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Ni H, Kan X, Rui Q, Zhang Y, Zhai W, Zhang B, Yu Z. RACK1 promotes autophagy via the PERK signaling pathway to protect against traumatic brain injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14691. [PMID: 38532543 PMCID: PMC10966134 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neuronal cell death is a primary factor that determines the outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We previously revealed the importance of receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1), a multifunctional scaffold protein, in maintaining neuronal survival after TBI, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying RACK1-mediated neuroprotection in TBI. METHODS TBI model was established using controlled cortical impact injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. Genetic intervention and pharmacological inhibition of RACK1 and PERK-autophagy signaling were administrated by intracerebroventricular injection. Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, transmission electron microscopy, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, neurobehavioral tests, and contusion volume assessment were performed. RESULTS Endogenous RACK1 was upregulated and correlated with autophagy induction after TBI. RACK1 knockdown markedly inhibited TBI-induced autophagy, whereas RACK1 overexpression exerted the opposite effects. Moreover, RACK1 overexpression ameliorated neuronal apoptosis, neurological deficits, and cortical tissue loss after TBI, and these effects were abrogated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or siRNAs targeting Beclin1 and Atg5. Mechanistically, RACK1 interacted with PERK and activated PERK signaling. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the PERK pathway abolished RACK1-induced autophagy after TBI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that RACK1 protected against TBI-induced neuronal damage partly through autophagy induction by regulating the PERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xugang Kan
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of NeurobiologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Qin Rui
- Department of Center of Clinical LaboratoryThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of NeurobiologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Baole Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of NeurobiologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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2
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Karakaya E, Oleinik N, Edwards J, Tomberlin J, Barker RB, Berber B, Ericsson M, Alsudani H, Ergul A, Beyaz S, Lemasters JJ, Ogretmen B, Albayram O. p17/C18-ceramide-mediated mitophagy is an endogenous neuroprotective response in preclinical and clinical brain injury. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae018. [PMID: 38328780 PMCID: PMC10847724 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Repeat concussions (or repetitive mild traumatic brain injury [rmTBI]) are complex pathological processes consisting of a primary insult and long-term secondary complications and are also a prerequisite for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Recent evidence implies a significant role of autophagy-mediated dysfunctional mitochondrial clearance, mitophagy, in the cascade of secondary deleterious events resulting from TBI. C18-ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid produced in response to cell stress and damage, and its synthesizing enzyme (CerS1) are precursors to selective stress-mediated mitophagy. A transporter, p17, mediates the trafficking of CerS1, induces C18-ceramide synthesis in the mitochondrial membrane, and acts as an elimination signal in cell survival. Whether p17-mediated mitophagy occurs in the brain and plays a causal role in mitochondrial quality control in secondary disease development after rmTBI are unknown. Using a novel repetitive less-than-mild TBI (rlmTBI) injury paradigm, ablation of mitochondrial p17/C18-ceramide trafficking in p17 knockout (KO) mice results in a loss of C18-ceramide-induced mitophagy, which contributes to susceptibility and recovery from long-term secondary complications associated with rlmTBI. Using a ceramide analog with lipid-selenium conjugate drug, LCL768 restored mitophagy and reduced long-term secondary complications, improving cognitive deficits in rlmTBI-induced p17KO mice. We obtained a significant reduction of p17 expression and a considerable decrease of CerS1 and C18-ceramide levels in cortical mitochondria of CTE human brains compared with age-matched control brains. These data demonstrated that p17/C18-ceramide trafficking is an endogenous neuroprotective mitochondrial stress response following rlmTBI, thus suggesting a novel prospective strategy to interrupt the CTE consequences of concussive TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Karakaya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jazlyn Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jensen Tomberlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Randy Bent Barker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Burak Berber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Biology, Eskisehir Technical University, Tepebasi/Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Habeeb Alsudani
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra 61004, Iraq
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Jackson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Onder Albayram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Jackson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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3
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Zhou Y, Song Y, Zhu L. Activation of autophagy after blast-induced traumatic brain injury in mice. Neuroreport 2023; 34:759-766. [PMID: 37695596 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Injury mechanism and treatment of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has not made a breakthrough so far. Previous reports demonstrate autophagy is involved in regulating the pathophysiological process after TBI. Therefore, this study explored whether autophagy was activated after bTBI. A total of 108 mice were divided randomly into six groups: 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d after bTBI groups and sham group. The protein levels of anti-microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B, hereafter referred to as LC3), beclin1 and p62 were detected using western blot. Moreover, HO-1 and Nrf2 were localized using histologic staining. Immunofluorescence of LC3 and immunohistochemistry of beclin1 were performed. The autophagy-related ultrastructure was observed by TEM. LC3-II and beclin1 reached their peak on day 3 after bTBI, while p62 showed a continuous downward trend. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry also confirmed that the expression levels of LC3 and beclin1 were the highest at 3 days after bTBI. Autophagic vesicles containing lysosomes or digestive residual structures were observed then. Autophagy was induced in the frontal lobe tissues of bTBI mice induced by moderate-intensity explosion, with a peak at 3d and a gradual decline thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Univ, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Saei AA, Gharibi H, Lyu H, Nilsson B, Jafari M, Von Holst H, Zubarev RA. Massive Solubility Changes in Neuronal Proteins upon Simulated Traumatic Brain Injury Reveal the Role of Shockwaves in Irreversible Damage. Molecules 2023; 28:6768. [PMID: 37836614 PMCID: PMC10574794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the immediate molecular consequences of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) using a novel proteomics approach. We simulated TBIs using an innovative laboratory apparatus that employed a 5.1 kg dummy head that held neuronal cells and generated a ≤4000 g-force acceleration upon impact. A Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) assay was then employed to monitor protein solubility changes in a system-wide manner. Dynamic impacts led to both a reduction in neuron viability and massive solubility changes in the proteome. The affected proteins mapped not only to the expected pathways, such as those of cell adhesion, collagen, and laminin structures, as well as the response to stress, but also to other dense protein networks, such as immune response, complement, and coagulation cascades. The cellular effects were found to be mainly due to the shockwave rather than the g-force acceleration. Soft materials could reduce the impact's severity only until they were fully compressed. This study shows a way of developing a proteome-based meter for measuring irreversible shockwave-induced cell damage and provides a resource for identifying protein biomarkers of TBIs and potential drug targets for the development of products aimed at primary prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ata Saei
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Gharibi
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Hezheng Lyu
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Brady Nilsson
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Maryam Jafari
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
| | - Hans Von Holst
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.A.S.); (H.G.); (H.L.); (B.N.); (M.J.)
- Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Old and Promising Markers Related to Autophagy in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010072. [PMID: 36613513 PMCID: PMC9820105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the first causes of death and disability in the world. Because of the lack of macroscopical or histologic evidence of the damage, the forensic diagnosis of TBI could be particularly difficult. Considering that the activation of autophagy in the brain after a TBI is well documented in literature, the aim of this review is to find all autophagy immunohistological protein markers that are modified after TBI to propose a method to diagnose this eventuality in the brain of trauma victims. A systematic literature review on PubMed following PRISMA 2020 guidelines has enabled the identification of 241 articles. In all, 21 of these were enrolled to identify 24 markers that could be divided into two groups. The first consisted of well-known markers that could be considered for a first diagnosis of TBI. The second consisted of new markers recently proposed in the literature that could be used in combination with the markers of the first group to define the elapsed time between trauma and death. However, the use of these markers has to be validated in the future in human tissue by further studies, and the influence of other diseases affecting the victims before death should be explored.
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Liu M, Zheng X, Sun C, Zhou Q, Liu B, Xu P. Tea Tree Oil Mediates Antioxidant Factors Relish and Nrf2-Autophagy Axis Regulating the Lipid Metabolism of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2260. [PMID: 36421446 PMCID: PMC9686997 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and autophagy refer to regulating fat metabolism, and the former affects autophagy, but the role and mechanism of the antioxidant-autophagy axis in regulating lipid metabolism remains unclear. As an antioxidant, tea tree oil (TTO) has little research on the regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism in crustaceans. This study investigated whether TTO could alter hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism by affecting the antioxidant-autophagy axis. Feed Macrobrachium rosenbergii with three different levels of TTO diets for 8 weeks: CT (0 mg/kg TTO), 100TTO (100 mg/kg TTO), and 1000TTO (1000 mg/kg TTO). The results showed that 100TTO treatment reduced the hemolymph lipids level and hepatopancreatic lipid deposition compared to CT. In contrast, 1000TTO treatment increased hepatopancreatic lipid deposition, damaging both morphology and function in the hepatopancreas. The 100TTO treatment promoted lipolysis and reduced liposynthesis at the transcriptional level compared to the CT group. Meanwhile, it improved the hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity and maintained mitochondrial structural and ROS homeostasis. In addition, it simultaneously activated the expression of transcription factors Keap1-Nrf2 and Imd-Relish. By contrast, the 1000TTO group significantly enhanced the ROS level, which considerably activated the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling expression but had no significant effects on the expression of Imd-Relish. The 100TTO group supplementation significantly enhanced lipid droplet breakdown and autophagy-related genes and protein expression. On the contrary, the 1000TTO group significantly inhibited the expression of genes and proteins related to autophagy. Pearson analysis revealed that Nrf2 has a positive correlation to lipid anabolism-related genes (Fasn, Srebp1, Pparγ) and autophagy regulators (mtor, akt, p62), and were negatively correlated with lipolysis-related genes (Cpt1, Hsl, Ampkα) and autophagy markers (Ulk1, Lc3). Relish was positively correlated with Atgl, Cpt1, Ampkα, Ulk1, and Lc3, and negatively correlated with Pparγ and p62. Moreover, Keap1 and Imd were negatively correlated with p62 and mtor, respectively. In sum, 100 mg/kg TTO enhanced antioxidant activity and increased autophagy intensity through the Relish-Imd pathway to enhance lipid droplet breakdown, while 1000 mg/kg TTO overexpressed Nrf2, thus inhibiting autophagy and ultimately causing excessive lipid deposition and peroxidation. Our study gives a fresh perspective for deciphering the bidirectional regulation mechanism of lipid metabolism by different doses of TTO based on the antioxidant-autophagy axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Cunxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
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7
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Gao Y, Wang C, Jiang D, An G, Jin F, Zhang J, Han G, Cui C, Jiang P. New insights into the interplay between autophagy and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neuronal cell death and survival. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:994037. [PMID: 36187470 PMCID: PMC9524158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.994037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process that maintains the normal homeostasis of cells by digesting and degrading aging proteins and damaged organelles. The effect of autophagy on neural tissue is still a matter of debate. Some authors suggest that autophagy has a protective effect on nerve cells, whereas others suggest that autophagy also induces the death of nerve cells and aggravates nerve injury. In mammals, oxidative stress, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) constitute important defense mechanisms to help cells adapt to and survive the stress conditions caused by physiological and pathological stimuli. Under many pathophysiological conditions, oxidative stress, autophagy and ERS are integrated and amplified in cells to promote the progress of diseases. Over the past few decades, oxidative stress, autophagy and ERS and their interactions have been a hot topic in biomedical research. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the interactions between oxidative stress, autophagy and ERS in neuronal cell death and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Gao
- Clinical Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Di Jiang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang An
- Clinical Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Guangkui Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Changmeng Cui, ; Pei Jiang,
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Changmeng Cui, ; Pei Jiang,
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8
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Role of autophagy and transcriptome regulation in acute brain injury. Exp Neurol 2022; 352:114032. [PMID: 35259350 PMCID: PMC9187300 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that routes distinct cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Accumulating evidence highlight the mechanisms of autophagy, such as clearance of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and damaged organelles. The critical role of autophagy in selective degradation of the transcriptome is still emerging and could shape the total proteome of the cell, and thus can regulate the homeostasis under stressful conditions. Unregulated autophagy that potentiates secondary brain damage is a key pathological features of acute CNS injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. This review discussed the mutual modulation of autophagy and RNA and its significance in mediating the functional consequences of acute CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Movahedpour A, Vakili O, Khalifeh M, Mousavi P, Mahmoodzadeh A, Taheri-Anganeh M, Razmeh S, Shabaninejad Z, Yousefi F, Behrouj H, Ghasemi H, Khatami SH. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and traumatic brain injury: A novel insight into targeted therapy. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:232-247. [PMID: 35258097 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most concerning health issues in which the normal brain function may be disrupted as a result of a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. Loss of consciousness, amnesia, focal neurological defects, alteration in mental state, and destructive diseases of the nervous system such as cognitive impairment, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the early loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons. TBI is a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Existing therapeutic approaches have not been often effective, indicating the necessity of discovering more efficient therapeutic targets. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway responds to different environmental cues to modulate a large number of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and cell metabolism. Moreover, mTOR has been reported to affect the regeneration of the injured nerves throughout the central nervous system (CNS). In this context, recent evaluations have revealed that mTOR inhibitors could be potential targets to defeat a group of neurological disorders, and thus, a number of clinical trials are investigating their efficacy in treating dementia, autism, epilepsy, stroke, and brain injury, as irritating neurological defects. The current review describes the interplay between mTOR signaling and major CNS-related disorders (esp. neurodegenerative diseases), as well as the mTOR signaling-TBI relationship. It also aims to discuss the promising therapeutic capacities of mTOR inhibitors during the TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saeed Razmeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Behrouj
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | | | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Zhou H, Ling H, Li Y, Jiang X, Cheng S, Zubeir GM, Xia Y, Qin X, Zhang J, Zou Z, Chen C. Downregulation of beclin 1 restores arsenite-induced impaired autophagic flux by improving the lysosomal function in the brain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113066. [PMID: 34929507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenite is a toxic metalloid that causes various adverse effects in the brain. However, the underlying mechanisms of arsenite-induced neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. In this study, both adult beclin 1+/+ and beclin 1+/- mice were employed to establish a model of chronic arsenite exposure by treating with arsenite via drinking water for 6 months. The results clearly demonstrated that exposure to arsenite profoundly caused damage to the cerebral cortex, induced autophagy and impaired autophagic flux in the cerebral cortex. Heterozygous disruption of beclin 1 in animals remarkably alleviated the neurotoxic effects of arsenite. To verify the results obtained in the animals, a permanent U251 cell line was used. After treating of cells with arsenite, similar phenomenon was also observed, showing the significant elevation in the expression levels of autophagy-related genes. Importantly, lysosomal dysfunction caused by arsenite was observed in vitro and in vivo. Either knockdown of beclin 1 in cells or heterozygous disruption of beclin 1 in animals remarkably alleviated the lysosomal dysfunction induced by arsenite. These findings indicate that downregulation of beclin 1 could restore arsenite-induced impaired autophagic flux possibly through improving lysosomal function, and correct that regulation of autophagy via beclin 1 would be an alternative approach for the treatment of arsenite neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ling
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Public Health, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqun Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yinyin Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China; Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Li Y, Lv X, Jiang M, Jin Z. Sitagliptin ameliorates hypoxia-induced damages in endometrial stromal cells: an implication in endometriosis. Bioengineered 2021; 13:800-809. [PMID: 34964708 PMCID: PMC8805946 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2012950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced damage in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) is an important event in the pathological progression of Endometriosis. It is reported that significant inflammation is induced by hypoxia in ESCs, mediated by serval inflammatory progressions, pathways, or factors. Sitagliptin, an important member of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors family and has been widely used for the management of type 2 diabetes. It has been recently reported to exert significant anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we aim to assess whether Sitagliptin possesses a protective effect against hypoxia-induced damages in ESCs. Our findings indicate that exposure to hypoxia significantly increased oxidative stress in ESCs by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), which was ameliorated by Sitagliptin. Additionally, the excessively produced inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and high mobility group box (HMGB)-1, in hypoxia-treated HESCs were pronouncedly repressed by Sitagliptin. The activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway was observed in hypoxia-stimulated HESCs, then greatly inhibited by the introduction of Sitagliptin. Lastly, hypoxia-induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, as well as the upregulation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 and increased transcriptional activity of NF-κB, were dramatically abolished by Sitagliptin. Collectively, Sitagliptin ameliorated hypoxia-induced damages in ESCs by suppressing the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Outpatient, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaolin Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Outpatient, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhili Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
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13
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Nie BX, Zhao G, Yuan XF, Yu LX, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Hu J, Song E, Zhou YC, Shu J. Inhibition of CDK1 attenuates neuronal apoptosis and autophagy and confers neuroprotection after chronic spinal cord injury in vivo. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 119:102053. [PMID: 34839004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (CSCI) results from progressive compression of the spinal cord over time. A variety of factors cause CSCI, and its exact pathogenesis is unknown. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is closely related to the apoptosis pathway, but no CSCI-related studies on CDK1 have been conducted. In this study, the role of CDK1 in CSCI was explored in a rat model. The CSCI model was established by screw compression using the cervical anterior approach for twelve weeks. The neurological function of the rats was evaluated using the neurological severity scores (NSS) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Pathological changes in spinal cord tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Nissl staining was performed to assess the survival of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Changes in autophagy and apoptosis in anterior horn of spinal cord tissue were detected using transmission electron microscopy and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor (IBA) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) in the anterior horn were determined using immunohistochemistry assays to investigate astrocytes, microglia and motor neurons, respectively, in the anterior horn. Western blot assays were used to detect the expression levels of CDK1, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 3, LC3 and Beclin1. Changes in the expression of CDK1, LC3 and Beclin1 were also observed using immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that CSCI resulted in neuronal injury and a decrease in the NSS. In the CSCI model group, anterior horn astrocytes and microglia were activated, and motor neurons were decreased. Neuronal apoptosis was promoted, and the number of autophagic vacuoles was elevated. Rats treated with the CDK1 shRNA lentivirus exhibited better NSS, more surviving motor neurons, and fewer apoptotic neurons than the model rats. The occurrence of autophagy and the expression of proapoptotic and autophagy-related proteins were lower in the CDK1 shRNA group than the model group. In conclusion, CDK1 downregulation suppressed the activation of anterior horn astrocytes and microglia, promoted motor neuron repair, and inhibited neurons apoptosis and autophagy to promote the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Xu Nie
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin-Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - En Song
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Yunnan Provincial Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled Persons, Kunming 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Shu
- Traumatology Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, Yunnan, China.
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14
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Streubel-Gallasch L, Zyśk M, Beretta C, Erlandsson A. Traumatic brain injury in the presence of Aβ pathology affects neuronal survival, glial activation and autophagy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22982. [PMID: 34837024 PMCID: PMC8626479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents a widespread health problem in the elderly population. In addition to the acute injury, epidemiological studies have observed an increased probability and earlier onset of dementias in the elderly following TBI. However, the underlying mechanisms of the connection between TBI and Alzheimer's disease in the aged brain and potential exacerbating factors is still evolving. The aim of this study was to investigate cellular injury-induced processes in the presence of amyloid β (Aβ) pathology. For this purpose, a co-culture system of cortical stem-cell derived astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes were exposed to Aβ42 protofibrils prior to a mechanically induced scratch injury. Cellular responses, including neurodegeneration, glial activation and autophagy was assessed by immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, ELISA and transmission electron microscopy. Our results demonstrate that the combined burden of Aβ exposure and experimental TBI causes a decline in the number of neurons, the differential expression of the key astrocytic markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 calcium-binding protein beta, mitochondrial alterations and prevents the upregulation of autophagy. Our study provides valuable information about the impact of TBI sustained in the presence of Aβ deposits and helps to advance the understanding of geriatric TBI on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Streubel-Gallasch
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Beretta
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Pan D, Zhu S, Zhang W, Wei Z, Yang F, Guo Z, Ning G, Feng S. Autophagy induced by Schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 44:129-142. [PMID: 34738222 PMCID: PMC8854309 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is catastrophic to humans and society. However, there is currently no effective treatment for SCI. Autophagy is known to serve critical roles in both the physiological and pathological processes of the body, but its facilitatory and/or deleterious effects in SCI are yet to be completely elucidated. This study aimed to use primary Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) to treat rats after SCI. In the present study, SCDEs were purified and their efficacy in ameliorating the components of SCI was examined. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was demonstrated that SCDEs increased autophagy and decreased apoptosis after SCI, which promoted axonal protection and the recovery of motor function. Furthermore, it was discovered that an increased number of SCDEs resulted in a decreased expression level of EGFR, which subsequently inhibited the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which upregulated the level of autophagy to ultimately induce microtubule acetylation and polymerization. Collectively, the present study identified that SCDEs could induce axonal protection after SCI by increasing autophagy and decreasing apoptosis, and it was suggested that this may involve the EGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenglong Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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16
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Meng Q, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Liu J, Lou Y, Wang Y, Liu J. Nesfatin-1 inhibits free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced endothelial inflammation via Gfi1/NF-κB signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:47-55. [PMID: 34724039 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus. It is known that Nesfatin-1 is involved in food uptake, fat storage, and other metabolic regulation. We hypothesized that Nesfatin-1 may play a role in cardiovascular tissue. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to be the risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. FFAs mediated endothelial dysfunction is the critical mechanism of many cardiovascular disorders. The present study explores the protective effects of Nesfatin-1 on FFAs-induced endothelial inflammation and the underlying mechanism. We found that significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and production of inflammatory factors were observed in FFAs treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), accompanied by the enhanced attachment of U937 monocytes to HAECs and upregulated cell adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which were dramatically reversed by the treatment with Nesfatin-1. In addition, the promoted level of nuclear regulator NF-κB p65 and transcriptional function of NF-κB in FFAs treated HAECs were greatly suppressed by HAECs. Growth Factor Independent 1 Transcriptional Repressor 1 (Gfi1), an important negative regulator of NF-κB activity, was significantly downregulated in HAECs by FFAs and was upregulated by Nesfatin-1. Lastly, the inhibitory effects of Nesfatin-1 against FFAs-induced NF-κB activation and adhesion of U937 monocytes to HAECs were abolished by the knockdown of Gfi1. In conclusion, our data reveal that Nesfatin-1 inhibited FFAs-induced endothelial inflammation mediated by the Gfi1/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Jiyi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Yu Lou
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
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17
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Chen YH, Chen YC, Hwang LL, Yang LY, Lu DY. Deficiency in Androgen Receptor Aggravates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Pathophysiology and Motor Deficits in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206250. [PMID: 34684832 PMCID: PMC8537172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens have been shown to have a beneficial effect on brain injury and lower reactive astrocyte expression after TBI. Androgen receptors (ARs) are known to mediate the neuroprotective effects of androgens. However, whether ARs play a crucial role in TBI remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of ARs in TBI pathophysiology, using AR knockout (ARKO) mice. We used the controlled cortical impact model to produce primary and mechanical brain injuries and assessed motor function and brain-lesion volume. In addition, the AR knockout effects on necrosis and autophagy were evaluated after TBI. AR knockout significantly increased TBI-induced expression of the necrosis marker alpha-II-spectrin breakdown product 150 and astrogliosis marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. In addition, the TBI-induced astrogliosis increase in ARKO mice lasted for three weeks after a TBI. The autophagy marker Beclin-1 was also enhanced in ARKO mice compared with wild-type mice after TBI. Our results also indicated that ARKO mice showed a more unsatisfactory performance than wild-type mice in a motor function test following TBI. Further, they were observed to have more severe lesions than wild-type mice after injury. These findings strongly suggest that ARs play a role in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (L.-L.H.)
| | - Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (L.-L.H.)
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (L.-L.H.)
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Neural Repair, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-Y.Y.); (D.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-422-053-366 (ext. 1615) (L.-Y.Y.); +886-422-053-366 (ext. 2253) (D.-Y.L.)
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-Y.Y.); (D.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-422-053-366 (ext. 1615) (L.-Y.Y.); +886-422-053-366 (ext. 2253) (D.-Y.L.)
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18
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Wei Z, Li X, Li W, Fu Q, Mu Y, Chen X. Molecular characterization and role in virus infection of Beclin-1 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:30-41. [PMID: 34147615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Beclin-1, the ortholog of yeast autophagy-related gene 6 (Atg6), has a central role in autophagy, which has been linked to diverse biological processes including immunity, development, tumor suppression, and lifespan extension. However, understanding of function of fish Beclin-1 is limited now. In this study, the complete Beclin-1 cDNA of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea (LcBeclin-1) was cloned, whose open reading frame (ORF) is 1344 bp long and encodes a protein of 447 amino acids (aa). The deduced LcBeclin-1 possesses a typical Bcl-2 homology domain 3(BH3) and an APG6 domain that contains a central coiled-coil domain (CCD, residues 174 to 231) and a C-terminal evolutionarily conserved domain (ECD, residues 241 to 334). LcBeclin-1 shared a high amino acid identity of 81.66-98.66% with reported Beclin-1 molecules from other vertebrate species. LcBeclin-1 gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues tested, with the highest levels in heart. LcBeclin-1 transcripts were also detected in primary head kidney granulocytes (PKGs), primary head kidney macrophages (PKMs), primary head kidney leukocytes (PKLs), and large yellow croaker head kidney cell line (LYCK), and were significantly upregulated by poly (I:C) in PKMs and LYCK cells. Subcellular localization showed that LcBeclin-1 was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of LYCK cells. Overexpression of LcBeclin-1 significantly increased the replication of SVCV, as evidenced by increased severity of the cytopathic effects, enhanced viral titre, and upregulated transcriptional levels of viral genes. Further studies showed that LcBeclin-1 induced the occurrence of autophagy in LYCK cells. Additionally, LcBeclin-1 also decreased the expression levels of large yellow croaker interferons (IFNs; IFNc, IFNd, and IFNh), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and IRF7, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs; Mx, PKR, and Viperin) in LYCK cells. All these data suggest that LcBeclin-1 promoted the viral replication possibly by inducing autophagy or negatively modulating IFN response, which will help us to further understand the function of fish Beclin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiuling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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19
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Beckers A, Vanhunsel S, Van Dyck A, Bergmans S, Masin L, Moons L. Injury-induced Autophagy Delays Axonal Regeneration after Optic Nerve Damage in Adult Zebrafish. Neuroscience 2021; 470:52-69. [PMID: 34280491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathies comprise a group of disorders in which the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retinal projection neurons conveying visual information to the brain, are damaged. This results in visual impairment or even blindness, which is irreversible as adult mammals lack the capacity to repair or replace injured or lost neurons. Despite intensive research, no efficient treatment to induce axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is available yet. Autophagy, the cellular recycling response, was shown repeatedly to be elevated in animal models of optic nerve injury, and both beneficial and detrimental effects have been reported. In this study, we subjected spontaneously regenerating adult zebrafish to optic nerve damage (ONC) and revealed that autophagy is enhanced after optic nerve damage in zebrafish, both in RGC axons and somas, as well as in macroglial cells of the retina, the optic nerve and the visual target areas in the brain. Interestingly, the pattern of the autophagic response in the axons followed the spatiotemporal window of axonal regrowth, which suggests that autophagy is ongoing at the growth cones. Pharmacological inhibition of the recycling pathway resulted in accelerated RGC target reinnervation, possibly linked to increased mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, known to stimulate axonal regrowth. Taken together, these intriguing findings underline that further research is warranted to decipher if modulation of autophagy could be an effective therapeutic method to induce CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vanhunsel
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Dyck
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Masin
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Huang S, Li S, Feng H, Chen Y. Iron Metabolism Disorders for Cognitive Dysfunction After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:587197. [PMID: 33796002 PMCID: PMC8007909 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.587197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most harmful forms of acute brain injury and predicted to be one of the three major neurological diseases that cause neurological disabilities by 2030. A series of secondary injury cascades often cause cognitive dysfunction of TBI patients leading to poor prognosis. However, there are still no effective intervention measures, which drive us to explore new therapeutic targets. In this process, the most part of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is ignored because its initial symptoms seemed not serious. Unfortunately, the ignored mTBI accounts for 80% of the total TBI, and a large part of the patients have long-term cognitive dysfunction. Iron deposition has been observed in mTBI patients and accompanies the whole pathological process. Iron accumulation may affect long-term cognitive dysfunction from three pathways: local injury, iron deposition induces tau phosphorylation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles; neural cells death; and neural network damage, iron deposition leads to axonal injury by utilizing the iron sensibility of oligodendrocytes. Thus, iron overload and metabolism dysfunction was thought to play a pivotal role in mTBI pathophysiology. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) located in the ependyma have bidirectional communication function between cerebral-spinal fluid and brain parenchyma, and may participate in the pathway of iron-induced cognitive dysfunction through projected nerve fibers and transmitted factor, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, etc. The present review provides an overview of the metabolism and function of iron in mTBI, and to seek a potential new treatment target for mTBI with a novel perspective through combined iron and CSF-cNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Su Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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21
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Li D, Zhang Y, Lu L, Zhang L, Ma J, Ji J, Li H, Chen G. Upregulation of Sec22b plays a neuroprotective role in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via inducing protective autophagy. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:29-36. [PMID: 33186631 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical neuronal cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI) evoked by the cortical impact is a significant factor that contributes to neurological deficits. In the current study, we harvested the injured area and perilesional area of the injured brain induced by TBI. We explored the functions of Sec22b, an apoptosis-promoting kinase, and a pivotal bridge builder of apoptotic signaling in the etiopathogenesis of an experimental rat model of TBI. We found that Sec22b was expressed in neurons in the injured cortical area, and the expression level significantly decreased after TBI, especially at 24 h. Administration of Sec22b overexpressed plasmid significantly ameliorated TBI-induced apoptosis, neurological deficits, and blood-brain barrier permeability, accompanied by the activation of autophagy. However, the administration of Sec22b knockdown resulted in the opposite eff ;ects. Altogether, these findings indicated that Sec22b plays a neuroprotective role after TBI, suggesting that Sec22b may be a potential therapeutic target for TBI. We speculated that this neuroprotective effect might be achieved by upregulating autophagy levels and required further studies to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialing Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China.
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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22
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Agthong S, Rodtayoy M, Roumwong A. Expression of autophagic and ubiquitin–proteasome proteins in the peripheral nervous system after nerve injury. ASIAN BIOMED 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/abm-2019-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Autophagy and ubiquitin–proteasome (UPS) are two main degradation systems for intracellular proteins. They are essential for homeostasis of neurons during normal and pathological conditions, but their changes after nerve injury remain unclear.
Objective
To examine the protein expression of autophagy and UPS in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), including intact and injured sciatic nerves after crush injury in rats.
Methods
Left sciatic nerve crush was done in all Wistar rats and the specimens were removed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after injury. Expression of the autophagic (Beclin-1 and p62) and UPS proteins [muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) and ubiquitinated proteins] was measured using Western blot analysis.
Results
Expression of p62 was significantly increased in the injured versus intact sciatic nerves on day 1 and day 7 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). There was a trend toward higher expression of Beclin-1 on the crushed nerve. In the DRG, expression of p62 and Beclin-1 was not significantly different between the two sides. Expression of MuRF1 and ubiquitinated proteins was not significantly different between the left and right DRG. The low quantity of MuRF1 and high variations in the ubiquitinated protein levels in the nerve prevented further analysis.
Conclusions
These results indicated the induction of autophagy with accumulation of autophagosomes in the nerve, but not DRG, after nerve injury. Future studies on the effects of the autophagic changes and the precise activity of UPS in nerve trauma are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithiporn Agthong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Marisa Rodtayoy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Atitaya Roumwong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
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23
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Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Cucullo L. Traumatic Brain Injury and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanisms and the Influence of Cigarette Smoking as a Premorbid Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2721. [PMID: 32295258 PMCID: PMC7215684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most pressing global health issues and prevalent causes of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders all over the world. In addition to the brain injury, TBI may also alter the systemic immune response. Thus, TBI patients become vulnerable to infections, have worse neurological outcomes, and exhibit a higher rate of mortality and morbidity. It is well established that brain injury leads to impairments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function, contributing to the loss of neural tissue and affecting the response to neuroprotective drugs. Thus, stabilization/protection of the BBB after TBI could be a promising strategy to limit neuronal inflammation, secondary brain damage, and acute neurodegeneration. Herein, we present a review highlighting the significant post-traumatic effects of TBI on the cerebrovascular system. These include the loss of BBB integrity and selective permeability, impact on BBB transport mechanisms, post-traumatic cerebral edema formation, and significant pathophysiological factors that may further exacerbate post-traumatic BBB dysfunctions. Furthermore, we discuss the post-traumatic impacts of chronic smoking, which has been recently shown to act as a premorbid condition that impairs post-TBI recovery. Indeed, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with TBI damage is essential to better understand the pathogenesis and progression of post-traumatic secondary brain injury and the development of targeted treatments to improve outcomes and speed up the recovery process. Therapies aimed at restoring/protecting the BBB may reduce the post-traumatic burden of TBI by minimizing the impairment of brain homeostasis and help to restore an optimal microenvironment to support neuronal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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24
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Lamade AM, Anthonymuthu TS, Hier ZE, Gao Y, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Mitochondrial damage & lipid signaling in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113307. [PMID: 32289317 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function because they serve not only to sustain energy and redox homeostasis but also are harbingers of death. A dysregulated mitochondrial network can cascade until function is irreparably lost, dooming cells. TBI is most prevalent in the young and comes at significant personal and societal costs. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a biphasic and mechanistically heterogenous response and this mechanistic heterogeneity has made the development of standardized treatments challenging. The secondary phase of TBI injury evolves over hours and days after the initial insult, providing a window of opportunity for intervention. However, no FDA approved treatment for neuroprotection after TBI currently exists. With recent advances in detection techniques, there has been increasing recognition of the significance and roles of mitochondrial redox lipid signaling in both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. Oxidized lipids and their downstream products result from and contribute to TBI pathogenesis. Therapies targeting the mitochondrial lipid composition and redox state show promise in experimental TBI and warrant further exploration. In this review, we provide 1) an overview for mitochondrial redox homeostasis with emphasis on glutathione metabolism, 2) the key mechanisms of TBI mitochondrial injury, 3) the pathways of mitochondria specific phospholipid cardiolipin oxidation, and 4) review the mechanisms of mitochondria quality control in TBI with consideration of the roles lipids play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lamade
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zachary E Hier
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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25
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Schmukler E, Pinkas‐Kramarski R. Autophagy induction in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:184-193. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Schmukler
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University Ramat‐Aviv Israel
| | - Ronit Pinkas‐Kramarski
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel‐Aviv University Ramat‐Aviv Israel
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26
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Wang Y, Zhao M, Shang L, Zhang Y, Huang C, He Z, Luo M, Wu B, Song P, Wang M, Duan F. Homer1a protects against neuronal injury via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:621-630. [PMID: 32013638 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1702535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Homer1a is a member of the post-synaptic density protein family that plays an important role in neuronal synaptic activity and is extensively involved in neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Homer1a in modulating neuronal survival using an in vitro traumatic neuronal injury model.Materials and methods: Neurons were extracted from rats and identifited. Then, the cells were treated with Homerla overexpression or interference vectors. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of Homerla, apoptosis-related proteins(caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, Fasl, Bax, and p53), autophagy-related proteins (LC3ll and Beclin1), and the activiation of PI3K/AKT/mTOM pathway. In addition, the cell viability and apoptosis rate were measured. Results: After transfection with overexpression or interference vectors, the mRNA and protein expression of Homer1a increased or decreased significantly, respectively. Upregulation of Homer1a significantly alleviated apoptosis and enhanced cell viability and autophagy after traumatic neuronal injury. Homer1a overexpression also significantly decreased the expression of the pro-apoptosis proteins caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, Fasl, Bax, and p53 in neurons. Furthermore, neuron autophagy was increased after traumatic neuronal injury as demonstrated by the greater accumulation of autophagosomes and higher expression of LC3II and Beclin1 induced by Homer1a overexpression. In addition, Homer1a overexpression inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Conclusion: These findings indicated that Homer1a potentially protects neurons from traumatic injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy via the caspase and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and may be an effective intervention target in traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - MingMing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lv Shang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Conggang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuqiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Faliang Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
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27
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Huang J, Zhang H, Zhang J, Yu H, Lin Z, Cai Y. Spermidine Exhibits Protective Effects Against Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:927-937. [PMID: 31916070 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes permanent neurological and cognitive impairments. Effective pharmacological interventions remain elusive. Spermidine is a polyamine compound found in our body that may play a role in brain development and congenital function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of spermidine for TBI. We employed experimental closed head injury (CHI) model to evaluate the protective function of spermidine on brain injury. We assessed the neurobehavioral function recovery using Neurologic Severity Score (NSS) and Morris water maze test. At histological level, we evaluated the improvement on brain edema, brain-blood barrier integrity, and cell apoptosis. We also measured inflammatory cytokines and brain injury biomarkers to monitor the treatment outcomes. Last, we correlated the level of spermidine with CHI animal model and TBI patients with different levels of severity. Spermidine administration post-CHI was found effectively to accelerate NSS improvement and shorten latency in maze test. We observed consistent improvements in brain edema, BBB function, and cell death in spermidine-treated group. Inflammatory cytokines and TBI biomarkers, e.g., S100B, MBP and CFAP were reduced significantly in treatment group. Interestingly, inhibiting spermidine synthesis influenced the neurobehavioral recovery in CHI mice. ODC1, a rate-limiting enzyme for spermidine synthesis, was found lower in CHI mice. Serum level of spermidine was significantly lower in TBI patients with severe pathological scores. Spermidine pathway may carry an endogenous role in pathophysiological process of CHI. For the first time, we demonstrated that administrating spermidine may provide a new treatment for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248-252 Dong Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248-252 Dong Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
| | - Jinning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248-252 Dong Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
| | - Huiping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248-252 Dong Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhizhong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248-252 Dong Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yonghui Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 248-252 Dong Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
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28
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Wu F, Xu K, Xu K, Teng C, Zhang M, Xia L, Zhang K, Liu L, Chen Z, Xiao J, Wu Y, Zhang H, Chen D. Dl-3n-butylphthalide improves traumatic brain injury recovery via inhibiting autophagy-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and cell apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1220-1232. [PMID: 31840938 PMCID: PMC6991645 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neuronal apoptosis are important pathophysiological processes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In clinical stroke, Dl-3n-butylphthalide (Dl-NBP) has a neuroprotective effect with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and mitochondrion-protective functions. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of Dl-NBP for TBI need to be further investigated. Here, we had used an animal model of TBI and SH-SY5Y/human brain microvascular endothelial cells to explore it. We found that Dl-NBP administration exerts a neuroprotective effect in TBI/OGD and BBB disorder, which up-regulates the expression of tight junction proteins and promotes neuronal survival via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins, including ATG7, Beclin1 and LC3II, were significantly increased after TBI/OGD, and which were reversed by Dl-NBP treatment both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, rapamycin treatment had abolished the effect of Dl-NBP for TBI recovery. Collectively, our current studies indicate that Dl-NBP treatment improved locomotor functional recovery after TBI by inhibiting the activation of autophagy and consequently blocking the junction protein loss and neuronal apoptosis. Dl-NBP, as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drug, may act as an effective strategy for TBI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wu
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang province for pharmaceutical development of growth factors,Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of WenzhouWenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Kebin Xu
- Department of PharmacyHwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNingboChina
| | - Chenhuai Teng
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Leilei Xia
- Department of EmergencyWenzhou People's Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Kairui Zhang
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zaifeng Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang province for pharmaceutical development of growth factors,Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of WenzhouWenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Experimental Research CentreDongyang People's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityJinhuaChina
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of EmergencyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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29
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Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:528. [PMID: 31827423 PMCID: PMC6890857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst civilians and military personnel globally. Despite advances in our knowledge of the complex pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. While initial brain insult involves acute and irreversible primary damage to the parenchyma, the ensuing secondary brain injuries often progress slowly over months to years, hence providing a window for therapeutic interventions. To date, hallmark events during delayed secondary CNS damage include Wallerian degeneration of axons, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia. Extensive research has been directed to the identification of druggable targets associated with these processes. Furthermore, tremendous effort has been put forth to improve the bioavailability of therapeutics to CNS by devising strategies for efficient, specific and controlled delivery of bioactive agents to cellular targets. Here, we give an overview of the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying molecular mechanisms, followed by an update on novel therapeutic targets and agents. Recent development of various approaches of drug delivery to the CNS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Ng
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Yiu Wah Lee
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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30
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Cai J, Zou Z, Wei S, Zheng Q, Xu Y, Lu Y, Wu Z, Qin Q, Jian J. Identification of Beclin-1 from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) involved in viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:336-345. [PMID: 31521781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Beclin-1 is an essential autophagic regulator that plays diverse roles in physiology and disease. However, reports about the function of fish Beclin-1 during pathogen infection are still very limited. In this study, a Beclin-1 homolog (EcBeclin-1) from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was identified and its roles in viral infection were investigated. EcBeclin-1 encoded 447amino acids protein with a BH3 domain, a CCD domain and an ECD domain, which shared high identities (97%-82%) with reported Beclin-1 proteins from mammal to fish. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that EcBeclin-1 was predominantly expressed in brain and muscle of healthy grouper. Using fluorescence microscopy, we found that EcBeclin-1 was co-localized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in grouper spleen cells (EAGS). After red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection in vitro, EcBeclin-1 transcript was significantly up-regulated, implying that EcBeclin-1 might be involved in viral infection. Furthermore, the in vitro studies of EcBeclin-1 overexpression promoted RGNNV induced autophagy, as well as the expression of coat protein (CP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The overexpression of EcBeclin-1 suppressed the expressions of interferon pathway-related factors, inflammatory-related factors and activities of NF-κB and ISRE. Additionally, EcBeclin-1 could interact with EcBcl-xL in vitro. These data suggest that EcBeclin-1 affect viral replication through modulating IFN and inflammatory responses, as well as virus-induced cell death, which will help us to further explore the immune response of fish during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zihong Zou
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Shina Wei
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Qi Zheng
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Yongxian Xu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zaohe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Maiti P, Peruzzaro S, Kolli N, Andrews M, Al‐Gharaibeh A, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-10 induces autophagy response and promotes neuroprotection in a rat model of TBI. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5211-5224. [PMID: 31162801 PMCID: PMC6653779 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, including mitophagy, is critical for neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provides neuroprotection and induces autophagy by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). To evaluate these effects of IL10 that are released by MSCs, we genetically engineered MSCs to overexpress IL10 and compared their effects to unaltered MSCs following transplantation near the site of induced TBIs in rats. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham + vehicle, TBI + vehicle, TBI + MSCs-IL-10 and TBI + MSCs-GFP. Thirty-six hours post-TBI, the first two groups received vehicle (Hanks balance salt solution), whereas last two groups were transplanted with MSCs-IL-10 or MSCs-GFP. Three weeks after transplantation, biomarkers for neurodegenerative changes, autophagy, mitophagy, cell death and survival markers were measured. We observed a significant increase in the number of dead cells in the cortex and hippocampus in TBI rats, whereas transplantation of MSCs-IL-10 significantly reduced their numbers in comparison to MSCs alone. MSCs-IL-10 rats had increased autophagy, mitophagy and cell survival markers, along with decreased markers for cell death and neuroinflammation. These results suggest that transplantation of MSCs-IL-10 may be an effective strategy to protect against TBI-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Department of PsychologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Field Neurosciences InstituteSt. Mary’s of MichiganSaginawMichigan
- Department of BiologySaginaw Valley State UniversitySaginawMichigan
- Brain Research LaboratorySaginaw Valley State UniversitySaginawMichigan
| | - Sarah Peruzzaro
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
| | - Nivya Kolli
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
| | - Melissa Andrews
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
| | - Abeer Al‐Gharaibeh
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- College of MedicineCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
| | - Gary L. Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute of Laboratory for Restorative NeurologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Program in NeuroscienceCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Department of PsychologyCentral Michigan UniversityMt. PleasantMichigan
- Field Neurosciences InstituteSt. Mary’s of MichiganSaginawMichigan
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32
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Wu J, Lipinski MM. Autophagy in Neurotrauma: Good, Bad, or Dysregulated. Cells 2019; 8:E693. [PMID: 31295858 PMCID: PMC6678153 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process that helps maintain a balance between the manufacture of cellular components and breakdown of damaged organelles and other toxic cellular constituents. Changes in autophagic markers are readily detectable in the spinal cord and brain following neurotrauma, including traumatic spinal cord and brain injury (SCI/TBI). However, the role of autophagy in neurotrauma remains less clear. Whether autophagy is good or bad is under debate, with strong support for both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in experimental models of neurotrauma. Emerging data suggest that autophagic flux, a measure of autophagic degradation activity, is impaired in injured central nervous systems (CNS), and interventions that stimulate autophagic flux may provide neuroprotection in SCI/TBI models. Recent data demonstrating that neurotrauma can cause lysosomal membrane damage resulting in pathological autophagosome accumulation in the spinal cord and brain further supports the idea that the impairment of the autophagy-lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI/TBI. Here, we review experimental work on the complex and varied responses of autophagy in terms of both the beneficial and detrimental effects in SCI and TBI models. We also discuss the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing the disruption of autophagy to protect the CNS after injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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33
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Bodnar CN, Roberts KN, Higgins EK, Bachstetter AD. A Systematic Review of Closed Head Injury Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice and Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1683-1706. [PMID: 30661454 PMCID: PMC6555186 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild TBI (mTBI) is a significant health concern. Animal models of mTBI are essential for understanding mechanisms, and pathological outcomes, as well as to test therapeutic interventions. A variety of closed head models of mTBI that incorporate different aspects (i.e., biomechanics) of the mTBI have been reported. The aim of the current review was to compile a comprehensive list of the closed head mTBI rodent models, along with the common data elements, and outcomes, with the goal to summarize the current state of the field. Publications were identified from a search of PubMed and Web of Science and screened for eligibility following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were included that were closed head injuries in which the authors classified the injury as mild in rats or mice. Injury model and animal-specific common data elements, as well as behavioral and histological outcomes, were collected and compiled from a total of 402 articles. Our results outline the wide variety of methods used to model mTBI. We also discovered that female rodents and both young and aged animals are under-represented in experimental mTBI studies. Our findings will aid in providing context comparing the injury models and provide a starting point for the selection of the most appropriate model of mTBI to address a specific hypothesis. We believe this review will be a useful starting place for determining what has been done and what knowledge is missing in the field to reduce the burden of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kelly N. Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Fang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Cao B, Fei M, Niu W, Zhou Y, Wang X, Li X, Zhou M. Baicalin Protects Mice Brain From Apoptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Through Activation of Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1006. [PMID: 30686973 PMCID: PMC6334745 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is expected to be a therapeutic target. Baicalin, a neuroprotective agent, has been proven to exert multi-functional bioactive effects in brain injury diseases. However, it is unknown if Baicalin influences autophagy after TBI. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effects that Baicalin had on TBI in a mice model, focusing on autophagy as a potential mechanism. We found that Baicalin administration significantly improved motor function, reduced cerebral edema, and alleviated disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after TBI in mice. Besides, TBI-induced apoptosis was reversed by Baicalin evidenced by Nissl staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the level of cleaved caspase-3. More importantly, Baicalin enhanced autophagy by detecting the autophagy markers (LC3, Beclin 1, and p62) using western blot and LC3 immunofluorescence staining, ameliorating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway evidenced by restoration of the TBI-induced translocation of Bax and cytochrome C. However, simultaneous treatment with 3-MA inhibited Baicalin-induced autophagy and abolished its protective effects on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Baicalin enhanced autophagy, ameliorated mitochondrial apoptosis and protected mice brain in TBI mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bailu Cao
- Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoxing Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Provincial Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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35
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Li XG, Du JH, Lu Y, Lin XJ. Neuroprotective effects of rapamycin on spinal cord injury in rats by increasing autophagy and Akt signaling. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:721-727. [PMID: 30632514 PMCID: PMC6352584 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin treatment has been shown to increase autophagy activity and activate Akt phosphorylation, suppressing apoptosis in several models of ischemia reperfusion injury. However, little has been studied on the neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury by activating Akt phosphorylation. We hypothesized that both effects of rapamycin, the increased autophagy activity and Akt signaling, would contribute to its neuroprotective properties. In this study, a compressive spinal cord injury model of rat was created by an aneurysm clip with a 30 g closing force. Rat models were intraperitoneally injected with rapamycin 1 mg/kg, followed by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine 2.5 mg/kg and Akt inhibitor IV 1 µg/kg. Western blot assay, immunofluorescence staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay were used to observe the expression of neuronal autophagy molecule Beclin 1, apoptosis-related molecules Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and Akt signaling. Our results demonstrated that rapamycin inhibited the expression of mTOR in injured spinal cord tissue and up-regulated the expression of Beclin 1 and phosphorylated-Akt. Rapamycin prevented the decrease of bcl-2 expression in injured spinal cord tissue, reduced Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 expression levels and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in injured spinal cord tissue 24 hours after spinal cord injury. 3-Methyladenine and Akt inhibitor IV intervention suppressed the expression of Beclin-1 and phosphorylated-Akt in injured spinal cord tissue and reduced the protective effect of rapamycin on apoptotic neurons. The above results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin on spinal cord injury rats can be achieved by activating autophagy and the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Gong Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun-Hua Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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36
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Bieri G, Lucin KM, O'Brien CE, Zhang H, Villeda SA, Wyss-Coray T. Proteolytic cleavage of Beclin 1 exacerbates neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:68. [PMID: 30594228 PMCID: PMC6310967 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal cell loss contributes to the pathology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It remains crucial to identify molecular mechanisms sensitizing neurons to various insults and cell death. To date, the multifunctional, autophagy-related protein Beclin 1 has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for neuronal integrity in neurodegenerative models associated with protein aggregation. Interestingly, besides its role in cellular homeostasis, Beclin 1 has also been ascribed a role in apoptosis. This makes it critical to elucidate whether Beclin 1 regulates neuronal death and survival across neurodegenerative conditions independent of protein clearance. Here, we provide experimental evidence for a direct functional link between proteolytic cleavage of Beclin 1 and apoptotic neuronal cell loss in two independent models of neurodegeneration in vivo. Methods Proteolytic cleavage of Beclin 1 was characterized in lysates of human AD brain samples. We developed viral tools allowing for the selective neuronal expression of the various Beclin 1 forms, including Beclin 1 cleavage products as well as a cleavage-resistant form. The effect of these Beclin 1 forms on survival and integrity of neurons was examined in models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo. Markers of neuronal integrity, neurodegeneration and inflammation were further assessed in a Kainic acid-based mouse model of acute excitotoxic neurodegeneration and in a hAPP-transgenic mouse model of AD following perturbation of Beclin 1 in the susceptible CA1 region of the hippocampus. Results We find a significant increase in caspase-mediated Beclin 1 cleavage fragments in brain lysates of human AD patients and mimic this phenotype in vivo using both an excitotoxic and hAPP-transgenic mouse model of neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, overexpression of the C-terminal cleavage-fragment exacerbated neurodegeneration in two distinct models of degeneration. Local inhibition of caspase activity ameliorated neurodegeneration after excitotoxic insult and prevented Beclin 1 cleavage. Furthermore, overexpression of a cleavage-resistant form of Beclin 1 in hippocampal neurons conferred neuroprotection against excitotoxic and Amyloid beta-associated insults in vivo. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that the cleavage state of Beclin 1 determines its functional involvement in both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Hence, manipulating the cleavage state of Beclin 1 may represent a therapeutic strategy for preventing neuronal cell loss across multiple forms of neurodegeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0302-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Bieri
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Neurosciences PhD Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kurt M Lucin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Caitlin E O'Brien
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Saul A Villeda
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, 154W, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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37
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Zhang F, Dong H, Lv T, Jin K, Jin Y, Zhang X, Jiang J. Moderate hypothermia inhibits microglial activation after traumatic brain injury by modulating autophagy/apoptosis and the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:273. [PMID: 30236124 PMCID: PMC6146525 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex mechanisms participate in microglial activation after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI can induce autophagy and apoptosis in neurons and glial cells, and moderate hypothermia plays a protective role in the acute phase of TBI. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of TBI and moderate hypothermia on microglial activation and investigated the possible roles of autophagy/apoptosis and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Methods The TBI model was induced with a fluid percussion TBI device. Moderate hypothermia was achieved under general anesthesia by partial immersion in a water bath for 4 h. All rats were killed 24 h after the TBI. Results Our results showed downregulation of the microglial activation and autophagy, but upregulation of microglial apoptosis, upon post-TBI hypothermia treatment. The expression of TLR4 and downstream myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) was attenuated. Moderate hypothermia reduced neural cell death post-TBI. Conclusions Moderate hypothermia can reduce the number of activated microglia by inhibiting autophagy and promoting apoptosis, probably through a negative modulation between autophagy and apoptosis. Moderate hypothermia may attenuate the pro-inflammatory function of microglia by inhibiting the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1315-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
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38
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Muñoz-Galdeano T, Reigada D, Del Águila Á, Velez I, Caballero-López MJ, Maza RM, Nieto-Díaz M. Cell Specific Changes of Autophagy in a Mouse Model of Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:164. [PMID: 29946241 PMCID: PMC6005838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential process of cellular waist clearance that becomes altered following spinal cord injury (SCI). Details on these changes, including timing after injury, underlying mechanisms, and affected cells, remain controversial. Here we present a characterization of autophagy in the mice spinal cord before and after a contusive SCI. In the undamaged spinal cord, analysis of LC3 and Beclin 1 autophagic markers reveals important differences in basal autophagy between neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes and even within cell populations. Following moderate contusion, western blot analyses of LC3 indicates that autophagy increases to a maximum at 7 days post injury (dpi), whereas unaltered Beclin 1 expression and increase of p62 suggests a possible blockage of autophagosome clearance. Immunofluorescence analyses of LC3 and Beclin 1 provide additional details that reveal a complex, cell-specific scenario. Autophagy is first activated (1 dpi) in the severed axons, followed by a later (7 dpi) accumulation of phagophores and/or autophagosomes in the neuronal soma without signs of increased initiation. Oligodendrocytes and reactive astrocytes also accumulate phagophores and autophagosomes at 7 dpi, but whereas the accumulation in astrocytes is associated with an increased autophagy initiation, it seems to result from a blockage of the autophagic flux in oligodendrocytes. Comparison with previous studies highlights the complex and heterogeneous autophagic responses induced by the SCI, leading in many cases to contradictory results and interpretations. Future studies should consider this complexity in the design of therapeutic interventions based on the modulation of autophagy to treat SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - David Reigada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Águila
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Irene Velez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Marcos J Caballero-López
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo M Maza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Díaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroprotection, UDI-HNP, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
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39
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Zhang L, Wang H. Autophagy in Traumatic Brain Injury: A New Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:190. [PMID: 29922127 PMCID: PMC5996030 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most devastating forms of brain injury. Many pathological mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation all contribute to the secondary brain damage and poor outcomes of TBI. Current therapies are often ineffective and poorly tolerated, which drive the explore of new therapeutic targets for TBI. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular mechanism during evolution. It plays an important role in elimination abnormal intracellular proteins or organelles to maintain cell stability. Besides, autophagy has been researched in various models including TBI. Previous studies have deciphered that regulation of autophagy by different molecules and pathways could exhibit anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation effects in TBI. Hence, autophagy is a promising target for further therapeutic development in TBI. The present review provides an overview of current knowledge about the mechanism of autophagy, the frequently used methods to monitor autophagy, the functions of autophagy in TBI as well as its potential molecular mechanisms based on the pharmacological regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Li XP, Chi H, Zhang J. Beclin-1 is involved in tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis immune defense against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:8-12. [PMID: 29551665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, beclin-1 is a key player that regulates autophagic activity. In fish, the immune function of beclin-1 is essentially unknown. In this study, we analyzed the involvement of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) beclin-1 (named CsBECN1) in antibacterial immunity. CsBECN1 is composed of 451 amino acid residues and shares 84.5-95.1% overall sequence identities with other teleost beclin-1. CsBECN1 possesses a typical Bcl-2 homology domain 3 and an Atg6 domain. Expression of CsBECN1 occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated during bacterial infection. Knockdown of CsBECN1 significantly enhanced bacterial dissemination in the tissues of tongue sole, whereas overexpression of CsBECN1 significantly reduced bacterial dissemination. Taken together, these results indicate that CsBECN1 is required for the antibacterial immunity of tongue sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Balasubramanian C, Ganesan RV, Thamburaj V. Letter: Cranial Chordoma: A New Preoperative Grading System. Neurosurgery 2018; 82:E177-E179. [PMID: 29566218 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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Gao Y, Zhang MY, Wang T, Fan YY, Yu LS, Ye GH, Wang ZF, Gao C, Wang HC, Luo CL, Tao LY. IL-33/ST2L Signaling Provides Neuroprotection Through Inhibiting Autophagy, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:95. [PMID: 29922130 PMCID: PMC5996884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family and an extracellular ligand for the orphan IL-1 receptor ST2. Accumulated evidence shows that the IL-33/ST2 axis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis after TBI remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in mouse TBI-induced brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits, and further exploited underlying mechanisms, using salubrinal (SAL), the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor and anti-ST2L. The increase in IL-33 level and the decrease in ST2L level at injured cortex were first observed at 24 h post-TBI. By immunofluorescent double-labeled staining, IL-33 co-localized in GFAP-positive astrocytes, and Olig-2-positive oligodendrocytes, and predominantly presented in their nucleus. Additionally, TBI-induced brain water content, motor function outcome, and spatial learning and memory deficits were alleviated by IL-33 treatment. Moreover, IL-33 and SAL alone, or their combination prevented TBI-induced the increase of IL-1β and TNF-α levels, suppressed the up-regulation of ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy after TBI. However, anti-ST2L treatment could significantly invert the above effects of IL-33. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-33/ST2 signaling mitigates TBI-induced brain edema, motor function outcome, spatial learning and memory deficits, at least in part, by a mechanism involving suppressing autophagy, ER stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Fan
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Yu
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Ye
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zu-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yang Tao
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Anderson EN, Gochenaur L, Singh A, Grant R, Patel K, Watkins S, Wu JY, Pandey UB. Traumatic injury induces stress granule formation and enhances motor dysfunctions in ALS/FTD models. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1366-1381. [PMID: 29432563 PMCID: PMC6455923 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been predicted to be a predisposing factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological disorders. Despite the importance of TBI in ALS progression, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still an enigma. Here, we examined the contribution of TBI as an extrinsic factor and investigated whether TBI influences the susceptibility of developing neurodegenerative symptoms. To evaluate the effects of TBI in vivo, we applied mild to severe trauma to Drosophila and found that TBI leads to the induction of stress granules (SGs) in the brain. The degree of SGs induction directly correlates with the level of trauma. Furthermore, we observed that the level of mortality is directly proportional to the number of traumatic hits. Interestingly, trauma-induced SGs are ubiquitin, p62 and TDP-43 positive, and persistently remain over time suggesting that SGs might be aggregates and exert toxicity in our fly models. Intriguingly, TBI on animals expressing ALS-linked genes increased mortality and locomotion dysfunction suggesting that mild trauma might aggravate neurodegenerative symptoms associated with ALS. Furthermore, we found elevated levels of high molecular weight ubiquitinated proteins and p62 in animals expressing ALS-causing genes with TBI, suggesting that TBI may lead to the defects in protein degradation pathways. Finally, we observed that genetic and pharmacological induction of autophagy enhanced the clearance of SGs and promoted survival of flies in vivo. Together, our study demonstrates that trauma can induce SG formation in vivo and might enhance neurodegenerative phenotypes in the fly models of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Anderson
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Lauren Gochenaur
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Rogan Grant
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Krishani Patel
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jane Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Autophagy Biomarkers Beclin 1 and p62 are Increased in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2018; 26:348-355. [PMID: 28000126 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a process that recycles damaged proteins and organelles. Beclin 1 is involved in the nucleation phase, while p62 is consumed during the elongation phase. We hypothesized that these autophagy biomarkers are increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and associated with unfavorable outcome. METHODS Thirty children with severe TBI had CSF collected on days 1, 3, and 7. Patients without TBI or meningoencephalitis served as controls. Beclin 1 and p62 were measured by ELISA. Outcome was assigned 6 months after injury (Glasgow Outcome Scale score; GOS). RESULTS Mean and peak CSF beclin 1 and p62 levels were increased compared to controls (P < 0.05). Peak p62 levels were higher in patients with unfavorable versus favorable outcome (0.79 ± 1.03 vs. 0.17 ± 0.54 ng/ml, respectively; mean ± SD, P = 0.002) and were independently associated with outcome when controlling for age and initial Glasgow Coma Scale score (P = 0.019; AUC 0.88, 95% CI 0.76, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Beclin 1 and p62 are increased in CSF after TBI, suggesting increased autophagy with impairment of, and/or exceeding the capacity for, autophagic flux. The association of increased p62 with unfavorable outcome suggests that autophagy in excess of the capacity to clear degradation products may be deleterious after TBI.
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Wen X, Han XR, Wang YJ, Wang S, Shen M, Zhang ZF, Fan SH, Shan Q, Wang L, Li MQ, Hu B, Sun CH, Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL. MicroRNA-421 suppresses the apoptosis and autophagy of hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mice model by inhibition of the TLR/MYD88 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7022-7034. [PMID: 29380367 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. In this study, we aim to explore the role of microRNA-421 (miR-421) in hippocampal neurons of epilepsy mice via the TLR/MYD88 pathway. Forty mice were randomly served as the normal and model (established as epilepsy model) groups. Hippocampal neurons were assigned into seven groups with different transfections. The RT-qPCR and western blotting were conducted to examine the expression of miR-421 TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT and flow cytometry.MYD88 is a target gene of miR-421. Model mice showed elevated expression of TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, Bax, p53, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I but reduced expression of miR-421 and Bcl-2. In vitro experiments reveals that overexpression of miR-421 inhibited the TLR/MYD88 pathway. Besides, overexpressed miR-421 declined cell apoptosis but increased cell proliferation. It reveals that miR-421 targeting MYD88 could inhibit the apoptosis and autophagy of hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mice by down-regulating the TLR/MYD88 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Xin-Rui Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yong-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Min Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Shao-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Qun Shan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Meng-Qiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Chun-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect against n-hexane-induced neuropathy through beclin 1-independent inhibition of autophagy. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540747 PMCID: PMC5852116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane, a widely used organic solvent in industry, induces central-peripheral neuropathy, which is mediated by its active metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). We recently reported that transplantation of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) significantly ameliorated HD-induced neuronal damage and motor deficits in rats. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we reported that inhibition of HD-induced autophagy contributed to BMSC-afforded protection. BMSC transplantation significantly reduced the levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and the degradation of sequestosome-1 (p62) in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of HD-intoxicated rats. Downregulation of autophagy by BMSC was also confirmed in VSC4.1 cells exposed to HD. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by PIK III mitigated the neurotoxic effects of HD and, meanwhile, abolished BMSC-afforded neuroprotection. Furthermore, we found that BMSC failed to interfere with Beclin 1, but promoted activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Unc-like kinse 1 (ULK1) was further recognized as the downstream target of mTOR responsible for BMSC-mediated inhibition of autophagy. Altogether, BMSC transplantation potently ameliorated HD-induced autophagy through beclin 1-independent activation of mTOR pathway, providing a novel insight for the therapeutic effects of BMSC against n-hexane and other environmental toxicants-induced neurotoxicity.
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Impaired autophagic flux is associated with the severity of trauma and the role of A 2AR in brain cells after traumatic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29449536 PMCID: PMC5833790 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that after traumatic brain injury (TBI), the number of autophagosomes is markedly increased in brain cells surrounding the wound; however, whether autophagy is enhanced or suppressed by TBI remains controversial. In our study, we used a controlled cortical impact system to establish models of mild, moderate and severe TBI. In the mild TBI model, the levels of autophagy-related protein 6 (Beclin1) and autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12)-autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) conjugates were increased, indicating the enhanced initiation of autophagy. Furthermore, the level of the autophagic substrate sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) was decreased in the ipsilateral cortex. This result, together with the results observed in tandem mRFP-GFP-LC3 adeno-associated virus (AAV)-infected mice, indicates that autophagosome clearance was also increased after mild TBI. Conversely, following moderate and severe TBI, there was no change in the initiation of autophagy, and autophagosome accumulation was observed. Next, we used chloroquine (CQ) to artificially impair autophagic flux in the injured cortex of the mild TBI model and found that the severity of trauma was obviously exacerbated. In addition, autophagic flux and trauma severity were significantly improved in adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) knockout (KO) mice subjected to moderate TBI. Thus, A2AR may be involved in regulating the impairment of autophagic flux in response to brain injury. Our findings suggest that whether autophagy is increased after TBI is associated with whether autophagic flux is impaired, and the impairment of autophagic flux exacerbates the severity of trauma. Furthermore, A2AR may be a target for alleviating the impairment in autophagic flux after TBI.
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The Interplay Between Apolipoprotein E4 and the Autophagic–Endocytic–Lysosomal Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6863-6880. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu X, Tian F, Wang S, Wang F, Xiong L. Astrocyte Autophagy Flux Protects Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:405-415. [PMID: 29125039 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy varies with the type of acute brain injury. In general, autophagy mediates a clear neuroprotective effect in intoxication caused by various psychoactive agents, subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal cord injury. In contrast, autophagic cell death has also been reported to actively contribute to neuronal loss in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. However, it still remains to be determined whether autophagy pays a cytoprotective or a cytotoxic role in stroke. Previous studies focused primarily on the role of neurons rather than the role of astrocytes in brain injury. Thus, it is unknown whether modulating the autophagy flux of astrocytes contributes to improving neuronal survival after stroke. In the current study, we investigated the time course of autophagy flux in vitro using cocultured astrocytes and neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, which mimicked the process of ischemia/reperfusion. Autophagy flux of astrocytes was regulated by treatment with the autophagy inducer rapamycin, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, and the transduction of small interfering RNA against autophagy-related gene 5. In addition, AAV-GFAP-ATG7 was used to induce astrocyte autophagy flux in mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. We found that induction of autophagy flux of astrocytes in vitro enhanced the viability of neurons and decreased neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, induction of astrocyte autophagy flux in mice improved neurological outcomes. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy flux in astrocytes decreased the viability of neurons and increased neuronal apoptosis. These results suggest that upregulation of autophagy flux in astrocytes may contribute to endogenous neuroprotective and neurorecovery mechanisms after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Fengfeng Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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Autologous Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Reduce Burn-Induced Neuropathic Pain in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010034. [PMID: 29271925 PMCID: PMC5795984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Burn scar pain is considered as neuropathic pain. The anti-inflammation and anti-neuroinflammation effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were observed in several studies. We designed a study using a murine model involving the transplantation of autologous ASCs in rats subjected to burn injuries. The aim was to detect the anti-neuroinflammation effect of ASC transplantation and clarify the relationships between ASCs, scar pain, apoptosis and autophagy. Methods: We randomized 24 rats into 4 groups as followings: Group A and B, received saline injections and autologous transplantation of ASCs 4 weeks after sham burn, respectively; Group C and D, received saline injections and autologous transplantation 4 weeks after burn injuries. A designed behavior test was applied for pain evaluation. Skin tissues and dorsal horn of lumbar spinal cords were removed for biochemical analysis. Results: ASC transplantation significantly restored the mechanical threshold reduced by burn injury. It also attenuated local inflammation and central neuroinflammation and ameliorated apoptosis and autophagy in the spinal cord after the burn injury. Conclusion: In a rat model, autologous ASC subcutaneous transplantation in post-burn scars elicited anti-neuroinflammation effects locally and in the spinal cord that might be related to the relief of post-burn neuropathic pain and attenuated cell apoptosis. Thus, ASC transplantation post-burn scars shows the potential promising clinical benefits.
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