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Sun Y, Liu J, Pi X, Jiang S, Cheng J, Guo M. Comparison of lipidome profiles in human milk from Chinese Han and Korean ethnic groups based on high-throughput lipidomic techniques. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4205-4215. [PMID: 38428489 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The composition of milk lipids varies across different ethnic sources. The lipidome profiles of Chinese Han human milk (HHM) and Chinese Korean human milk (KHM) were investigated in this study. A total of 741 lipids were identified in HHM and KHM. Twenty-eight differentially expressed lipids (DEL) were screened between the 2 milk groups; among these, 6 triacylglycerols (TG), 13 diacylglycerols (DG), 7 free fatty acids (FFA), and 1 monoglyceride (MG) were upregulated in KHM. Carnitine (CAR) was upregulated in HHM. Most DEL showed a single peak distribution in both groups. The correlations, related pathways and diseases of these DEL were further analyzed. The results demonstrated that DG, MG, and FFA showed highly positive correlations with each other (r > 0.8). The most enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/) and Human Metabolome Database (http://www.hmdb.ca) pathways were inositol phosphate metabolism, and α-linolenic acid and linolenic acid metabolism, respectively. Major depressive disorder-related FFA (20:5) and FFA (22:6) were more abundant in KHM, whereas HHM showed more obesity-related CAR. These data potentially provide lipidome information regarding human milk from different ethnicities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Jiafei Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xiaowen Pi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | | | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
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Ni X, Zhang Z, Deng Z, Li J. Optimizing ARA and DHA in infant formula: A systematic review of global trends, regional disparities, and considerations for precision nutrition. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114049. [PMID: 38519198 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In the context of precision nutrition, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula needs to consider more factors. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review, including 112 relevant Chinese and English articles, to summarize and analyze the global levels of ARA, DHA, and the ARA/DHA ratio in breast milk. The data were correlated with local aquatic products intake and children's IQ. The results indicated that the average level of DHA in breast milk across regions is lower than that of ARA. Variations in DHA content were identified as a primary factor influencing ARA/DHA ratio fluctuations. Breast milk ARA and DHA levels decrease with prolonged lactation periods but increase over the past 22 years. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between aquatic products intake and breast milk DHA levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). Breast milk DHA levels also showed a significant positive correlation with children's IQ (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Stable breast milk ARA content did not exhibit significant correlations with aquatic products intake or children's IQ (r = 0, p > 0.05). Among 22 infant formula products available in China, only 5 had ARA levels within the range of breast milk. Most formula products had higher ARA levels than DHA, resulting in ARA/DHA ratios generally exceeding 1. The temporal and spatial variability in breast milk ARA and DHA levels may lead to diverse health outcomes in infants. Therefore, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula should consider this variability, including the molecular forms and positional isomerism of the added ARA and DHA. Additionally, considering the impact of different cognitive development tests and infant's gene expression on formula assessment results, there is a need to establish a more comprehensive infant health assessment system to guide the addition of ARA and DHA in formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Hashemi Javaheri FS, Karbin K, Senobari MA, Hakim HG, Hashemi M. The association between maternal body mass index and breast milk composition: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuad174. [PMID: 38273741 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Breast milk composition is influenced by many factors, ranging from maternal nutritional status to infant sex. Previous studies have explored the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and breast milk composition; however, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence on the association of maternal weight and BMI with breast milk composition. DATA SOURCES The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to May 3, 2023, using the following search strategy: ("maternal weight" OR "maternal BMI" OR "mother's weight" OR "mother's BMI") AND ("maternal milk" OR "human milk" OR "breast milk"). DATA EXTRACTION A total of 83 publications, involving data from more than 11 310 lactating women, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, maternal BMI was associated with higher levels of leptin and insulin, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk. However, no conclusive associations were found between maternal BMI and the levels of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and other components of breast milk. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides robust evidence supporting a positive correlation between maternal BMI and breast milk concentrations of leptin, insulin, and the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Nevertheless, disparities in findings are noticeable for other constituents of breast milk. To comprehensively grasp the influence of maternal weight and BMI on breast milk composition, further research endeavors are imperative. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023458667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Hashemi Javaheri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Karbin
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Senobari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hakime Ghadiri Hakim
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Walker RE, Harvatine KJ, Ross AC, Wagner EA, Riddle SW, Gernand AD, Nommsen-Rivers LA. Fatty Acid Transfer from Blood to Milk Is Disrupted in Mothers with Low Milk Production, Obesity, and Inflammation. J Nutr 2023; 152:2716-2726. [PMID: 36208911 PMCID: PMC9840005 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation and is a risk factor for insufficient milk production. Inflammation-mediated suppression of LPL could inhibit mammary uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs; >16 carbons). OBJECTIVES In an ancillary case-control analysis, we investigated whether women with low milk production despite regular breast emptying have elevated inflammation and disrupted transfer of LCFAs from plasma into milk. METHODS Data and specimens from a low milk supply study and an exclusively breastfeeding control group were analyzed, with milk production measured by 24-h test-weighing at 2-10 wk postpartum. Low milk supply groups were defined as very low (VL; <300 mL/d; n = 23) or moderate (MOD; ≥300 mL/d; n = 20) milk production, and compared with controls (≥699 mL/d; n = 18). Serum and milk fatty acids (weight% of total) were measured by GC, serum and milk TNF-α by ELISA, and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) by clinical analyzer. Group differences were assessed by linear regression models, chi-square exact tests, and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests. RESULTS VL cases, as compared with MOD cases and controls, had higher prevalence of elevated serum hsCRP (>5 mg/L; 57%, 15%, and 22%, respectively; P = 0.004), detectable milk TNF-α (67%, 32%, and 33%, respectively; P = 0.04), and obesity (78%, 40%, and 22%, respectively; P = 0.003). VL cases had lower mean ± SD LCFAs in milk (60% ± 3%) than MOD cases (65% ± 4%) and controls (66% ± 5%) (P < 0.001). Milk and serum LCFAs were strongly correlated in controls (r = 0.82, P < 0.001), but not in the MOD (r = 0.25, P = 0.30) or VL (r = 0.20, P = 0.41) groups (Pint < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mothers with very low milk production have significantly higher obesity and inflammatory biomarkers, lower LCFAs in milk, and disrupted association between plasma and milk LCFAs. These data support the hypothesis that inflammation disrupts normal mammary gland fatty acid uptake. Further research should address impacts of inflammation and obesity on mammary fatty acid uptake for milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Walker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Erin A Wagner
- College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sarah W Riddle
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alison D Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Fatty acid transfer from blood to milk is disrupted in mothers with low milk production, obesity, and inflammation. J Nutr 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bryś J, Wesolowska A, Hamulka J. Breastmilk PUFA strongly associated with maternal dietary intake but not anthropometric parameters and breastmilk carotenoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102505. [PMID: 36279603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the optimal n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio are essential for proper neurodevelopment in infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between breastmilk fatty acid intake and maternal dietary intake, anthropometrics and breastmilk carotenoid levels. METHODS This observational, prospective study included 44 women in the first, third, and sixth month of lactation. At each study visit, maternal anthropometric measures were assessed and breastmilk samples were collected and assessed for fatty acids and carotenoids. At the third and sixth month, maternal diet was evaluated by three-day foods record. RESULTS Mean breastmilk docosahexaenoic (DHA) was 0.58%, 0.47%, and 0.49%, respectively at the 1, 3, and 6 month (p ≤ 0.05). Mean DHA intake were higher in month 3 compared to 6: 357 vs. 169 mg/day. Pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with SFA, PUFA, and n-6 PUFA at 1 month, whereas current BMI to SFA at months 1 and 3. DHA was correlated with lycopene, total carotenoids at 1 month and total carotenoids at month 3, whereas n-3 PUFA to lycopene at 1 month. DHA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA and saturated (SFA) levels were associated with its dietary intake both at months 3 and 6, AA/DHA and LA/ALA ratios only at month 3. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were a good predictor of its breastmilk composition, whereas pre-pregnancy and current BMI, as well as breastmilk carotenoids had a limited influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Ni M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xu X, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang L, Chen J. Profiles of total and sn-2 fatty acid of human mature milk and their correlated factors: A cross-sectional study in China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926429. [PMID: 36071934 PMCID: PMC9441907 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) in breast milk is beneficial to the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. However, the structure profiles of breast milk FAs and the influencing factors which are crucial for normal function have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the profiles of total and sn-2 FAs in human mature milk based on two representative urban areas in China and explore potential sociodemographic determinants. Mothers (n = 70) at 40–100 d postpartum from Beijing and Danyang were recruited according to unified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total and sn-2 FA compositions were examined by gas chromatography and quantified. Using the Spearman correlation and multiple regression model, we found that the location and maternal education level were the most conspicuous correlated factor. The milk of mothers from Beijing had higher levels of the n-6 series of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) (C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA, LA/ALA, and ARA/DHA) than that of Danyang, while the opposite was observed in the n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA). Compared to the milk of mothers with a high school degree or below, those with a bachelor's degree or above had lower SFAs (C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, and Total SFA), n-3 series of LCPUFA (C18:3n-3 and Total n-3PUFA), C18:1n-9t, and higher n-6 series of LCPUFA (C18:2n-6c, C20:2, C20:4n-6, Total n-6PUFA, and n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA). Maternal age, infant gender, pre-conception body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, and gestational weight gain were also associated with total FAs. However, fewer associations were found between the above factors and sn-2 FAs. This study will promote an understanding of human breast milk's lipid profile and help develop a formula more suitable for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society, Beijing, China
- CNS Academy of Nutrition and Health (Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute) Beijing Zhongyinghui Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuexin Yang
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Lishi Zhang
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Jinyao Chen
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8
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Metabolomics-based comparative study of breast colostrum and mature breast milk. Food Chem 2022; 384:132491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Isesele P, Enstad S, Huong P, Thomas R, Wagner CL, Sen S, Cheema SK. Breast Milk from Non-Obese Women with a High Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio, but Not from Women with Obesity, Increases Lipogenic Gene Expression in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes, Suggesting Adipocyte Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051129. [PMID: 35625866 PMCID: PMC9138889 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal body mass index is associated with breast milk (BM) fatty acid composition. This study investigated the effects of BM omega (n)-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from non-obese women and women with obesity on the process of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BM samples were collected from non-obese women (BMNO) and women with obesity (BMO) at one month postpartum. The fatty acid composition was measured, and BMNO and BMO groups with the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q4) quartiles of n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios were identified. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence or absence of BM. Lipid accumulation and the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis were measured. Treatment with BMNO containing high (vs. low) n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios significantly increased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase); however, there was no effect when cells were treated with BMO (with either low or high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios). Treatment with BMO (high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio) caused larger lipid droplets. Our findings demonstrated that BMNO with a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher expression of lipogenic genes, while BMO with a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio showed larger lipid droplets, suggesting adipocyte dysfunction. These findings may have implications in the BM-mediated programming of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isesele
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Samantha Enstad
- Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women and Babies, Orlando, FL 32806, USA;
| | - Pham Huong
- School of Science/Boreal Ecosystems and Agriculture Sciences, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (P.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science/Boreal Ecosystems and Agriculture Sciences, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (P.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Carol L. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Sukhinder K. Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-7-09-864-3987
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Bardanzellu F, Puddu M, Peroni DG, Fanos V. The clinical impact of maternal weight on offspring health: lights and shadows in breast milk metabolome. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:571-606. [PMID: 34107825 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1940143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity, depending on maternal nutrition and metabolic state, can influence fetal, neonatal and long-term offspring health, regarding cardio-metabolic, respiratory, immunological and cognitive outcomes. Thus, maternal weight can act, through mechanisms that are not full understood, on the physiology and metabolism of some fetal organs and tissues, to adapt themselves to the intrauterine environment and nutritional reserves. These effects could occur by modulating gene expression, neonatal microbiome, and through breastfeeding. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we investigated the potential effects of metabolites found altered in breast milk (BM) of overweight/obese mothers, through an extensive review of metabolomics studies, and the potential short- and long-term clinical effects in the offspring, especially regarding overweight, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, infections, immune processes, and neurodevelopment. EXPERT OPINION Metabolomics seems the ideal tool to investigate BM variation depending on maternal or fetal/neonatal factors. In particular, BM metabolome alterations according to maternal conditions were recently pointed out in cases of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and maternal overweight/obesity. In our opinion, even if BM is the food of choice in neonatal nutrition, the deepest comprehension of its composition in overweight/obese mothers could allow targeted supplementation, to improve offspring health and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari. SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato. Italy
| | - Melania Puddu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari. SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato. Italy
| | - Diego Giampietro Peroni
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Italy. Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa PI, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari. SS 554 km 4,500, 09042 Monserrato. Italy
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11
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Comparisons of Breast Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Overweight and Obese Women. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.8.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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12
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Álvarez D, Muñoz Y, Ortiz M, Maliqueo M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Impact of Maternal Obesity on the Metabolism and Bioavailability of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010019. [PMID: 33374585 PMCID: PMC7822469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal development are closely related to healthy maternal conditions that allow for the provision of all nutritional requirements to the offspring. In this regard, an appropriate supply of fatty acids (FA), mainly n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), is crucial to ensure a normal development, because they are an integral part of cell membranes and participate in the synthesis of bioactive molecules that regulate multiple signaling pathways. On the other hand, maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain affect FA supply to the fetus and neonate, altering placental nutrient transfer, as well as the production and composition of breast milk during lactation. In this regard, maternal obesity modifies FA profile, resulting in low n-3 and elevated n-6 PUFA levels in maternal and fetal circulation during pregnancy, as well as in breast milk during lactation. These modifications are associated with a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress with short and long-term consequences in different organs of the fetus and neonate, including in the liver, brain, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Altogether, these changes confer to the offspring a higher risk of developing obesity and its complications, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders, asthma, and cancer. Considering the consequences of an abnormal FA supply to offspring induced by maternal obesity, we aimed to review the effects of obesity on the metabolism and bioavailability of FA during pregnancy and breastfeeding, with an emphasis on LCPUFA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Yasna Muñoz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +56-2-9786746
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13
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Bardanzellu F, Puddu M, Peroni DG, Fanos V. The Human Breast Milk Metabolome in Overweight and Obese Mothers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1533. [PMID: 32793208 PMCID: PMC7385070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is a major relevance factor, since maternal overweight and obesity can impair the pregnancy outcome and represent risk factors for several neonatal, childhood, and adult conditions, including excessive weight gain, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and even behavioral disorders. Currently, breast milk (BM) composition in such category of mothers was not completely defined. In this field, metabolomics represents the ideal technology, able to detect the whole profile of low molecular weight molecules in BM. Limited information is available on human BM metabolites differences in overweight or obese compared to lean mothers. Analyzing all the metabolomics studies published on Medline in English language, this review evaluated the effects that 8 specific types of metabolites found altered by maternal overweight and obesity (nucleotide derivatives, 5-methylthioadenosine, sugar-alcohols, acylcarnitine and amino acids, polyamines, mono-and oligosaccharides, lipids) can exert on the risk of offspring obesity development and other potentially associated health outcomes and complications. However, metabolites variations in samples collected from overweight and obese mothers and the potentially correlated effects highlighted below still need further investigations and should be confirmed in future metabolomics studies on larger samples. Finally, the positive or negative influence of maternal overweight and obesity on the offspring, potentially exerted by breastfeeding, should be analyzed in close correlation with maternal age, genetic and environmental factors, including diet, and taking into account the interactions occurring between BM metabolites and lactobiome. The evaluation of all the factors affecting BM metabolites in overweight and obese mothers can lead to the comprehensive description of such biofluid and the related effects on breastfed subjects, potentially highlighting personalized needs of BM supplementation or short- and long-term prevention strategies to optimize offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Melania Puddu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Diego Giampietro Peroni
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU and University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Amaral Y, Marano D, Abranches A, Silva L, Nehab S, Costa AC, Moreira ME. Do chronic noncommunicable diseases modify the macronutrient composition of human milk? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:219-225. [PMID: 32633176 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1780568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension on the nutritional composition of human milk. This cohort study was conducted at a tertiary public health unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro from March 2016 to February 2018. The data were collected in two stages (96 hours and one month after delivery). The macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, lipid) and total energy were determined using the MIRIS® equipment. The level of significance was 5%. Higher protein content was observed in the nutritional composition of colostrum in women with diabetes mellitus. A higher protein and energy content was observed in the milk of mothers with excessive body weight. The energy content was higher in the milk of mothers with excessive body weight. Increased protein content in the human milk of women with excessive body weight or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Amaral
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Marano
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Abranches
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila Silva
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Nehab
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Costa
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Moreira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Quantification of breast milk trans fatty acids and trans fat intake by Hong Kong lactating women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:765-774. [PMID: 32203232 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Diet westernization in Hong Kong may increase trans fat intake, whereas it may decrease intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present study was to determine the current breast milk fatty acid composition and trans fat intake by Hong Kong lactating mothers. METHODS Sixty lactating women were recruited for the study. Each participant donated 15 ml of milk at week 4 and 6 after delivery. Dietary data were collected using a 3-day food record method, covering 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day. Milk fatty acids were analyzed using a gas chromatography method. Trans fat consumption was assessed using the Nutrition Data System for Research or calculating the intake based on percentage of trans fatty acids in the breast milk. RESULTS Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk were 16.23%, 1.52%, 0.59%, and 0.66% total milk lipids, respectively. Mean daily intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, were 79, 24, 29, and 18 g, respectively. Total trans fat intake was estimated to be 1.15-1.20 g daily and accounted for 0.50-0.52% total energy. CONCLUSIONS Breast milk of Hong Kong Chinese lactating women contained relatively higher contents of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids compared with those of Western countries. Compared with the previous study conducted in 1995, breast milk total trans fatty acids in 2018 still remained low. Total trans fat intake by Hong Kong lactating women in 2018 was a half of WHO's recommendation that total trans fat intake should be <1% total energy.
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Nessel I, Khashu M, Dyall SC. The effects of storage conditions on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipid mediators, and antioxidants in donor human milk - A review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 149:8-17. [PMID: 31421526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) is the recommended alternative, if maternal milk is unavailable. However, current human milk banking practices may negatively affect the nutritional quality of DHM. This review summarises the effects of these practices on polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipid mediators and antioxidants of human milk. Overall, there is considerable variation in the reported effects, and further research is needed, particularly with lipid mediators and antioxidants. However, to preserve nutritional quality, DHM should be protected from light exposure and storage at 4 °C minimised, to prevent decreases in vitamin C and endocannabinoids and increases in free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products. Storage at -20 °C prior to pasteurisation should also be minimised, to prevent free fatty increases and total fat and endocannabinoid decreases. Storage ≤-70 °C is preferable wherever possible, although post-pasteurisation storage at -20 °C for three months appears safe for free fatty acids, lipid peroxidation products, and total fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH13LT U.K..
| | - Minesh Khashu
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH13LT U.K.; Neonatal Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, U.K
| | - Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
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Amaral Y, Marano D, Oliveira E, Moreira ME. Impact of pre-pregnancy excessive body weight on the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk: a systematic review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:186-192. [PMID: 31423865 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1646713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify through a systematic review the possible effects of pre-gestational excessive body weight on the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk. The papers were selected in the following databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library, EMBASE, Web of Science and SCOPUS. The search strategy employed descriptors: 'Human Milk' AND 'Obesity' OR 'Overweight' OR 'Body Mass Index' AND 'Fatty acid' OR 'Omega3' OR 'Omega6'. According to the established strategy, six manuscripts were selected. Most of the selected studies concluded that mothers with excessive body weight presented a milk with a higher concentration of omega 6. In addition, all selected studies identified an increased Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio in the milk of pre-gestational excessive body weight mothers compared to the eutrophic ones. The milk of pre-gestational excessive body weight women had a higher Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio, which confirms the importance of starting pregnancy with adequate weight, thus minimising the possible influences that excessive body weight can cause infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Amaral
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Marano
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elissa Oliveira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Moreira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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