1
|
Yang S, Zhao M, Lu M, Feng Y, Zhang X, Wang D, Jiang W. Network Pharmacology Analysis, Molecular Docking Integrated Experimental Verification Reveal the Mechanism of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes by Regulating the IRS1/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5561-5581. [PMID: 38921004 PMCID: PMC11202160 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GP), a plant with homology of medicine and food, as a traditional Chinese medicine, possesses promising biological activities in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the material basis and the mechanism of action of GP in the treatment of T2DM have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the active components, potential targets and signaling pathways of GP in treating T2DM. The chemical ingredients of GP were collected by combining UPLC-HRMS analysis and literature research. Network pharmacology revealed that GP had 32 components and 326 potential targets in treating T2DM. The results showed that GP affected T2DM by mediating the insulin resistance signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and FoxO1 signaling pathway, which had a close relationship with T2DM. Molecular docking results showed that STAT3, PIK3CA, AKT1, EGFR, VEGFA and INSR had high affinity with the active compounds of GP. In vitro, GP extracts obviously increased the glucose uptake and glucose consumption in IR-HepG2 cells. GP extracts increased the levels of PI3K, p-AKT, p-GSK3β and p-FoxO1 and decreased the expression of p-IRS1, p-GS, PEPCK and G6Pase, which indicated that GP could promote glycogen synthesis and inhibit gluconeogenesis by regulating the IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The results demonstrated that GP could improve insulin resistance by promoting glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis through regulating the IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which might be a potential alternative therapy for T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songqin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mao Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mingxing Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuhan Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Daoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China;
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie P, Luo HT, Pei WJ, Xiao MY, Li FF, Gu YL, Piao XL. Saponins derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum regulate triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism and the mechanisms: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117186. [PMID: 37722515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (G. pentaphyllum) can be used for both medicinal and tea and has lipid-lowering properties. Modern research has shown that its main bioactive components are flavonoids and saponins. It has many beneficial effects such as hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed to summarize its anti-glycolipid metabolic models and mechanisms are reviewed to facilitate a deeper understanding of the mechanism in lowering lipids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to lipid lowering in G. pentaphyllum was collated by reviewing the relevant literature in the PubMed database from 1985 to 2023. RESULTS Only 101 G. pentaphyllum compounds have been initially explored for their hypolipidemic activity. There are cell models, animal models and human subjects for lipid-lowering of it. It reduced triglyceride level via PPAR/UCP-1/PGC-1α/PRDM16 and (SREBP-1c)-ACC/FAS-CPT1 signal pathways. Cholesterol-lowering effects via (SREBP-2)-HMGCR, PCSK9-LDLR and bile acid biosynthetic pathways. Activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key factor in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism in G. pentaphyllum. Other pathways of action of G. pentaphyllum in regulating glucolipid metabolism are also discussed in this paper. CONCLUSION To date, more than 328 saponins have been isolated and identified in Gynostemma. Further studies on these components, including molecular mechanisms and in vivo metabolic regulation, need to be further confirmed. G. pentaphyllum has the potential to be developed into drugs or functional foods, but further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao-Tian Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Jing Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Man-Yu Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Long Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiang-Lan Piao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aziz MA, Millat MS, Akter T, Hossain MS, Islam MM, Mohsin S, Ansari F, Kabir A, Amin MN, Islam MS. A comprehensive review on clinically proven medicinal plants in the treatment of overweight and obesity, with mechanistic insights. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13493. [PMID: 36816319 PMCID: PMC9929289 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Obesity has become a global health issue, more precisely, a pandemic throughout the present world due to its high prevalence in the recent era. Increased risk of morbidity and mortality in obese patients can be attributed to its association with the development of different life-threatening conditions. Plants are considered one of the most important sources of bioactive molecules which are used against a wide range of health disorders. This systematic review explores the efficacy as well as the safety profile of commonly used medicinal plants in the management of obesity that may help people to maintain a healthy weight. Methods This review is based on comprehensive literature searches from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords- "plants in obesity", "plants used in weight reduction" or keywords that are similar to those. Medicinal plants which have been clinically proven for their anti-obesity effect have only been selected for this study and attempts to investigate beneficial effects and adverse effects along with their mechanism of action have also been taken in this review. Results A significant reduction of weight in both human and other animals are exhibited by the extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris, green coffee, Yerba Mate, green tea, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and the combination of Cissus quadrangularis/Irvingia gabonensis. All of those plant extracts seemed to work on different physiological pathways and none of those extracts showed any notable adverse effects in human or animal models. Conclusion Our review suggests that the discussed medicinal plants are effective in reducing the weight of obese patients without causing notable adverse reactions. Although further study is necessary to confirm their exact molecular mechanism and safety in human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shalahuddin Millat
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Mohsin
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Farzana Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Nutrition and Health Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y. Gypenoside A attenuates dysfunction of pancreatic β cells by activating PDX1 signal transduction via the inhibition of miR-150-3p both in vivo and in vitro. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23004. [PMID: 35191145 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saponin gypenoside A (GP) has shown its potential to handle diabetes mellitus. MicroRNA-150-3p (miR-150-3p) is closely related to the dysfunction of pancreatic β cells by targeting PDX1. Given the function of GP is related to its regulation on different miRs, the current study assessed the role of miR-150-3p as a therapeutic target for the hypoglycemic effects of GP. Pancreatic β cell dysfunction was induced in mice using the high-fatty diet (HFD) method and then handled with GP. Changes in insulin release and resistance and the activity of the miR-150-3p/PDX1 axis were detected. The expression of miR-150-3p was induced to confirm its central in the effects of GP. The results of in vivo tests were then validated with in vitro assays. HFD administration suppressed glucose tolerance, delayed insulin release, and induced insulin resistance and pancreas apoptosis in mice, which was indicative of the dysfunction of β pancreatic cells. Changes in pancreatic β function were associated with the increased expression of miR-150-3p and suppressed expression of PDX1. After the administration of GP, the impairments of the pancreas were alleviated and the expression of miR-150-3p was inhibited, contributing to the restored level of PDX1. The injection of miR-150-3p agomir counteracted the protective effects of GP. In in vitro assays, the pretransfection of miR-150-3p mimetics also counteracted the protective effects of GP on pancreatic β cells against palmitic acid. Collectively, miR-150-3p played a key role in the protective effects of GP against pancreatic β cell dysfunction by inhibiting PDX1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim YH, Jung JI, Jeon YE, Kim SM, Oh TK, Lee J, Moon JM, Kim TY, Kim EJ. Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract and Gypenoside L enhance skeletal muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism by activating the PGC-1α pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:14-32. [PMID: 35116125 PMCID: PMC8784263 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) has a central role in regulating muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1α stimulates muscle growth and muscle fiber remodeling, concomitantly regulating lactate and lipid metabolism and promoting oxidative metabolism. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) has been widely employed as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. We investigated whether G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its active compound, gypenoside L (GL), affect muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism via activation of the PGC-1α pathway in murine C2C12 myoblast cells. MATERIALS/METHODS C2C12 cells were treated with GPE and GL, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels. Myh1 was determined using immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. RESULTS GPE and GL promoted the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Myh1 (type IIx). GPE and GL also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the PGC-1α gene (Ppargc1a), lactate metabolism-regulatory genes (Esrra and Mct1), adipocyte-browning gene fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 gene (Fndc5), glycogen synthase gene (Gys), and lipid metabolism gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (Cpt1b). Moreover, GPE and GL induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38, sirtuin1, and deacetylated PGC-1α. We also observed that treatment with GPE and GL significantly stimulated the expression of genes associated with the anti-oxidative stress response, such as Ucp2, Ucp3, Nrf2, and Sod2. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that GPE and GL enhance exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Young Eun Jeon
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - So Mi Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Oh
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jaesun Lee
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Joo Myung Moon
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Tae Young Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li T, Zhang S, Zhang J, Song Y, Bao X, Xu F, Zhang J. Analysis of Serum Biochemical Indexes, Egg Quality, and Liver Transcriptome in Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Gynostemma pentaphyllum Powder. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121942. [PMID: 34946891 PMCID: PMC8701024 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), known as “southern ginseng”, can reduce the blood pressure and blood lipid levels. In this study, 300 layer chicks of one day old were divided randomly into three groups (control group (base diet), high addition group (base diet with 1% GP), and low addition group (base diet with 0.5% GP)). After 29 weeks, the growth performance, egg quality, and serum index were determined. Additionally, liver mRNA was identified using RNA-seq to investigate the molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that the serum total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly in the GP addition group. The addition of GP increased the egg weight, Haugh unit and redness (a*) of the egg yolk color, and reduced the yolk cholesterol concentration. Moreover, 95 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between the control and GP addition group. GO and the KEGG analysis showed that the PPAR pathway was significantly enriched. Five fatty acid metabolism-related genes (FABP3, CYP7A1, ANKRD22, SCD1, and PCK1) were validated by qRT-PCR analysis, which confirmed the tendency of the expression. These DEGs in the PPAR pathway may be the key factors of GP affecting fatty acid metabolism. These results may provide a theoretical basis for further research and new insights into GP as a feed additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Shuya Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Jiqiao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Yiping Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiuyu Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Fengwen Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Center of Ankang City, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai Y, Mu Q, Bao X, Zuo J, Fang X, Hua J, Zhang D, Jiang G, Li P, Gao S, Zhao D. Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Treatment Of Diabetes and Diabetic Complications: Role of Natural Compounds from Herbal Medicine. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1587-1604. [PMID: 34631209 PMCID: PMC8460305 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a common metabolic disease with various complications, is becoming a serious global health pandemic. So far there are many approaches in the management of diabetes; however, it still remains irreversible due to its complicated pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a vital role in the progression of diabetes and many of its complications, making it a promising therapeutic target in pharmaceutical design. Natural derived herbal medicine, known for its utilization of natural products such as herbs or its bioactive ingredients, is shown to be able to ameliorate hyperglycemia-associated symptoms and to postpone the progression of diabetic complications due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this review, we summarized the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetes and several diabetic complications, as well as 31 active compounds that exert therapeutic effect on diabetic complications via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Improving our understanding of these promising candidates from natural compounds in herbal medicine targeting NLRP3 inflammasome inspires us the relationship between inflammation and metabolic disorders, and also sheds light on searching potential agents or therapies in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Mu
- 2Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Bao
- 3Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Zuo
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fang
- 3Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hua
- 3Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjian Jiang
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- 3Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sihua Gao
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang XF, Lu M, You L, Gen H, Yuan L, Tian T, Li CY, Xu K, Hou J, Lei M. Herbal therapy for ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via rebuilding the intestinal microecology. Chin Med 2021; 16:62. [PMID: 34315516 PMCID: PMC8314451 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing, and this metabolic disorder has been recognized as a severe threat to human health. A variety of chemical drugs have been approved for treating NAFLD, however, they always has serious side effects. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been widely used for preventing and treating a range of metabolic diseases with satisfactory safety and effective performance in clinical treatment of NAFLD. Recent studies indicated that imbanlance of the intestinal microbiota was closely associated with the occurrence and development of NAFLD, thus, the intestinal microbiota has been recognized as a promising target for treatment of NAFLD. In recent decades, a variety of CHMs have been reported to effectively prevent or treat NAFLD by modulating intestinal microbiota to further interfer the gut-liver axis. In this review, recent advances in CHMs for the treatment of NAFLD via rebuilding the intestinal microecology were systematically reviewed. The key roles of CHMs in the regulation of gut microbiota and the gut-liver axis along with their mechanisms (such as modulating intestinal permeability, reducing the inflammatory response, protecting liver cells, improving lipid metabolism, and modulating nuclear receptors), were well summarized. All the knowledge and information presented here will be very helpful for researchers to better understand the applications and mechanisms of CHMs for treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Yang
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Trauma Emergency Center, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Lijiao You
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Huan Gen
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Tianning Tian
- Trauma Emergency Center, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China.
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- Critical Care Medicine, Seventh Peoples Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, 200137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue. Pharm Res 2021; 38:549-567. [PMID: 33783666 PMCID: PMC8082541 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of overweight and obesity underlies many common metabolic diseases. Approaches aimed to reduce energy intake and/or stimulate energy expenditure represent potential strategies to control weight gain. Adipose tissue is a major energy balancing organ. It can be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT stores excess metabolic energy, BAT dissipates it as heat via adaptive thermogenesis. WAT also participates in thermogenesis by providing thermogenic fuels and by directly generating heat after browning. Browned WAT resembles BAT morphologically and metabolically and is classified as beige fat. Like BAT, beige fat can produce heat. Human adults have BAT-like or beige fat. Recruitment and activation of this fat type have the potential to increase energy expenditure, thereby countering against obesity and its metabolic complications. Given this, agents capable of inducing WAT browning have recently attracted broad attention from biomedical, nutritional and pharmaceutical societies. In this review, we summarize natural bioactive compounds that have been shown to promote beige adipocyte recruitment and activation in animals and cultured cells. We also discuss potential molecular mechanisms for each compound to induce adipose browning and metabolic benefits.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen NH, Ha TKQ, Yang JL, Pham HTT, Oh WK. Triterpenoids from the genus Gynostemma: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113574. [PMID: 33186700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE G. pentaphyllum, also known as Jiao-Gu-Lan, has been used traditionally as folk remedies for many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases in China and some countries in East and Southeast Asia. It is considered as an "immortality herb" in Guizhou Province, because it was consumed regularly by the elderly native inhabitants. Other species of the same genus Gynostemma such as G. longipes and G. laxum have been used as alternatives to G. pentaphyllum in ethno-medicine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to summarize up-to-date study results on Gynostemma species, including traditional usage, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological studies, in order to suggest future research orientation and therapeutic applications on acute and chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature on the genus Gynostemma was gathered from secondary databases (Web of Science and PubMed), books, and official websites. The latest literature cited in this review was published in February 2020. RESULTS The genus Gynostemma has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hepatosteatosis. To date, 328 dammarane-type saponins were isolated and structurally elucidated from Gynostemma species. Crude extracts, saponin-rich fractions (gypenosides), and pure compounds were reported to show a wide range of pharmacological activities in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The most notable pharmacological effects were anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Toxicological studies were conducted only on G. pentaphyllum, showing that the plant extracts were relatively safe in both acute and long-term toxicity experiments at the given dosage while no toxicological studies were reported for the other species. CONCLUSIONS The review summarizes current studies on traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicology of medicinal Gynostemma species. Till now, the majority of publications still focused only on G. pentaphyllum. However, the promising preliminary data of other Gynostemma species indicated the research potential of this genus, both in phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Furthermore, clinical data are required to evaluate the efficacy and undesired effects of crude extracts, standard saponin fractions, and pure compounds prepared from Gynostemma medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Department of Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dahlawi SM, Nazir W, Iqbal R, Asghar W, Khalid N. Formulation and characterization of oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized by crude saponins isolated from onion skin waste. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39700-39707. [PMID: 35515407 PMCID: PMC9057416 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current work, a detailed study of crude saponins isolated from onion skin waste (OSW) was carried out to minimize the interfacial tension (γ) at oil-water interfaces, and to evaluate important factors on the formulation and characterization of nanoemulsions (NEs) stabilized by OSW saponins as a new natural emulsifier. It was found that OSW saponins are moderately strong surface-active agents. The droplet size of OSW saponin-stabilized NEs formulated by a high-pressure homogenizer was significantly dependent on processing parameters, where volume mean droplet diameter (d 4,3) decreased as homogenization pressure and emulsifier concentration increased. The d 4,3 of NEs formulated from soybean oil, sunflower oil, and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil was <140 nm, which was much smaller than those prepared using orange oil (d 4,3 > 800 nm). The OSW saponin-coated droplets in soybean-based NEs showed stability against thermal treatment (30-90 °C, 30 min), pH (7-9), and ionic strength (NaCl < 50 mM). The NEs exhibited instability with droplet coalescence at relatively low pH (3-6), and high ionic strength (NaCl > 50 mM). The NEs stabilized by 0.5-1% (w/w) OSW were highly stable without an increase in d 4,3 during the storage (60 days) at 25 °C. Overall, these results suggest that OSW saponins are an efficient natural emulsifier, with significant potential to replace synthetic emulsifiers in certain practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad M Dahlawi
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P. O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia +966 559353439
| | - Wahab Nazir
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology Lahore 5400 Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology Lahore 5400 Pakistan
| | - Waqas Asghar
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology Lahore 5400 Pakistan
| | - Nauman Khalid
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P. O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia +966 559353439
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xia X, Xu J, Wang X, Wang H, Lin Z, Shao K, Fang L, Zhang C, Zhao Y. Jiaogulan tea (Gpostemma pentaphyllum) potentiates the antidiabetic effect of white tea via the AMPK and PI3K pathways in C57BL/6 mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:4339-4355. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00395f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of plant-based beverages to interfere with the onset of diabetes may be a promising approach towards type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Xude Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | | | | | - LinLin Fang
- College of Pharmacy
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | | | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee HS, Lim SM, Jung JI, Kim SM, Lee JK, Kim YH, Cha KM, Oh TK, Moon JM, Kim TY, Kim EJ. Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Extract Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in C57BL/6N Mice by Upregulating SIRT1. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102475. [PMID: 31618980 PMCID: PMC6835433 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is widely used in Asia as a herbal medicine to treat type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-obesity effect and underlying mechanism of G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) enriched in gypenoside L, gypenoside LI, and ginsenoside Rg3 and obtained using a novel extraction method. Five-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day GPE (GPE 100), HFD + 300 mg/kg BW/day GPE (GPE 300), or HFD + 30 mg/kg BW/day Orlistat (Orlistat 30) for 8 weeks. The HFD-fed mice showed significant increases in body weight, fat mass, white adipose tissue, and adipocyte hypertrophy compared to the CD group; but GPE inhibited those increases. GPE reduced serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, without affecting HDL-cholesterol. GPE significantly increased AMPK activation and suppressed adipogenesis by decreasing the mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), PPARγ coactivator-1α, fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte protein 2 (AP2), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and by increasing that of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) and hormone- sensitive lipase (HSL). This study demonstrated the ameliorative effect of GPE on obesity and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea.
| | - Su-Min Lim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - So Mi Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Jae Kyoung Lee
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Kyu Min Cha
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Tae Kyu Oh
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Joo Myung Moon
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Tae Young Kim
- Technology Development Center, BTC Corporation, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ling Y, Lei Z, Xinying Li, Yan X, Siying Wang, Yang W, Nie Q, Zhang Q, Hai'ou Bao, Yu J, Jin H. Characterization and Identification of the Chemical Constituents of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Electrospray Ionization – Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1675075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhineng Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai'ou Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingmou Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang X, Chen W, Yan C, Yang R, Chen Q, Xu H, Huang Y. Gypenosides improve the intestinal microbiota of non-alcoholic fatty liver in mice and alleviate its progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
18
|
Zhang X, Shi G, Liu M, Chen R, Wu X, Zhao Y. Four new dammarane-type triterpenes derivatives from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins and their bioactivities. Nat Prod Res 2019; 33:1605-1611. [PMID: 29359589 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1428592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of hydrolysate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins led to the isolation of four novel triterpenes, Gypensapogenin U (1), Gypensapogenin V (2), Gypensapogenin W (3) and Gypensapogenin X (4). The structures of these compounds were identified by 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS evidences. Additionally, the protective activity of these new compounds against cardiomyocytes injury induced by H2O2 and their cytotoxic activity against t-HSC/Cl-6 cells were evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- a School of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Shi
- a School of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbing Liu
- a School of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- a School of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- c School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- a School of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
- b Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jia N, Lin X, Ma S, Ge S, Mu S, Yang C, Shi S, Gao L, Xu J, Bo T, Zhao J. Amelioration of hepatic steatosis is associated with modulation of gut microbiota and suppression of hepatic miR-34a in Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino treated mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:86. [PMID: 30555521 PMCID: PMC6282400 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic and progressive liver disease with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, so far no specific pharmacotherapy has been approved. Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino (GP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used against hyperlipemia as well as hyperglycemia. This study aims to evaluate the effect of GP on NAFLD and explore the possible mechanism. Methods High-fat-diet induced NAFLD mice model were orally administrated with GP at dose of 11.7 g/kg or equivalent volume of distilled water once a day for 16 weeks. Body weight, food intake and energy expenditure were assessed to evaluate the general condition of mice. The triglycerides, total cholesterol content in the liver and liver histopathology, serum lipid profile and serum insulin level, fecal microbiome, hepatic microRNAs and relative target genes were analyzed. Results Mice in GP treatment group displayed improved hepatic triglycerides content with lower lipid droplet in hepatocyte and NAFLD activity score. Besides, GP treatment altered the composition of gut microbiota and the relative abundance of some of the key components that are implicated in metabolic disorders, especially phylum Firmicutes (Eubacterium, Blautia, Clostridium and Lactobacillus). Several hepatic microRNAs were downregulated by GP treatment such as miR-130a, miR-34a, miR-29a, miR-199a, among which the expression miR-34a was altered by more than four-fold compared to that of HFD group (3:14). The correlation analysis showed that miR-34a was strongly related to the change of gut microbiota especially phylum Firmicutes (R = 0.796). Additionally, the target genes of miR-34a (HNF4α, PPARα and PPARα) were restored by GP both in mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion Our results suggested that GP modulated the gut microbiota and suppressed hepatic miR-34a, which was associated with the amelioration of hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China.,2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- 6Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shizhan Ma
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shujian Ge
- 7Department of Scientific Research, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shumin Mu
- 8Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Chongbo Yang
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Shulong Shi
- 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China.,2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Ling Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China.,5Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Jin Xu
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Tao Bo
- 5Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, 250021 China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- 1Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355 China.,2Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Institute of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, 250021 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang J, Ha TKQ, Shi YP, Oh WK, Yang JL. Hypoglycemic triterpenes from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:171-181. [PMID: 30130690 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To search for bioactive gypenosides and their analogues, a saponin enriched fraction and its hydrolyzate from Gynostemma pentaphyllum were phytochemically investigated. Fractionation by diverse chromatographic methods, including HPLC, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, and C18 reverse phase silica gel, led to the isolation and purification of twelve triterpenes, including five undescribed and seven known. The chemical structures of all compounds were determined as analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), infrared spectrum (IR), optical rotation, and chemical transformations. Among all isolates, nine compounds possessed a rare dammarane triterpenoid framework with A-ring modified. The relative configurations of three compounds were determined by 2D NMR for the first time. The absolute configurations of four compounds were determined by the modified Mosher's method. Two of all isolated compounds significantly enhanced 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake and Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation via activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling pathway. This study provided the potential candidates for the development of antidiabetic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ji X, Shen Y, Guo X. Isolation, Structures, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6285134. [PMID: 30410935 PMCID: PMC6206586 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6285134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides obtained from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino have promising prospects in functional food and nutraceuticals due to its broad range of biological activities including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antifatigue activities. These beneficial biological activities are related to chemical composition and structure of the G. pentaphyllum polysaccharides. The molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and chemical structures could be influenced by both different extraction/purification techniques employed to obtain polysaccharide enriched products. The purpose of this article is to review previous and current literature regarding the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activity of G. pentaphyllum polysaccharides. This review provides a useful bibliography for the further investigation, production, and application of G. pentaphyllum polysaccharides as functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xudan Guo
- Basic Medical College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 050200 Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gypenosides Altered Hepatic Bile Acids Homeostasis in Mice Treated with High Fat Diet. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8098059. [PMID: 30105069 PMCID: PMC6076974 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8098059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gypenosides extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino have significant role in reducing serum lipid level and treating fatty liver diseases, however, without clear mechanism. As gypenosides share the similar core structures with bile acids (the endogenous ligands of nuclear receptor FXR), we hypothesize that gypenosides may improve hypercholesterolemia via FXR-mediated bile acids signaling. The present study was designed to validate the role of gypenosides in reducing levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as in regulating bile acids homeostasis and related gene expression levels. The C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups. Mice in groups ND and HFD were fed with normal diet and high fat diet for 38 weeks, respectively. In groups HFD+GP and HFD+ST, mice were fed with high fat diet for 38 weeks and treated with gypenosides and simvastatin (positive control) from weeks 16 to 38, respectively. Serum TC and LDL-C levels were assayed by commercially available kits. Expression levels of genes were tested by the quantitative real-time PCR. The LC-MS/MS was applied to quantify major bile acids in mice livers. Our results showed that gypenosides significantly decreased serum TC and LDL-C levels. The gene expression level of Shp was downregulated while the levels of Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, Fxr, Lrh1, Jnk1/2, and Erk1/2 were upregulated by gypenosides. Indicated by LC-MS/MS technology, gypenosides increased the hepatic levels of several free bile acids and most taurine-conjugated bile acids while decreasing glycine-conjugated bile acids levels. In addition, gypenosides decreased the CA/CDCA ratio. Gypenosides may improve the abnormal lipid profile of HFD-fed mice via two pathways: (1) enhancing the bile acids biosynthesis from cholesterol; (2) decreasing the CA/CDCA ratio which is positively related to cholesterol absorption.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Shi G, Sun Y, Wu X, Zhao Y. Triterpenes derived from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins with anti-hepatic fibrosis and protective activity against H 2O 2-induced injury. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:226-232. [PMID: 28985570 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a popular functional food, and it is also used as a traditional medicine in Asia. In this study, five previously undescribed triterpenes, gypensapogenin M, gypensapogenin N, gypensapogenin O, gypensapogenin P, and gypensapogenin Q, together with five known compounds were isolated from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins. The bioassay data showed that all the triterpenes exhibited significant protective activity against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury and anti-hepatic fibrosis activity. Taken together, the discovery of these triterpenes from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins expands its use as a functional food for preventing myocardial injury and liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Shi
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu J, Li Y, Yang P, Wan J, Chang Q, Wang TTY, Lu W, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yu LL. Gypenosides Reduced the Risk of Overweight and Insulin Resistance in C57BL/6J Mice through Modulating Adipose Thermogenesis and Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9237-9246. [PMID: 28975783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether and how gypenosides from jiaogulan tea at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day levels could reduce the development of overweight and insulin resistance in C57 BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet in 12 weeks. The 300 mg/kg/day gypenosides supplement significantly reduced final body weight, plasma total cholesterol, and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index by 19.9%, 40%, and 36%, respectively, compared with the high-fat diet control group. Gypenosides also increased brown adipocyte tissue activity and white adipose tissue browning. The expression of genes involved in mitochondrial activity and fatty acid β-oxidation were also increased in both brown and white adipocyte tissues. In addition, gypenosides at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day levels decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes by 20% and 58.6%, respectively, and increased Akkermansia muciniphila abundance in the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, China
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Puyu Yang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianchun Wan
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qimeng Chang
- Department of Surgery, Fudan University Minhang Hospital , Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Weiying Lu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen Y, Luan J, Shen W, Lei K, Yu L, Ding J. Injectable and Thermosensitive Hydrogel Containing Liraglutide as a Long-Acting Antidiabetic System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30703-30713. [PMID: 27786459 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes, a global epidemic, has become a serious threat to public health. The present study is aimed at constructing an injectable thermosensitive PEG-polyester hydrogel formulation of liraglutide (Lira), a "smart" antidiabetic polypeptide, in the long-acting treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of three thermosensitive poly(ε-caprolactone-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-glycolic acid) (PCGA-PEG-PCGA) triblock copolymers with similar molecular weights but different ε-caprolactone-to-glycolide (CL-to-GA) ratios were synthesized. The polymer aqueous solutions exhibited free-flowing sols at room temperature and formed in situ hydrogels at body temperature. While the different bulk morphologies, stabilities of aqueous solutions, and the varying in vivo persistence time of hydrogels in ICR mice were found among the three copolymers, all of the Lira-loaded gel formulations exhibited a sustained drug release manner in vitro regardless of CL-to-GA ratios. The specimen with a powder form in the bulk state, a stable aqueous solution before heating, and an appropriate degradation rate in vivo was selected as the optimal carrier to evaluate the in vivo efficacy. A single injection of the optimal gel formulation showed a remarkable hypoglycemic efficacy up to 1 week in diabetic db/db mice. Furthermore, three successive administrations of this gel formulation within one month significantly lowered glycosylated hemoglobin and protected islets of db/db mice. As a result, a promising once-weekly delivery system of Lira was developed, which not only afforded long-term glycemic control but also significantly improved patient compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiabin Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenjia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lei FF, Li YJ, Li RG, Li G, Li JK, Li F, Tan HB. Mechanism underlying protective effect of gypenosides against type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4169-4176. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i30.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the mechanism underlying protective effect of gypenosides (GPS) against type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (T2DM-NAFLD) in rats.
METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into five groups: blank control group, T2DM-NAFLD model group, low dose GPS group, medium dose GPS group, and high dose GPS group. The efficacy was confirmed by histopathology, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP4501A1) mRNAs was detected by RT-PCR.
RESULTS Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB was significantly reduced by GPS, in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNAs measured by RT-PCR was also significantly down-regulated by GPS. Moreover, GPS decreased the infiltration of liver fats and reversed the histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION GPS protects against T2DM-NAFLD by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, PPARγ and CYP4501A1.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dong C, Xie Z, Yu Y, Li J, Liu J, Li J, Hu L. Discovery, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of 20S-dammar-24-en-2α,3β,12β,20-tetrol (GP) derivatives as a new class of AMPKα2β1γ1 activators. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2688-96. [PMID: 27132866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As a follow-up discovery of AMPK activators from natural products, 20S-dammar-24-en-2α,3β,12β,20-tetrol (GP, 1), a dammarane-type triterpenoid, was found to have some favorable metabolic effects on dyslipidemia in Golden Syrian hamsters, and activate AMPKα2β1γ1 by around 2.4 fold with an EC50 of 5.1μM on molecular level. In order to enhance its potency at AMPK and structure-activity relationship study, GP derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in pharmacological AMPK activation assays. Structure-activity relationship analysis showed that amine at the 24-position (groups I-IV) effectively and significantly increased the potency and efficacy. GP derivatives 12 and 17-19 exhibited better potency (EC50: 0.3, 0.8, 0.8, and 1.0μM) and efficacy (fold: 3.2, 2.7, 3.0, and 2.8) in the activation of AMPK heterotrimer α2β1γ1 than positive control (AMP, EC50: 1.6μM, fold: 3.2). Furthermore, the most potent compounds 12 and 17 obviously inhibited glucose output through increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK, without affecting mitochondrial membrane potential or producing cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhuan Dong
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhifu Xie
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jingya Li
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lihong Hu
- State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang L, Wang X, Wang P, Xiao Y, Liu Q. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, physicochemical and cytotoxicity properties of Gynostemma pentaphyllum seed oil: A potential source of conjugated linolenic acids. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Zhang XS, Cao JQ, Zhao C, Wang XD, Wu XJ, Zhao YQ. Novel dammarane-type triterpenes isolated from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3095-9. [PMID: 26099540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five novel triterpenes were isolated from hydrolyzate of total saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and identified as gypensapogenin H (1), gypensapogenin I (2), gypensapogenin L (3), gypensapogenin J (4) and gypensapogenin K (5), three of which (1-3) possess unprecedented ring A. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities in five cell lines and all the tested compounds showed significant anti-cancer activities against a series of human cancer cell lines, while having much weaker effect on the growth of normal cell. Among them, compound 1 showed strong inhibition toward MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (IC50 values 6.85 μM). Further mechanistic study demonstrated that compound 1 significantly induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis. Our results indicated that compound 1 may be a promising lead agent for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qing Cao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-de Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-jun Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li B, Zhang X, Wang M, Jiao L. Characterization and antioxidant activities of acidic polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Markino. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Effects of the Traditional Medicinal Plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum and the Possible Mechanisms of Insulin Release. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26199630 PMCID: PMC4493304 DOI: 10.1155/2015/120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aims. To evaluate the antidiabetic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, an animal model of type 2 diabetes, and to investigate the mechanisms of insulin release. Methods. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and plasma insulin levels were measured. Results. An oral treatment with GP (0.3 g/kg of body weight daily) for two weeks in GK rats improved glucose tolerance versus placebo group (P < 0.01). Plasma insulin levels were significantly increased in the GP-treated group. The insulin release from GP-treated GK rats was 1.9-fold higher as compared to the control group (P < 0.001). GP stimulated insulin release in isolated GK rat islets at high glucose. Opening of ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels by diazoxide and inhibition of calcium channels by nifedipine significantly decreased insulin response to GP. Furthermore, the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 decreased the insulin response to GP (P < 0.05). In addition, GP-induced insulin secretion was decreased after preincubation of GK islets with pertussis toxin to inhibit exocytotic Ge proteins (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The antidiabetic effect of GP is associated with the stimulation of insulin release from the islets. GP-induced insulin release is partly mediated via K-ATP and L-type Ca2+ channels, the PKA system and also dependent on pertussis toxin sensitive Ge-protein.
Collapse
|
32
|
He Q, Li JK, Li F, Li RG, Zhan GQ, Li G, Du WX, Tan HB. Mechanism of action of gypenosides on type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2058-2066. [PMID: 25717238 PMCID: PMC4326140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the mechanism of action of gypenosides (GPs) on type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (T2DM-NAFLD) in rats.
METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly divided into a healthy group, an untreated disease model group and GP-treatment groups. The study involved the evaluation of biochemical parameters, including serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), blood glucose (BG), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Additionally, the protective effect of the treatments were confirmed histopathologically and the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB in the rat liver was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The expression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 1A1 mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR.
RESULTS: GP treatments at oral doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg per day significantly decreased the levels of serum AST and ALT (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), especially at the dose of 800 mg/kg per day. To a similar extent, GP at 800 mg/kg per day reduced the levels of BG (4.19 ± 0.47, P < 0.01), TG (80.08 ± 10.05, P < 0.01), TC (134.38 ± 16.39, P < 0.01) and serum insulin (42.01 ± 5.04, P < 0.01). The expression of TNF-α and NF-κB measured by immunohistochemistry was significantly reduced by GPs in a dose-dependent manner, and the expression of PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNA, as measured using quantitative real-time PCR, were significantly down-regulated by GPs. Moreover, GPs decreased the infiltration of liver fats and reversed the histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that GPs have a protective effect against T2DM-NAFLD by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB proteins, and PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNAs.
Collapse
|
33
|
Jia X, Yang J, Wang Z, Liu R, Xie R. Polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica show hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in mice with experimentally induced diabetes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1663-70. [PMID: 24928865 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system. The rapid increase in the incidence of DM is a serious public health concern worldwide. The treatment of DM and its complications mainly involves the use of chemically or biochemically synthesized drugs, but these drugs also have adverse side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for drugs from natural sources that would cause fewer side effects. This study aimed to determine whether polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica (LJP) exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. To this end, diabetes was induced by alloxan injection (200 mg/kg body weight [bw], intraperitoneal [ip]). After induction of diabetes, diabetic mice were randomly divided into five groups: diabetic control (DC) group, glibenclamide-treated (DG) group, low-dose LJP-treated (DLL) group, moderate-dose LJP-treated (DML) group, and high-dose LJP-treated (DHL) group, with normal mice used as the control group (NC group). After treatment for 28 days, body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured. The results revealed that LJP administration prevented body-weight loss, decreased FBG levels, and increased serum insulin levels in diabetic mice. Furthermore, it decreased TC, TG, and LDL-C levels, and increased HDL-C levels in these mice. Thus, the results indicate that LJP possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities and polysaccharides from LJP may hold promise for the development of a drug of natural origin for the treatment of DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xibei Jia
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Ruichan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu J, Zhang L, Ren Y, Gao Y, Kang L, Qiao Q. Anticancer and immunoregulatory activity of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
35
|
Lin-Na S, Yong-Xiu S. Effects of polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.), Makino on physical fatigue. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2014; 11:112-7. [PMID: 25371572 PMCID: PMC4202428 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino has been reported to have a wide range of health benefits in Chinese herbal medicines. Polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (PGP), has been identified as one of the active ingredients responsible for its biological activities. Although many pharmacological activities of PGP have received a great deal of attention, there is limited evidence for the anti-fatigue effects of PGP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of polysaccharides from PGP on physical fatigue. MATERIALS AND METHOD The rats were divided into four groups, with 10 animals per group: control (C), group, low-treated (LT), group, medium-treated (MT), group, and high-treated (HT), group. The C group received distilled water, while LT, MT and HT groups were given various doses of PGP (100, 200, 400 mg/kg· d). After 30 days, forced swimming test was carried out in an acrylic plastic pool, then the exhaustive swimming time of rats and some biochemical parameters related to fatigue were measured. The data obtained showed that PGP could extend the exhaustive swimming time of the rats, as well as decrease the blood lactic acid (BLA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), concentrations, and increase the hemoglobin, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen concentrations. RESULT The data obtained showed that different doses of PGP could extend the exhaustive swimming time of the rats, as well as decrease the BLA and BUN concentrations, and increase the hemoglobin, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen concentrations, which suggests that PGP had significant anti-fatigue effects on rats. CONCLUSION PGP may be of use as a potential anti-fatigue agent, but there is a need for further research on long-term use in order to show its positive effects on physical fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin-Na
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Teacher's College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shi Yong-Xiu
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Teacher's College, Tangshan 063000, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Park SH, Huh TL, Kim SY, Oh MR, Tirupathi Pichiah PB, Chae SW, Cha YS. Antiobesity effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (actiponin): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:63-71. [PMID: 23804546 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of actiponin was investigated, a heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract, on body weight, fat loss, and metabolic markers of Korean participants in a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. DESIGN AND METHODS Obese participants (BMI ≥ 25 kg m(-2) and WHR ≥ 0.90 for male or WHR ≥ 0.85 for female) who had not been diagnosed with any disease and met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this study. The 80 subjects were randomly divided into actiponin (n = 40, 450 mg day(-1) ) and placebo (n = 40) groups. Outcomes included measurement of efficacy (abdominal fat distribution, anthropometric parameters, and blood lipid profiles) and safety (adverse events, laboratory test results, electrocardiogram data, and vital signs). RESULTS During 12-week of actiponin supplementation, total abdominal fat area, body weight, body fat mass, percent body fat, and BMI were significantly decreased (P = 0.044, P < 0.05, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.05, respectively) in the actiponin group compared to the placebo group. No clinically significant changes in any safety parameter were observed. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that actiponin is a potent antiobesity reagent that does not produce any significant adverse effects. These results suggest that actiponin supplementation may be effective for treating obese individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Obesity Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chiranthanut N, Teekachunhatean S, Panthong A, Khonsung P, Kanjanapothi D, Lertprasertsuk N. Toxicity evaluation of standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:228-234. [PMID: 23796877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To evaluate the safety of standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The water extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum was prepared and standardized, the dry powder yielded 6% gypenosides. In the acute oral toxicity test, the single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract was given to female Sprague-Dawley rats. In subchronic toxicity test, the oral dose of 1000 mg/kg/day of the extract was given to rats in treatment and satellite groups for 90 days. Satellite groups of both sexes were kept for additional 28 days after 90-day treatment. Control rats received distilled water. RESULTS Standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum did not cause death or any toxic signs in rats. The daily administration of the extract for 90 days did not produce lethal or harmful effects. Although certain hematological and blood chemistry values (i.e., neutrophil, monocyte, glucose, and serum alkaline phosphatase levels) were found to be statistically different from the control group, however; these values were within the ranges of normal rats. CONCLUSION Standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum did not produce mortality or any abnormality in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natthakarn Chiranthanut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
He M, Jiang J, Qiu F, Liu S, Peng P, Gao C, Miao P. Inhibitory effects of gypenosides on seven human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:262-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
39
|
Zhao Y, Niu Y, Xie Z, Shi H, Chen P, Yu L(L. Differentiating leaf and whole-plant samples of di- and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino using flow-injection mass spectrometric fingerprinting method. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
40
|
Piao XL, Wu Q, Yang J, Park SY, Chen DJ, Liu HM. Dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum show fortified activity against A549 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:874-9. [PMID: 23508742 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An ethanol extract from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum showed more potent cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells than that of raw G. pentaphyllum. Four constituents were isolated from heat-processed G. pentaphyllum using resin HP-20, silica gel and reversed ODS column chromatography. They were identified by mass and NMR spectra as damulin A and damulin B, gypenoside L and gypenoside LI, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of these four constituents, the MTT cytotoxicity assay was performed using A549 cells. Based on the structure of these four constituents, the results indicate that the hydroxyl group in C-2 and double bond in C20(21) and C20(22) positions are of importance in inhibition of A549 cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lan Piao
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, No. 27, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lu JG, Zhu L, Lo KYW, Leung AKM, Ho AHM, Zhang HY, Zhao ZZ, Fong DWF, Jiang ZH. Chemical differentiation of two taste variants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-ELSD. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:90-97. [PMID: 23173881 DOI: 10.1021/jf304154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To differentiate the sweet and bitter taste variants of a Chinese medicinal tea Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), a method for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(3), Rd, and F(2) in GP by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was developed. According to the different contents of the four ginsenosides, chemical differentiation of the two taste variants of GP was achieved by principal component analysis (PCA). A supplementary quantitative analysis method of using HPLC-ELSD for determination of 20(S)-panaxadiol in the hydrolysates of GP was also developed. Similarly, chemical differentiation based on different amounts of 20(S)-panaxadiol was established and the result was well consistent with that based on the analysis of the four ginsenosides. It was found that the amounts of the four ginsenosides and 20(S)-panaxadiol in the sweet taste variant were significantly higher than those in the bitter one. The significant difference between the sweet and bitter taste variants of GP was easily visualized in 3D-PCA score plots. The PCA loading plot also indicated the contributions among the four ginsenosides (Rd > Rb(3) > F(2) > Rb(1)) for distinguishing the two taste variants. This is the first report to describe the use of these two quantitative methods (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-ELSD) for the accurate authentication and quality control of GP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Guang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Malek MA, Hoang MH, Jia Y, Lee JH, Jun HJ, Lee DH, Lee HJ, Lee C, Lee MK, Hwang BY, Lee SJ. Ombuin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a dual agonistic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and δ/β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:1322-8. [PMID: 23247028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that ombuin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (ombuine), a flavonoid from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, is a dual agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α and δ/β. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses, and reporter gene assays, we showed that ombuine bound directly to PPARα and δ/β but not to PPARγ or liver X receptors (LXRs). Cultured HepG2 hepatocytes stimulated with ombuine significantly reduced intracellular concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol and downregulated the expression of lipogenic genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), with activation of PPARα and δ/β. Activation of LXRs by ombuine was confirmed by reporter gene assays, however, SPR and cell-based FRET assays showed no direct binding of ombuine to either of the LXRs suggesting LXR activation by ombuine may be operated via PPARα stimulation. Ombuine-stimulated macrophages showed significantly induced transcription of ATP binding cassette cholesterol transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), the key genes in reverse cholesterol transport, which led to reduced cellular cholesterol concentrations. These results suggest that ombuine is a dual PPAR ligand for PPARα and δ/β with the ability to decrease lipid concentrations by reducing lipogenic gene expression in hepatocytes and inducing genes involved in cholesterol efflux in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mastura Abd Malek
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li C, Wu X, Lou X, Wu Y, Li A, Wang H. Protective Effects of Crude Polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on Swimming Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2012.1627.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
44
|
Heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract improves obesity in ob/ob mice by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1607-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
45
|
Müller C, Gardemann A, Keilhoff G, Peter D, Wiswedel I, Schild L. Prevention of free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and cell death in primary hepatocyte cultures by a Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:395-401. [PMID: 22381945 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes of a primary cell culture that are exposed to high glucose, insulin, and linoleic (LA) acid concentration respond with lipid accumulation, oxidative stress up to cell death. Such alterations are typically found in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We used this cellular model to study the effect of an ethanolic Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) extract in NAFLD. When hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of high insulin, glucose, and LA concentration the extract completely protected the cells from cell death. In parallel, the extract prevented accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol as well as oxidative stress. Our data further demonstrate that GP stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) in hepatocytes and affects the molecular composition of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). We conclude that GP is able to protect hepatocytes from cell death, lipid accumulation, and oxidative stress caused by diabetic-like metabolism and lipotoxicity. Therefore, GP could be beneficial for patients with diabetes mellitus and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Müller
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Khan V, Najmi AK, Akhtar M, Aqil M, Mujeeb M, Pillai KK. A pharmacological appraisal of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:27-42. [PMID: 22368396 PMCID: PMC3283954 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.92727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder that has gravely troubled the human health and quality of life. Conventional agents are being used to control diabetes along with lifestyle management. However, they are not entirely effective and no one has ever been reported to have fully recovered from diabetes. Numerous medicinal plants have been used for the management of diabetes mellitus in various traditional systems of medicine worldwide as they are a great source of biological constituents and many of them are known to be effective against diabetes. Medicinal plants with antihyperglycemic activities are being more desired, owing to lesser side-effects and low cost. This review focuses on the various plants that have been reported to be effective in diabetes. A record of various medicinal plants with their established antidiabetic and other health benefits has been reported. These include Allium sativa, Eugenia jambolana, Panax ginseng, Gymnema sylvestre, Momrodica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Trigonella foenum graecum and Tinospora cordifolia. All of them have shown a certain degree of antidiabetic activity by different mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mohd. Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Mujeeb
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - K. K. Pillai
- Department of Pharmacology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nguyen PH, Gauhar R, Hwang SL, Dao TT, Park DC, Kim JE, Song H, Huh TL, Oh WK. New dammarane-type glucosides as potential activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6254-60. [PMID: 21978948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor and regulator of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism throughout the body. Activation of AMPK improves metabolic abnormalities associated with metabolic diseases including obesity and type-2 diabetes. The oriental traditional medicinal herbal plant, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has shown a wide range of beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we found that G. pentaphyllum contains two novel dammarane-type saponins designated as damulin A (1), 2α,3β,12β-trihydroxydammar-20(22)-E,24-diene-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside], and damulin B (2), 2α,3β,12β-trihydroxydammar-20,24-diene-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside], that strongly activate AMPK in cultured L6 myotube cells. Damulins A and B also increased β-oxidation and glucose uptake with increasing GluT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in L6 myotube cells. Taken together our results indicate that activation of AMPK by damulins A and B may contribute to beneficial effect of G. pentaphyllum on glucose and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phi Hung Nguyen
- BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chemical composition and anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf and whole-plant samples of diploid and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino. Food Chem 2011; 132:125-33. [PMID: 26434271 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf and whole-plant samples of the diploid and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) were investigated and compared for their chemical compositions, and their potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. The highest levels of total flavonoids and phenolics were observed in the diploid leaf botanical (2L3) at 36.84mg rutin equiv/g and 41.15mg gallic acid equiv/g, respectively. The diploid leaf sample (2L2) had the highest amount of rutin and quercetin contents of 77.7μmol quercetin equiv/g. The tetraploid whole-plant botanical (4L3) had the highest total saponin content of 227.1mg gypenoside equiv/g. Extracts from all tested GP samples showed time- and dose-dependent antiproliferative effects in HT-29 cells, and the diploid leaf samples had the overall highest inhibitory activity. These extracts had different order of antiproliferative properties in the LNCaP cells, suggesting the potential selective inhibition of GP extracts against different types of cancer cells and the effect of the cell model in screening and evaluation of antiproliferative components. In addition, the diploid leaf extracts showed the strongest inhibitory effects on the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA at final concentrations of 0.2 and 1mg botanical equiv/ml media. The results from this study will be used to develop new nutraceutical products from G. pentaphyllum.
Collapse
|
49
|
Xie Z, Zhao Y, Chen P, Jing P, Yue J, Yu LL. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis and rutin and quercetin compositions in the leaf and whole-plant samples of di- and tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3042-3049. [PMID: 21375308 DOI: 10.1021/jf104329v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, also known as jiaogulan, has been shown to have antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoid is considered a major contributor for these beneficial effects. To obtain chemical patterns of flavonoids in G. pentaphyllum of different genotypes (di- versus tetraploids) and different parts (leaf versus whole plant) of plants, the extraction condition was optimized and a fingerprinting approach was established by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). Eight flavonoids were identified, among which rutin and quercetin were quantified. The highest levels of rutin and quercetin were 23.03 and 12.10 mg/g, respectively, observed in the diploid leaf sample 2L3 and 2L2, while the lowest levels of rutin and quercetin were 1.92 and 0.25 mg/g in the tetraploid whole-plant sample 4W3. The chemical patterns were further analyzed by similarity calculation and principal component analysis (PCA). Seven common characteristic peaks were found in all of the tested samples. Flavonoid patterns of tetraploids were significantly different from those of diploids, whereas different parts of plants showed less difference. The flavonoid pattern of the diploid leaf sample was most similar to that of the reference botanical G. pentaphyllum. The combination of chromatographic fingerprint and quantification analysis could be used for quality assessment of G. pentaphyllum and its derived nutraceutical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xie Z, Liu W, Huang H, Slavin M, Zhao Y, Whent M, Blackford J, Lutterodt H, Zhou H, Chen P, Wang TTY, Wang S, Yu LL. Chemical composition of five commercial Gynostemma pentaphyllum samples and their radical scavenging, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11243-9. [PMID: 20939605 DOI: 10.1021/jf1026372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Five Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) samples were investigated and compared for their chemical compositions and their antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Extracts (50% acetone, 75% ethanol, and 100% ethanol) of the five GP samples (GP1-5) differed in their total phenolic, saponin, and flavonoid contents and in their rutin and quercetin concentrations. The highest level of total flavonoids was 63.5 mg of rutin equiv/g in GP4, and the greatest total phenolic content was 44.3 mg of gallic acid equiv/g in GP1 with 50% acetone as the extraction solvent. GP2 had the highest total saponin content of 132.6 mg/g with 100% ethanol as the extraction solvent. These extracts also differed in their scavenging capacity against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, although they all showed significant radical scavenging capacity. The 100% ethanol extracts also showed dose-dependently strong inhibition on IL-6 and Ptgs2 mRNA expression and weak inhibition on TNF-α mRNA expression. In addition, GP1 had the highest antiproliferative activity at 3.2 mg equiv/mL concentration in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. The results from this study will be used to promote the application of G. pentaphyllum for improving human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|