an increase in oxidative stress; anti-oxidative therapy may prevent the VC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kono
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Goto
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nishi
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saramago ALP, Diniz ALD. Doppler ultrasonography of the ophthalmic artery in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a new approach. Climacteric 2020; 23:591-596. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1758056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. P. Saramago
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - A. L. D. Diniz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bersini S, Schulte R, Huang L, Tsai H, Hetzer MW. Direct reprogramming of human smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells reveals defects associated with aging and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. eLife 2020; 9:54383. [PMID: 32896271 PMCID: PMC7478891 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunctions are a common feature of multiple age-related diseases. However, modeling healthy and pathological aging of the human vasculature represents an unresolved experimental challenge. Here, we generated induced vascular endothelial cells (iVECs) and smooth muscle cells (iSMCs) by direct reprogramming of healthy human fibroblasts from donors of different ages and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) patients. iVECs induced from old donors revealed upregulation of GSTM1 and PALD1, genes linked to oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial junction stability, as vascular aging markers. A functional assay performed on PALD1 KD VECs demonstrated a recovery in vascular permeability. We found that iSMCs from HGPS donors overexpressed bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)−4, which plays a key role in both vascular calcification and endothelial barrier damage observed in HGPS. Strikingly, BMP4 concentrations are higher in serum from HGPS vs. age-matched mice. Furthermore, targeting BMP4 with blocking antibody recovered the functionality of the vascular barrier in vitro, hence representing a potential future therapeutic strategy to limit cardiovascular dysfunction in HGPS. These results show that iVECs and iSMCs retain disease-related signatures, allowing modeling of vascular aging and HGPS in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bersini
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at The Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Roberta Schulte
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ling Huang
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core (IGC), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hannah Tsai
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaminon A, Reesink K, Kroon A, Schurgers L. The Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Arterial Remodeling: Focus on Calcification-Related Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5694. [PMID: 31739395 PMCID: PMC6888164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes of the vessel wall that occur in response to disease, injury, or aging. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) play a pivotal role in regulating the remodeling processes of the vessel wall. Phenotypic switching of VSMC involves oxidative stress-induced extracellular vesicle release, driving calcification processes. The VSMC phenotype is relevant to plaque initiation, development and stability, whereas, in the media, the VSMC phenotype is important in maintaining tissue elasticity, wall stress homeostasis and vessel stiffness. Clinically, assessment of arterial remodeling is a challenge; particularly distinguishing intimal and medial involvement, and their contributions to vessel wall remodeling. The limitations pertain to imaging resolution and sensitivity, so methodological development is focused on improving those. Moreover, the integration of data across the microscopic (i.e., cell-tissue) and macroscopic (i.e., vessel-system) scale for correct interpretation is innately challenging, because of the multiple biophysical and biochemical factors involved. In the present review, we describe the arterial remodeling processes that govern arterial stiffening, atherosclerosis and calcification, with a particular focus on VSMC phenotypic switching. Additionally, we review clinically applicable methodologies to assess arterial remodeling and the latest developments in these, seeking to unravel the ubiquitous corroborator of vascular pathology that calcification appears to be.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armand Jaminon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Koen Reesink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Abraham Kroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sánchez-de-Diego C, Valer JA, Pimenta-Lopes C, Rosa JL, Ventura F. Interplay between BMPs and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Signaling and Pathology. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E534. [PMID: 31561501 PMCID: PMC6843432 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of cell extrinsic and intrinsic signals is required to maintain appropriate cell physiology and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which play a key role in embryogenesis, organogenesis and regulation of whole-body homeostasis. BMPs interact with membrane receptors that transduce information to the nucleus through SMAD-dependent and independent pathways, including PI3K-AKT and MAPKs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intracellular molecules derived from the partial reduction of oxygen. ROS are highly reactive and govern cellular processes by their capacity to regulate signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPKs, KEAP1-NRF2 and PI3K-AKT). Emerging evidence indicates that BMPs and ROS interplay in a number of ways. BMPs stimulate ROS production by inducing NOX expression, while ROS regulate the expression of several BMPs. Moreover, BMPs and ROS influence common signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Additionally, dysregulation of BMPs and ROS occurs in several pathologies, including vascular and musculoskeletal diseases, obesity, diabetes and kidney injury. Here, we review the current knowledge on the integration between BMP and ROS signals and its potential applications in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Valer
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Carolina Pimenta-Lopes
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
| | - José Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
- IDIBELL, Avinguda Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet Llobregat, Spain.
- IDIBELL, Avinguda Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu H, Sun J, Liang W, Zhang J, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Li S, Villacorta L, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Chen YE, Fan Y. Novel gene regulatory networks identified in response to nitro-conjugated linoleic acid in human endothelial cells. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:224-233. [PMID: 31074702 PMCID: PMC6620647 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a crucial initiation event in the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart failure. Both digestive and oxidative inflammatory conditions lead to the endogenous formation of nitrated derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) upon generation of the proximal nitrating species nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) by nitric oxide (·NO) and nitrite-dependent reactions. Nitro-FAs (NO2-FAs) such as nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) and nitro-linoleic acid (NO2-LA) potently inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress, regulate cellular functions, and maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Recently, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was identified as the preferential FA substrate of nitration in vivo. However, the functions of nitro-CLA (NO2-CLA) in ECs remain to be explored. In the present study, a distinct transcriptome regulated by NO2-CLA was revealed in primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) through RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis identified numerous regulatory networks including those related to the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell cycle, and hypoxic responses by NO2-CLA, suggesting a diverse impact of NO2-CLA and other electrophilic nitrated FAs on cellular processes. These findings extend the understanding of the protective actions of NO2-CLA in cardiovascular diseases and provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms that mediate the pleiotropic cellular responses to NO2-CLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jinjian Sun
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wenying Liang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Oren Rom
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shengdi Li
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang B, Miller VM, Miller JD. Influences of Sex and Estrogen in Arterial and Valvular Calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:622. [PMID: 31620082 PMCID: PMC6763561 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular and cardiac valvular calcification was once considered to be a degenerative and end stage product in aging cardiovascular tissues. Over the past two decades, however, a critical mass of data has shown that cardiovascular calcification can be an active and highly regulated process. While the incidence of calcification in the coronary arteries and cardiac valves is higher in men than in age-matched women, a high index of calcification associates with increased morbidity, and mortality in both sexes. Despite the ubiquitous portending of poor outcomes in both sexes, our understanding of mechanisms of calcification under the dramatically different biological contexts of sex and hormonal milieu remains rudimentary. Understanding how the critical context of these variables inform our understanding of mechanisms of calcification-as well as innovative strategies to target it therapeutically-is essential to advancing the fields of both cardiovascular disease and fundamental mechanisms of aging. This review will explore potential sex and sex-steroid differences in the basic biological pathways associated with vascular and cardiac valvular tissue calcification, and potential strategies of pharmacological therapy to reduce or slow these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Virginia M. Miller
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jordan D. Miller
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jordan D. Miller
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Helbing T, Arnold L, Wiltgen G, Hirschbihl E, Gabelmann V, Hornstein A, Esser JS, Diehl P, Grundmann S, Busch HJ, Fink K, Bode C, Moser M. Endothelial BMP4 Regulates Leukocyte Diapedesis and Promotes Inflammation. Inflammation 2018; 40:1862-1874. [PMID: 28755278 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a fundamental event in the response of the innate immune system to injury. This process is promoted in part by the opening of endothelial cell adherens junctions that allows leukocyte extravasation through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. VE-cadherin is a key component of endothelial cell adherens junctions and a negative regulator of leukocyte emigration. Accumulating evidence implicates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 as a critical regulator in vascular biology, but its role in leukocyte extravasation in vitro and in vivo has not been investigated so far. To assess the impact of BMP4 on leukocyte emigration in vivo, we used the thioglycollate-induced peritonitis model. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with recombinant BMP4 in addition to thioglycollate. Compared to solvent-treated controls, we observed higher accumulation of leukocytes in the peritoneal lavage of BMP4-treated mice indicating that BMP4 promotes leukocyte diapedesis into the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of BMP4 in mice markedly diminished leukocyte diapedesis following thioglycollate administration suggesting that endothelial BMP4 is required for leukocyte recruitment. Consistent with these in vivo results, transwell migration assays with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro revealed that recombinant BMP4 enhanced leukocyte transmigration through the endothelial monolayer. Conversely, silencing of endothelial BMP4 by siRNA dampened leukocyte diapedesis in vitro. Mechanistic studies showed that loss of BMP4 improved endothelial junction stability by upregulation of VE-cadherin expression in vitro and in vivo. Vice versa, treatment of HUVECs with recombinant BMP4 decreased expression of VE-cadherin and impaired endothelial junction stability shown by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Finally, severe endothelial damage in HUVECs in response to serum of patients collected 24 h after survived cardiac arrest was accompanied by increase in leukocyte migration in transwell assays and activation of the BMP pathway most probably by upregulation of endothelial BMP4 RNA and protein expression. Collectively, the present study provides novel evidence that endothelial BMP4 controls leukocyte recruitment through a VE-cadherin-dependent mechanism and that BMP4-induced inflammation might be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial cell damage following successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helbing
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Linus Arnold
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gwendoline Wiltgen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Eva Hirschbihl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Valentin Gabelmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hornstein
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Esser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Philipp Diehl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Busch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Fink
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Martin Moser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei X, Wu W, Li L, Lin J, Liu Q, Gan L, Ou S. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 2/4 Are Upregulated during the Early Development of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8371604. [PMID: 29850574 PMCID: PMC5925148 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8371604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a main cause of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study aimed to investigate the role of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in the early development of vascular calcification in CKD. A CKD vascular calcification rat model was established by providing rats with a 1.8% high-phosphorus diet and an intragastric administration of 2.5% adenine suspension. The kidney and aortic pathologies were analyzed. Blood biochemical indicators, serum BMP-2 and BMP-4 levels, and aortic calcium content were determined. The expression levels of BMP-2, BMP-4, bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IA (BMPR-IA), and matrix Gla protein (MGP) in aorta were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the normal control (Nor) rats, the CKD rats exhibited a significantly decreased body weight and an increased kidney weight as well as abnormal renal function and calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Aortic von Kossa and Alizarin red staining showed massive granular deposition and formation of calcified nodules in aorta at 8 weeks. The aortic calcium content was significantly increased, which was positively correlated with the serum BMP-2 (r = 0.929; P < 0.01) and serum BMP-4 (r = 0.702; P < 0.01) levels in CKD rats. The rat aortic BMP-2 mRNA level in the CKD rats was persistently increased, and the BMP-4 mRNA level was prominently increased at the 4th week, declining thereafter. Strong staining of BMP-2, BMP-4, BMPR-IA, and MGP proteins was observed in the tunica media of the aorta from the 4th week after model induction. In conclusion, activation of the BMP signaling pathway is involved in the early development of vascular calcification in CKD. Therefore, elevated serum BMP-2 and BMP-4 levels may serve as serum markers for CKD vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jiaru Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Linwang Gan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Santao Ou
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Watanabe R, Shirai T, Namkoong H, Zhang H, Berry GJ, Wallis BB, Schaefgen B, Harrison DG, Tremmel JA, Giacomini JC, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Pyruvate controls the checkpoint inhibitor PD-L1 and suppresses T cell immunity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2725-2738. [PMID: 28604383 PMCID: PMC5490755 DOI: 10.1172/jci92167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at high risk for reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) and development of herpes zoster (HZ). Here, we found that macrophages from patients with CAD actively suppress T cell activation and expansion, leading to defective VZV-specific T cell immunity. Monocyte-derived and plaque-infiltrating macrophages from patients with CAD spontaneously expressed high surface density of the immunoinhibitory ligand programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), thereby providing negative signals to programmed death-1+ (PD-1+) T cells. We determined that aberrant PD-L1 expression in patient-derived macrophages was metabolically controlled. Oversupply of the glycolytic intermediate pyruvate in mitochondria from CAD macrophages promoted expression of PD-L1 via induction of the bone morphogenetic protein 4/phosphorylated SMAD1/5/IFN regulatory factor 1 (BMP4/p-SMAD1/5/IRF1) signaling pathway. Thus, CAD macrophages respond to nutrient excess by activating the immunoinhibitory PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint, leading to impaired T cell immunity. This finding indicates that metabolite-based immunotherapy may be a potential strategy for restoring adaptive immunity in CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Watanabe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hong Namkoong
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald J. Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Barbara B. Wallis
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benedikt Schaefgen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Tremmel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John C. Giacomini
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Helbing T, Wiltgen G, Hornstein A, Brauers EZ, Arnold L, Bauer A, Esser JS, Diehl P, Grundmann S, Fink K, Patterson C, Bode C, Moser M. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Modulator BMPER Regulates Endothelial Barrier Function. Inflammation 2017; 40:442-453. [PMID: 27995357 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium serves as a selective barrier and controls the exchange of nutrients, hormones, and leukocytes between blood and tissues. Molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of endothelial barrier dysfunction remain incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence implicates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-modulator BMPER as a key regulator in endothelial biology. Herein, we analyze the impact of BMPER in the control of endothelial barrier function. To assess the role of BMPER in vascular barrier function in mice, we measured the leakage of Evans blue dye from blood into interstitial lung tissue. BMPER+/- mice exhibited a significantly higher degree of vascular leak compared with wild-type siblings. In accordance with our in vivo observation, siRNA-based BMPER knockdown in human umbilical endothelial cells increased endothelial permeability measured by FITC-dextran passage in transwell assays. Mechanistically, BMPER knockdown reduced the expression of VE-cadherin, a pivotal component of endothelial adherens junctions. Conversely, recombinant human BMPER protein upregulated VE-cadherin protein levels and improved endothelial barrier function in transwell assays. The effects of BMPER knockdown on VE-cadherin expression and endothelial permeability were induced by enhanced BMP activity. Supporting this notion, activation of BMP4-Smad-Id1 signaling reduced VE-cadherin levels and impaired endothelial barrier function in vitro. In vivo, Evans blue dye accumulation was higher in the lungs of BMP4-treated C57BL/6 mice compared to controls indicating that BMP4 increased vascular permeability. High levels of BMPER antagonized BMP4-Smad5-Id1 signaling and prevented BMP4-induced downregulation of VE-cadherin and endothelial leakage, suggesting that BMPER exerts anti-BMP effects and restores endothelial barrier function. Taken together, this data demonstrates that BMPER-modulated BMP pathway activity regulates VE-cadherin expression and vascular barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Helbing
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Gwendoline Wiltgen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hornstein
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Elena Z Brauers
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Linus Arnold
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Adrian Bauer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jennifer S Esser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Philipp Diehl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Katrin Fink
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Cam Patterson
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Martin Moser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Familtseva A, Jeremic N, Kunkel GH, Tyagi SC. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates vascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 433:177-194. [PMID: 28386844 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known to promote downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine elevation, the precise mechanism is still unknown. One of the possible receptors that could have significant attention in the field of hypertension is toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). TLR-4 is a cellular membrane protein that is ubiquitously expressed in all cell types of the vasculature. Its mutation can attenuate the effects of HHcy-mediated vascular inflammation and mitochondria- dependent cell death that suppresses hypertension. In this review, we observed that HHcy induces vascular remodeling through immunological adaptation, promoting inflammatory cytokine up-regulation (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and initiation of mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death and chronic vascular inflammation. The literature suggests that HHcy promotes TLR-4-driven chronic vascular inflammation and mitochondria-mediated cell death inducing peripheral vascular remodeling. In the previous studies, we have characterized the role of TLR-4 mutation in attenuating vascular remodeling in hyperhomocysteinemia. This review includes, but is not limited to, the physiological synergistic aspects of the downstream elevation of cytokines found within the vascular inflammatory cascade. These events subsequently induce mitochondrial dysfunction defined by excessive mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial apoptosis contributing to vascular remodeling followed by hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Familtseva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - George H Kunkel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Louisville, A-1215, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guignabert C, Bailly S, Humbert M. Restoring BMPRII functions in pulmonary arterial hypertension: opportunities, challenges and limitations. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:181-190. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1275567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sabine Bailly
- INSERM U1036, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l’Infection, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l’Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mokas S, Larivière R, Lamalice L, Gobeil S, Cornfield DN, Agharazii M, Richard DE. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 plays a role in phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Kidney Int 2016; 90:598-609. [PMID: 27470678 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although elevated inorganic phosphate stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteogenic transdifferentiation and calcification, the mechanisms involved in their calcification during CKD are not fully defined. Because hypoxic gene activation is linked to CKD and stimulates bone cell osteogenic differentiation, we used in vivo and in vitro rodent models to define the role of hypoxic signaling during elevated inorganic phosphate-induced VSMC calcification. Cell mineralization studies showed that elevated inorganic phosphate rapidly induced VSMC calcification. Hypoxia strongly enhanced elevated inorganic phosphate-induced VSMC calcification and osteogenic transdifferentiation, as seen by osteogenic marker expression. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), the key hypoxic transcription factor, was essential for enhanced VSMC calcification. Targeting HIF-1 expression in murine VSMC blocked calcification in hypoxia with elevated inorganic phosphate while HIF-1 activators, including clinically used FG-4592/Roxadustat, recreated a procalcifying environment. Elevated inorganic phosphate rapidly activated HIF-1, even in normal oxygenation; an effect mediated by HIF-1α subunit stabilization. Thus, hypoxia synergizes with elevated inorganic phosphate to enhance VSMC osteogenic transdifferentiation. Our work identifies HIF-1 as an early CKD-related pathological event, prospective marker, and potential target against vascular calcification in CKD-relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mokas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Larivière
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Lamalice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David N Cornfield
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mohsen Agharazii
- Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Darren E Richard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Bijarnia R, Jackson C, Smith ER, Odermatt A, Radpour R, Pasch A. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by secondary calciprotein particles and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:404-414. [PMID: 27289275 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular calcification is prevalent in clinical states characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Calciprotein particles (CPP) are calcium phosphate-containing nano-aggregates, which have been found in the blood of CKD patients and appear pro-inflammatory in vitro. The interplay of CPPs and inflammatory cytokines with regard to the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), in vitro, has not been investigated yet. METHODS Primary or secondary CPP were generated using phosphate-enriched culture medium (DMEM/10% FBS) incubated at 37 °C. Human VSMC were cultured with these media and mineralization was measured. Expression of TNF-α was detected by qPCR, ELISA and Western blot in calcified VSMC. To further characterize the significance of TNF-α and its receptors for the calcification of VSMC, RNA interference experiments using siTNF-α, siTNFR1 and siTNFR2 were performed. RESULTS The addition of phosphate to cell culture medium containing DMEM/10% FBS led to the rapid formation of primary CPP, which underwent spontaneous transformation to secondary CPP. Exposure of VSMC towards secondary CPP led to pronounced and concentration-dependent calcification, whereas exposure towards primary CPP did not. Importantly, secondary CPP induced oxidative stress, and led to the up-regulation and release of TNF-α. Addition of TNF-α to the cell culture medium enhanced, whereas the suppression of endogenous TNF-α or TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1) expression by siRNA, ameliorated calcification. CONCLUSIONS Secondary, but not primary CPP, induce VSMC calcification. Secondary CPP induce the expression and release of TNF-α, which enhances calcification via its receptor TNFR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Bachtler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Bijarnia
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Odermatt
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland; Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hong OK, Yoo SJ, Son JW, Kim MK, Baek KH, Song KH, Cha BY, Jo H, Kwon HS. High glucose and palmitate increases bone morphogenic protein 4 expression in human endothelial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:169-75. [PMID: 26937213 PMCID: PMC4770107 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated whether hyperglycemia and/or free fatty acids (palmitate, PAL) aff ect the expression level of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), a proatherogenic marker, in endothelial cells and the potential role of BMP4 in diabetic vascular complications. To measure BMP4 expression, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to high glucose concentrations and/or PAL for 24 or 72 h, and the effects of these treatments on the expression levels of adhesion molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined. BMP4 loss-of-function status was achieved via transfection of a BMP4-specific siRNA. High glucose levels increased BMP4 expression in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. PAL potentiated such expression. The levels of adhesion molecules and ROS production increased upon treatment with high glucose and/or PAL, but this eff ect was negated when BMP4 was knocked down via siRNA. Signaling of BMP4, a proinflammatory and pro-atherogenic cytokine marker, was increased by hyperglycemia and PAL. BMP4 induced the expression of infl ammatory adhesion molecules and ROS production. Our work suggests that BMP4 plays a role in atherogenesis induced by high glucose levels and/or PAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oak-Kee Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Soon-Jib Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyunggi-do 14647, Korea
| | - Jang-Won Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyunggi-do 14647, Korea
| | - Mee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Bong-Yun Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Agharazii M, St-Louis R, Gautier-Bastien A, Ung RV, Mokas S, Larivière R, Richard DE. Inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species as mediators of chronic kidney disease-related vascular calcification. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:746-55. [PMID: 25430697 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification, a regulated process in chronic kidney disease (CKD), requires vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. This phenomenon can be enhanced by inflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In CKD rats with vascular calcification, we investigated whether inflammatory cytokines, ROS generation, and downstream signaling events are associated with CKD-related vascular calcification. METHODS CKD was induced in male Wistar rats by renal mass ablation and vascular calcification was induced with a high calcium-phosphate diet and vitamin D supplementation (Ca/P/VitD). At week 3-6, hemodynamic parameters were determined and thoracic aorta was harvested for assessment of vascular calcification, macrophage infiltration, cytokines expression, VSMC differentiation, ROS generation, and related signaling pathway activation. RESULTS CKD rats treated with Ca/P/VitD developed medial calcification of thoracic aorta and increased pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity. VSMC differentiation was confirmed by increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteocalcin expression and reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression. The expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor were also increased. The expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits p22(phox) and p47(phox) were increased, whereas the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2, Gpx1, and Prdx1) was reduced in CKD + Ca/P/VitD rats. Oxidized peroxiredoxin, a sensor of ROS generation, was significantly increased and ROS-sensitive signaling pathways were activated in the aorta from CKD + Ca/P/VitD rats. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a relationship between inflammation/ROS and arterial calcification in CKD and contributes to understanding of the complex pathways that mediate arterial calcification in CKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Agharazii
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de médecine , Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada;
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Roth-Visal Ung
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Mokas
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Larivière
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de médecine , Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Darren E Richard
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Boström KI, Guihard P, Blazquez Medela AM, Yao J, Moon JH, Penton A, Yao Y. Matrix Gla protein limits pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in ALK1 deficiency. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:849-52. [PMID: 25614167 PMCID: PMC4373345 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Guihard
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana M Blazquez Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah H Moon
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Penton
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Loeser RF, Gandhi U, Long DL, Yin W, Chubinskaya S. Aging and oxidative stress reduce the response of human articular chondrocytes to insulin-like growth factor 1 and osteogenic protein 1. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2201-9. [PMID: 24664641 DOI: 10.1002/art.38641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of aging and oxidative stress on the response of human articular chondrocytes to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1). METHODS Chondrocytes isolated from normal articular cartilage obtained from tissue donors were cultured in alginate beads or monolayer. Cells were stimulated with 50-100 ng/ml of IGF-1, OP-1, or both. Oxidative stress was induced using tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Sulfate incorporation was used to measure proteoglycan synthesis, and immunoblotting of cell lysates was performed to analyze cell signaling. Confocal microscopy was performed to measure nuclear translocation of Smad4. RESULTS Chondrocytes isolated from the articular cartilage of tissue donors ranging in age from 24 years to 81 years demonstrated an age-related decline in proteoglycan synthesis stimulated by IGF-1 and IGF-1 plus OP-1. Induction of oxidative stress inhibited both IGF-1- and OP-1-stimulated proteoglycan synthesis. Signaling studies showed that oxidative stress inhibited IGF-1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation while increasing phosphorylation of ERK, and that these effects were greater in cells from older donors. Oxidative stress also increased p38 phosphorylation, which resulted in phosphorylation of Smad1 at the Ser(206) inhibitory site and reduced nuclear accumulation of Smad1. Oxidative stress also modestly reduced OP-1-stimulated nuclear translocation of Smad4. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate an age-related reduction in the response of human chondrocytes to IGF-1 and OP-1, which are 2 important anabolic factors in cartilage, and suggest that oxidative stress may be a contributing factor by altering IGF-1 and OP-1 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Loeser
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dyer LA, Pi X, Patterson C. The role of BMPs in endothelial cell function and dysfunction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:472-80. [PMID: 24908616 PMCID: PMC4149816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of proteins has a multitude of roles throughout the body. In embryonic development, BMPs promote endothelial specification and subsequent venous differentiation. The BMP pathway also plays important roles in the adult vascular endothelium, promoting angiogenesis and mediating shear and oxidative stress. The canonical BMP pathway functions through the Smad transcription factors; however, other intracellular signaling cascades can be activated, and receptor complexes beyond the traditional type I and type II receptors add additional layers of regulation. Dysregulated BMP signaling has been linked to vascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. This review addresses recent advances in the roles of BMP signaling in the endothelium and how BMPs affect endothelial dysfunction and human disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors/agonists
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Oxidative Stress
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Shear Strength
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Physiological
- Vascular Diseases/etiology
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Dyer
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xinchun Pi
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hussein KA, Choksi K, Akeel S, Ahmad S, Megyerdi S, El-Sherbiny M, Nawaz M, Abu El-Asrar A, Al-Shabrawey M. Bone morphogenetic protein 2: a potential new player in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:79-88. [PMID: 24910902 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. Vision loss in DR principally occurs due to breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), leading to macular edema, retinal detachment and inner retinal and vitreous hemorrhage. Several growth factors have been shown to play crucial role in the development of these vascular changes; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DR are not yet fully revealed. In the current study we investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) in DR. We examined the changes in the protein levels of BMP2 in human vitreous and retina in addition to the mouse retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To detect the source of BMP2 during diabetes, human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) were subjected to high glucose (HG) for 5 days and levels of BMP2 protein were analyzed in conditioned media of these cells relative to control. We also evaluated the effect of BMP2 on the levels of VEGF in cultured rat Müller cells (rMC1). In addition, we tested the pro-inflammatory effects of BMP2 by examining its effect on leukocyte adhesion to cultured hRECs, and levels of adhesion molecules and cytokines production. Finally, the effect of different concentrations of BMP2 on permeability of confluent monolayer of hRECs was evaluated using FITC-Dextran flux permeability assay and by measuring Transcellular Electrical Resistance (TER) using Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS). Our results show, for the first time, the up-regulation of BMP2 in diabetic human and mouse retinas in addition to its detection in vitreous of patients with proliferative DR (72 ± 7 pg/ml). In vitro, hRECs showed upregulation of BMP2 in HG conditions suggesting that these cells are a potential source of BMP2 in diabetic conditions. Furthermore, BMP2 induced VEGF secretion by Müller cells in-vitro; and showed a dose response in increasing permeability of cultured hRECs. Meanwhile, BMP2 pro-inflammatory effects were recognized by its ability to induce leukocyte adhesion to the hRECs, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and upregulation of interleukin-6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8). These results show that BMP2 could be a contributing growth factor to the development of microvascular dysfunction during DR via enhancing both pro-angiogenic and inflammatory pathways. Our findings suggest BMP2 as a potential therapeutic target to prevent/treat DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Hussein
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University (Augusta) (GRU(A)), USA; Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU(A), USA; Oral and Dental Research Division, Department of Surgery and Medicine, National Research Center, Egypt
| | - Karishma Choksi
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University (Augusta) (GRU(A)), USA; Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU(A), USA
| | - Sara Akeel
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University (Augusta) (GRU(A)), USA
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU(A), USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Rabigh College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sylvia Megyerdi
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University (Augusta) (GRU(A)), USA
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University (Augusta) (GRU(A)), USA; Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU(A), USA; Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University (Augusta) (GRU(A)), USA; Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU(A), USA; Department of Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, GRU(A), USA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, GRU(A), USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Krishnan L, Willett NJ, Guldberg RE. Vascularization strategies for bone regeneration. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:432-44. [PMID: 24468975 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-0969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The functional regeneration of thick vascularized tissues such as bone and muscle is complicated by the large volume of lost tissue, challenging biomechanical environment, and the need to reproduce the highly organized structure of both the native tissue extracellular matrix and its vascular support system. Stem cell or progenitor cell delivery approaches, for example, continue to be plagued by low viability and engraftment in part due to the initial absence of a vascular supply. Recognition of diffusion limitations in thick tissues has prompted regenerative strategies that seek to accelerate establishment of a functional vasculature. The successful design of robust regeneration strategies for these challenging clinical scenarios will rely on a thorough understanding of interactions between construct design parameters and host biological and biomechanical factors. Here, we discuss the critical role of vascularization in normal bone tissue homeostasis and repair, vascular network adaptation to the local biomechanical environment, and the future directions of revascularization approaches being developed and integrated with bone regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laxminarayanan Krishnan
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
YANG SHUN, CHOU WEIPING, PEI LING. Effects of propofol on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1177-1183. [PMID: 24223641 PMCID: PMC3820756 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute renal failure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether propofol pretreatment in a rat model protects kidney tissue against IRI. Thirty-two Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups: a sham-operated group, untreated renal IRI group, and low-dose (5 mg/kg) and high-dose (10 mg/kg) propofol-treated groups which were treated with propofol prior to the induction of IRI. The rats were subjected to renal ischemia by bilateral clamping of the pedicles for 50 min, followed by reperfusion. The low-dose and high-dose propofol treatment groups were pretreated via femoral vein injection with a propofol suspension prior to the induction of ischemia/reperfusion. The untreated IRI group showed significantly higher serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared with the sham-operated rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly reduced following IRI; however, they significantly increased following propofol administration. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) levels were significantly increased in the propofol-treated groups compared with the untreated IRI group. These results suggest that propofol reduces renal oxidative injury and facilitates repair following IRI. Propofol may play a protective role by regulating BMP2 expression in renal IRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SHUN YANG
- Department of Anesthesiology, First University Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000
| | - WEI-PING CHOU
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042,
P.R. China
| | - LING PEI
- Department of Anesthesiology, First University Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000
- Correspondence to: Dr Ling Pei, Department of Anesthesiology, First University Hospital of China Medical University, 155 S. Nanjing Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular calcification is a regulated process that involves osteoprogenitor cells and frequently complicates common vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy. However, it is not clear whether the vascular endothelium has a role in contributing osteoprogenitor cells to the calcific lesions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the vascular endothelium contributes osteoprogenitor cells to vascular calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we use 2 mouse models of vascular calcification, mice with gene deletion of matrix Gla protein, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-inhibitor, and Ins2Akita/+ mice, a diabetes model. We show that enhanced BMP signaling in both types of mice stimulates the vascular endothelium to contribute osteoprogenitor cells to the vascular calcification. The enhanced BMP signaling results in endothelial-mesenchymal transitions and the emergence of multipotent cells, followed by osteoinduction. Endothelial markers colocalize with multipotent and osteogenic markers in calcified arteries by immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Lineage tracing using Tie2-Gfp transgenic mice supports an endothelial origin of the osteogenic cells. Enhancement of matrix Gla protein expression in Ins2Akita/+ mice, as mediated by an Mgp transgene, limits the generation of multipotent cells. Moreover, matrix Gla protein-depleted human aortic endothelial cells in vitro acquire multipotency rendering the cells susceptible to osteoinduction by BMP and high glucose. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the endothelium is a source of osteoprogenitor cells in vascular calcification that occurs in disorders with high BMP activation, such as deficiency of BMP-inhibitors and diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Calcinosis/physiopathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transdifferentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/deficiency
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/physiology
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/physiology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, TIE-2/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Matrix Gla Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Albert Ly
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Melina Radparvar
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Mark R. Cubberly
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Howden R, Cooley I, Van Dodewaard C, Arthur S, Cividanes S, Leamy L, McCann Hartzell K, Gladwell W, Martin J, Scott G, Ray M, Mishina Y. Cardiac responses to 24 hrs hyperoxia in Bmp2 and Bmp4 heterozygous mice. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:509-16. [PMID: 23876042 PMCID: PMC6149216 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.808287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperoxia or clinical oxygen (O2) therapy is known to result in increased oxidative burden. Therefore, understanding susceptibility to hyperoxia exposure is clinically important. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2 and 4 are involved in cardiac development and may influence responses to hyperoxia. METHODS Bmp2(+/)(-). Bmp4(+/)(-) and wild-type mice were exposed to hyperoxia (100% O2) for 24 hrs. Electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded before and during exposure by radio-telemetry. RESULTS At baseline, a significantly higher low frequency (LF) and total power (TP) heart rate variability (HRV) were found in Bmp2(+/)(-) mice only (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hours hyperoxia-induced strain-independent reductions in heart rate, QTcB and ST-interval and increases in QRS, LF HRV and standard deviation of RR-intervals were observed. In Bmp4(+/)(-) mice only, increased PR-interval (PR-I) (24 hrs), P-wave duration (P-d; 18 and 21-24 hrs), PR-I minus P-d (PR - Pd; 24 hrs) and root of the mean squared differences of successive RR-intervals (24 hrs) were found during hyperoxia (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Elevated baseline LF and TP HRV in Bmp2(+/)(-) mice suggests an altered autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiac function in these mice. However, this was not related to strain specific differences in responses to 24 hrs hyperoxia. During hyperoxia, Bmp4(+/-) mice were the most susceptible in terms of atrioventricular conduction changes and risk of atrial fibrillation, which may have important implications for patients treated with O2 who also harbor Bmp4 mutations. This study demonstrates significant ECG and HRV responses to 24 hrs hyperoxia in mice, which highlights the need to further work on the genetic mechanisms associated with cardiac susceptibility to hyperoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Howden
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte NC 28223, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wasilewski J, Głowacki J, Poloński L. Not at random location of atherosclerotic lesions in thoracic aorta and their prognostic significance in relation to the risk of cardiovascular events. Pol J Radiol 2013; 78:38-42. [PMID: 23807883 PMCID: PMC3693835 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.883944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic calcium deposits are frequently detected on tomography of the chest, and in other imaging modalities. Numerous studies indicated the correlation of hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress in relation to distribution aortic calcifications. This publication discusses similarities and differences of two distinct pathomechanisms of arterial calcifications: intimal associated with atherosclerosis and medial knows as Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis. This review also analyzes the frequent coexistence of aortic calcification and coronary artery disease in terms of risk of cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Wasilewski
- III Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
ATP and UTP stimulate bone morphogenetic protein-2,-4 and -5 gene expression and mineralization by rat primary osteoblasts involving PI3K/AKT pathway. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2028-2036. [PMID: 23707969 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of purinergic receptors plays an important role in the regulation of bone formation by the osteoblast. On the other hand, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, regulate the differentiation of osteoprogenitor bone cells and stimulate bone formation. In this study, we investigate the effects of several nucleotides on osteoblast differentiation and function, and their relation with the gene expression of osteogenic proteins BMP-2, BMP-4 and BMP-5 as well as of differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). Our results indicate that 100μM ATP, ATPγS and UTP, but not ADP, ADPβS or UDP, promote ALP activity in rat primary osteoblasts, showing a peak about day 7 of the treatment. ATP, ATPγS and UTP also increase the mRNA levels of ALP, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-5 and BSP. Both the ALP activity and ALP and BMP-4 mRNA increments induced by ATP and UTP are inhibited by Ly294002, a PI3K inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in purinergic modulation of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, bone mineralization enhance 1 and 1.5 fold after culturing osteoblasts in the presence of 100μM ATP or UTP, respectively, but not of ADP or UDP for 22 days. This information suggests that P2Y2 receptors (responsive to ATP, ATPγS and UTP) enhance osteoblast differentiation involving PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation and gene expression induction of ALP, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-5 and BSP. Our findings state a novel molecular mechanism that involves specific gene expression activation of osteoblast function by the purinoreceptors, which would be of help in setting up new pharmacological strategies for the intervention in bone loss pathologies.
Collapse
|
36
|
van Varik BJ, Rennenberg RJMW, Reutelingsperger CP, Kroon AA, de Leeuw PW, Schurgers LJ. Mechanisms of arterial remodeling: lessons from genetic diseases. Front Genet 2012; 3:290. [PMID: 23248645 PMCID: PMC3521155 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disease is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world, and the primary cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemia. The biology of vascular disease is complex and still poorly understood in terms of causes and consequences. Vascular function is determined by structural and functional properties of the arterial vascular wall. Arterial stiffness, that is a pathological alteration of the vascular wall, ultimately results in target-organ damage and increased mortality. Arterial remodeling is accelerated under conditions that adversely affect the balance between arterial function and structure such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disease, lifestyle aspects (smoking), drugs (vitamin K antagonists), and genetic abnormalities [e.g., pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), Marfan's disease]. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the complex mechanisms and different factors that underlie arterial remodeling, learning from single gene defect diseases like PXE, and PXE-like, Marfan's disease and Keutel syndrome in vascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J van Varik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boström KI, Garfinkel A, Yao Y, Jumabay M. Concise review: applying stem cell biology to vascular structures. Stem Cells 2012; 30:386-91. [PMID: 22232064 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature, an organ that penetrates every other organ, is ideally poised to be the site where pools of stem cells are placed, to be deployed and committed in response to feedback regulation, and to respond to demands for new vascular structures. These pools of multipotent cells are often under the regulation of various members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, including the bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists. Regulation of stem cell populations affects their recruitment, differentiation, spatial organization, and their coordination with host tissue. Loss and dysregulation of feedback control cause a variety of diseases that involve ectopic tissue formation, including atherosclerotic lesion formation and calcification, diabetic vasculopathies, and arteriovenous malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yao Y, Jumabay M, Ly A, Radparvar M, Wang AH, Abdmaulen R, Boström KI. Crossveinless 2 regulates bone morphogenetic protein 9 in human and mouse vascular endothelium. Blood 2012; 119:5037-47. [PMID: 22474252 PMCID: PMC3367902 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-385906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists in vascular development is increasingly being recognized. BMP-4 is essential for angiogenesis and is antagonized by matrix Gla protein (MGP) and crossveinless 2 (CV2), both induced by the activin receptor like-kinase 1 (ALK1) when stimulated by BMP-9. In this study, however, we show that CV2 preferentially binds and inhibits BMP-9 thereby providing strong feedback inhibition for BMP-9/ALK1 signaling rather than for BMP-4/ALK2 signaling. CV2 disrupts complex formation involving ALK2, ALK1, BMP-4, and BMP-9 required for the induction of both BMP antagonists. It also limits VEGF expression, proliferation, and tube formation in ALK1-expressing endothelial cells. In vivo, CV2 deficiency translates into a dysregulation of vascular BMP signaling, resulting in an abnormal endothelium with increased endothelial cellularity and expression of lineage markers for mature endothelial cells. Thus, mutual regulation by BMP-9 and CV2 is essential in regulating the development of the vascular endothelium.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Growth Differentiation Factor 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Growth Differentiation Factor 2/metabolism
- Growth Differentiation Factor 2/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Substrate Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tower J. Stress and stem cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:789-802. [PMID: 23799624 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties and functions of stem cells make them particularly susceptible to stresses and also lead to their regulation by stress. Stem cell division must respond to the demand to replenish cells during normal tissue turnover as well as in response to damage. Oxidative stress, mechanical stress, growth factors, and cytokines signal stem cell division and differentiation. Many of the conserved pathways regulating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are also stress-response pathways. The long life span and division potential of stem cells create a propensity for transformation (cancer) and specific stress responses such as apoptosis and senescence act as antitumor mechanisms. Quiescence regulated by CDK inhibitors and a hypoxic niche regulated by FOXO transcription factor function to reduce stress for several types of stem cells to facilitate long-term maintenance. Aging is a particularly relevant stress for stem cells, because repeated demands on stem cell function over the life span can have cumulative cell-autonomous effects including epigenetic dysregulation, mutations, and telomere erosion. In addition, aging of the organism impairs function of the stem cell niche and systemic signals, including chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Boström KI, Rajamannan NM, Towler DA. The regulation of valvular and vascular sclerosis by osteogenic morphogens. Circ Res 2011; 109:564-77. [PMID: 21852555 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.234278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification increasingly afflicts our aging, dysmetabolic population. Once considered only a passive process of dead and dying cells, vascular calcification has now emerged as a highly regulated form of biomineralization organized by collagenous and elastin extracellular matrices. During skeletal bone formation, paracrine epithelial-mesenchymal and endothelial-mesenchymal interactions control osteochondrocytic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells. These paracrine osteogenic signals, mediated by potent morphogens of the bone morphogenetic protein and wingless-type MMTV integration site family member (Wnt) superfamilies, are also active in the programming of arterial osteoprogenitor cells during vascular and valve calcification. Inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and oxylipids-increased in the clinical settings of atherosclerosis, diabetes, and uremia that promote arteriosclerotic calcification-elicit the ectopic vascular activation of osteogenic morphogens. Specific extracellular and intracellular inhibitors of bone morphogenetic protein-Wnt signaling have been identified as contributing to the regulation of osteogenic mineralization during development and disease. These inhibitory pathways and their regulators afford the development of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat valve and vascular sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Boström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cresci S, Wu J, Province MA, Spertus JA, Steffes M, McGill JB, Alderman EL, Brooks MM, Kelsey SF, Frye RL, Bach RG. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway gene polymorphism associated with extent of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes trial. Circulation 2011; 124:1426-34. [PMID: 21911782 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.029173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although demographic and clinical factors associated with extent of CAD in patients with diabetes mellitus have been described, genetic factors have not. We hypothesized that genetic variation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway genes, important in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, would be associated with extent of CAD in patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped 1043 patients (702 white, 175 blacks) from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) genetic cohort for 3351 variants in 223 PPAR pathway genes using a custom targeted-genotyping array. Angiographic end points were determined by a core laboratory. In whites, a single variant (rs1503298) in TLL1 was significantly (P=5.5 × 10(-6)) associated with extent of CAD, defined as number of lesions with percent diameter stenosis ≥20%, after stringent Bonferroni correction for all 3351 single nucleotide polymorphisms. This association was validated in the diabetic subgroups of 2 independent cohorts, the Translational Research Investigating Underlying Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients' Health Status (TRIUMPH) post-myocardial infarction registry and the prospective Family Heart Study (FHS) of individuals at risk for CAD. TLL1rs1503298 was also significantly associated with extent of severe CAD (≥70% diameter stenosis; P=3.7 × 10(-2)) and myocardial jeopardy index (P=8.7 × 10(-4)). In general linear regression modeling, TLL1rs1503298 explained more variance of extent of CAD than the previously determined clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS We identified a variant in a single PPAR pathway gene, TLL1, that is associated with the extent of CAD independently of clinical predictors, specifically in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CAD. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00006305.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cresci
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The endothelium plays a pivotal role in vascular inflammation. Here we study bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in endothelial inflammation and in particular the role of BMPER, an extracellular BMP modulator that is important in vascular development and angiogenesis. Using the BMP antagonist dorsomorphin or BMP2 as an agonist we show that BMP signaling is essential for the inflammatory response of vascular endothelial cells as demonstrated by intravital microscopy. We found that BMPER is decreased in inflammation similar to vascular protective genes like KLF2 and eNOS. Using in vitro and in vivo models we show that BMPER is down-regulated through the TNFα-NFκB-KLF2 signaling pathway. Functionally, lack of BMPER induced by siRNA or in BMPER(+/-) mice confers a proinflammatory endothelial phenotype with reduced eNOS levels and enhanced expression of adhesion molecules leading to increased leukocyte adhesion and extravasation in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Vice versa, addition of BMPER exerts endothelium protective functions and antagonizes TNFα induced inflammation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that these effects of BMPER are dependent on BMP signaling because of enhanced NFκB activity. In conclusion, the BMP modulator BMPER is a new protective regulator of vascular inflammation that modulates leukocyte adhesion and migration in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
43
|
Shao JS, Cheng SL, Sadhu J, Towler DA. Inflammation and the osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: a review and perspective. Hypertension 2010; 55:579-92. [PMID: 20101002 PMCID: PMC2853014 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.134205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Su Shao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Center for Cardiovascular Research, IM-B Campus Box 8301, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|