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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer-Perusini's Disease and Retinal Dystrophies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3258. [PMID: 38137479 PMCID: PMC10741418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of Alzheimer-Perusini's disease (AD), individuals often experience vision-related issues such as color vision impairment, reduced contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity problems. As the disease progresses, there is a connection with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading to retinal cell death. The retina's involvement suggests a link with the hippocampus, where most AD forms start. A thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is seen as a potential AD diagnostic marker using electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Amyloid beta fragments (Aβ), found in the eye's vitreous and aqueous humor, are also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulate in the retina. Aβ is known to cause tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to its buildup in various retinal layers. However, diseases like AD are now seen as mixed proteinopathies, with deposits of the prion protein (PrP) and α-synuclein found in affected brains and retinas. Glial cells, especially microglial cells, play a crucial role in these diseases, maintaining immunoproteostasis. Studies have shown similarities between retinal and brain microglia in terms of transcription factor expression and morphotypes. All these findings constitute a good start to achieving better comprehension of neurodegeneration in both the eye and the brain. New insights will be able to bring the scientific community closer to specific disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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Schwartz L, Aparicio-Alonso M, Henry M, Radman M, Attal R, Bakkar A. Toxicity of the spike protein of COVID-19 is a redox shift phenomenon: A novel therapeutic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:106-110. [PMID: 37392949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that most diseases display a form of anabolism due to mitochondrial impairment: in cancer, a daughter cell is formed; in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques; in inflammation cytokines and lymphokines. The infection by Covid-19 follows a similar pattern. Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction. This unrelenting anabolism leads to the cytokine storm, chronic fatigue, chronic inflammation or neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs such as Lipoic acid and Methylene Blue have been shown to enhance the mitochondrial activity, relieve the Warburg effect and increase catabolism. Similarly, coMeBining Methylene Blue, Chlorine dioxide and Lipoic acid may help reduce long-term Covid-19 effects by stimulating the catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Henry
- Institut Lebel, Faculté de chimie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Miroslav Radman
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Romain Attal
- Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, 30 avenue Corentin-Cariou, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Ashraf Bakkar
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
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Silva JL, Foguel D, Ferreira VF, Vieira TCRG, Marques MA, Ferretti GDS, Outeiro TF, Cordeiro Y, de Oliveira GAP. Targeting Biomolecular Condensation and Protein Aggregation against Cancer. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37379327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates, membrane-less entities arising from liquid-liquid phase separation, hold dichotomous roles in health and disease. Alongside their physiological functions, these condensates can transition to a solid phase, producing amyloid-like structures implicated in degenerative diseases and cancer. This review thoroughly examines the dual nature of biomolecular condensates, spotlighting their role in cancer, particularly concerning the p53 tumor suppressor. Given that over half of the malignant tumors possess mutations in the TP53 gene, this topic carries profound implications for future cancer treatment strategies. Notably, p53 not only misfolds but also forms biomolecular condensates and aggregates analogous to other protein-based amyloids, thus significantly influencing cancer progression through loss-of-function, negative dominance, and gain-of-function pathways. The exact molecular mechanisms underpinning the gain-of-function in mutant p53 remain elusive. However, cofactors like nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans are known to be critical players in this intersection between diseases. Importantly, we reveal that molecules capable of inhibiting mutant p53 aggregation can curtail tumor proliferation and migration. Hence, targeting phase transitions to solid-like amorphous and amyloid-like states of mutant p53 offers a promising direction for innovative cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerson L Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Debora Foguel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tuane C R G Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Marques
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Giulia D S Ferretti
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Scientific employee with an honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A P de Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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Liu K, Yu D, Xin M, Lü F, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Liu T, Liu X, Song J, Wu H. Exposure to manganese (II) chloride induces developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in Marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106622. [PMID: 37392728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal for organisms, but high levels can induce serious toxicity. To date, the toxic mechanism of Mn to marine fish is still poorly understood. In the present study, Oryzias melastigma embryos were exposed to different concentrations of MnCl2 (0-152.00 mg/L) to investigate its effect on early development. The results showed that exposure to MnCl2 caused developmental toxicity to embryos, including increased heart rate, delayed hatching time, decreased hatching rate and increased malformation rate. MnCl2 exposure could induce oxidative stress in O. melastigma embryos, as indicated by increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT)). The heart might be an important target organ for MnCl2 because of cardiac malformations and disruption in the expression of cardiac development-related genes (ATPase, epo, fg8g, cox1, cox2, bmp4 and gata4). In addition, the expression levels of stress- (omTERT and p53) and inflammation-related genes (TNFα and il1β) were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that MnCl2 can trigger stress and inflammatory response in O. melastigma embryos. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MnCl2 exposure can induce developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in O. melastigma embryos, providing insights into the toxic mechanism of Mn to the early development of marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China
| | - Daode Yu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China
| | - Meili Xin
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China
| | - Fang Lü
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Ministry of Transport, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shandong Marine Forecast and Hazard Mitigation Service, Qingdao 266104, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China.
| | - Haiyi Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecological Restoration and Security, Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, NO.7 YouYun Road, QingDao 266104, China.
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Uliassi E, Nikolic L, Bolognesi ML, Legname G. Therapeutic strategies for identifying small molecules against prion diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:337-347. [PMID: 34989851 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, for which there are no effective therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The main pathological hallmark has been identified as conformational changes of the cellular isoform prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc). Targeting PrPC and its conversion to PrPSc is still the central dogma in prion drug discovery, particularly in in silico and in vitro screening endeavors, leading to the identification of many small molecules with therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, multiple pathological targets are critically involved in the intricate pathogenesis of prion diseases. In this context, multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) emerge as valuable therapeutic approach for their potential to effectively counteract the complex etiopathogenesis by simultaneously modulating multiple targets. In addition, diagnosis occurs late in the disease process, and consequently a successful therapeutic intervention cannot be provided. In this respect, small molecule theranostics, which combine imaging and therapeutic properties, showed tremendous potential to cure and diagnose in vivo prion diseases. Herein, we review the major advances in prion drug discovery, from anti-prion small molecules identified by means of in silico and in vitro screening approaches to two rational strategies, namely MTDLs and theranostics, that have led to the identification of novel compounds with an expanded anti-prion profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lea Nikolic
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.
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Chaudhary S, Ashok A, Wise AS, Rana NA, Kritikos AE, Lindner E, Singh N. β-Cleavage of the prion protein in the human eye: Implications for the spread of infectious prions and human ocular disorders. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108787. [PMID: 34624335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported β-cleavage of the prion protein (PrPC) in human ocular tissues. Here, we explored whether this is unique to the human eye, and its functional implications. A comparison of the cleavage pattern of PrPC in human ocular tissues with common nocturnal and diurnal animals revealed mainly β-cleavage in humans, and mostly full-length PrPC in animal retinas. Soluble FL PrPC and N-terminal fragment (N2) released from β-cleavage was observed in the aqueous and vitreous humor (AH & VH). Expression of human PrPC in ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line, also showed β-cleaved PrPC. Surprisingly, β-cleavage was not altered by a variety of insults, including oxidative stress, suggesting a unique role of this cleavage in the human eye. It is likely that β-cleaved C- or N-terminal fragments of PrPC protect from various insults unique to the human eye. On the contrary, β-cleaved C-terminus of PrPC is susceptible to conversion to the pathological PrP-scrapie form, and includes the binding sites for β1-integrin and amyloid-β, molecules implicated in several ocular disorders. Considering the species and tissue-specific cleavage of PrPC, our data suggest re-evaluation of prion infectivity and other ocular disorders of the human eye conducted in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aaron S Wise
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Neil A Rana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alexander E Kritikos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Rai SN, Singh P, Steinbusch HW, Vamanu E, Ashraf G, Singh MP. The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegenerative Disease: An Update. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1284. [PMID: 34680401 PMCID: PMC8533313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquiring the recommended daily allowance of vitamins is crucial for maintaining homeostatic balance in humans and other animals. A deficiency in or dysregulation of vitamins adversely affects the neuronal metabolism, which may lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we discuss how novel vitamin-based approaches aid in attenuating abnormal neuronal functioning in neurodegeneration-based brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Prion disease. Vitamins show their therapeutic activity in Parkinson's disease by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, different water- and lipid-soluble vitamins have also prevented amyloid beta and tau pathology. On the other hand, some results also show no correlation between vitamin action and the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Some vitamins also exhibit toxic activity too. This review discusses both the beneficial and null effects of vitamin supplementation for neurological disorders. The detailed mechanism of action of both water- and lipid-soluble vitamins is addressed in the manuscript. Hormesis is also an essential factor that is very helpful to determine the effective dose of vitamins. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were employed to conduct the literature search of original articles, review articles, and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India;
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Harry W.M. Steinbusch
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti blvd, 1 District, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ghulam Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohan Prasad Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India;
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Queiroz HM, Ying SC, Abernathy M, Barcellos D, Gabriel FA, Otero XL, Nóbrega GN, Bernardino AF, Ferreira TO. Manganese: The overlooked contaminant in the world largest mine tailings dam collapse. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106284. [PMID: 33264733 PMCID: PMC8382573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an abundant element in terrestrial and coastal ecosystems and an essential micronutrient in the metabolic processes of plants and animals. Mn is generally not considered a potentially toxic element due to its low content in both soil and water. However, in coastal ecosystems, the Mn dynamic (commonly associated with the Fe cycle) is mostly controlled by redox processes. Here, we assessed the potential contamination of the Rio Doce estuary (SE Brazil) by Mn after the world's largest mine tailings dam collapse, potentially resulting in chronic exposure to local wildlife and humans. Estuarine soils, water, and fish were collected and analyzed seven days after the arrival of the tailings in 2015 and again two years after the dam collapse in 2017. Using a suite of solid-phase analyses including X-ray absorption spectroscopy and sequential extractions, our results indicated that a large quantity of MnII arrived in the estuary in 2015 bound to Fe oxyhydroxides. Over time, dissolved Mn and Fe were released from soils when FeIII oxyhydroxides underwent reductive dissolution. Due to seasonal redox oscillations, both Fe and Mn were then re-oxidized to FeIII, MnIII, and MnIV and re-precipitated as poorly crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides and poorly crystalline Mn oxides. In 2017, redox conditions (Eh: -47 ± 83 mV; pH: 6.7 ± 0.5) favorable to both Fe and Mn reduction led to an increase (~880%) of dissolved Mn (average for 2015: 66 ± 130 µg L-1; 2017: 582 ± 626 µg L-1) in water and a decrease (~75%, 2015: 547 ± 498 mg kg-1; 2017: 135 ± 80 mg kg-1) in the total Mn content in soils. The crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides content significantly decreased while the fraction of poorly ordered Fe oxides increased in the soils limiting the role of Fe in Mn retention. The high concentration of dissolved Mn found within the estuary two years after the arrival of mine tailings indicates a possible chronic contamination scenario, which is supported by the high levels of Mn in two species of fish living in the estuary. Our work suggests a high risk to estuarine biota and human health due to the rapid Fe and Mn biogeochemical dynamic within the impacted estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermano M Queiroz
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha C Ying
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Macon Abernathy
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Diego Barcellos
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio A Gabriel
- Grupo de Ecologia Bentônica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Xosé L Otero
- Department of Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry - CRETUS, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gabriel N Nóbrega
- Graduate Program in Earth Sciences (Geochemistry), Department of Geochemistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Angelo F Bernardino
- Grupo de Ecologia Bentônica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Tiago O Ferreira
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jen HI, Lin ZY, Guo JX, Lee CI. The Effects of Divalent Cation-Chelated Prion Fibrils on the Immune Response of EOC 13.31 Microglia Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E2285. [PMID: 33066249 PMCID: PMC7602007 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are epidemic neurodegenerative diseases caused by prion proteins; in particular, they are induced by misfolded prion proteins (PrPSc). PrPSc tend to aggregate into insoluble amyloid prion fibrils (fPrPWT), resulting in apoptosis of neuron cells and sequential neurodegeneration. Previous studies indicate that microglia cells play an important role in the innate immune system, and that these cells have good neuroprotection and delay the onset of TSEs. However, microglia can be a double-sided blade. For example, both Cu2+ and Mn2+ can induce microglia activation and secrete many inflammatory cytokines that are fatal to neuron cells. Unfortunately, PrP have cation binding sites at the N-terminus. When PrPSc accumulate during microglial phagocytosis, microglia may change the phenotype to secrete pro-inflammation cytokines, which increases the severity of the disease. Some studies have revealed an increase in the concentration of Mn2+ in the brains of patients. In this study, we treated microglia with fPrPWT and cations and determined IκBα and IL-1β expression by Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that Mn-fPrPWT decreased IκBα levels and dramatically increased IL-1β mRNA expression. In addition, competing binding between Cu2+ and Mn2+ can decrease the effect of Mn-fPrPWT on IκBα and IL-1β. The effects of divalent cations and fPrPWT in microglia inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-I Jen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan; (H.-I.J.); (Z.-Y.L.); (J.-X.G.)
| | - Zih-You Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan; (H.-I.J.); (Z.-Y.L.); (J.-X.G.)
| | - Jin-Xun Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan; (H.-I.J.); (Z.-Y.L.); (J.-X.G.)
| | - Cheng-I Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan; (H.-I.J.); (Z.-Y.L.); (J.-X.G.)
- Center for Nano Bio-Detections, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
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Retinal Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease: An Evolving Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197290. [PMID: 33023198 PMCID: PMC7582766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are degenerative conditions of the retina and a significant cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common dementia of the elderly, is often associated with AMD and glaucoma. The cardinal features of AD include extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and intracellular deposits of hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Neuroinflammation and brain iron dyshomeostasis accompany Aβ and p-tau deposits and, together, lead to progressive neuronal death and dementia. The accumulation of Aβ and iron in drusen, the hallmark of AMD, and Aβ and p-tau in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), the main retinal cell type implicated in glaucoma, and accompanying inflammation suggest overlapping pathology. Visual abnormalities are prominent in AD and are believed to develop before cognitive decline. Some are caused by degeneration of the visual cortex, while others are due to RGC loss or AMD-associated retinal degeneration. Here, we review recent information on Aβ, p-tau, chronic inflammation, and iron dyshomeostasis as common pathogenic mechanisms linking the three degenerative conditions, and iron chelation as a common therapeutic option for these disorders. Additionally discussed is the role of prion protein, infamous for prion disorders, in Aβ-mediated toxicity and, paradoxically, in neuroprotection.
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Singh N, Chaudhary S, Ashok A, Lindner E. Prions and prion diseases: Insights from the eye. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108200. [PMID: 32858007 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders that have gained much publicity due to their transmissible nature. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common human prion disorder, with an incidence of 1 in a million. Inherited prion disorders are relatively rare, and associated with mutations in the prion protein gene. More than 50 different point mutations, deletions, and insertions have been identified so far. Most are autosomal dominant and fully penetrant. Prion disorders also occur in animals, and are of major concern because of the potential for spreading to humans. The principal pathogenic event underlying all prion disorders is a change in the conformation of prion protein (PrPC) from a mainly α-helical to a β-sheet rich isoform, PrP-scrapie (PrPSc). Accumulation of PrPSc in the brain parenchyma is the major cause of neuronal degeneration. The mechanism by which PrPSc is transmitted, propagates, and causes neurodegenerative changes has been investigated over the years, and several clues have emerged. Efforts are also ongoing for identifying specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for sCJD and animal prion disorders, but success has been limited. The eye is suitable for these evaluations because it shares several anatomical and physiological features with the brain, and can be observed in vivo during disease progression. The retina, considered an extension of the central nervous system, is involved extensively in prion disorders. Accordingly, Optical Coherence Tomography and electroretinogram have shown some promise as pre-mortem diagnostic tests for human and animal prion disorders. However, a complete understanding of the physiology of PrPC and pathobiology of PrPSc in the eye is essential for developing specific and sensitive tests. Below, we summarize recent progress in ocular physiology and pathology in prion disorders, and the eye as an anatomically accessible site to diagnose, monitor disease progression, and test therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. Metal homeostasis disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders, with special emphasis on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107455. [PMID: 31863817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia often accompanied by myoclonus and other signs of brain dysfunction, relying on the conversion of the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded form (PrPSc). The neuropathological changes include spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and deposition of PrPSc. It is still unclear how these pathological changes correlate with the development of CJD symptoms because few patients survive beyond 2 years after diagnosis. Inasmuch as the symptoms of CJD overlap some of those observed in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, there may be some underlying pathologic mechanisms associated with CJD that may contribute to the symptoms of non-prion neurodegenerative diseases as well. Data suggest that imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, induces abnormalities in processing and degradation of prion proteins that are accompanied by self-propagation of PrPSc. These events appear to be responsible for glutamatergic synaptic dysfunctions, neuronal death, and PrPSc aggregation. Given that the prodromal symptoms of CJD such as sleep disturbances and mood disorders are associated with brain stem and limbic system dysfunction, the pathological changes may initially occur in these brain regions, then spread throughout the entire brain. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, which may be linked to imbalance of these metals, seem to be more important than neuroinflammation in causing the cell death. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis could be responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with symptoms of CJD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Prions Strongly Reduce NMDA Receptor S-Nitrosylation Levels at Pre-symptomatic and Terminal Stages of Prion Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6035-6045. [PMID: 30710214 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the cellular prion protein (PrPC) conversion into a misfolded and infectious isoform termed prion or PrPSc. The neuropathological mechanism underlying prion toxicity is still unclear, and the debate on prion protein gain- or loss-of-function is still open. PrPC participates to a plethora of physiological mechanisms. For instance, PrPC and copper cooperatively modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activity by mediating S-nitrosylation, an inhibitory post-translational modification, hence protecting neurons from excitotoxicity. Here, NMDAR S-nitrosylation levels were biochemically investigated at pre- and post-symptomatic stages of mice intracerebrally inoculated with RML, 139A, and ME7 prion strains. Neuropathological aspects of prion disease were studied by histological analysis and proteinase K digestion. We report that hippocampal NMDAR S-nitrosylation is greatly reduced in all three prion strain infections in both pre-symptomatic and terminal stages of mouse disease. Indeed, we show that NMDAR S-nitrosylation dysregulation affecting prion-inoculated animals precedes the appearance of clinical signs of disease and visible neuropathological changes, such as PrPSc accumulation and deposition. The pre-symptomatic reduction of NMDAR S-nitrosylation in prion-infected mice may be a possible cause of neuronal death in prion pathology, and it might contribute to the pathology progression opening new therapeutic strategies against prion disorders.
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Shi Q, Chen C, Zhang BY, Zhou W, Xiao K, Dong XP. Redox induces diverse effects on recombinant human wild-type PrP and mutated PrP with inserted or deleted octarepeats. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2413-2419. [PMID: 29393338 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal prion protein (PrP) contains two cysteines at amino acids 179 and 214, which may form intra‑ and interpeptide disulfide bonds. To determine the possible effects of this disulfide bridge on the biochemical features of PrP, prokaryotic recombinant human wild‑type PrP (PG5), and mutated PrPs with seven extra octarepeats (PG12) or with all five octarepeats removed (PG0), were subjected to redox in vitro. Sedimentation assays revealed a large portion of aggregation in redox‑treated PG5, but not in PG0 and PG12. Circular dichroism analysis detected increased β‑sheet and decreased α‑helix in PG5 subjected to redox, increased random‑coil and decreased β‑sheet in PG0, and increased random‑coil, but limited changes to β‑sheet content, in PG12. Thioflavin T fluorescence tests indicated that fluorescent value was increased in PG5 subjected to redox. In addition, proteinase K (PK) digestions indicated that PK resistance was stronger in PG12 and PG0 compared with in PG5; redox enhanced the PK resistance of all three PrP constructs, particularly PG0 and PG12. These data indicated that formation of a disulfide bond induces marked alterations in the secondary structure and biochemical characteristics of PrP. In addition, the octarepeat region within the PrP peptide markedly influences the effects of redox on the biochemical phenotypes of PrP, thus highlighting the importance of the number of octarepeats in the biological functions of PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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Rey NL, Wesson DW, Brundin P. The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:226-248. [PMID: 28011307 PMCID: PMC5972535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory disturbances appear early and are considered as prodromal symptoms of the disease. In addition, pathological protein aggregates affect olfactory regions prior to other regions, suggesting that the olfactory system might be particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. Exposed to the external environment, the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb allow pathogen and toxin penetration into the brain, a process that has been proposed to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Determining whether the olfactory bulb could be a starting point of pathology and of pathology spread is crucial to understanding how neurodegenerative diseases evolve. We argue that pathological changes following environmental insults contribute to the initiation of protein aggregation in the olfactory bulb, which then triggers the spread of the pathology within the brain by a templating mechanism in a prion-like manner. We review the evidence for the early involvement of olfactory structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the relationship between neuropathology and olfactory function. We discuss the vulnerability and putative underlying mechanisms by which pathology could be initiated in the olfactory bulb, from the entry of pathogens (promoted by increased permeability of the olfactory epithelium with aging or inflammation) to the sensitivity of the olfactory system to oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, we review changes in protein expression and neural excitability triggered by pathogenic proteins that can promote pathogenesis in the olfactory bulb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Hirsch TZ, Martin-Lannerée S, Mouillet-Richard S. Functions of the Prion Protein. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:1-34. [PMID: 28838656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although initially disregarded compared to prion pathogenesis, the functions exerted by the cellular prion protein PrPC have gained much interest over the past two decades. Research aiming at unraveling PrPC functions started to intensify when it became appreciated that it would give clues as to how it is subverted in the context of prion infection and, more recently, in the context of Alzheimer's disease. It must now be admitted that PrPC is implicated in an incredible variety of biological processes, including neuronal homeostasis, stem cell fate, protection against stress, or cell adhesion. It appears that these diverse roles can all be fulfilled through the involvement of PrPC in cell signaling events. Our aim here is to provide an overview of our current understanding of PrPC functions from the animal to the molecular scale and to highlight some of the remaining gaps that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Z Hirsch
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France.
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17
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Cellular prion protein (PrP C) in the development of Merlin-deficient tumours. Oncogene 2017; 36:6132-6142. [PMID: 28692055 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) gene, coding for a tumour suppressor, Merlin, cause multiple tumours of the nervous system such as schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas. These tumours may occur sporadically or as part of the hereditary condition neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2). Current treatment is confined to (radio) surgery and no targeted drug therapies exist. NF2 mutations and/or Merlin inactivation are also seen in other cancers including some mesothelioma, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma and glioblastoma. To study the relationship between Merlin deficiency and tumourigenesis, we have developed an in vitro model comprising human primary schwannoma cells, the most common Merlin-deficient tumour and the hallmark for NF2. Using this model, we show increased expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in schwannoma cells and tissues. In addition, a strong overexpression of PrPC is observed in human Merlin-deficient mesothelioma cell line TRA and in human Merlin-deficient meningiomas. PrPC contributes to increased proliferation, cell-matrix adhesion and survival in schwannoma cells acting via 37/67 kDa non-integrin laminin receptor (LR/37/67 kDa) and downstream ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT and FAK signalling pathways. PrPC protein is also strongly released from schwannoma cells via exosomes and as a free peptide suggesting that it may act in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. We suggest that PrPC and its interactor, LR/37/67 kDa, could be potential therapeutic targets for schwannomas and other Merlin-deficient tumours.
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18
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Therapeutic Approaches to Prion Diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:433-453. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Kim M, Kim EH, Choi BR, Woo HJ. Differentially expressed genes in iron-induced prion protein conversion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:734-740. [PMID: 27983987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the protease-resistant isoform is the key event in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Increased iron in prion-related disease has been observed due to the prion protein-ferritin complex. Additionally, the accumulation and conversion of recombinant PrP (rPrP) is specifically derived from Fe(III) but not Fe(II). Fe(III)-mediated PK-resistant PrP (PrPres) conversion occurs within a complex cellular environment rather than via direct contact between rPrP and Fe(III). In this study, differentially expressed genes correlated with prion degeneration by Fe(III) were identified using Affymetrix microarrays. Following Fe(III) treatment, 97 genes were differentially expressed, including 85 upregulated genes and 12 downregulated genes (≥1.5-fold change in expression). However, Fe(II) treatment produced moderate alterations in gene expression without inducing dramatic alterations in gene expression profiles. Moreover, functional grouping of identified genes indicated that the differentially regulated genes were highly associated with cell growth, cell maintenance, and intra- and extracellular transport. These findings showed that Fe(III) may influence the expression of genes involved in PrP folding by redox mechanisms. The identification of genes with altered expression patterns in neural cells may provide insights into PrP conversion mechanisms during the development and progression of prion-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ran Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, PCTB1004, 725 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hee-Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kleiner D, Szilvás Á, Szentmihályi K, Süle K, Blázovics A. Changes of erythrocyte element status of colectomysed cancerous patients: Retrospective study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 33:8-13. [PMID: 26653737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays it has been established that metals and metal-induced oxidative stress act on signal transduction pathways, and are in association with cancer growth and spreading as well as in neurodegenerative disorders. In cases of several neurodegenerative diseases metals, especially Al, can be considered as a risk factor. Frequency of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment or "chemobrain" is mentioned to be significant in literature, although very little is known about the chemotherapy-caused chemobrain and its connection with metal homeostasis alteration. Dysregulation of metal homeostasis can be assumed as one of the key factors in the progression of neurodegeneration. Therefore we were interested in studying metal element status of 27 adult patients in 3 years after their colectomy, 22 outpatients and 10 healthy volunteers in both genders. Tumour markers, laboratory parameters and metal element concentrations were determined. We found significant difference among the Al concentrations in operated patients compared with controls. Redox active Fe and Cu levels were also elevated slightly in this patient group. P and S concentrations changed in different ways, and Ca levels were slightly lower, than in healthy controls. Because of all above mentioned, examination of metal homeostasis in cancerous patients is necessary to moderate the risk of chemobrain and other redox-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Kleiner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Road 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Szilvás
- 1st Department of Gastroenterology, Saint John Hospital, Diós árok 1-3, H-1125 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Szentmihályi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the HAS, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, H- 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Süle
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Road 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the HAS, Magyar tudósok boulevard 2, H- 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Blázovics
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Road 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Rational approach to an antiprion compound with a multiple mechanism of action. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2113-20. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main pathogenic event of prion disorders has been identified in the deposition of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), which is accompanied by metal dyshomeostasis. Results: The multitarget-directed ligand 1, designed by combining a heteroaromatic prion recognition motif to an 8-hydroxyquinoline metal chelator, has been developed as a potential antiprion disease-modifying agent. Importantly, 1 was found to effectively clear PrPSc from scrapie-infected cells, and, at the same time, inhibit metal-induced prion aggregation and reactive oxygen species generation. 1 was also characterized in terms of pharmacokinetic properties in a preliminary in vitro investigation. Conclusion: Compound 1 has emerged as a suitable lead candidate against prion diseases and as a good starting point for a further optimization process.
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Subcellular distribution of the prion protein in sickness and in health. Virus Res 2015; 207:136-45. [PMID: 25683509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein that is most abundant in the central nervous system. It is thought to play a role in many cellular processes, including neuroprotection, but may also contribute to Alzheimer's disease and some cancers. However, it is best known for its central role in the prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and scrapie. These protein misfolding diseases can be sporadic, acquired, or genetic and are caused by refolding of endogenous PrP(C) into a beta sheet-rich, pathogenic form, PrP(Sc). Once prions are present in the central nervous system, they increase and spread during a long incubation period that is followed by a relatively short clinical disease phase, ending in death. PrP molecules can be broadly categorized as either 'good' (cellular) PrP(C) or 'bad' (scrapie prion-type) PrP(Sc), but both populations are heterogeneous and different forms of PrP(C) may influence various cellular activities. Both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) are localized predominantly at the cell surface, with the C-terminus attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and both can exist in cleaved forms. PrP(C) also has cytosolic and transmembrane forms, and PrP(Sc) is known to exist in a variety of conformations and aggregation states. Here, we discuss the roles of different PrP isoforms in sickness and in health, and show the subcellular distributions of several forms of PrP that are particularly relevant for PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) conversion and prion-induced pathology in the hippocampus.
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, McElwee MK, Horback K, Beserra A. Iron in neurodegenerative disorders of protein misfolding: a case of prion disorders and Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:471-84. [PMID: 24512387 PMCID: PMC4076993 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Intracellular and extracellular aggregation of a specific protein or protein fragments is the principal pathological event in several neurodegenerative conditions. We describe two such conditions: sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rare but potentially infectious and invariably fatal human prion disorder, and Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative condition second only to Alzheimer's disease in prevalence. In sCJD, a cell surface glycoprotein known as the prion protein (PrP(C)) undergoes a conformational change to PrP-scrapie, a pathogenic and infectious isoform that accumulates in the brain parenchyma as insoluble aggregates. In PD, α-synuclein, a cytosolic protein, forms insoluble aggregates that accumulate in neurons of the substantia nigra and cause neurotoxicity. RECENT ADVANCES Although distinct processes are involved in the pathogenesis of sCJD and PD, both share brain iron dyshomeostasis as a common associated feature that is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid in a disease-specific manner. CRITICAL ISSUES Since PrP(C) and α-synuclein play a significant role in maintaining cellular iron homeostasis, it is important to understand whether the aggregation of these proteins and iron dyshomeostasis are causally related. Here, we discuss recent information on the normal function of PrP(C) and α-synuclein in cellular iron metabolism and the cellular and biochemical processes that contribute to iron imbalance in sCJD and PD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Improved understanding of the relationship between brain iron imbalance and protein aggregation is likely to help in the development of therapeutic strategies that can restore brain iron homeostasis and mitigate neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Multitarget ligands and theranostics: sharpening the medicinal chemistry sword against prion diseases. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1017-29. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases (PrDs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders, for which no effective therapeutic and diagnostic tools exist. The main pathogenic event has been identified as the misfolding of a disease-associated prion protein. Nevertheless, pathogenesis seems to involve an intricate array of concomitant processes. Thus, it may be unlikely that drugs acting on single targets can effectively control PrDs. In addition, diagnosis occurs late in the disease process, by which point it is difficult to determine a successful therapeutic intervention. In this context, multitarget ligands (MTLs) and theranostic ligands (TLs) emerge for their potential to effectively cure and diagnose PrDs. In this review, we discuss the medicinal chemistry challenges of identifying novel MTLs and TLs against PrDs, and envision their impact on prion drug discovery.
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Analyses of the mitochondrial mutations in the Chinese patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:86-91. [PMID: 24667788 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations leading to mitochondrial dysfunction can cause a variety of chronic diseases in central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of mtDNA mutations in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) has still been unknown. In this study, we comparatively analyzed complete mtDNA sequences of 31 Chinese sCJD patients and 32 controls. Using MITOMASTER and PhyloTree, we characterized 520 variants in sCJD patients and 507 variants in control by haplogroup and allele frequencies. We classified the mtDNAs into 40 sub-haplogroups of 5 haplogroups, most of them being Asian-specific haplogroups. Haplogroup U, an European-specific haplogroups mtDNA, was found only in sCJD. The analysis to control region (CR) revealed a 31% increase in the frequency of mtDNA CR mutations in sCJD versus controls. In functional elements of the mtDNA CR, six CR mutations were in conserved sequence blocks I (CSBI) in sCJD, while only one in control (P<0.05). More mutants in transfer ribonucleic acid-Leu (tRNA-Leu) were detected in sCJD. The frequencies of two synonymous amino-acid changes, m.11467A>G, p.(=) in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and m.12372G>A, p.(=) in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5), in sCJD patients were higher than that of controls. Our study, for the first time, screened the variations of mtDNA of Chinese sCJD patients and identified some potential disease-related mutations for further investigations.
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, Horback K, Wong J, Sharma D, Beserra A, Suda S, Anbalagan C, Dev S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Singh A. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1324-63. [PMID: 23815406 PMCID: PMC3935772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron has emerged as a significant cause of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), and others. In some cases, the underlying cause of iron mis-metabolism is known, while in others, our understanding is, at best, incomplete. Recent evidence implicating key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and sCJD in cellular iron metabolism suggests that imbalance of brain iron homeostasis associated with these disorders is a direct consequence of disease pathogenesis. A complete understanding of the molecular events leading to this phenotype is lacking partly because of the complex regulation of iron homeostasis within the brain. Since systemic organs and the brain share several iron regulatory mechanisms and iron-modulating proteins, dysfunction of a specific pathway or selective absence of iron-modulating protein(s) in systemic organs has provided important insights into the maintenance of iron homeostasis within the brain. Here, we review recent information on the regulation of iron uptake and utilization in systemic organs and within the complex environment of the brain, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms leading to brain iron mis-metabolism in specific neurodegenerative conditions. Mouse models that have been instrumental in understanding systemic and brain disorders associated with iron mis-metabolism are also described, followed by current therapeutic strategies which are aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis in different neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by highlighting important gaps in our understanding of brain iron metabolism and mis-metabolism, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Arndt A, Borella MI, Espósito BP. Toxicity of manganese metallodrugs toward Danio rerio. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:46-50. [PMID: 23916747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential metal which can be neurotoxic in some instances. As Mn-based metallodrugs are ever more prevalent in clinical practice, concern regarding the toxic effects of Mn discharges to water bodies on the biota prompted us to study the physicochemical parameters of these complexes and to assess their acute toxicity toward adult Danio rerio individuals, particularly in terms of brain tissue damage. Our results show that the Mn(III)-salen acetate complex EUK108 is toxic, which can be rationalized in terms of its lipophilicity, stability and redox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Arndt
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, Brazil
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Villarreal-Calderon R, Franco-Lira M, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Harritt L, Pérez-Guillé B, Ferreira-Azevedo L, Drecktrah D, Zhu H, Sun Q, Torres-Jardón R, Aragón-Flores M, Calderón-Garcidueñas A, Diaz P, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Up-regulation of mRNA ventricular PRNP prion protein gene expression in air pollution highly exposed young urbanites: endoplasmic reticulum stress, glucose regulated protein 78, and nanosized particles. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23471-91. [PMID: 24287918 PMCID: PMC3876057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children and young adults exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants including fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) vs. clean air controls, exhibit myocardial inflammation and inflammasome activation with a differential right and left ventricular expression of key inflammatory genes and inflammasomes. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the prion protein gene PRNP, which plays an important role in the protection against oxidative stress and metal toxicity, and the glucose regulated protein 78, a key protein in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, in ventricular autopsy samples from 30 children and young adults age 19.97 ± 6.8 years with a lifetime of low (n:4) vs. high (n:26) air pollution exposures. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out in human ventricles, and electron microscopy studies were also done in 5 young, highly exposed Mexico City dogs. There was significant left ventricular PRNP and bi-ventricular GRP78 mRNA up-regulation in Mexico City young urbanites vs. controls. PRNP up-regulation in the left ventricle was significantly different from the right, p < 0.0001, and there was a strong left ventricular PRNP and GRP78 correlation (p = 0.0005). Marked abnormalities in capillary endothelial cells, numerous nanosized particles in myocardial ER and in abnormal mitochondria characterized the highly exposed ventricles. Early and sustained cardiac ER stress could result in detrimental irreversible consequences in urban children, and while highly complex systems maintain myocardial homeostasis, failure to compensate for chronic myocardial inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and particles damaging myocardial organelles may prime the development of pathophysiological cardiovascular states in young urbanites. Nanosized PM could play a key cardiac myocyte toxicity role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Lou Harritt
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Guillé
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Lara Ferreira-Azevedo
- Visiting Student, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 20000-000, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Dan Drecktrah
- Division of Biological Sciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mails: (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mails: (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Mariana Aragón-Flores
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | | | - Philippe Diaz
- Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
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29
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Haldar S, Beveridge ’AJ, Wong J, Singh A, Galimberti D, Borroni B, Zhu X, Blevins J, Greenlee J, Perry G, Mukhopadhyay CK, Schmotzer C, Singh N. A low-molecular-weight ferroxidase is increased in the CSF of sCJD cases: CSF ferroxidase and transferrin as diagnostic biomarkers for sCJD. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1662-75. [PMID: 23379482 PMCID: PMC3809602 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Most biomarkers used for the premortem diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are surrogate in nature, and provide suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS We report that CJD-associated brain iron dyshomeostasis is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), providing disease-specific diagnostic biomarkers. Analysis of 290 premortem CSF samples from confirmed cases of CJD, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias (DMs), and 52 non-DM (ND) controls revealed a significant difference in ferroxidase (Frx) activity and transferrin (Tf) levels in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) relative to other DM and ND controls. A combination of CSF Frx and Tf discriminated sCJD from other DMs with a sensitivity of 86.8%, specificity of 92.5%, accuracy of 88.9%, and area-under-the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.94. This combination provided a similar diagnostic accuracy in discriminating CJD from rapidly progressing cases who died within 6 months of sample collection. Surprisingly, ceruloplasmin and amyloid precursor protein, the major brain Frxs, displayed minimal activity in the CSF. Most of the Frx activity was concentrated in the <3-kDa fraction in normal and diseased CSF, and resisted heat and proteinase-K treatment. INNOVATION (i) A combination of CSF Frx and Tf provides disease-specific premortem diagnostic biomarkers for sCJD. (ii) A novel, nonenzymatic, nonprotein Frx predominates in human CSF that is distinct from the currently known CSF Frxs. CONCLUSION The underlying cause of iron imbalance is distinct in sCJD relative to other DMs associated with the brain iron imbalance. Thus, change in the CSF levels of iron-management proteins can provide disease-specific biomarkers and insight into the cause of iron imbalance in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Haldar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - ’Alim J. Beveridge
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph Wong
- Case Medical School, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ajay Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Janis Blevins
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Justin Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Singh A, Haldar S, Horback K, Tom C, Zhou L, Meyerson H, Singh N. Prion protein regulates iron transport by functioning as a ferrireductase. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 35:541-52. [PMID: 23478311 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of prion disorders, but its normal function is unclear. We demonstrate that PrPC is a ferrireductase (FR), and its absence causes systemic iron deficiency in PrP knock-out mice (PrP-/-). When exposed to non-transferrin-bound (NTB) radioactive-iron (59FeCl3) by gastric-gavage, PrP-/- mice absorb significantly more 59Fe from the intestinal lumen relative to controls, indicating appropriate systemic response to the iron deficiency. Chronic exposure to excess dietary iron corrects this deficiency, but unlike wild-type (PrP+/+) controls that remain iron over-loaded, PrP-/- mice revert back to the iron deficient phenotype after 5 months of chase on normal diet. Bone marrow (BM) preparations of PrP-/- mice on normal diet show relatively less stainable iron, and this phenotype is only partially corrected by intraperitoneal administration of excess iron-dextran. Cultured PrP-/- BM-macrophages incorporate significantly less NTB-59Fe in the absence or presence of excess extracellular iron, indicating reduced uptake and/or storage of available iron in the absence of PrPC. When expressed in neuroblastoma cells, PrPC exhibits NAD(P)H-dependent cell-surface and intracellular FR activity that requires the copper-binding octa-peptide-repeat region and linkage to the plasma membrane for optimal function. Incorporation of NTB-59Fe by neuroblastoma cells correlates with FR activity of PrPC, implicating PrPC in cellular iron uptake and metabolism. These observations explain the correlation between PrPC expression and cellular iron levels, and the cause of iron imbalance in sporadic-Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease brains where PrPC accumulates as insoluble aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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31
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Sinclair L, Lewis V, Collins SJ, Haigh CL. Cytosolic caspases mediate mislocalised SOD2 depletion in an in vitro model of chronic prion infection. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:952-63. [PMID: 23580200 PMCID: PMC3701215 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress as a contributor to neuronal death during prion infection is supported by the fact that various oxidative damage markers accumulate in the brain during the course of this disease. The normal cellular substrate of the causative agent, the prion protein, is also linked with protective functions against oxidative stress. Our previous work has found that, in chronic prion infection, an apoptotic subpopulation of cells exhibit oxidative stress and the accumulation of oxidised lipid and protein aggregates with caspase recruitment. Given the likely failure of antioxidant defence mechanisms within apoptotic prion-infected cells, we aimed to investigate the role of the crucial antioxidant pathway components, superoxide dismutases (SOD) 1 and 2, in an in vitro model of chronic prion infection. Increased total SOD activity, attributable to SOD1, was found in the overall population coincident with a decrease in SOD2 protein levels. When apoptotic cells were separated from the total population, the induction of SOD activity in the infected apoptotic cells was lost, with activity reduced back to levels seen in mock-infected control cells. In addition, mitochondrial superoxide production was increased and mitochondrial numbers decreased in the infected apoptotic subpopulation. Furthermore, a pan-caspase probe colocalised with SOD2 outside of mitochondria within cytosolic aggregates in infected cells and inhibition of caspase activity was able to restore cellular levels of SOD2 in the whole unseparated infected population to those of mock-infected control cells. Our results suggest that prion propagation exacerbates an apoptotic pathway whereby mitochondrial dysfunction follows mislocalisation of SOD2 to cytosolic caspases, permitting its degradation. Eventually, cellular capacity to maintain oxidative homeostasis is overwhelmed, thus resulting in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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32
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Funke C, Schneider SA, Berg D, Kell DB. Genetics and iron in the systems biology of Parkinson’s disease and some related disorders. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:637-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Choi BR, Lee J, Kim SY, Yim I, Kim EH, Woo HJ. Prion protein conversion induced by trivalent iron in vesicular trafficking. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:539-44. [PMID: 23416082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron dyshomeostasis has been observed in prion diseases; however, little is known regarding the contribution of the oxidation state of iron to prion protein (PrP) conversion. In this study, PrP(C)-deficient HpL3-4 cells were exposed to divalent [Fe(II)] or trivalent [Fe(III)] iron, followed by exogenous recombinant PrP (rPrP) treatment. We then analyzed the accumulation of internalized rPrP and its biochemical properties, including its resistance to both proteinase K (PK) digestion and detergent solubility. Fe(III), but not Fe(II), induced the accumulation of internalized rPrP, which was partially converted to detergent-insoluble and PK-resistant PrP (PrP(res)). The Fe(III)-induced PrP(res) generation required an intact cell structure, and it was hindered by U18666A, an inhibitor of vesicular trafficking, but not by NH4Cl, an inhibitor of endolysosomal acidification. These observations implicated that the Fe(III)-mediated PrP(res) conversion likely occurs during endosomal vesicular trafficking rather than in the acidic environment of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ran Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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34
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Di Natale G, Ősz K, Kállay C, Pappalardo G, Sanna D, Impellizzeri G, Sóvágó I, Rizzarelli E. Affinity, speciation, and molecular features of copper(II) complexes with a prion tetraoctarepeat domain in aqueous solution: insights into old and new results. Chemistry 2013; 19:3751-61. [PMID: 23355367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the copper(II) complexes formed with the tetraoctarepeat peptide at low and high metal-to-ligand ratios and in a large pH range, would provide a breakthrough in the interpretation of biological relevance of the different metal complexes of copper(II)-tetraoctarepeat system. In the present work, the potentiometric, UV/Vis, circular dichroism (CD), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies were carried out on copper(II) complexes with a PEG-ylated derivative of the tetraoctarepeats peptide sequence (Ac-PEG27 -(PHGGGWGQ)4 -NH2 ) and the peptide Ac-(PHGGGWGQ)2 -NH2 . Conjugation of tetraoctarepeat peptide sequence with polyethyleneglycol improved the solubility of the copper(II) complexes. The results enable a straightforward explanation of the conflicting results originated from the underestimation of all metal-ligand equilibria and the ensuing speciation. A complete and reliable speciation is therefore obtained with the released affinity and binding details of the main complexes species formed in aqueous solution. The results contribute to clarify the discrepancies of several studies in which the authors ascribe the redox activity of copper(II)-tetraoctarepeat system considering only the average effects of several coexisting species with very different stoichiometries and binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Natale
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Smith JD, Nicholson EM, Foster GH, Greenlee JJ. Exposure of RML scrapie agent to a sodium percarbonate-based product and sodium dodecyl sulfate renders PrPSc protease sensitive but does not eliminate infectivity. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:8. [PMID: 23311930 PMCID: PMC3599183 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prions, the causative agents of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are notoriously difficult to inactivate. Current decontamination recommendations by the World Health Organization include prolonged exposure to 1 N sodium hydroxide or > 20,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite, or autoclaving. For decontamination of large stainless steel surfaces and equipment as in abattoirs, for example, these methods are harsh or unsuitable. The current study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial product containing sodium percarbonate to inactivate prions. Samples of mouse brain infected with a mouse-adapted strain of the scrapie agent (RML) were exposed to a sodium percarbonate-based product (SPC-P). Treated samples were evaluated for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc)-immunoreactivity by western blot analysis, and residual infectivity by mouse bioassay. RESULTS Exposure to a 21% solution of SPC-P or a solution containing either 2.1% or 21% SPC-P in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) resulted in increased proteinase K sensitivity of PrPSc. Limited reductions in infectivity were observed depending on treatment condition. A marginal effect on infectivity was observed with SPC-P alone, but an approximate 2-3 log10 reduction was observed with the addition of SDS, though exposure to SDS alone resulted in an approximate 2 log10 reduction. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that exposure of a mouse-adapted scrapie strain to SPC-P does not eliminate infectivity, but does render PrPSc protease sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi D Smith
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Eric M Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Gregory H Foster
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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36
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Pradines E, Hernandez-Rapp J, Villa-Diaz A, Dakowski C, Ardila-Osorio H, Haik S, Schneider B, Launay JM, Kellermann O, Torres JM, Mouillet-Richard S. Pathogenic prions deviate PrP(C) signaling in neuronal cells and impair A-beta clearance. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e456. [PMID: 23303130 PMCID: PMC3563983 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The subversion of the normal function exerted by the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in neurons by pathogenic prions is assumed to have a central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Using two murine models of prion infection, the 1C11 neuronal cell line and neurospheres, we document that prion infection is associated with the constitutive activation of signaling targets normally coupled with PrPC, including the Fyn kinase, the mitogen-associated protein kinases ERK1/2 and the CREB transcription factor. PrPC-dependent signaling overactivation in infected cells is associated with the recruitment of p38 and JNK stress-associated kinases. Downstream from CREB, prion-infected cells exhibit reduced activity of the matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9. As MMP-9 catalyzes the degradation of the amyloid A-beta peptide, the decrease in MMP-9 activity in prion-infected cells causes a significant impairment of the clearance of A-beta, leading to its accumulation. By exploiting two 1C11-infected clones accumulating high or moderate levels of prions, we show that the prion-induced changes are correlated with the level of infectivity. Of note, a dose-dependent increase in A-beta levels was also found in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice inoculated with these infected clones. By demonstrating that pathogenic prions trigger increases in A-beta levels through the deviation of PrPC signaling, our data argue that A-beta may exacerbate prion-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pradines
- Cellules Souches, Signalisation et Prions, INSERM UMR-S747, 75006, Paris, France
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37
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Yu G, Jiang L, Xu Y, Guo H, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yang H, Yuan C, Ma J. Silencing prion protein in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells leads to pleiotropic cellular responses to cytotoxic stimuli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48146. [PMID: 23133614 PMCID: PMC3487893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) is well studied for its pathogenic role in prion disease, but its potential contribution to other pathological processes is less understood. PrP is expressed in a variety of cancers and at least in pancreatic and breast cancers, its expression appears to be associated with poor prognosis. To understand the role of PrP in breast cancer cells, we knocked down PrP expression in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells with small interfering RNA and subjected these cells to a series of analyses. We found that PrP knockdown in these cells does not affect cell proliferation or colony formation, but significantly influences the cellular response to cytotoxic stimuli. Compared to control cells, PrP knockdown cells exhibited an increased susceptibility to serum deprivation induced apoptosis, no change to staurosporine- or paclitaxel-induced cell deaths, and a reduced susceptibility to chemotherapy drug doxorubicin-induced cell death. To understand the mechanism of unexpected role of PrP in exacerbating doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity, we analyzed cell death related Bcl-2 family proteins. We found that PrP knockdown alters the expression of several Bcl-2 family proteins, correlating with increased resistance to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, the enhanced doxorubicin resistance is independent of DNA damage related p53 pathway, but at least partially through the ERK1/2 pathway. Together, our study revealed that silencing PrP in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells results in very different responses to various cytotoxic stimuli and ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in PrP silencing caused resistance to doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (LJ); (JM)
| | - Liming Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (LJ); (JM)
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Huaiyi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonggang Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GY); (LJ); (JM)
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Crespo I, Roomp K, Jurkowski W, Kitano H, del Sol A. Gene regulatory network analysis supports inflammation as a key neurodegeneration process in prion disease. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:132. [PMID: 23068602 PMCID: PMC3607922 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The activation of immune cells in the brain is believed to be one of the earliest events in prion disease development, where misfolded PrionSc protein deposits are thought to act as irritants leading to a series of events that culminate in neuronal cell dysfunction and death. The role of these events in prion disease though is still a matter of debate. To elucidate the mechanisms leading from abnormal protein deposition to neuronal injury, we have performed a detailed network analysis of genes differentially expressed in several mouse prion models. Results We found a master regulatory core of genes related to immune response controlling other genes involved in prion protein replication and accumulation, and neuronal cell death. This regulatory core determines the existence of two stable states that are consistent with the transcriptome analysis comparing prion infected versus uninfected mouse brain. An in silico perturbation analysis demonstrates that core genes are individually capable of triggering the transition and that the network remains locked once the diseased state is reached. Conclusions We hypothesize that this locking may be the cause of the sustained immune response observed in prion disease. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that sustained brain inflammation is the main pathogenic process leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss, which, in turn, leads to clinical symptoms in prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Crespo
- Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 7, avenue des Hauts fourneaux, Luxembourg L-4362, Luxembourg
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Zhou F, Millhauser GL. The Rich Electrochemistry and Redox Reactions of the Copper Sites in the Cellular Prion Protein. Coord Chem Rev 2012; 256:2285-2296. [PMID: 23144499 PMCID: PMC3491995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent electrochemical studies of the copper complexes of prion protein (PrP) and its related peptides, and correlates their redox behavior to chemical and biologically relevant reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the difference in redox properties between copper in the octarepeat (OR) and the non-OR domains of PrP, as well as differences between the high and low copper occupancy states in the OR domain. Several discrepancies in literature concerning these differences are discussed and reconciled. The PrP copper complexes, in comparison to copper complexes of other amyloidogenic proteins/peptides, display a more diverse and richer redox chemistry. The specific protocols and caveats that need to be considered in studying the electrochemistry and redox reactions of copper complexes of PrP, PrP-derived peptides, and other related amyloidogenic proteins are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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D'Angelo P, Della Longa S, Arcovito A, Mancini G, Zitolo A, Chillemi G, Giachin G, Legname G, Benetti F. Effects of the pathological Q212P mutation on human prion protein non-octarepeat copper-binding site. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6068-79. [PMID: 22788868 DOI: 10.1021/bi300233n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a class of fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by brain spongiosis, synaptic degeneration, microglia and astrocytes activation, neuronal loss and altered redox control. These maladies can be sporadic, iatrogenic and genetic. The etiological agent is the prion, a misfolded form of the cellular prion protein, PrP(C). PrP(C) interacts with metal ions, in particular copper and zinc, through the octarepeat and non-octarepeat binding sites. The physiological implication of this interaction is still unclear, as is the role of metals in the conversion. Since prion diseases present metal dyshomeostasis and increased oxidative stress, we described the copper-binding site located in the human C-terminal domain of PrP-HuPrP(90-231), both in the wild-type protein and in the protein carrying the pathological mutation Q212P. We used the synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure technique to study the Cu(II) and Cu(I) coordination geometries in the mutant, and we compared them with those obtained using the wild-type protein. By analyzing the extended X-ray absorption fine structure and the X-ray absorption near-edge structure, we highlighted changes in copper coordination induced by the point mutation Q212P in both oxidation states. While in the wild-type protein the copper-binding site has the same structure for both Cu(II) and Cu(I), in the mutant the coordination site changes drastically from the oxidized to the reduced form of the copper ion. Copper-binding sites in the mutant resemble those obtained using peptides, confirming the loss of short- and long-range interactions. These changes probably cause alterations in copper homeostasis and, consequently, in redox control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola D'Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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41
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Ehsani S, Salehzadeh A, Huo H, Reginold W, Pocanschi CL, Ren H, Wang H, So K, Sato C, Mehrabian M, Strome R, Trimble WS, Hazrati LN, Rogaeva E, Westaway D, Carlson GA, Schmitt-Ulms G. LIV-1 ZIP ectodomain shedding in prion-infected mice resembles cellular response to transition metal starvation. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:556-574. [PMID: 22687393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently documented the co-purification of members of the LIV-1 subfamily of ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-like Protein) zinc transporters (LZTs) with the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and, subsequently, established that the prion gene family descended from an ancestral LZT gene. Here, we begin to address whether the study of LZTs can shed light on the biology of prion proteins in health and disease. Starting from an observation of an abnormal LZT immunoreactive band in prion-infected mice, subsequent cell biological analyses uncovered a surprisingly coordinated biology of ZIP10 (an LZT member) and prion proteins that involves alterations to N-glycosylation and endoproteolysis in response to manipulations to the extracellular divalent cation milieu. Starving cells of manganese or zinc, but not copper, causes shedding of the N1 fragment of PrP(C) and of the ectodomain of ZIP10. For ZIP10, this posttranslational biology is influenced by an interaction between its PrP-like ectodomain and a conserved metal coordination site within its C-terminal multi-spanning transmembrane domain. The transition metal starvation-induced cleavage of ZIP10 can be differentiated by an immature N-glycosylation signature from a constitutive cleavage targeting the same site. Data from this work provide a first glimpse into a hitherto neglected molecular biology that ties PrP to its LZT cousins and suggest that manganese or zinc starvation may contribute to the etiology of prion disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Ehsani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ashkan Salehzadeh
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Hairu Huo
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - William Reginold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Cosmin L Pocanschi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - Hezhen Ren
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - Kelvin So
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Robert Strome
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - William S Trimble
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2M8
| | | | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
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42
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Singh A, Qing L, Kong Q, Singh N. Change in the characteristics of ferritin induces iron imbalance in prion disease affected brains. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 45:930-8. [PMID: 22182691 PMCID: PMC3286598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion disease associated neurotoxicity is mainly attributed to PrP-scrapie (PrP(Sc)), the disease associated isoform of a normal protein, the prion protein (PrP(C)). Participation of other proteins and processes is suspected, but their identity and contribution to the pathogenic process is unclear. Emerging evidence implicates imbalance of brain iron homeostasis as a significant cause of prion disease-associated neurotoxicity. The underlying cause of this change, however, remains unclear. We demonstrate that iron is sequestered in heat and SDS-stable protein complexes in sporadic-Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease (sCJD) brains, creating a phenotype of iron deficiency. The underlying cause is change in the characteristics of ferritin, an iron storage protein that becomes aggregated, detergent-insoluble, and partitions with denatured ferritin using conventional methods of ferritin purification. A similar phenotype of iron deficiency is noted in the lumbar spinal cord (SC) tissue of scrapie infected hamsters, a site unlikely to be affected by massive neuronal death and non-specific iron deposition. As a result, the iron uptake protein transferrin (Tf) is upregulated in scrapie infected SC tissue, and increases with disease progression. A direct correlation between Tf and PrP(Sc) suggests sequestration of iron in dysfunctional ferritin that either co-aggregates with PrP(Sc) or is rendered dysfunctional by PrP(Sc) through an indirect process. Surprisingly, amplification of PrP(Sc)in vitro by the protein-misfolding-cyclic-amplification (PMCA) reaction using normal brain homogenate as substrate does not increase the heat and SDS-stable pool of iron even though both PrP(Sc) and ferritin aggregate by this procedure. These observations highlight important differences between PrP(Sc)-protein complexes generated in vivo during disease progression and in vitro by the PMCA reaction, and the significance of these complexes in PrP(Sc)-associated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Liuting Qing
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Neena Singh
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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43
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Liu L, Jiang D, McDonald A, Hao Y, Millhauser GL, Zhou F. Copper redox cycling in the prion protein depends critically on binding mode. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12229-37. [PMID: 21707094 PMCID: PMC3166251 DOI: 10.1021/ja2045259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) takes up 4-6 equiv of copper in its extended N-terminal domain, composed of the octarepeat (OR) segment (human sequence residues 60-91) and two mononuclear binding sites (at His96 and His111; also referred to as the non-OR region). The OR segment responds to specific copper concentrations by transitioning from a multi-His mode at low copper levels to a single-His, amide nitrogen mode at high levels (Chattopadhyay et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12647-12656). The specific function of PrP in healthy tissue is unclear, but numerous reports link copper uptake to a neuroprotective role that regulates cellular stress (Stevens, et al. PLoS Pathog.2009, 5 (4), e1000390). A current working hypothesis is that the high occupancy binding mode quenches copper's inherent redox cycling, thus, protecting against the production of reactive oxygen species from unregulated Fenton type reactions. Here, we directly test this hypothesis by performing detailed pH-dependent electrochemical measurements on both low and high occupancy copper binding modes. In contrast to the current belief, we find that the low occupancy mode completely quenches redox cycling, but high occupancy leads to the gentle production of hydrogen peroxide through a catalytic reduction of oxygen facilitated by the complex. These electrochemical findings are supported by independent kinetic measurements that probe for ascorbate usage and also peroxide production. Hydrogen peroxide production is also observed from a segment corresponding to the non-OR region. Collectively, these results overturn the current working hypothesis and suggest, instead, that the redox cycling of copper bound to PrP in the high occupancy mode is not quenched, but is regulated. The observed production of hydrogen peroxide suggests a mechanism that could explain PrP's putative role in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Dianlu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Alex McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
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44
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Lepore G, Gadau S, Peruffo A, Mura A, Mura E, Floris A, Balzano F, Zedda M, Farina V. Aromatase expression in cultured fetal sheep astrocytes after nitrosative/oxidative damage. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:407-13. [PMID: 21509460 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase, the enzyme converting androgens into estrogens, is involved in many brain processes such as neural differentiation and plasticity or the prevention of cell death. We have previously observed an increase in aromatase immunoreactivity in sheep neurons exposed in vitro to the oxidant 3-nitro-L: -tyrosine. However, little is known regarding the way that sheep astrocytes cope with nitrosative stress, a condition occurring in sheep in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as scrapie and Maedi-Visna. Our aim has been to evaluate the effects of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine on astrocyte primary cultures from 90-day-old fetal sheep brain. Living cells were observed and characterized by immunofluorescence with a GFAP antibody, which indicated that the majority of the cells were astrocytes. A viability assay was performed on both untreated and treated cells. Reverse transcription with the polymerase chain reaction was undertaken to monitor time- and dose-dependent variations in aromatase gene expression. Stressed astrocytes showed signs of deterioration, were reduced in number, and appeared round with few short processes; the cell death rate was ∼30%. Aromatase expression was detected starting from a 24-h exposure to 1 mM 3-nitro-L-tyrosine and reached the highest levels at 72 h. Thus, oxidative damage probably results in the local production of neuroprotective estradiol by reactive astrocytes via the aromatization of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Lepore
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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45
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Bongarzone S, Tran HNA, Cavalli A, Roberti M, Rosini M, Carloni P, Legname G, Bolognesi ML. Hybrid Lipoic Acid Derivatives to Attack Prion Disease on Multiple Fronts. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:601-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractNeuropathological and biochemical studies in a case of Gerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker disease bearing the PRNP P102L-129V mutation showed numerous multicentric PrPres in the cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus and cerebellum, PrPres globular deposits in the anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord, and multiple granular PrPres deposits in the grey and white matter of the encephalon and spinal cord. Western blots with antiPrPres antibodies revealed several weak bands ranging from 36 to 66 kDa, weak bands of 29 and 24 kDa, a strong band of about 20 kDa, a low band of molecular weight around 15 kDa and a weaker band of about 7 kDa. Spongiform degeneration was absent. Hyper-phosphorylated 3R and 4R tau occurred in dystrophic neurites surrounding PrPres plaques, neuropil threads and, to a lesser degree, in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Gel electrophoresis of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions and western blotting with anti-phospho-tau antibodies showed a pattern similar to that seen in Alzheimer disease cases run in parallel. Dystrophic neurites in the vicinity of PrPres plaques were enriched in voltage dependent anion channel thus suggesting abnormal accumulation of mitochondria. These changes were associated with increased oxidative damage in neurons and astrocytes, Finally, increased expression of active stress kinases, that have the capacity to phosphorylate tau in vitro, p38 (p-38-P) and SAPK/ JNK (SAPK/JNK-P) was found in cell processes surrounding PrP plaques. Together, these observations provide evidences of mitochondrial abnormalities, and increased oxidative stress damage and oxidative stress responses in GSS bearing the PRNP P102L-129V mutation.
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47
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Bongarzone S, Tran HNA, Cavalli A, Roberti M, Carloni P, Legname G, Bolognesi ML. Parallel Synthesis, Evaluation, and Preliminary Structure−Activity Relationship of 2,5-Diamino-1,4-benzoquinones as a Novel Class of Bivalent Anti-Prion Compound. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8197-201. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100882t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- Statistical and Biological Physics Sector, Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Institute of Technology, SISSA-ISAS Unit, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Statistical and Biological Physics Sector, Neurobiology Sector, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Institute of Technology, SISSA-ISAS Unit, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- CNR-INFM-DEMOCRITOS Modeling Center for Research in Atomistic Simulation, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Kell DB. Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:825-89. [PMID: 20967426 PMCID: PMC2988997 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of toxins and/or infectious agents leads to disease, degeneration and death, often characterised by circumstances in which cells or tissues do not merely die and cease to function but may be more or less entirely obliterated. It is then legitimate to ask the question as to whether, despite the many kinds of agent involved, there may be at least some unifying mechanisms of such cell death and destruction. I summarise the evidence that in a great many cases, one underlying mechanism, providing major stresses of this type, entails continuing and autocatalytic production (based on positive feedback mechanisms) of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton chemistry involving poorly liganded iron, leading to cell death via apoptosis (probably including via pathways induced by changes in the NF-κB system). While every pathway is in some sense connected to every other one, I highlight the literature evidence suggesting that the degenerative effects of many diseases and toxicological insults converge on iron dysregulation. This highlights specifically the role of iron metabolism, and the detailed speciation of iron, in chemical and other toxicology, and has significant implications for the use of iron chelating substances (probably in partnership with appropriate anti-oxidants) as nutritional or therapeutic agents in inhibiting both the progression of these mainly degenerative diseases and the sequelae of both chronic and acute toxin exposure. The complexity of biochemical networks, especially those involving autocatalytic behaviour and positive feedbacks, means that multiple interventions (e.g. of iron chelators plus antioxidants) are likely to prove most effective. A variety of systems biology approaches, that I summarise, can predict both the mechanisms involved in these cell death pathways and the optimal sites of action for nutritional or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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49
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Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Newly Synthesized Mono‐ and Dinuclear Cu
II
Schiff‐Base Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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