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Memis H, Bekar F, Guler C, Kamiloğlu A, Kutlu N. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment for microwave drying of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris). FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024; 30:439-449. [PMID: 36718506 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231153501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize drying conditions during ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration and subsequent microwave drying of red beetroot using the Box-Behnken design. For this purpose, ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration was performed at different ultrasonic powers (50, 75, and 100 W), sonication times (20, 40, and 60 min), and salt concentrations (0%, 15%, and 30%). The subsequent drying procedures were conducted with 231, 518, and 805 W microwave power. The best condition was selected as 5.15% salt concentration, 20 min sonication time, 50 W ultrasonic power, and 716.45 W microwave power. The responses obtained under optimum conditions were determined as 68.06%, 9.54 mg GAE/g dm, 28.23, 42.66, and 3.08 for DPPH• % inhibition, total phenolic content, L*, a*, and b* values, respectively. While favorable impacts on color were detected for the applied pretreatments, the DPPH• scavenging activities of the dried beetroot were determined to be more significant after ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration. Furthermore, the drying kinetics of beetroot were evaluated according to the Midilli et al. model. When the fit to the model was investigated, it was compatible at R2 > 0.90 level. As a result, the ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment performed before the microwave drying method preserved the quality characteristics of beetroot samples and was successfully applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibe Memis
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Bekar
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Cagri Guler
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Aybike Kamiloğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Naciye Kutlu
- Department of Food Processing, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
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Ahmed R, Zaitone SA, Abdelmaogood AKK, Atef HM, Soliman MFM, Badawy AM, Ali HS, Zaid A, Mokhtar HI, Elabbasy LM, Kandil E, Yosef AM, Mahran RI. Chemotherapeutic potential of betanin/capecitabine combination targeting colon cancer: experimental and bioinformatic studies exploring NFκB and cyclin D1 interplay. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362739. [PMID: 38645563 PMCID: PMC11026609 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Betanin (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₃) is safe to use as food additives approved by the FDA with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in many types of cancer cell lines. The current experiment was designed to test the chemotherapeutic effect of the combination of betanin with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, capecitabine, against chemically induced colon cancer in mice. Methods: Bioinformatic approach was designed to get information about the possible mechanisms through which the drugs may control cancer development. Five groups of mice were assigned as, (i) saline, (ii) colon cancer, (iii) betanin, (iv) capecitabine and (v) betanin/capecitabine. Drugs were given orally for a period of six weeks. Colon tissues were separated and used for biological assays and histopathology. Results: In addition, the mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.58-fold), NFκB (5.33-fold), IL-1β (4.99-fold), cyclin D1 (4.07-fold), and IL-6 (3.55-fold) and protein levels showed several folds increases versus the saline group. Tumor histopathology scores in the colon cancer group (including cryptic distortion and hyperplasia) and immunostaining for NFκB (2.94-fold) were high while periodic-acid Schiff staining demonstrated poor mucin content (33% of the saline group). These pathologic manifestations were reduced remarkably in betanin/capecitabine group. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrated the usefulness of betanin/capecitabine combination in targeting colon cancer and highlighted that betanin is a promising adjuvant therapy to capecitabine in treating colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Ahmed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Huda M. Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona F. M. Soliman
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damiettta, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Badawy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Howaida S. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - AbdelNaser Zaid
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hatem I. Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M. Elabbasy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Mokhtar Yosef
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama I. Mahran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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El-Ghannam G, Moawad M, Abo-Elfadl MT, Elfeky SA. Beetroot extract@chitosan nanocomposite as a promising approach towards cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129700. [PMID: 38278395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The exceptional antioxidant properties of beetroot (BR) and the cancer antiproliferative effects of chitosan nanoparticles (CS NP) have led to the synthesis of a BR@CS nanocomposite (NC) in this study. The novel BR@CS NC was applied to human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), human epithelial ductal breast carcinoma (T-47D), and human epithelial lung carcinoma (A549) cells. SEM characterization of CS NP revealed a variety of particle shapes ranging from 20 to 58 nm in diameter. UV-VIS analysis confirmed the formation of the BR@CS NC, while FTIR analysis demonstrated strong hydrogen bonds between CS NP and BR. These bonds reduced the positive surface charge of CS NP, as indicated by zeta potential analysis. When applied to cancer cell lines at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, the BR@CS NC successfully eradicated 89 % of A549, 88 % of T-47D, and 83 % of Caco-2 cell lines. The cell death mode exhibited extensive, apoptotic, and massive necrotic changes in all cell lines treated with BR@CS NC. Caspase 3 (CasP3) and P53 levels were elevated in BR@CS NC-treated cells. This study merges BR's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with the antiangiogenic mechanism and inhibition of tumors by CS NP, resulting in a unique and innovative strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal El-Ghannam
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture (LAMPA), Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Moawad
- Department of Surgical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T Abo-Elfadl
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Souad A Elfeky
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture (LAMPA), Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.
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Amiri N, Aberoumand A, Ziaei‐nejad S. Effect of Beta vulgaris L. as feed ingredient on muscle growth, nutritional factors, and quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5388-5395. [PMID: 37701224 PMCID: PMC10494646 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utilization of Beta vulgaris powder as feed ingredient in the diet of Cyprinus carpio for a period of 56 days. Common carp fry with an average weight of 20 ± 0.2 g were fed using the diet containing B. vulgaris leaves with different concentrations. Fry of Cyprinus carpio were equally distributed in four feeding groups having three replicates each. The study was conducted indoors, in FRP tanks, and aeration was provided to individual rearing units, and it was a flow-through system. The basal diet was replaced at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% with B. vulgaris powder. The basal diet without B. vulgaris powder (0%) served as control (T1). Significantly higher feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and fat and protein indices were recorded in fish fed with B. vulgaris powder in treatments. Different feeding groups showed greater acceptability of B. vulgaris powder mixed diet without any adverse behavioral response. The protein and fat average percentages were 43.32 and 10.79 g, when fish reached commercial weight (48.02, 11.85 g) after 56 days for treatment 2%. After fish feeding with the B. vulgaris, for treatment 2% lower moisture than the control was recorded. The carp fish diet containing 1% B. vulgaris leaf powder caused a significant decrease in the fish fat content. It can be concluded that the diet containing 2% B. vulgaris leaf powder in the common carp led to better growth performance. The presence of B. vulgaris leaves in the fish diet increased the fillet protein and ash content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Amiri
- Department of FisheriesBehbahan Khatam Alanbia University of TechnologyBehbahanIran
| | - Ali Aberoumand
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources CollegeBehbahan Khatam Alanbia University of TechnologyBehbahanIran
| | - Saeed Ziaei‐nejad
- Department of Fisheries, Natural Resources CollegeBehbahan Khatam Alanbia University of TechnologyBehbahanIran
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Saber A, Abedimanesh N, Somi MH, Khosroushahi AY, Moradi S. Anticancer properties of red beetroot hydro-alcoholic extract and its main constituent; betanin on colorectal cancer cell lines. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:246. [PMID: 37464362 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) contains Betanin as its major betacyanin, possessing wide proapoptotic effects. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer and pro-papoptotic effects of beetroot hydro-alcoholic extract (BHE) and betanin, on colorectal cancer cell lines. BHE and betanin were used to treat Caco-2 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. MTT assay, DAPI staining, and FACS-flow cytometry tests were used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and apoptosis-inducing evaluations. Intended genes were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The IC50 for HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines were 92 μg/mL, 107 μg/mL for BHE, and 64 μg/mL, 90 μg/mL for betanin at 48 h, respectively. BHE and betanin significantly inhibited the growth of both cancer cell lines time and dose-dependently. DAPI staining and flow cytometry results revealed significant apoptosis symptoms in treated cancerous cell lines. The expression level of proapoptotic genes (BAD, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, and Fas-R) in treated HT-29 and Caco-2 cells was higher than in untreated and normal cells. In contrast, the anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) was significantly downregulated. BHE and betanin effectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via the modification of effective genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technologies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Isar Sq., Across From Farabi Hospital, P.O. Box 6719851552, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nasim Abedimanesh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technologies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Isar Sq., Across From Farabi Hospital, P.O. Box 6719851552, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technologies, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Characterization of betalain-loaded liposomes and its bioactive potential in vivo after ingestion. Food Chem 2023; 407:135180. [PMID: 36521390 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments characterized by showing a wide range of beneficial properties for health. Its bioactive potential has been studied for the first time after its encapsulation in liposomes and subsequent administration to the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Phenylalanine-betaxanthin and indoline carboxylic acid-betacyanin encapsulated at concentrations of 25 and 500 μM managed to reduce lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in the nematodes. Highly antioxidant betalains dopaxanthin and betanidin were also included in the survival analyses. The results showed that phenylalanine-betaxanthin was the most effective betalain by increasing the lifespan of C. elegans by 21.8%. In addition, the administration of encapsulated natural betanidin increased the nematodes' survival rate by up to 13.8%. The preservation of the bioactive properties of betalains manifested in this study means that the stabilization of the plant pigments through encapsulation in liposomes can be postulated as a new way for administration in pharmacological and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Synthesis and Antioxidative Properties of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives with Different Substituents in 4-Position. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217423. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are an excellent source of inspiration for the development of new drugs. Among them, betalains have been extensively studied for their antioxidant properties and potential application as natural food dyes. Herein, we describe the seven-step synthesis of new betalamic acid analogs without carboxy groups in the 2- and 6-position with an overall yield of ~70%. The Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the antioxidant properties of protected intermediate 21. Additionally, the five-step synthesis of betalamic acid analog 35 with three ester moieties was performed. Using NMR techniques, the stability of the obtained compounds towards oxygen was analyzed.
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Basavaraja T, Joshi A, Sethi S, Kaur C, Tomar BS, Varghese E, Dahuja A. Stability enhancement of beetroot betalains through copigmentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5561-5567. [PMID: 35426150 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other natural pigments, betalains have a stability problem. Copigmentation can be explored to address this issue. In this study, black carrot anthocyanins were used for the first time as copigment with betalains so that copigmented betalains with enhanced stability could be developed to withstand deteriorative processing and storage conditions. RESULTS Increase in hyperchromic and bathochromic shift with subsequent increase in black carrot anthocyanin extract (0.250 g L-1 ) addition from 0.2 to 1.0 mL L-1 was observed in native betalain pigments from 0.28 to 1.90 and 538 nm to 564 nm, respectively. For maximum recorded bathochromic shift, 0.8 mL L-1 addition of copigment was optimized. Copigmented betalain pigment showed better stability in comparison with native pigment, when exposed to light, temperature more than 60 °C and ≥1.0 g L-1 NaCl. At constant incubation time (3 h), copigmented betalains degraded up to 20.79-41.43% whereas the non-copigmented counterpart degraded up to 83.49-86.86% at 60, 75 and 90 °C, respectively. Lower rate constant (k) and enhanced activation energy (Ea ) showed higher thermostability of copigmented betalains. With constant light exposure, the half-life value of betalains was 145.2 h, which increased approximately twofold (274.08 h) after copigmentation. The t1/2 of betalain pigment at 10%, 15% and 18% salt addition was 81.12, 75.36 and 83.52 h, which increased to 186.96, 226.56 and 152.88 h after copigmentation. CONCLUSION These findings support that black carrot anthocyanin is a potential and compatible copigment for water-soluble betalain pigment that enhances stability of betalains under extreme processing conditions. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thippeswamy Basavaraja
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Joshi
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Sethi
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhoopal Singh Tomar
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Eldho Varghese
- Fishery Resources Assessment Division, ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Sarker U, Lin YP, Oba S, Yoshioka Y, Hoshikawa K. Prospects and potentials of underutilized leafy Amaranths as vegetable use for health-promotion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:104-123. [PMID: 35487123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes environmental variation worldwide, which is one of the most serious threats to global food security. In addition, more than 2 billion people in the world are reported to suffer from serious malnutrition, referred to as 'hidden hunger.' Dependence on only a few crops could lead to the loss of genetic diversity and high fragility of crop breeding in systems adapting to global scale climate change. The exploitation of underutilized species and genetic resources, referred to as orphan crops, could be a useful approach for resolving the issue of adaptability to environmental alteration, biodiversity preservation, and improvement of nutrient quality and quantity to ensure food security. Moreover, the use of these alternative crops will help to increase the human health benefits and the income of farmers in developing countries. In this review, we highlight the potential of orphan crops, especially amaranths, for use as vegetables and health-promoting nutritional components. This review highlights promising diversified sources of amaranth germplasms, their tolerance to abiotic stresses, and their nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant values for vegetable purposes. Betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins), unique antioxidant components in amaranth vegetables, are also highlighted regarding their chemodiversity across amaranth germplasms and their stability and degradation. In addition, we discuss the physiological functions, antioxidant, antilipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the biosynthesis pathway, molecular, biochemical, genetics, and genomic mechanisms of betalains in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umakanta Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan
| | - Shinya Oba
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan; Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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10
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Le NL. Functional compounds in dragon fruit peels and their potential health benefits: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Lieu Le
- Department of Food Technology International University Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 71308 Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
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11
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Taghvaei S, Sabouni F, Minuchehr Z. Identification of Natural Products as SENP2 Inhibitors for Targeted Therapy in Heart Failure. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:817990. [PMID: 35431915 PMCID: PMC9012495 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.817990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Sentrin-specific protease -2 (SENP2) is involved in deSUMOylation. Increased deSUMOylation in murine hearts by SENP2 upregulation resulted in cardiac dysfunction and congenital heart defects. Natural compounds via regulating cell proliferation and survival, induce cell cycle cessation, cell death, apoptosis, and producing reactive oxygen species and various enzyme systems cause disease prevention. Then, natural compounds can be suitable inhibitors and since SENP2 is a protein involved in heart disease, so our aim was inhibition of SENP2 by natural products for heart disease treatment. Material and methods: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of natural products i.e. Gallic acid (GA), Caffeic acid (CA), Thymoquinone (TQ), Betanin, Betanidin, Fisetin, and Ebselen were done to evaluate the SENP2 inhibitory effect of these natural products. The toxicity of compounds was also predicted. Results: The results showed that Betanin constituted a stable complex with SENP2 active site as it revealed low RMSD, high binding energy, and hydrogen bonds. Further, as compared to Ebselen, Betanin demonstrated low toxicity, formed a stable complex with SENP2 via four to seven hydrogen bonds, and constituted more stable MD plots. Therefore, depending upon the outcomes presented herein, Betanin significantly inhibited SENP2 and hence may be considered as a suitable natural compound for the treatment of heart failure. Further clinical trials must be conducted to validate its use as a potential SENP2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayye Taghvaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sabouni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Farzaneh Sabouni, ; Zarrin Minuchehr,
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Farzaneh Sabouni, ; Zarrin Minuchehr,
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Health-promoting potential of betalains in vivo and their relevance as functional ingredients: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kaplan A. The nanocomposites designs of phytomolecules from medicinal and aromatic plants: promising anticancer-antiviral applications. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 35127958 PMCID: PMC8799966 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nowadays, researchers are moving toward a herbal approach to cancer treatment because of the harmful effects of synthetic anti-tumor drugs. The evaluation of active compounds with plant origin may help in the remedy of human illnesses in the future. These active compounds have direct or indirect curative efficacies on difficult to cure diseases such as cancer. Investigation of nanoforms of these active compounds is one of the curious topics of the scientific community.
Main body
Saffron and its components obtained from Crocus sativa, essential oils obtained from lavender, Syzygium aromaticum called cloves and Beta vulgaris are known for their anticancer effects. Nano-drugs are designed to increase the anticancer activity of plant-derived drugs. Herbal extracts operate very great in the production of nanoparticles. The aim is to ensure that only the nano-drug is delivered to the tumor site. Furthermore, nanoparticles have hazardous effects when analyzed at elevated doses, but this issue can be doped together with plant extracts.
Short conclusions
The nanocomposites (graphene oxide, solid lipid nano and nanoemulsion) of phytomolecules obtained from saffron, clove, lavender and red beet may be effective in minimizing these toxic effects. In the near future, detecting the anticancer molecular mechanisms of these naturally derived compounds and nanocomposites could contribute to further cancer research. Apart from these, these compounds and its nanocomposites could have antiviral effects against today's threat covid-19 virus. Consequently, more promising anticancer and antiviral agents would be discovered.
Graphical abstract
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14
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Roy A, Anand A, Garg S, Khan MS, Bhasin S, Asghar MN, Emran TB. Structure-Based In Silico Investigation of Agonists for Proteins Involved in Breast Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7278731. [PMID: 35035508 PMCID: PMC8758269 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7278731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is recognized as one of the main causes of mortality worldwide by the World Health Organization. The high cost of currently available cancer therapy and certain limitations of current treatment make it necessary to search for novel, cost-effective, and efficient methods of cancer treatment. Therefore, in the current investigation, sixty-two compounds from five medicinal plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Andrographis paniculata, and Beta vulgaris) and two proteins that are associated with breast cancer, i.e., HER4/ErbB4 kinase and ERα were selected. Selected compounds were screened using Lipinski's rule, which resulted in eighteen molecules being ruled out. The remaining forty-four compounds were then taken forward for docking studies followed by molecular dynamics studies of the best screened complexes. Results showed that isocolumbin, isopropylideneandrographolide, and 14-acetylandrographolide were potential lead compounds against the selected breast cancer receptors. Furthermore, in vitro studies are required to confirm the efficacy of the lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Ashutosh Anand
- Delhi Technological University, Rohini, New Delhi, India
| | - Saksham Garg
- Delhi Technological University, Rohini, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Nadeem Asghar
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
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R R, Shafreen M, Kumar N. Inhibition of Proliferation in Ovarian Cancer Cell Line (PA-1) by the Action of Green Compound "Betanin". Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:71-83. [PMID: 34762269 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma has a cure rate of 30% which makes it deadlier than any other disease. There are a number of genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to ovarian carcinoma cell transformation. Chemoprevention of cancer through application of natural compounds is the need of present generation as other methods are rigorous and have many side effects. Betanin, a compound from Beta vulgaris extract is used in present study to check its potential for inhibition of (PA-1) cancer cell proliferation. Determination of IC50 values through MTT assay was carried out, in addition measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and induction of apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through betanin was also observed. Results have shown betanin as a potential candidate for inhibition of ovarian cancer cell proliferation and it can be taken up as a serious compound for further studies for its application in cancer cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshanaa R
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Vallam, Thanjavur, 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohiraa Shafreen
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Vallam, Thanjavur, 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Vallam, Thanjavur, 613403, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Chen L, Zhu Y, Hu Z, Wu S, Jin C. Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6406-6420. [PMID: 34760270 PMCID: PMC8565237 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, beetroot is mainly consumed as a food additive. In recent years, the beetroot, especially the betalains (betanin) and nitrates it contains, now has received increasing attention for their effective biological activity. Betalains have been proven to eliminate oxidative and nitrative stress by scavenging DPPH, preventing DNA damage, and reducing LDL. It also has been found to exert antitumor activity by inhibiting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inducing cell apoptosis, and autophagy. In some chronic diseases, nitrate is the main component for lowing blood lipids, glucose, and pressure, while its role in treating hypertension and hyperglycemia has not been clearly stated. Moreover, the intake of nitrate-rich beetroot could enhance athletic performance and attenuate muscle soreness in certain types of exercise. The objective of this review is to provide sufficient evidence for the clarification of health benefits of beetroot, especially in the aspect of biooxidation, neoplastic diseases, some chronic diseases, and energy supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Department of PharmacySchool of MedicineSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuankang Zhu
- College of Second Clinical MedicalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zijing Hu
- Chemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Shengjie Wu
- Department of PharmacySchool of MedicineSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chengtao Jin
- Department of PharmacySchool of MedicineSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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The mediterranean way. Should elderly people eat leafy vegetables and beetroot to lower high blood pressure? Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:2613-2621. [PMID: 33389684 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Tan ML, Hamid SBS. Beetroot as a Potential Functional Food for Cancer Chemoprevention, a Narrative Review. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:1-17. [PMID: 33842401 PMCID: PMC8020175 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are prone to several debilitating side effects including fatigue, insomnia, depression and cognitive disturbances. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) as a health promoting functional food may be potentially beneficial in cancer. As a source of polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary nitrates and other useful nutrients, beetroot supplementation may provide a holistic means to prevent cancer and manage undesired effects associated with chemotherapy. The main aim of this narrative review is to discuss beetroot's nutrient composition, current studies on its potential utility in chemoprevention and cancer-related fatigue or treatment-related side effects such as cardiotoxicity. This review aims to provide the current status of knowledge and to identify the related research gaps in this area. The flavonoids and polyphenolic components present in abundance in beetroot support its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive and chemoprotective effects of beetroot have not been completely elucidated. Although recent clinical trials have shown that beetroot supplementation improves human performance, translational studies on beetroot and its functional benefits in managing fatigue or other symptoms in patients with cancer are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Matencio A, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F, López-Nicolás JM. Nanoparticles of betalamic acid derivatives with cyclodextrins. Physicochemistry, production characterization and stability. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Rehman S, Shah S, Mehmood Butt A, Masood Shah S, Jabeen Z, Nadeem A. Biochemical Profiling and Elucidation of Biological Activities of Beta vulgaris L. Leaves and Roots Extracts. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:592-602. [PMID: 33424345 PMCID: PMC7785445 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RESEARCH BACKGROUND Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is commercially grown in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) regions while cultivated as vegetable in Baluchistan and Sindh regions of Pakistan. It is well known for its health-promoting role in several clinical and pathologic outcome due to abundance of betalains and other bioactive compounds. The purpose of study was to interpret bioactivity of of B. vulgaris leaves (BvLM) and roots (BvRM) extracts for finding natural cure of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH BvLM and BvRM extracts were evaluated for phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase potential using standard protocols with modifications. RESULTS Phytochemicals analysis of BvLM and BvRM extracts depicted the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, saponins and glycosides. The IC50 values for free radical scavenging activity for BvRM and BvLM showed that BvLM (DPPH: 2.20 ± 0.72 μg/mL,H 2 O 2 : 0.0519 ± 1.02 μg/mL) is more significant as compared to BvRM (DPPH: 2.312 ± 0.72 μg/mL,H 2 O 2 : 2.668 ± 0.49 μg/mL). BvLM showed significant protection against heat induced hemolysis of HRBCs and protein denaturation (2.322 ± 0.1 > 2.324 ± 0.06 μg/mL) as compared to BvRM (8.572 ± 0.2 > 50.18 ± 1.0 μg/mL). Both extracts found to exhibit strong inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase enzyme. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our study highlighted B. vulagris extracts as rich and nutritious source of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and cholinesterase inhibitors that could be helpful in preventing and treating neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). In consideration of multifactorial and complex etiology of NDs, BvLM and BvRM extracts would be apt candidates for development of therapeutic strategy for management of multiple cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Rehman
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Shah
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Mehmood Butt
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Masood Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Jabeen
- Plant Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nadeem
- Department of Anaesthesia, KRL Hospital, Sector G-9/1, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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22
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Hussain A, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Hussain F, Rauf A, Ibrahim M, Khalid M, Hussain H, Hussain J, Ali I, Khalil AA, Alhumaydhi FA, Khan M, Hussain R, Rengasamy KRR. The potential role of dietary plant ingredients against mammary cancer: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2580-2605. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1855413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Farhad Hussain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pukhtanuk (KP), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Salle), Germany
| | - Javid Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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23
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Guerrero‐Rubio MA, García‐Carmona F, Gandía‐Herrero F. First description of betalains biosynthesis in an aquatic organism: characterization of 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase activity in the cyanobacteria Anabaena cylindrica. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1948-1959. [PMID: 32767544 PMCID: PMC7533325 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of betalamic acid, the structural unit of pigments betalains, is performed by enzymes with 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase activity. These enzymes were believed to be limited to plants of the order Caryophyllales and to some fungi. However, the discovery of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus as the first betalain-forming bacterium opened a new field in the search for novel biological systems able to produce betalains. This paper describes molecular and functional characterization of a novel dioxygenase enzyme from the aquatic cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. The enzyme was found to be a homodimer of a polypeptide of 17.8 kDa that, opposite to previous related enzymes, showed a strong inhibition by excess of the precursor L-DOPA. However, its heterologous expression has allowed detecting the formation of the main compounds in the biosynthetic pathway of betalains. In addition, phylogenetic analysis has shown that this enzyme is not close related to enzymes from plants, fungi or proteobacteria such as G. diazotrophicus. The presence of enzymes that produce these health-promoting compounds is more diverse than expected. The discovery of this novel dioxygenase in the phylum cyanobacteria expands the presence of betalamic acid-forming enzymes in organisms of different nature with no apparent relationship among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Guerrero‐Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de VeterinariaRegional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’MurciaSpain
| | - Francisco García‐Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de VeterinariaRegional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’MurciaSpain
| | - Fernando Gandía‐Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de VeterinariaRegional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’MurciaSpain
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Fu Y, Shi J, Xie SY, Zhang TY, Soladoye OP, Aluko RE. Red Beetroot Betalains: Perspectives on Extraction, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11595-11611. [PMID: 33040529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, red beetroot has received a growing interest due to its abundant source of bioactive compounds, particularly betalains. Red beetroot betalains have great potential as a functional food ingredient employed in the food and medical industry due to their diverse health-promoting effects. Betalains from red beetroot are natural pigments, which mainly include either yellow-orange betaxanthins or red-violet betacyanins. However, betalains are quite sensitive toward heat, pH, light, and oxygen, which leads to the poor stability during processing and storage. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehend the impacts of the processing approaches on betalains. In this review, the effective extraction and processing methods of betalains from red beetroot were emphatically reviewed. Furthermore, a variety of recently reported bioactivities of beetroot betalains were also summarized. The present work can provide a comprehensive review on both conventional and innovative extraction techniques, processing methods, and the stability of betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jia Shi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Si-Yi Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting-Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Food Processing Development Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Government of Alberta, Leduc, Alberta T9E 7C5, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Hernández-García S, Guerrero-Rubio MA, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Antitumoral Drug Potential of Tryptophan-Betaxanthin and Related Plant Betalains in the Caenorhabditis elegans Tumoral Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080646. [PMID: 32707947 PMCID: PMC7465535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are plants pigments identified as potent antioxidant molecules, naturally present in foods like beetroot and prickly pears. Although activities described for betalain-containing formulations include cancer prevention and treatment, the use of extracts instead of purified pigments has avoided the investigation of the real chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of these phytochemicals. Three betalain-rich extracts and six individual pure betalains were used in this work to characterize the activity and to explore possible molecular mechanisms. The animal model Caenorhabditis elegans (tumoral strain JK1466) was used to evaluate the effect of betalains as chemotherapeutics drugs. An objective evaluation method of tumor growth in C. elegans has been developed to assess the possible antitumoral activity of the different treatments. This protocol allowed a fast and reliable screening of possible antitumoral drugs. Among the betalains tested, tryptophan-betaxanthin reduced tumor size by 56.4% and prolonged the animal’s lifespan by 9.3%, indicating high effectiveness and low toxicity. Structure–activity relationships are considered. Assays with mutant strains of C. elegans showed that the mechanism underlying these effects was the modulation of the DAF-16 transcription factor and the insulin signaling pathway. Our results indicate that tryptophan-betaxanthin and related betalains are strong candidates as antitumoral molecules in cancer treatment.
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Light Emission in Betalains: From Fluorescent Flowers to Biotechnological Applications. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:159-175. [PMID: 31843371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of visible fluorescence in the plant pigments betalains revealed the existence of fluorescent patterns in flowers of plants of the order Caryophyllales, where betalains substitute anthocyanins. The serendipitous initial discovery led to a systemized characterization of the role of different substructures on the photophysical phenomenon. Strong fluorescence is general to all members of the family of betaxanthins linked to the structural property that the betalamic acid moiety is connected to an amine group. This property has led to bioinspired tailor-made probes and to the development of novel biotechnological applications in screening techniques or microscopy labeling. Here, we comprehensively review the photophysics, photochemistry, and photobiology of betalain fluorescence and describe all current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Escribano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Xie Y, Dong CD, Wu Q, Jiang Y, Yao K, Zhang J, Zhao S, Ren Y, Yuan Q, Chen X, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu K. Ornithine decarboxylase inhibition downregulates multiple pathways involved in the formation of precancerous lesions of esophageal squamous cell cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 59:215-226. [PMID: 31793679 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and mortality of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) is a major health problem worldwide. Precancerous lesions of ESCC may either progress to cancer or revert to normal epithelium with appropriate interventions; the bidirectional instability of the precancerous lesions of ESCC provides opportunities for intervention. Reports suggest that the upregulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is closely related to carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether ODC may act as a target for chemoprevention in ESCC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays indicate that ODC expression is higher in esophageal precancerous lesions compared with normal tissue controls. Its overexpression promotes cell proliferation and transformation of normal esophageal epithelial cells, and its activity is increased after N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) induction in Shantou human embryonic esophageal cell line (SHEE) and human immortalized cells (Het1A) cells. In addition, p38 α, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) pathways are activated in response to NMBA treatment. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is an ODC inhibitor, which inhibits NMBA-induced activation of p38 α, ERK1/2 and AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathways; this has been verified by Western blotting. DFMO was also found to suppress the development of esophageal precancerous lesions in an NMBA-induced rat model; IHC demonstrated p38 α, ERK1/2, and AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathways to be downregulated in these rats. These findings indicate the mechanisms by which ODC inhibition suppresses the development of esophageal precancerous lesions by downregulating p38 α, ERK1/2, and AKT/mTOR/p70S6k signaling pathways, ODC may be a potential target for chemoprevention in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | | | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ke Yao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Simin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Pathology Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinhuan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongyi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Guerrero‐Rubio MA, López‐Llorca R, Henarejos‐Escudero P, García‐Carmona F, Gandía‐Herrero F. Scaled-up biotechnological production of individual betalains in a microbial system. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:993-1002. [PMID: 31270958 PMCID: PMC6681404 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent interest in plant pigment betalains as bioactive compounds and chemopreventive agents has led to the search for a reliable and scalable process to obtain them. The cloning of the novel and efficient enzyme 4,5-DOPA-extradiol dioxygenase from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in an expression vector, and the subsequent heterologous expression in Escherichia coli cultures has led to the start-up of a biotechnological production system of individual pigments. The aim of this study was to search for the optimal conditions for the production of betalamic acid in microbial factories and the scaled-up obtention of the derived pigments. Four different betaxanthins and two betacyanins were obtained after the addition of non-transformable amines and amino acids and their condensation with the betalamic acid produced by the dioxygenase. The scaled-up obtention and purification of betalains improved the yields of the previous methodologies reaching quantities by up to 150 mg of pure compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Guerrero‐Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Rosalía López‐Llorca
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Paula Henarejos‐Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Francisco García‐Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Fernando Gandía‐Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AUnidad Docente de BiologíaFacultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’Universidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
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29
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Imamura T, Isozumi N, Higashimura Y, Miyazato A, Mizukoshi H, Ohki S, Mori M. Isolation of amaranthin synthetase from Chenopodium quinoa and construction of an amaranthin production system using suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:969-981. [PMID: 30451369 PMCID: PMC6587806 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments primarily produced by plants of the order Caryophyllales. Because betalain possesses anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, it may be useful as a pharmaceutical agent and dietary supplement. Recent studies have identified the genes involved in the betalain biosynthesis of betanin. Amaranthin and celosianin II are abundant in the quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) hypocotyl, and amaranthin comprises glucuronic acid bound to betanin; therefore, this suggests the existence of a glucuronyltransferase involved in the synthesis of amaranthin in the quinoa hypocotyl. To identify the gene involved in amaranthin biosynthesis, we performed a BLAST analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis based on sequences homologous to flavonoid glycosyltransferase, followed by expression analysis on the quinoa hypocotyl to obtain three candidate proteins. Production of amaranthin in a transient Nicotiana benthamiana expression system was evaluated for these candidates and one was identified as having the ability to produce amaranthin. The gene encoding this protein was quinoa amaranthin synthetase 1 (CqAmaSy1). We also created a transgenic tobacco bright yellow-2 (BY-2) cell line wherein four betalain biosynthesis genes were introduced to facilitate amaranthin production. This transgenic cell line produced 13.67 ± 4.13 μm (mean ± SEM) amaranthin and 26.60 ± 1.53 μm betanin, whereas the production of isoamaranthin and isobetanin could not be detected. Tests confirmed the ability of amaranthin and betanin to slightly suppress cancer cell viability. Furthermore, amaranthin was shown to significantly inhibit HIV-1 protease activity, whereas betanin did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Imamura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and BiotechnologyIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiIshikawaJapan
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT)Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)NomiIshikawaJapan
| | - Yasuki Higashimura
- Department of Food ScienceIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiIshikawaJapan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT)Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)NomiIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT)Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)NomiIshikawaJapan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and BiotechnologyIshikawa Prefectural UniversityNonoichiIshikawaJapan
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30
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Lechner JF, Stoner GD. Red Beetroot and Betalains as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E1602. [PMID: 31018549 PMCID: PMC6515411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is the process whereby a normal cell is transformed into a neoplastic cell. This action involves several steps starting with initiation and followed by promotion and progression. Driving these stages are oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn encompasses a myriad of aberrant gene expressions, both within the transforming cell population and the cells within the surrounding lesion. Chemoprevention of cancer with bioreactive foods or their extracted/purified components occurs via normalizing these inappropriate gene activities. Various foods/agents have been shown to affect different gene expressions. In this review, we discuss whereby the chemoprevention activities of the red beetroot itself may disrupt carcinogenesis and the activities of the water-soluble betalains extracted from the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Lechner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the health-promoting effects of betalains due to their high antioxidant capacity and their positive effect on the dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cells and their proliferation. To date, betalains were restricted to plants of the order Caryophyllales and some species of fungi, but the present study reveals the first betalain-producing bacterium, as well as the first steps in the formation of pigments. This finding demonstrates that betalain biosynthesis can be expanded to prokaryotes. The biosynthesis of antioxidant pigments, namely, betalains, was believed to be restricted to Caryophyllales plants. This paper changes this paradigm, and enzyme mining from bacterial hosts promoted the discovery of bacterial cultures producing betalains. The spectrum of possible sources of betalain pigments in nature is broadened by our description of the first betalain-forming bacterium, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. The enzyme-specific step is the extradiol cleavage of the precursor amino acid l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) to form the structural unit betalamic acid. Molecular and functional work conducted led to the characterization of a novel dioxygenase, a polypeptide of 17.8 kDa with a Km of 1.36 mM, with higher activity and affinity than those of its plant counterparts. Its superior activity allowed the first experimental characterization of the early steps in the biosynthesis of betalains by fully characterizing the presence and time evolution of 2,3- and 4,5-seco-DOPA intermediates. Furthermore, spontaneous chemical reactions are characterized and incorporated into a comprehensive enzymatic-chemical mechanism that yields the final pigments.
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32
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Guerrero-Rubio MA, Hernández-García S, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Extension of life-span using a RNAi model and in vivo antioxidant effect of Opuntia fruit extracts and pure betalains in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem 2019; 274:840-847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Rahimi P, Abedimanesh S, Mesbah-Namin SA, Ostadrahimi A. Betalains, the nature-inspired pigments, in health and diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2949-2978. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1479830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rahimi
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Abedimanesh
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Nutritional Science Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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34
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Javadi B. Diet Therapy for Cancer Prevention and Treatment Based on Traditional Persian Medicine. Nutr Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1446095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behjat Javadi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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35
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Guo Y, Bao Y, Ma M, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Liu B, Yang Y, Cui W, Ansong E, Dong H, Macias V, Yang W. Clinical significance of the correlation between PLCE 1 and PRKCA in esophageal inflammation and esophageal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33285-33299. [PMID: 28402280 PMCID: PMC5464868 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus are linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, respectively. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This study analyzed the expression levels of and correlation between PLCE1 and PRKCA in human esophagitis, carcinogen NMBA-induced rat esophagus, PLCE1 genetic deficient mouse esophageal epithelial tissues and human esophageal cancer cell line, integrated with Online oncology data sets. We found that the expression levels of both PLCE1 and PRKCA were significantly elevated in human esophagitis, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma and in NMBA-treated rat esophageal epithelia. However, PRKCA and cytokines were significantly downregulated in PLCE1-deficient mouse esophageal epithelia, and knockdown of PLCE1 in human esophageal cancer cells led to reduction of PRKCA and cytokines. Finally, high expression of both PLCE1 and PRKCA is significantly associated with poor outcomes of the patients with esophageal cancers. In conclusion, this study defined the initiation and progression of esophageal inflammation and malignant transformation, in which the positive correlation of PLCE1 and PRKCA exhibits critical clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Guo
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Yonghua Bao
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yongmeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Emmanuel Ansong
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Virgilia Macias
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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36
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Henarejos-Escudero P, Guadarrama-Flores B, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Gómez-Pando LR, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Development of Betalain Producing Callus Lines from Colored Quinoa Varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:467-474. [PMID: 29239176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble plant pigments of hydrophilic nature with promising bioactive potential. Among the scarce edible sources of betalains is the grain crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), with violet, red, and yellow grains being colored by these pigments. In this work, callus cultures have been developed from differently colored plant varieties. Stable callus lines exhibited color and pigment production when maintained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with the plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (8.88 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.79 μM) with a reduction of the nitrogen source to 5.91 mM. Pigment analysis by HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS/MS fully describes the content of individual pigments in the cell lines and allows the first report on the pigments present in quinoa seedlings. Phyllocactin and vulgaxanthin I are described as novel pigments in the species and show the potential of C. quinoa culture lines in the production of compounds of nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Berenice Guadarrama-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum″. Universidad de Murcia , 30100 Murcia, Spain
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37
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Ninfali P, Antonini E, Frati A, Scarpa ES. C-Glycosyl Flavonoids from Beta vulgaris Cicla and Betalains from Beta vulgaris rubra: Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antiinflammatory Activities-A Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:871-884. [PMID: 28464411 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The green beet (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) and red beetroot (B. vulgaris var. rubra L.) contain phytochemicals that have beneficial effects on human health. Specifically, the green beet contains apigenin, vitexin, vitexin-2-O-xyloside and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, while the red beetroot is a source of betaxanthins and betacyanins. These phytochemicals show considerable antioxidant activity, as well as antiinflammatory and antiproliferative activities. Vitexin-2-O-xyloside, in combination with betaxanthins and betacyanins, exerts antiproliferative activity in breast, liver, colon and bladder cancer cell lines, through the induction of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. A significant body of evidence also points to the role of these phytochemicals in the downregulation of the pro-survival genes, baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 and catenin beta-1, as well as the genes controlling angiogenesis, hypoxia inducible factor 1A and vascular endothelial growth factor A. The multi-target action of these phytochemicals enhances their anticancer activity. Vitexin-2-O-xyloside, betaxanthins and betacyanins can be used in combination with conventional anticancer drugs to reduce their toxicity and overcome the multidrug resistance of cancer cells. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms that enable these dietary phytochemicals to block the proliferation of tumor cells and inhibit their pro-survival pathways. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolino Ninfali
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Elena Antonini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Alessandra Frati
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Emanuele-Salvatore Scarpa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
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38
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Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F. Biological Activities of Plant Pigments Betalains. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:937-45. [PMID: 25118005 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.740103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are a family of natural pigments present in most plants of the order Caryophyllales. They provide colors ranging from yellow to violet to structures that in other plants are colored by anthocyanins. These include not only edible fruits and roots but also flowers, stems, and bracts. The recent characterization of different bioactivities in experiments with betalain containing extracts and purified pigments has renewed the interest of the research community in these molecules used by the food industry as natural colorants. Studies with multiple cancer cell lines have demonstrated a high chemopreventive potential that finds in vitro support in a strong antiradical and antioxidant activity. Experiments in vivo with model animals and bioavailability studies reinforce the possible role played by betalains in the diet. This work provides a critical review of all the claimed biological activities of betalains, showing that the bioactivities described might be supported by the high antiradical capacity of their structural unit, betalamic acid. Although more investigations with purified compounds are needed, the current evidences suggest a strong health-promoting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A , Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
| | - Josefa Escribano
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A , Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A , Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
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39
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Rodriguez EB, Vidallon MLP, Mendoza DJR, Reyes CT. Health-promoting bioactivities of betalains from red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton and Rose) peels as affected by carbohydrate encapsulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4679-4689. [PMID: 26916683 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betalains, which are red-purple and yellow pigments, are ideal alternatives to synthetic colorants as they possess strong coloring potential and excellent health-contributing properties. However, the instability of betalains toward normal storage and biological conditions, in addition to the limited number of betalain sources, impedes their food application and diminishes their bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the health-promoting bioactivities of betalains from red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton and Rose) peels as affected by encapsulation in maltodextrin-gum Arabic and maltodextrin-pectin matrices. RESULTS Encapsulation in maltodextrin-gum Arabic and maltodextrin-pectin matrices afforded dry betalain powders after lyophilization. Optical microscopy imaging showed that the betalain powders consisted of matrix-type and shard-like microparticles. ABTS antioxidant assay revealed that maltodextrin-gum Arabic-betalain (MGB) and maltodextrin-pectin-betalain (MPB) microparticles possessed higher antioxidant capacities (195.39 ± 8.63 and 201.76 ± 4.06 µmol Trolox g-1 microparticles respectively) than the non-encapsulated betalain extract (151.07 ± 2.57 µmol Trolox g-1 extract). Duck embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vascular irritation assay showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of encapsulated betalains was five- to six-fold higher than that of non-encapsulated betalains (P ≤ 0.05). Antiangiogenic activity, as evaluated by duck embryo CAM assay, was enhanced two- to four-fold by carbohydrate encapsulation. Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-inducing activity of betalains was likewise improved four- to five-fold. CONCLUSION The study showed that the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and GST-inducing activities of betalains from red dragon fruit peels were enhanced through carbohydrate encapsulation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn B Rodriguez
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Mark Louis P Vidallon
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - David Joram R Mendoza
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Charisse T Reyes
- Faculty of Education, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
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Nestora S, Merlier F, Prost E, Haupt K, Rossi C, Tse Sum Bui B. Solid-phase extraction of betanin and isobetanin from beetroot extracts using a dipicolinic acid molecularly imprinted polymer. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Das S, Filippone SM, Williams DS, Das A, Kukreja RC. Beet root juice protects against doxorubicin toxicity in cardiomyocytes while enhancing apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 421:89-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Suzuki I, Cho YM, Hirata T, Toyoda T, Akagi JI, Nakamura Y, Park EY, Sasaki A, Nakamura T, Okamoto S, Shirota K, Suetome N, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. 4-Methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (raphasatin) exerts chemopreventive effects against esophageal carcinogenesis in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:237-246. [PMID: 27821908 PMCID: PMC5097966 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate on esophageal carcinogenesis, male 6-week-old F344 rats were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mg/kg body weight N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine three times per week for 5 weeks and fed a diet supplemented with 80 ppm 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, equivalent to 6.05 mg/kg body weight/day for the initiation stage, 4.03 mg/kg body weight/day for the promotion stage, or 4.79 mg/kg body weight/day for all stages. Although the incidence of lesions was not affected by 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate treatment, the multiplicity of squamous cell papilloma in the esophagus was significantly decreased in rats in the 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate initiation stage group (1.13 ± 0.74), 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate promotion stage group (1.47 ± 0.99), and 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate all stage group (1.47 ± 1.13) as compared with rats treated with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine alone (3.00 ± 1.46). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate induced apoptosis, suppressed cell proliferation, and increased p21 expression when administered in the promotion phase. These modifying effects were not observed in the rats treated with 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate alone. Our results indicated that 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate may exert chemopreventive effects against N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal carcinogenesis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hirata
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan; Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Technology Center, 9 Wakunari, Amarube, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-0806, Japan
| | - Eun Young Park
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan; Department of Food Science, Korea Christian University, Kkachisan-ro 24-gil, Gangseo-gu 47, Seoul 07661, Republic of Korea
| | - Azusa Sasaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takako Nakamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Okamoto
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Koji Shirota
- Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Technology Center, 9 Wakunari, Amarube, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-0806, Japan
| | - Noboru Suetome
- Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Technology Center, 9 Wakunari, Amarube, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-0806, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu501-1193, Japan; Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Clifford T, Bell O, West DJ, Howatson G, Stevenson EJ. Antioxidant-rich beetroot juice does not adversely affect acute neuromuscular adaptation following eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:812-819. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1192670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mills CE, Khatri J, Maskell P, Odongerel C, Webb AJ. It is rocket science - why dietary nitrate is hard to 'beet'! Part II: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:140-151. [PMID: 26914827 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (found in green leafy vegetables such as rocket and in beetroot) is now recognized to be an important source of nitric oxide, via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Dietary nitrate confers several cardiovascular beneficial effects on blood pressure, platelets, endothelial function, mitochondrial efficiency and exercise. Having described key twists and turns in the elucidation of the pathway and the underlying mechanisms in Part I, we explore the more recent developments which have served to confirm mechanisms, extend our understanding, and discover new properties and potential therapeutic uses of the pathway in Part II. Even the established dependency on low oxygen states for bioactivation of nitrite has recently been challenged. Dietary nitrate appears to be an important component of 'healthy diets', such as the DASH diet to lower blood pressure and the Mediterranean diet, with its potential to lower cardiovascular risk, possibly through beneficial interactions with a range of other constituents. The World Cancer Research Foundation report strong evidence for vegetables including spinach and lettuce (high nitrate-containing) decreasing cancer risk (mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus and stomach), summarized in a 'Nitrate-Cancer Risk Veg-Table'. The European Space Agency recommends that beetroot, lettuce, spinach and rocket (high-nitrate vegetables) are grown to provide food for long-term space missions. Nitrate, an ancient component of rocket fuel, could support sustainable crops for healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Elizabeth Mills
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklins Wilkins Building, London, SE1 0NH
| | - Jibran Khatri
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Perry Maskell
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Chimed Odongerel
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew James Webb
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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The plasma bioavailability of nitrate and betanin from Beta vulgaris rubra in humans. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1245-1254. [PMID: 26873098 PMCID: PMC5346430 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the plasma bioavailability of betanin and nitric oxide (NOx) after consuming beetroot juice (BTJ) and whole beetroot (BF). BTJ and BF were also analysed for antioxidant capacity, polyphenol content (TPC) and betalain content. Methods Ten healthy males consumed either 250 ml of BTJ, 300 g of BF or a placebo drink, in a randomised, crossover design. Venous plasma samples were collected pre (baseline), 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 h post-ingestion. Betanin content in BTJ, BF and plasma was analysed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry detection (LCMS). Antioxidant capacity was estimated using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and polyphenol content using Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric methods [gallic acid equivalents (GAE)] and betalain content spectrophotometrically. Results TEAC was 11.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L for BTJ and 3.4 ± 0.4 μmol/g for BF. Both BTJ and BF contained a number of polyphenols (1606.9 ± 151 mg/GAE/L and 1.67 ± 0.1 mg/GAE/g, respectively), betacyanins (68.2 ± 0.4 mg/betanin equivalents/L and 19.6 ± 0.6 mg/betanin equivalents/100 g, respectively) and betaxanthins (41.7 ± 0.7 mg/indicaxanthin equivalents/L and 7.5 ± 0.2 mg/indicaxanthin equivalents/100 g, respectively). Despite high betanin contents in both BTJ (~194 mg) and BF (~66 mg), betanin could not be detected in the plasma at any time point post-ingestion. Plasma NOx was elevated above baseline for 8 h after consuming BTJ and 5 h after BF (P < 0.05). Conclusions These data reveal that BTJ and BF are rich in phytonutrients and may provide a useful means of increasing plasma NOx bioavailability. However, betanin, the major betalain in beetroot, showed poor bioavailability in plasma.
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The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on indices of muscle damage following eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:353-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nowacki L, Vigneron P, Rotellini L, Cazzola H, Merlier F, Prost E, Ralanairina R, Gadonna JP, Rossi C, Vayssade M. Betanin-Enriched Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Extract Induces Apoptosis and Autophagic Cell Death in MCF-7 Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1964-73. [PMID: 26463240 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have pointed out the preventive role of beetroot extracts against cancers and their cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. Among many different natural compounds, these extracts contained betanin and its stereoisomer isobetanin, which belongs to the betalain group of highly bioavailable antioxidants. However, a precise identification of the molecules responsible for this tumor-inhibitory effect was still required. We isolated a betanin/isobetanin concentrate from fresh beetroots, corresponding to the highest purified betanin extract used for studying anticancer activities of these molecules. The cytotoxicity of this betanin-enriched extract was then characterized on cancer and normal cells and we highlighted the death signalling pathways involved. Betanin/isobetanin concentrate significantly decreased cancer cell proliferation and viability. Particularly in MCF-7-treated cells, the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins (Bad, TRAILR4, FAS, p53) were strongly increased and the mitochondrial membrane potential was altered, demonstrating the involvement of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Autophagosome vesicles in MCF-7-treated cells were observed, also suggesting autophagic cell death upon betanin/isobetanin treatment. Importantly, the betanin-enriched extract had no obvious effect towards normal cell lines. Our data bring new insight to consider the betanin/isobetanin mix as therapeutic anticancer compound, alone or in combination with classical chemotherapeutic drugs, especially in functional p53 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Nowacki
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Unité Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Pascale Vigneron
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Laura Rotellini
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Hélène Cazzola
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Unité Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Franck Merlier
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Unité Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Elise Prost
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Unité Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Robert Ralanairina
- Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Département STAI, rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, Beauvais, 60026, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gadonna
- Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Département STAI, rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, Beauvais, 60026, France
| | - Claire Rossi
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Unité Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
| | - Muriel Vayssade
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, UMR 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, Compiègne cedex, 60203, France
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Shakib MCR, Gabrial SGN, Gabrial GN. Beetroot-Carrot Juice Intake either Alone or in Combination with Antileukemic Drug 'Chlorambucil' As A Potential Treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:331-6. [PMID: 27275246 PMCID: PMC4877878 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (lymphoid neoplasms). It is characterized by a progressive accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. Patients with leukemia often seek unconventional treatments not prescribed by hematologist in order to improve their cancer treatment outcome or to manage symptoms. In the present report, a 76-year-old patient was diagnosed with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Beetroot-carrot juice is used as a complementary and or/alternative therapy used in conjunction with conventional leukemic treatment (chlorambucil) that has been a standard first-line chemotherapeutic agent for patients with CLL and known to have serious and undesirable side-effects. After one month and 15 days of administration of beetroot-carrot juice therapy, the patient had improved appetite, a sense of general well-being and increased vigor daily activities. Furthermore, beetroot-carrot juice was used as an adjuvant to chlorambucil resulted in a substantial reduction in leukocytes and lymphocytes count in peripheral blood and improvement in the relevant biochemical parameters. Beetroot-carrot juice can be used as an effective treatment for CLL alone or in combination with chlorambucil when taken orally with regular diet on daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine R Shakib
- National Research Centre, Nutrition and Food Science Department, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Shreef G N Gabrial
- National Research Centre, Nutrition and Food Science Department, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Gamal N Gabrial
- National Research Centre, Nutrition and Food Science Department, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
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The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease. Nutrients 2015; 7:2801-22. [PMID: 25875121 PMCID: PMC4425174 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the biological activity of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) and its potential utility as a health promoting and disease preventing functional food. As a source of nitrate, beetroot ingestion provides a natural means of increasing in vivo nitric oxide (NO) availability and has emerged as a potential strategy to prevent and manage pathologies associated with diminished NO bioavailability, notably hypertension and endothelial function. Beetroot is also being considered as a promising therapeutic treatment in a range of clinical pathologies associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Its constituents, most notably the betalain pigments, display potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemo-preventive activity in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this review is to discuss beetroot’s biological activity and to evaluate evidence from studies that specifically investigated the effect of beetroot supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, cognition and endothelial function.
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Bock JM, Howell AB, Johnston N, Kresty LA, Lew D. Upper esophageal and pharyngeal cancers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1325:49-56. [PMID: 25266014 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The following, from the 12th OESO World Conference: Cancers of the Esophagus, includes commentaries on laryngopharyngeal reflux as a risk factor for laryngeal cancer; the role of pepsin in laryngopharyngeal neoplasia; natural fruit and vegetable compounds for the prevention and treatment of pharyngeal and esophageal cancers; and evaluation of cranberry constituents as inhibitors of esophageal adenocarcinoma utilizing in vitro assay and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Bock
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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