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Guo J, Li Z, Yao Y, Fang L, Yu M, Wang Z. Curcumin in the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress responses in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1380353. [PMID: 38798711 PMCID: PMC11116723 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1380353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a leading cause of high morbidity and mortality, represents a significant global public health challenge. Currently, no effective treatment for TBI exists. Curcumin, an active compound extracted from the root of Curcuma longa, has demonstrated neuroprotective properties both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, it has shown potential in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and enhancing redox balance. This paper conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore curcumin's role in TBI animal models extensively. The findings offer valuable insights for future human clinical trials evaluating curcumin as a therapeutic supplement or nutraceutical in TBI management. Methods Comprehensive literature searches were conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. These searches aimed to identify relevant manuscripts in all languages, utilizing the keywords "curcumin" and "traumatic brain injury." Results The final quantitative analysis included 18 eligible articles corresponding to animal studies. The analysis revealed that curcumin significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β (p = 0.000), IL-6 (p = 0.002), and TNF-α (p = 0.000), across various concentrations, time points, and administration routes. Additionally, curcumin markedly enhanced the activity of oxidative stress markers such as SOD (p = 0.000), Sir2 (p = 0.000), GPx (p = 0.000), and Nrf2 (p = 0.000), while reducing MDA (p = 0.000), 4-HNE (p = 0.001), and oxyprotein levels (p = 0.024). Furthermore, curcumin improved cerebral edema (p = 0.000) and upregulated neuroprotective factors like synapsin I (p = 0.019), BDNF (p = 0.000), and CREB (p = 0.000), without reducing mNSS (p = 0.144). About autophagy and apoptosis, curcumin increased the activity of Beclin-1 (p = 0.000) and Bcl-2 (p = 0.000), while decreasing caspase-3 (p = 0.000), the apoptosis index (p = 0.000), and P62 (p = 0.002). Conclusion Curcumin supplementation positively affects traumatic brain injury (TBI) by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and promoting neuroprotection. It holds potential as a therapeutic agent for human TBI. However, this conclusion necessitates further substantiation through high-quality literature and additional randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/. The registration number of PROSPERO: CRD42023452685.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Guo
- The Nursing Department of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- The Nursing Department of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Yao
- The Nursing Department of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Fang
- The Nursing Department of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mingdi Yu
- The Nursing Department of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zuhui Wang
- The Outpatient and Emergency Department of Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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Annevelink CE, Westra J, Sala-Vila A, Harris WS, Tintle NL, Shearer GC. A Genome-Wide Interaction Study of Erythrocyte ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Species and Memory in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. J Nutr 2024; 154:1640-1651. [PMID: 38141771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline, and more specifically Alzheimer's disease, continues to increase in prevalence globally, with few, if any, adequate preventative approaches. Several tests of cognition are utilized in the diagnosis of cognitive decline that assess executive function, short- and long-term memory, cognitive flexibility, and speech and motor control. Recent studies have separately investigated the genetic component of both cognitive health, using these measures, and circulating fatty acids. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the potential moderating effect of main species of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on an individual's genetically conferred risk of cognitive decline. METHODS The Offspring cohort from the Framingham Heart Study was cross-sectionally analyzed in this genome-wide interaction study (GWIS). Our sample included all individuals with red blood cell ω-3 PUFA, genetic, cognitive testing (via Trail Making Tests [TMTs]), and covariate data (N = 1620). We used linear mixed effects models to predict each of the 3 cognitive measures (TMT A, TMT B, and TMT D) by each ω-3 PUFA, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (0, 1, or 2 minor alleles), ω-3 PUFA by SNP interaction term, and adjusting for sex, age, education, APOE ε4 genotype status, and kinship (relatedness). RESULTS Our analysis identified 31 unique SNPs from 24 genes reaching an exploratory significance threshold of 1×10-5. Fourteen of the 24 genes have been previously associated with the brain/cognition, and 5 genes have been previously associated with circulating lipids. Importantly, 8 of the genes we identified, DAB1, SORCS2, SERINC5, OSBPL3, CPA6, DLG2, MUC19, and RGMA, have been associated with both cognition and circulating lipids. We identified 22 unique SNPs for which individuals with the minor alleles benefit substantially from increased ω-3 fatty acid concentrations and 9 unique SNPs for which the common homozygote benefits. CONCLUSIONS In this GWIS of ω-3 PUFA species on cognitive outcomes, we identified 8 unique genes with plausible biology suggesting individuals with specific polymorphisms may have greater potential to benefit from increased ω-3 PUFA intake. Additional replication in prospective settings with more diverse samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Annevelink
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jason Westra
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - William S Harris
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Nathan L Tintle
- Fatty Acid Research Institute (FARI), Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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Yi H, Wu S, Wang X, Liu L, Wang W, Yu Y, Li Z, Jin Y, Liu J, Zheng T, Du D. Multimodal evaluation of the effects of low-intensity ultrasound on cerebral blood flow after traumatic brain injury in mice. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:8. [PMID: 38350864 PMCID: PMC10865643 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and destruction of the cerebrovascular system is a major factor in the cascade of secondary injuries caused by TBI. Laser speckle imaging (LSCI)has high sensitivity in detecting cerebral blood flow. LSCI can visually show that transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) treatment stimulates angiogenesis and increases blood flow. To study the effect of tFUS on promoting angiogenesis in Controlled Cortical impact (CCI) model. tFUS was administered daily for 10 min and for 14 consecutive days after TBI. Cerebral blood flow was measured by LSCI at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after trauma. Functional outcomes were assessed using LSCI and neurological severity score (NSS). After the last test, Nissl staining and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were used to assess neuropathology. TBI can cause the destruction of cerebrovascular system. Blood flow was significantly increased in TBI treated with tFUS. LSCI, behavioral and histological findings suggest that tFUS treatment can promote angiogenesis after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Yi
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No.258, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No.258, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Graduate School, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No.258, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
- Graduate School, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao of Information Science and Engineering, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No.258, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dan Du
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No.258, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
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Lin YK, Lin YH, Chiang CF, Jingling L. Effectiveness of Fish Roe, Snow Fungus, and Yeast Supplementation for Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4221. [PMID: 37836504 PMCID: PMC10574613 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most critical organs in the human body, regulating functions such as thinking, memory, learning, and perception. Studies have indicated that fish roe, snow fungus, and yeast may have the potential to modulate cognitive, memory, and emotional functions. However, more relevant clinical research in this area still needs to be conducted. This study explored the cognition-enhancing potential of a formula beverage including fish roe, snow fungus, and yeast. Sixty-four subjects were divided into a placebo group (n = 32) and a formula-drink group (n = 32), who consumed the product for 8 weeks. Cognitive tests were administered and analyzed at weeks 0, 4, and 8. After 4 and 8 weeks, there was a significant increase in the number of memory cards, and the response times among those who consumed the formula beverage were significantly faster than those in the placebo group. The subjects remembered the old items better and were more impressed with similar items based on the week effect. There was a significant increase in the cue effect of happy facial expressions after the subjects consumed the formula beverage for 8 weeks. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anxiety and fatigue, and improved quality of life. This formula beverage is a promising option that could be used to prevent further cognitive decline in adults with subjective cognitive complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Kai Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Lin
- Research & Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei 11494, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- Research & Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei 11494, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Li Jingling
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Smith G, Thapak P, Paydar A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F, Harris NG. Altering the Trajectory of Perfusion-Diffusion Deficits Using A BDNF Mimetic Acutely After TBI is Associated with Improved Functional Connectivity. PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY (DOVER, DEL.) 2023; 10:10.60124/j.pneuro.2023.10.07. [PMID: 38037566 PMCID: PMC10689006 DOI: 10.60124/j.pneuro.2023.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in metabolic deficits and functionally compromised tissue. The BDNF mimetic R13 has a significant positive effect on both tissue metabolism and behavioral outcome after TBI, indicating a promising therapeutic. To understand the mechanism of action for this intervention, we determined whether there was any association between the underlying metabolic insult and any improvement in resting state functional connectivity (FC) with MRI, or whether R13 acts through mechanisms unrelated to metabolic recovery. We found perfusion deficits could be reasonably approximated by reductions in mean diffusivity (MD) acutely after injury, because a majority of regions with low perfusion matched to regions of low MD, indicative of cell swelling. Injury alone resulted in reduced cross-brain FC and contralateral hyperconnectivity at 1d compared to sham and these were spatially coincident with regions of low MD. R13 intervention at 1-7d altered the tissue trajectory of MD pathology away from pseudo-normalization so that a greater volume of tissue remained with low MD at 7d. These same regions were associated with significant changes in cross-brain and contralateral FC in R13 treated rats compared to injured vehicle-treated rats. These data indicate a likely metabolic effect of R13 acutely after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School. of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pavan Thapak
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Afshin Paydar
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School. of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neil G. Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School. of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Nwafor D, Goeckeritz J, Hasanpour Z, Davidson C, Lucke-Wold B. Nutritional Support Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Review. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2023; 8:236-247. [PMID: 37795213 PMCID: PMC10550050 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can contribute to extensive dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal system, leading to worsened outcomes. The importance of nutrition in recovery is underappreciated but highly important. In this focused review, we discuss the timing of nutritional interventions with supporting data. We highlight routes of administration that are important given the extent of injury often seen in TBI. The increased energy demands can be met through these approaches. Furthermore, patients need increased vitamins, minerals, and supplements. These interventions are constantly being refined. The current standards are reviewed with an emphasis on evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine Nwafor
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Joel Goeckeritz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Zahra Hasanpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Sohouli MH, Rohani P, Nasehi MM, Hekmatdoost A. Changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor following supplementation of omega 3 fatty acids: A systematic review and Meta-Regression analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 56:207-214. [PMID: 37344075 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effects of omega 3 supplementation on BDNF. METHODS Original databases were searched using standard keywords to identify all controlled trials that investigating the BDNF effects of omega 3 supplementation. Pooled weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were achieved by random-effects model analysis for the best estimation of outcomes. RESULTS According to the results of a random-effects meta-analysis, omega 3 supplementation significantly raised BDNF levels compared to the control group (pooled WMD of 1.01 μmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35 to 1.67; P = 0.003) and this increase was even more pronounced for interventions >10 weeks and doses ≤1500 mg/day. Additionally, in individuals under 50 years of age, a greater increase in the effects of omega-3 supplements on this brain factor was observed. CONCLUSIONS The present comprehensive review and meta-regression analysis generally showed that omega-3 supplementation can statistically significantly increase BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Nasehi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Talamonti E, Jacobsson A, Chiurchiù V. Impairment of Endogenous Synthesis of Omega-3 DHA Exacerbates T-Cell Inflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043717. [PMID: 36835128 PMCID: PMC9966148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are involved in numerous biological processes and have a range of health benefits. DHA is obtained through the action of elongases (ELOVLs) and desaturases, among which Elovl2 is the key enzyme involved in its synthesis, and can be further metabolized into several mediators that regulate the resolution of inflammation. Our group has recently reported that ELOVL2 deficient mice (Elovl2-/-) not only display reduced DHA levels in several tissues, but they also have higher pro-inflammatory responses in the brain, including the activation of innate immune cells such as macrophages. However, whether impaired synthesis of DHA affects cells of adaptive immunity, i.e., T lymphocytes, is unexplored. Here we show that Elovl2-/- mice have significantly higher lymphocytes in peripheral blood and that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets produce greater amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both blood and spleen compared to wild type mice, with a higher percentage of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) as well as IFN-γ-producing Th1 and IL-17-producing Th17 CD4+ cells. Furthermore, we also found that DHA deficiency impacts the cross-talk between dendritic cells (DC) and T cells, inasmuch as mature DCs of Elovl2-/- mice bear higher expression of activation markers (CD80, CD86 and MHC-II) and enhance the polarization of Th1 and Th17 cells. Reintroducing DHA back into the diets of Elovl2-/- mice reversed the exacerbated immune responses observed in T cells. Hence, impairment of endogenous synthesis of DHA exacerbates T cell inflammatory responses, accounting for an important role of DHA in regulating adaptive immunity and in potentially counteracting T-cell-mediated chronic inflammation or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Talamonti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 114 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 114 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Jacobsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 114 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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Findlay MC, Bauer SZ, Gautam D, Lucke-Wold B. Rehabilitation After Neurotrauma: A Commentary. JOURNAL OF SURGERY CARE 2022; 1:19-26. [PMID: 36321858 PMCID: PMC9620735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rehabilitation following neurotrauma is an important component of recovery. The best outcomes involve multidisciplinary management. This involves medical therapies, functional therapies, and physical therapies. Speech therapy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy are crucial components. Emerging evidence has implicated the need for vision therapies and a focus on mental health. A seamless integration from inpatient to outpatient is validated. This can be at outpatient facilities or home care. The importance is a key point person for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sawyer Z Bauer
- Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Diwas Gautam
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA
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Raikes AC, Hernandez GD, Mullins VA, Wang Y, Lopez C, Killgore WDS, Chilton FH, Brinton RD. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaoic acid supplementation on white matter integrity after repetitive sub-concussive head impacts during American football: Exploratory neuroimaging findings from a pilot RCT. Front Neurol 2022; 13:891531. [PMID: 36188406 PMCID: PMC9521411 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.891531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Repetitive sub-concussive head impacts (RSHIs) are common in American football and result in changes to the microstructural integrity of white matter. Both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaoic acid (EPA) supplementation exerted neuroprotective effects against RSHIs in animal models and in a prior study in football players supplemented with DHA alone. Objective Here, we present exploratory neuroimaging outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of DHA + EPA supplementation in American football players. We hypothesized that supplementation would result in less white matter integrity loss on diffusion weighted imaging over the season. Design setting participants We conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 38 American football players between June 2019 and January 2020. Intervention Participants were randomized to the treatment (2.442 g/day DHA and 1.020 g/day EPA) or placebo group for five times-per-week supplementation for 7 months. Of these, 27 participants were included in the neuroimaging data analysis (n = 16 placebo; n = 11 DHA + EPA). Exploratory outcome measures Changes in white matter integrity were quantified using both voxelwise diffusion kurtosis scalars and deterministic tractography at baseline and end of season. Additional neuroimaging outcomes included changes in regional gray matter volume as well as intra-regional, edge-wise, and network level functional connectivity. Serum neurofilament light (NfL) provided a peripheral biomarker of axonal damage. Results No voxel-wise between-group differences were identified on diffusion tensor metrics. Deterministic tractography using quantitative anisotropy (QA) revealed increased structural connectivity in ascending corticostriatal fibers and decreased connectivity in long association and commissural fibers in the DHA+EPA group compared to the placebo group. Serum NfL increases were correlated with increased mean (ρ = 0.47), axial (ρ = 0.44), and radial (ρ = 0.51) diffusivity and decreased QA (ρ = -0.52) in the corpus callosum and bilateral corona radiata irrespective of treatment group. DHA + EPA supplementation did preserve default mode/frontoparietal control network connectivity (g = 0.96, p = 0.024). Conclusions These exploratory findings did not provide strong evidence that DHA + EPA prevented or protected against axonal damage as quantified via neuroimaging. Neuroprotective effects on functional connectivity were observed despite white matter damage. Further studies with larger samples are needed to fully establish the relationship between omega-3 supplementation, RSHIs, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov-NCT04796207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Raikes
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gerson D. Hernandez
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Veronica A. Mullins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Claudia Lopez
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - William D. S. Killgore
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Roberta D. Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Yao X, Wang W, Li Y, Cao Z, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Li X, Liang X, Yu Y, Liu L. Study of the mechanism by which MSCs combined with LITUS treatment improve cognitive dysfunction caused by traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2022; 787:136825. [PMID: 35933061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) substantially affects the quality of life of patients, and an effective therapy is unavailable. Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) are effective treatments for neurological damage, inflammation, edema and cognitive impairment caused by TBI. However, it is unclear whether the combination of the two treatments exerts an additive effect. In this study, a rat TBI model was established using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. Neurological function was assessed by determining the rat modified neurological score (mNSS), and cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze. Pathological changes in the injured tissue were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of Nestin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), postsynaptic density protein (PSD-95), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4). Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression levels of GAP-43, PSD-95, BDNF, TNF-α, and AQP-4 mRNA to investigate whether MSCs combined with LITUS exert an additive therapeutic effect of alleviating the cognitive dysfunction caused by TBI and the possible mechanisms involved. Rats exhibited cognitive dysfunction 28 days after TBI, and MSCs combined with LITUS treatment ameliorated the cognitive deficits caused by TBI via increasing Nestin, NSE, GAP-43, PSD-95, and BDNF expression and attenuating the inflammatory response and edema caused by TBI via reducing TNF-α and AQP-4 expression. According to these results, MSCs combined with LITUS is more effective than MSCs alone for the treatment of TBI, and the mechanism may be the promotion of neuronal proliferation and differentiation, and the attenuation of the inflammatory response and edema, which ameliorates the spatial learning memory impairment caused by TBI. MSCs combined with LITUS treatment represents a new approach for the clinical treatment of patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yao
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, Hebei Province, China; First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, North Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yue Li
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Zhendong Cao
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Hebei Avenue, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab, Yanshan University, Hebei Avenue, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, Hebei Province, China; First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, North Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Graduate School of Chengde Medical University, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, Hebei Province, China; First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Culture Road, Seaport District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
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12
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Kelley DP, Chaichi A, Duplooy A, Singh D, Gartia MR, Francis J. Labelfree mapping and profiling of altered lipid homeostasis in the rat hippocampus after traumatic stress: Role of oxidative homeostasis. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 20:100476. [PMID: 36032405 PMCID: PMC9403561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative and lipid homeostasis are altered by stress and trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with alterations to lipid species in plasma. Stress-induced alterations to lipid oxidative and homeostasis may exacerbate PTSD pathology, but few preclinical investigations of stress-induced lipidomic changes in the brain exist. Currently available techniques for the quantification of lipid species in biological samples require tissue extraction and are limited in their ability to retrieve spatial information. Raman imaging can overcome this limitation through the quantification of lipid species in situ in minimally processed tissue slices. Here, we utilized a predator exposure and psychosocial stress (PE/PSS) model of traumatic stress to standardize Raman imaging of lipid species in the hippocampus using LC-MS based lipidomics and these data were confirmed with qRT-PCR measures of mRNA expression of relevant enzymes and transporters. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR) was used to measure free radical production and an MDA assay to measure oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids. We observed that PE/PSS is associated with increased cholesterol, altered lipid concentrations, increased free radical production and reduced oxidized polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) in the hippocampus (HPC), indicating shifts in lipid and oxidative homeostasis in the HPC after traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Parker Kelley
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Ardalan Chaichi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alexander Duplooy
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Synaptamide Modulates Astroglial Activity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080538. [PMID: 36005540 PMCID: PMC9410022 DOI: 10.3390/md20080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the study of the neurotropic activity of polyunsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (N-acylethanolamines) is becoming increasingly important. N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide, DHEA) is a highly active metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with neuroprotective, synaptogenic, neuritogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties in the nervous system. Synaptamide tested in the present study was obtained using a chemical modification of DHA isolated from squid Berryteuthis magister liver. The results of this study demonstrate the effects of synaptamide on the astroglial response to injury in the acute (1 day) and chronic (7 days) phases of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) development. HPLC-MS study revealed several times increase of synaptamide concentration in the cerebral cortex and serum of experimental animals after subcutaneous administration (10 mg/kg/day). Using immunohistochemistry, it was shown that synaptamide regulates the activation of GFAP- and S100β-positive astroglia, reduce nNOS-positive immunostaining, and stimulates the secretion of neurotrophin BDNF. Dynamics of superoxide dismutase production in synaptamide treatment confirm the antioxidant efficacy of the test compound. We found a decrease in TBI biomarkers such as GFAP, S100β, and IL-6 in the blood serum of synaptamide-treated experimental animals using Western blot analysis. The results indicate the high therapeutic potential of synaptamide in reducing the severity of the brain damage consequences.
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14
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Lai JQ, Shi YC, Lin S, Chen XR. Metabolic disorders on cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:451-462. [PMID: 35534336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a common adverse consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). After brain injury, the brain and other organs trigger a series of complex metabolic changes, including reduced glucose metabolism, enhanced lipid peroxidation, disordered neurotransmitter secretion, and imbalanced trace element synthesis. In recent years, several research and clinical studies have demonstrated that brain metabolism directly or indirectly affects cognitive dysfunction after TBI, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Drugs that improve the symptoms of cognitive dysfunction caused by TBI are under investigation and treatments that target metabolic processes are expected to improve cognitive function in the future. This review explores the impact of metabolic disorders on cognitive dysfunction after TBI and provides new strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroendocrinology Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Neuroendocrinology Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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15
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Gao C, Nie M, Huang J, Tian Y, Wang D, Zhang J, Jiang R. Pharmacotherapy for mild traumatic brain injury: an overview of the current treatment options. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:805-813. [PMID: 35290753 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2054328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accounting for 90% of all traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is currently the most frequently seen type of TBI. Although most patients can recover from mTBI, some may suffer from prolonged symptoms for months to years after injury. Growing evidence indicates that mTBI is associated with neurodegenerative diseases including dementias and Parkinson's disease (PD). Pharmacological interventions are necessary to address the symptoms and avoid the adverse consequences of mTBI. AREAS COVERED To provide an overview of the current treatment options, the authors herein review the potential drugs to reduce the secondary damage and symptom-targeted therapy as well as the ongoing clinical trials about pharmacotherapy for mTBI. EXPERT OPINION There has been no consensus on the pharmacotherapy for mTBI. Several candidates including n-3 PUFAs, melatonin, NAC and statins show potential benefits in lessening the secondary injury and improving neurological deficits in pre-clinic studies, which, however, still need further investigation in clinical trials. The current pharmacotherapy for mTBI is empirical in nature and mainly targets to mitigate the symptoms. Well-designed clinical trials are now warranted to provide high level evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
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16
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Lin PH, Kuo LT, Luh HT. The Roles of Neurotrophins in Traumatic Brain Injury. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:life12010026. [PMID: 35054419 PMCID: PMC8780368 DOI: 10.3390/life12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a collection of structurally and functionally related proteins. They play important roles in many aspects of neural development, survival, and plasticity. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to different levels of central nervous tissue destruction and cellular repair through various compensatory mechanisms promoted by the injured brain. Many studies have shown that neurotrophins are key modulators of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier permeability, memory capacity, and neurite regeneration. The expression of neurotrophins following TBI is affected by the severity of injury, genetic polymorphism, and different post-traumatic time points. Emerging research is focused on the potential therapeutic applications of neurotrophins in managing TBI. We conducted a comprehensive review by organizing the studies that demonstrate the role of neurotrophins in the management of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Lin
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Tzung Luh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-956279587
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17
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Nutritional Considerations for Injury Prevention and Recovery in Combat Sports. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010053. [PMID: 35010929 PMCID: PMC8746600 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports participation is not without risk, and most athletes incur at least one injury throughout their careers. Combat sports are popular all around the world, and about one-third of their injuries result in more than 7 days of absence from competition or training. The most frequently injured body regions are the head and neck, followed by the upper and lower limbs, while the most common tissue types injured are superficial tissues and skin, followed by ligaments and joint capsules. Nutrition has significant implications for injury prevention and enhancement of the recovery process due to its effect on the overall physical and psychological well-being of the athlete and improving tissue healing. In particular, amino acid and protein intake, antioxidants, creatine, and omega-3 are given special attention due to their therapeutic roles in preventing muscle loss and anabolic resistance as well as promoting injury healing. The purpose of this review is to present the roles of various nutritional strategies in reducing the risk of injury and improving the treatment and rehabilitation process in combat sports. In this respect, nutritional considerations for muscle, joint, and bone injuries as well as sports-related concussions are presented. The injury risk associated with rapid weight loss is also discussed. Finally, preoperative nutrition and nutritional considerations for returning to a sport after rehabilitation are addressed.
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18
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Schreiber JA, Tajuddin NF, Kouzoukas DE, Kevala K, Kim HY, Collins MA. Moderate blood alcohol and brain neurovulnerability: Selective depletion of calcium-independent phospholipase A2, omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, and its synaptamide derivative as a potential harbinger of deficits in anti-inflammatory reserve. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2506-2517. [PMID: 34719812 PMCID: PMC11049540 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive, highly elevated blood alcohol (ethanol) concentrations (BACs) of 350 to 450 mg/dl over several days cause brain neurodegeneration and coincident neuroinflammation in adult rats localized in the hippocampus (HC), temporal cortex (especially the entorhinal cortex; ECX), and olfactory bulb (OB). The profuse neuroinflammation involves microgliosis, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and elevations of Ca+2 -dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), which both mobilize proinflammatory ω-6 arachidonic acid (ARA). In contrast, Ca+2 -independent PLA2 (iPLA2) and anti-inflammatory ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid regulated primarily by iPLA2, are diminished. Furthermore, supplemented DHA exerts neuroprotection. Given uncertainties about the possible effects of lower circulating BACs that are common occurring during short- term binges, we examined how moderate BACs affected the above inflammatory events, and the impact of supplemented DHA. METHODS AND RESULTS Young adult male rats sustaining upper-moderate BACs (~150 mg/dl) from once-daily alcohol intubations were sacrificed with appropriate controls after 1 week. The HC, ECX and OB were quantitatively examined using immunoblotting, neurodegeneration staining, and lipidomics assays. Whereas neurodegeneration, increases in cPLA2 IVA, sPLA2 IIA, and ARA, and microglial activation were not detected, the HC and ECX regions demonstrated significantly reduced iPLA2 levels. Levels of DHA and synaptamide, its anti-inflammatory N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide derivative, also were lower in HC, and DHA supplementation prevented the iPLA2 decrements in HC. Additionally, adult mice maintaining upper-moderate BACs from limited alcohol binges had reduced midbrain iPLA2 levels. CONCLUSIONS The apparently selective depletion by moderate BACs of the metabolically linked anti-inflammatory triad of hippocampal iPLA2, DHA, and synaptamide, and of iPLA2 in the ECX, potentially indicates an unappreciated deficit in brain anti-inflammatory reserve that may be a harbinger of regional neurovulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schreiber
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Nuzhath F Tajuddin
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitrios E Kouzoukas
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Collins
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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19
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N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ameliorate Neurobehavioral Outcomes Post-Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Fat-1 Mouse Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114092. [PMID: 34836347 PMCID: PMC8620437 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussions and mild traumatic brain injury (m-TBI) have been identified as a consequential public health concern because of their potential to cause considerable impairments in physical, cognitive, behavioral, and social functions. Given their prominent structural and functional roles in the brain, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been identified as a potentially viable prophylactic agent that may ameliorate the deleterious effects of m-TBI on brain function. The purpose of the present pilot study was to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA on neurologic function using a weight drop injury (WDI) model. Fat-1 mice, capable of synthesizing n-3 PUFA endogenously from n-6 PUFA, and their wild-type (WT) counterparts, were subjected to a mild low-impact WDI on the closed cranium, and recovery was evaluated using the neurological severity score (NSS) to assess the motor and neurobehavioral outcomes. In comparison to the WT mice, the fat-1 mice had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower NSS at all time points post-WDI, and significantly greater neurological restoration measured as the time to first movement. Overall, these findings demonstrate the protective effect of n-3 PUFA against mild brain injury.
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20
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An Evaluation of Omega-3 Status and Intake in Canadian Elite Rugby 7s Players. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113777. [PMID: 34836033 PMCID: PMC8620970 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: EPA and DHA n-3 FA play crucial roles in both neurological and cardiovascular health and high dietary intakes along with supplementation suggest potential neuroprotection and concussion recovery support. Rugby athletes have a high risk of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts which may lead to long-term neurological deficits, but there is a lack of research looking into n-3 FA status in rugby players. We examined the dietary n-3 FA intake through a FFQ and n-3 FA status by measuring the percentage of n-3 FA and O3I in elite Canadian Rugby 7s players to show distribution across O3I risk zones; high risk, <4%; intermediate risk, 4 to 8%; and low risk, >8%. Methods: n-3 FA profile and dietary intake as per FFQ were collected at the beginning of the 2017–2018 Rugby 7s season in male (n = 19; 24.84 ± 2.32 years; 95.23 ± 6.93 kg) and female (n = 15; 23.45 ± 3.10 years; 71.21 ± 5.79 kg) athletes. Results: O3I averaged 4.54% ± 1.77, with female athlete scores slightly higher, and higher O3I scores in supplemented athletes (4.82% vs. 3.94%, p = 0.183), with a greater proportion of non-supplemented athletes in the high-risk category (45.5% vs. 39.1%). Dietary intake in non-supplemented athletes did not meet daily dietary recommendations for ALA or EPA + DHA compared to supplemented athletes. Conclusions: Overall, despite supplementation, O3I score remained in the high-risk category in a proportion of athletes who met recommended n-3 FA dietary intakes, and non-supplemented athletes had a higher proportion of O3I scores in the high-risk category, suggesting that dietary intake alone may not be enough and athletes may require additional dietary and n-3 FA supplementation to reduce neurological and cardiovascular risk.
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21
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Desai A, Chen H, Kevala K, Kim HY. Higher n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Diet Improves Long-Term Neuropathological and Functional Outcome after Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2622-2632. [PMID: 33913741 PMCID: PMC8403198 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause persistent neuropathological effects and is a major risk factor for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. PUFAs (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) were shown to improve acute TBI outcomes in single-injury models in most cases. In this study, we demonstrate positive effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on long-term neuropathological and functional outcome in a clinically relevant model of repeated mild TBI using the Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA). Adult mice, reared on n-3 PUFA adequate (higher n-3 PUFA) or deficient (lower n-3 PUFA) diets, were given a mild CHIMERA daily for 3 consecutive days. At 2 months after injury, visual function and spatial memory were evaluated. Glia cell activation was assessed by immunostaining using antibodies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and axonal damage was examined using silver staining. Repeated CHIMERA (rCHIMERA)-induced gliosis was significantly suppressed in the optic tract, corpus callosum, and hippocampus of mice fed the n-3 PUFA adequate diet compared to the deficient diet group. Considerable axonal damage was detected in the optic tract after rCHIMERA, but the adequate diet group displayed less axonal damage compared to the deficient diet group. rCHIMERA induced a drastic reduction in N1 amplitude of the visual evoked potential in both diet groups and the a-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram in the deficient diet group. However, reduction of N1 and a-wave amplitude were less severe in the adequate diet group. The Morris water maze probe test indicated a significant decrease in the number of platform crossings in the deficient diet group compared to the adequate group. In summary, dietary n-3 PUFA can attenuate persistent glial cell activation and axonal damage and improve deficits in visual function and spatial memory after repeated mild TBI. These data support the neuroprotective potential of a higher n-3 PUFA diet in ameliorating the adverse outcome of repeated mild TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Desai
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huazhen Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Dhote VV, Raja MKMM, Samundre P, Sharma S, Anwikar S, Upaganlawar AB. Sports Related Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration in Athletes. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:51-76. [PMID: 34515018 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210910114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sports deserve a special place in human life to impart healthy and refreshing wellbeing. However, sports activities, especially contact sports, renders athlete vulnerable to brain injuries. Athletes participating in a contact sport like boxing, rugby, American football, wrestling, and basketball are exposed to traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or concussions. The acute and chronic nature of these heterogeneous injuries provides a spectrum of dysfunctions that alters the neuronal, musculoskeletal, and behavioral responses of an athlete. Many sports-related brain injuries go unreported, but these head impacts trigger neurometabolic disruptions that contribute to long-term neuronal impairment. The pathophysiology of post-concussion and its underlying mechanisms are undergoing intense research. It also shed light on chronic disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. In this review, we examined post-concussion neurobehavioral changes, tools for early detection of signs, and their impact on the athlete. Further, we discussed the role of nutritional supplements in ameliorating neuropsychiatric diseases in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin V Dhote
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | | | - Prem Samundre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | - Shraddha Anwikar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
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23
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Mondal K, Takahashi H, Cole J, Del Mar NA, Li C, Stephenson DJ, Allegood J, Cowart LA, Chalfant CE, Reiner A, Mandal N. Systemic Elevation of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3-PUFA) Is Associated with Protection against Visual, Motor, and Emotional Deficits in Mice following Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5564-5580. [PMID: 34365584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration leading to various pathological complications such as motor and sensory (visual) deficits, cognitive impairment, and depression. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) containing lipids are known to be anti-inflammatory, whereas the sphingolipid, ceramide (Cer), is an inducer of neuroinflammation and degeneration. Using Fat1+-transgenic mice that contain elevated levels of systemic n-3 PUFA, we tested whether they are resistant to mild TBI-mediated sensory-motor and emotional deficits by subjecting Fat1-transgenic mice and their WT littermates to focal cranial air blast (50 psi) or sham blast (0 psi, control). We observed that visual function in WT mice was reduced significantly following TBI but not in Fat1+-blast animals. We also found Fat1+-blast mice were resistant to the decline in motor functions, depression, and fear-producing effects of blast, as well as the reduction in the area of oculomotor nucleus and increase in activated microglia in the optic tract in brain sections seen following blast in WT mice. Lipid and gene expression analyses confirmed an elevated level of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the plasma and brain, blocking of TBI-mediated increase of Cer in the brain, and decrease in TBI-mediated induction of Cer biosynthetic and inflammatory gene expression in the brain of the Fat1+ mice. Our results demonstrate that suppression of ceramide biosynthesis and inflammatory factors in Fat1+-transgenic mice is associated with significant protection against the visual, motor, and emotional deficits caused by mild TBI. This study suggests that n-3 PUFA (especially, EPA) has a promising therapeutic role in preventing neurodegeneration after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Mondal
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA
| | - Haruka Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Jerome Cole
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA
| | - Nobel A Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.,Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,The Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA
| | - Nawajes Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, TN, 38163, Memphis, USA. .,Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA.
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The More, the Better: High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Behavioural and Molecular Outcomes in Preclinical Models in Mild Brain Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:45. [PMID: 34227043 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a continuing healthcare concern worldwide contributing to significant cognitive and neurological impairment, consequently affecting activities of daily living. While mTBI recovery is becoming well studied, there are no interventions to reduce the known impairments of mTBI. Omega-3 fatty acids (N-3FA) are safe and beneficial for brain health; however, their potential effects in a pathophysiological environment such as that seen post-mTBI are unknown. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies using rodent models are key to understanding molecular mechanisms underlying improvements post-injury. Studies to date have shown improved outcomes in rodent models following mTBI protocols, but these data have not been quantified using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Our systematic review assessed 291 studies identified from the literature. Of these studies, 18 studies met inclusion criteria. We conducted a meta-analysis examining the effect of high-dose n-3FA vs placebo on neurological, cognitive and molecular changes following mTBI. Quality of studies was rated as moderate to high quality, and while mostly compliant, some areas of risk of bias were identified. Results showed that preclinical doses of 10-370 mg/kg/day of n-3FA per day in rodents (equivalent to high clinical doses) resulted in improvements in neurological and cognitive performance (pooled effect sizes ranging between 1.52 and 3.55). Similarly, improvements in molecular and inflammatory markers were observed in treated rodents vs control (pooled effect sizes: 3.73-6.55). Overall, these findings highlight the potential for high-dose n-3FA for human clinical studies following mTBI.
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Markovic SJ, Fitzgerald M, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR, Rainey-Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Brown BM. The impact of exercise, sleep, and diet on neurocognitive recovery from mild traumatic brain injury in older adults: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101322. [PMID: 33737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for a large majority of traumatic brain injuries sustained globally each year. Older adults, who are already susceptible to age-related declines to neurocognitive health, appear to be at an increased risk of both sustaining an mTBI and experiencing slower or impaired recovery. There is also growing evidence that mTBI is a potential risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Lifestyle-based interventions are gaining prominence as a cost-effective means of maintaining cognition and brain health with age. Consequently, inter-individual variations in exercise, sleep, and dietary patterns could influence the trajectory of post-mTBI neurocognitive recovery, particularly in older adults. This review synthesises the current animal and human literature centred on the mechanisms through which lifestyle-related habits and behaviours could influence acute and longer-term neurocognitive functioning following mTBI. Numerous neuroprotective processes which are impacted by lifestyle factors have been established in animal models of TBI. However, the literature is characterised by a lack of translation to human samples and limited appraisal of the interaction between ageing and brain injury. Further research is needed to better establish the therapeutic utility of applying lifestyle-based modifications to improve post-mTBI neurocognitive outcomes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun J Markovic
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda M Brown
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Prostaglandin E2, 9S-, 13S-HODE and resolvin D1 are strongly associated with the post-stroke cognitive impairment. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106576. [PMID: 34119645 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory derivatives of free fatty acids are involved in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions. The study aim was to establish the influence of eicosanoids on the cognitive status of stroke patients. METHODS 73 stroke patients were prospectively evaluated towards the neuropsychological cognitive functions on the 7th day after stroke and after follow-up of 6 months. Eicosanoids levels were measured in all patients and compared to stroke-free controls (n = 30). RESULTS Prostaglandin E2 was negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test on the 7th day after stroke. The level of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9S-HODE) was significantly higher in patients with cognitive dysfunctions in MOCA test compared to the others (group I mean ± SD: 0.040 ± 0.035 vs. group II: 0.0271 ± 0.016). In the initial neuropsychological assessment maresin 1-, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 12S-HETE and 15S-HETE were negatively correlated with California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and thus with cognitive functions, while in the follow-up examination negative correlations were identified for prostaglandin E2, meresin 1, leukotriene B4, 13S HODE, 9S-HODE; the only positive correlation was observed in 15S-HETE. Other neuropsychological tests showed a beneficial impact of resolvin D1 and a negative role of prostaglandin E2 was observed in the first examination and in the follow-up. Resolvin D1 and the group of all analyzed eicosanoids predict changes in cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS Eicosanoids can play a role in the neuroinflammation. They can affect the cognitive status at the stroke onset and have a predictive value for post-stroke cognitive decline. Prostaglandin E2, 9S-, 13S-HODE and resolvin D1 are the most important inflammatory free fatty acid derivatives in the cognitive functions in stroke. Eicosanoids predict post-stroke cognitive functions.
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Tortella GR, Seabra AB, Padrão J, Díaz-San Juan R. Mindfulness and Other Simple Neuroscience-Based Proposals to Promote the Learning Performance and Mental Health of Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Brain Sci 2021; 11:552. [PMID: 33925627 PMCID: PMC8145019 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on education. The restrictions imposed have undoubtedly led to impairment of the psychological well-being of both teachers and students, and of the way they experience interpersonal relationships. As reported previously in the literature, adverse effects such as loneliness, anxiety, and stress have resulted in a decrease in the cognitive performance of school and higher education students. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present a general overview of the reported adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic which may potentially influence the learning performance of students. Some neuroscientific findings related to memory and cognition, such as neuroplasticity and long-term potentiation, are also shown. We also discuss the positive effects of the practice of mindfulness, as well as other simple recommendations based on neuroscientific findings such as restful sleep, physical activity, and nutrition, which can act on memory and cognition. Finally, we propose some practical recommendations on how to achieve more effective student learning in the context of the pandemic. The aim of this review is to provide some assistance in this changing and uncertain situation in which we all find ourselves, and we hope that some of the information could serve as a starting point for hypotheses to be tested in educational research and their association with neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo R. Tortella
- Center of Excellence (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- PhD Program in Natural Resource Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Amedea B. Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001-Bangú, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jorge Padrão
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Rodrigo Díaz-San Juan
- Educational Neurosciences and Psychology Department, Centenario School, Temuco 4810936, Chile;
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28
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The Role of BDNF in Experimental and Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073582. [PMID: 33808272 PMCID: PMC8037220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world with no current pharmacological treatment. The role of BDNF in neural repair and regeneration is well established and has also been the focus of TBI research. Here, we review experimental animal models assessing BDNF expression following injury as well as clinical studies in humans including the role of BDNF polymorphism in TBI. There is a large heterogeneity in experimental setups and hence the results with different regional and temporal changes in BDNF expression. Several studies have also assessed different interventions to affect the BDNF expression following injury. Clinical studies highlight the importance of BDNF polymorphism in the outcome and indicate a protective role of BDNF polymorphism following injury. Considering the possibility of affecting the BDNF pathway with available substances, we discuss future studies using transgenic mice as well as iPSC in order to understand the underlying mechanism of BDNF polymorphism in TBI and develop a possible pharmacological treatment.
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Keating CE, Browne KD, Cullen DK. Dietary manipulation of vulnerability to traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal plasma membrane permeability. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113649. [PMID: 33600812 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can produce physical disruptions in the plasma membranes of neurons, referred to as mechanoporation, which lead to increased cell permeability. We suspect that such trauma-induced membrane disruptions may be influenced by the physical properties of the plasma membrane, such as elasticity or rigidity. These membrane properties are influenced by lipid composition, which can be modulated via diet, leading to the intriguing possibility of prophylactically altering diet to confer resiliency to this mechanism of acute neuronal damage in TBI. In this proof-of-concept study, we used three different diets-one high in polyunsaturated fatty acids suggested to increase elasticity (Fish Oil), one high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol suggested to increase rigidity (High Fat), and one standard rat chow (Control)-to alter brain plasma membrane lipid composition before subjecting rats to lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). Lipid analysis (n = 12 rats) confirmed that diets altered brain fatty acid composition after 4 weeks of feeding, with the Fish Oil diet increasing unsaturated fatty acids, and interestingly, the High Fat diet increasing omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid. One cohort of animals (n = 34 rats) was assessed immediately after FPI or sham injury for acute changes in neuronal membrane permeability in the injury-adjacent cortex. Surprisingly, sham animals fed Fish Oil had increased membrane permeability, suggesting altered passive membrane properties. In contrast, injured animals fed the High Fat diet displayed less intense uptake of permeability marker, suggesting a reduced extent of injury-induced plasma membrane disruption, although the density of affected cells matched the other diet groups. In a separate cohort survived for 7 days after FPI (n = 48 rats), animals fed the High Fat diet exhibited a reduced lesion area. At both time points there were no statistically significant differences in inflammation. Unexpectedly, these results indicate that the High Fat diet, as opposed to the Fish Oil diet, beneficially modulated acute plasma membrane permeability and resulted in a smaller lesion size at 7 days post-injury. Additional studies are necessary to determine the impact of these various diets on behavioral outcomes post-TBI. Further investigation is also needed to understand the physical properties in neuronal plasma membranes that may underlie increased resiliency to trauma-induced disruptions and, importantly, to understand how these properties may be influenced by targeted dietary modifications for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Keating
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 19104, USA.
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Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Status during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Infant Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123615. [PMID: 33255561 PMCID: PMC7759779 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary components are essential for the structural and functional development of the brain. Among these, docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), is critically necessary for the structure and development of the growing fetal brain in utero. DHA is the major n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain gray matter representing about 15% of all fatty acids in the human frontal cortex. DHA affects neurogenesis, neurotransmitter, synaptic plasticity and transmission, and signal transduction in the brain. Data from human and animal studies suggest that adequate levels of DHA in neural membranes are required for maturation of cortical astrocyte, neurovascular coupling, and glucose uptake and metabolism. Besides, some metabolites of DHA protect from oxidative tissue injury and stress in the brain. A low DHA level in the brain results in behavioral changes and is associated with learning difficulties and dementia. In humans, the third trimester-placental supply of maternal DHA to the growing fetus is critically important as the growing brain obligatory requires DHA during this window period. Besides, DHA is also involved in the early placentation process, essential for placental development. This underscores the importance of maternal intake of DHA for the structural and functional development of the brain. This review describes DHA’s multiple roles during gestation, lactation, and the consequences of its lower intake during pregnancy and postnatally on the 2019 brain development and function.
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31
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McGeown JP, Hume PA, Theadom A, Quarrie KL, Borotkanics R. Nutritional interventions to improve neurophysiological impairments following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:573-603. [PMID: 33107071 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for significant global health burden. Effects of TBI can become chronic even following mild injury. There is a need to develop effective therapies to attenuate the damaging effects of TBI and improve recovery outcomes. This literature review using a priori criteria (PROSPERO; CRD42018100623) summarized 43 studies between January 1998 and July 2019 that investigated nutritional interventions (NUT) delivered with the objective of altering neurophysiological (NP) outcomes following TBI. Risk of bias was assessed for included studies, and NP outcomes recorded. The systematic search resulted in 43 of 3,748 identified studies met inclusion criteria. No studies evaluated the effect of a NUT on NP outcomes of TBI in humans. Biomarkers of morphological changes and apoptosis, oxidative stress, and plasticity, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission were the most evaluated NP outcomes across the 43 studies that used 2,897 animals. The risk of bias was unclear in all reviewed studies due to poorly detailed methodology sections. Taking these limitations into account, anti-oxidants, branched chain amino acids, and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have shown the most promising pre-clinical results for altering NP outcomes following TBI. Refinement of pre-clinical methodologies used to evaluate effects of interventions on secondary damage of TBI would improve the likelihood of translation to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P McGeown
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patria A Hume
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neuroscience (NISAN), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alice Theadom
- Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neuroscience (NISAN), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Robert Borotkanics
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Liu ZH, Huang YC, Kuo CY, Kuo CY, Chin CY, Yip PK, Chen JP. Docosahexaenoic Acid-Loaded Polylactic Acid Core-Shell Nanofiber Membranes for Regenerative Medicine after Spinal Cord Injury: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197031. [PMID: 32987768 PMCID: PMC7583922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with disability and a drastic decrease in quality of life for affected individuals. Previous studies support the idea that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-based pharmacological approach is a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of acute SCI. We postulated that a nanostructured material for controlled delivery of DHA at the lesion site may be well suited for this purpose. Toward this end, we prepare drug-loaded fibrous mats made of core-shell nanofibers by electrospinning, which contained a polylactic acid (PLA) shell for encapsulation of DHA within the core, for delivery of DHA in situ. In vitro study confirmed sustained DHA release from PLA/DHA core-shell nanofiber membrane (CSNM) for up to 36 days, which could significantly increase neurite outgrowth from primary cortical neurons in 3 days. This is supported by the upregulation of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) neural marker genes from qRT-PCR analysis. Most importantly, the sustained release of DHA could significantly increase the neurite outgrowth length from cortical neuron cells in 7 days when co-cultured with PLA/DHA CSNM, compared with cells cultured with 3 μM DHA. From in vivo study with a SCI model created in rats, implantation of PLA/DHA CSNM could significantly improve neurological functions revealed by behavior assessment in comparison with the control (no treatment) and the PLA CSNM groups. According to histological analysis, PLA/DHA CSNM also effectively reduced neuron loss and increased serotonergic nerve sprouting. Taken together, the PLA/DHA CSNM may provide a nanostructured drug delivery system for DHA and contribute to neuroprotection and promoting neuroplasticity change following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chang-Yi Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Ying Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Chin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (Z.-H.L.); (Y.-C.H.); (C.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3211-8800 (ext. 5298)
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33
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Zirpoli H, Chang CL, Carpentier YA, Michael-Titus AT, Ten VS, Deckelbaum RJ. Novel Approaches for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapeutics: Chronic Versus Acute Administration to Protect Heart, Brain, and Spinal Cord. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:161-187. [PMID: 32966188 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews novel approaches for omega-3 fatty acid (FA) therapeutics and the linked molecular mechanisms in cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In vitro and in vivo research studies indicate that omega-3 FAs affect synergic mechanisms that include modulation of cell membrane fluidity, regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, and production of bioactive mediators. We compare how chronic and acute treatments with omega-3 FAs differentially trigger pathways of protection in heart, brain, and spinal cord injuries. We also summarize recent omega-3 FA randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses and discuss possible reasons for controversial results, with suggestions on improving the study design for future clinical trials. Acute treatment with omega-3 FAs offers a novel approach for preserving cardiac and neurological functions, and the combinations of acute treatment with chronic administration of omega-3 FAs might represent an additional therapeutic strategy for ameliorating adverse cardiovascular and CNS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylde Zirpoli
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Chuchun L Chang
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Yvon A Carpentier
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Nutrition Lipid Developments, SPRL, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim S Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Supplementation of fenugreek with choline-docosahexaenoic acid attenuates menopause induced memory loss, BDNF and dendritic arborization in ovariectomized rats. Anat Sci Int 2020; 96:197-211. [PMID: 32944877 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment due to natural or surgical menopause is always associated with estrogen deficiency leading to reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Reduced BDNF levels in menopause affect neuronal maturation, survival, axonal and dendritic arborization and the maintenance of dendritic spine density. Conventional long-term estrogen replacement therapy reported causing the risk of venous thromboembolism and breast cancer. To overcome these undesirable effects, phytoestrogens have been used in menopause-induced condition without the risk of side effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fenugreek seed extract (FG) either alone or in combination with choline-DHA on BDNF and dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats of 9-10 months old were divided into six groups as normal control (NC); ovariectomy (OVX); OVX + FG; OVX + choline-DHA; OVX + FG + choline-DHA; and OVX + estradiol. All the groups, except NC, were ovariectomized. After 2 weeks of ovariectomy, dietary supplementation was initiated for a period of 30 days. After supplementation, behavioral studies, BDNF levels and dendritic arborization were estimated. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats showed reduced BDNF levels, dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections of pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. OVX rats supplemented with FG with choline-DHA showed significantly improved BDNF levels, dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections. These results are demonstrating that FG with choline-DHA supplementation can be an alternative for estrogen replacement therapy to modulate menopause-induced learning and memory deficits.
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Pender SC, Smith AM, Finnoff JT, Huston J, Stuart MJ. Concussions in Ice Hockey - Moving Toward Objective Diagnoses and Point-of-care Treatment: A Review. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:380-386. [PMID: 32925378 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of sport-related concussion coupled with a doubling of the participation rate in youth hockey over the past two decades provides impetus for the review of the most promising concussion treatment options. This narrative review summarizes the future treatment options for sport-related concussions in ice hockey, while acknowledging their generalizability to concussion in all sports. Symptom assessment, sign observation, as well as cognitive and balance testing, have historically been used to diagnose a concussion. These methods continue to improve, but the need for effective treatments is clear. Pharmacologic, transcranial light, and nutritional supplement treatment options for concussion warranting further investigation have been identified. Dimethyl fumarate is an immunomodulatory compound thought to trigger antioxidant gene expression. Memantine reduces apoptosis and astrogliosis by inhibiting the calcium influx into cells normally caused by glutamate's activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Thioredoxin-mimetic peptides and transcranial photobiomodulation temper the effects of the energy crisis by acting as free radical scavengers. In addition, seven neuroprotective nutritional supplements have been identified: berberine, creatine, curcumin, melatonin, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, and vitamins. An estimated US $1.1 billion has been spent on unsuccessful traumatic brain injury clinical trials. As our ability to accurately diagnose concussion improves, dimethyl fumarate, memantine, thioredoxin-mimetic peptides, transcranial photobiomodulation, and nutritional supplements (berberine, creatine, curcumin, melatonin, omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, and vitamins) warrant further preclinical and clinical examination in advancing the treatment of sport-related concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pender
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, IRELAND
| | | | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - John Huston
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael J Stuart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
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Sharples A, Baker D, Black K. Nutrition for Adolescent Female Team Sport Athletes: A Review. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yang Q, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Luo Y, Shen Y, Shao A. Will Sirtuins Be Promising Therapeutic Targets for TBI and Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:791. [PMID: 32848564 PMCID: PMC7411228 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, induces mechanical, persistent structural, and metabolic abnormalities in neurons and other brain-resident cells. The key pathological features of TBI include neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathological processes persist for a period of time after TBIs. Sirtuins are evolutionarily conserved nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases and mono-ADP-ribosyl transferases. The mammalian sirtuin family has seven members, referred to as Sirtuin (SIRT) 1-7. Accumulating evidence suggests that SIRT1 and SIRT3 play a neuroprotective role in TBI. Although the evidence is scant, considering the involvement of SIRT2, 4-7 in other brain injury models, they may also intervene in similar pathophysiology in TBI. Neurodegenerative diseases are generally accepted sequelae of TBI. It was found that TBI and neurodegenerative diseases have many similarities and overlaps in pathological features. Besides, sirtuins play some unique roles in some neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we propose that sirtuins might be a promising therapeutic target for both TBI and associated neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review the neuroprotective effects of sirtuins on TBI as well as related neurodegeneration and discuss the therapeutic potential of sirtuin modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lust CAC, Mountjoy M, Robinson LE, Oliver JM, Ma DWL. Sports-related concussions and subconcussive impacts in athletes: incidence, diagnosis, and the emerging role of EPA and DHA. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:886-892. [PMID: 32119565 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sports-related concussions (SRC) are traumatic brain injuries induced as the result of a biomechanical force to the body that temporarily impair neurological functions. Not all traumatic impacts reach the threshold necessary to produce concussive symptoms; however, the culmination of these events is known as a subconcussive impact (SCI). Athletes who have been diagnosed with a SRC or those who accumulate multiple SCI have exhibited structural damage to the brain, impairments to learning and memory, and an increase in depressive symptoms. This area is rapidly evolving, and current clinical definitions of injury, diagnosis, and treatment of SRC and SCI are reviewed. In tandem, there is also growing research examining the role of nutrition in brain injuries, focusing primarily on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The potential role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in reducing inflammation and promoting recovery following brain injury are also reviewed. Overall, advancements in the evaluation of SRC and SCI coupled with n-3 PUFA supplementation show promise in the management of brain injuries, leading to better long-term health outcomes for athletes. Novelty SRC have garnered widespread attention due to the growing body of reported prevalence in youth and professional sports. Current definitions and protocol(s) for diagnosing SRC and SCI have improved, but still require further evaluation. n-3, EPA and DHA, reduce inflammation and promote recovery following brain injuries in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A C Lust
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Athletics, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Energy dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of acute brain injury (ABI). This one characterized by a high metabolic rate and nitrogen loss is often associated with an undernutrition support. We review the metabolism evolution and nutritional status in brain injured patient and summarize evidence on nutritional support in this condition. RECENT FINDINGS The role of nutrition support for improving prognosis in brain injured patient has been underlined recently. A fast nutrition institution whatever the route is essential to prevent an imbalance in caloric support. Moreover, hypermetabolic state must be prevented with a sufficient nitrogen support. Glycemic control is particularly relevant in this group of patient, with the discovery of new fuel that could potentially improve cerebral metabolism and replace glucose. Few data support also the use of immunonutrition input in this group of patients. SUMMARY Nutritional support is a key parameter in brain injured patient and must be initiated quickly to counteract hypermetabolic state by caring to improve caloric and nitrogen input. Recent clinical data support the use of immunonutrition, glutamine and zinc in this particular setting.
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Sarkar C, Jones JW, Hegdekar N, Thayer JA, Kumar A, Faden AI, Kane MA, Lipinski MM. PLA2G4A/cPLA2-mediated lysosomal membrane damage leads to inhibition of autophagy and neurodegeneration after brain trauma. Autophagy 2020; 16:466-485. [PMID: 31238788 PMCID: PMC6999646 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1628538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is observed under many pathological conditions, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. However, the mechanisms by which lysosomal membranes become leaky in vivo are not clear. Our data demonstrate that LMP occurs in neurons following controlled cortical impact induced (CCI) traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice, leading to impaired macroautophagy (autophagy) and neuronal cell death. Comparison of LC-MS/MS lysosomal membrane lipid profiles from TBI and sham animals suggested a role for PLA2G4A/cPLA2 (phospholipase A2, group IVA [cytosolic, calcium-dependent]) in TBI-induced LMP. Activation of PLA2G4A caused LMP and inhibition of autophagy flux in cell lines and primary neurons. In vivo pharmacological inhibition of PLA2G4A attenuated TBI-induced LMP, as well as subsequent impairment of autophagy and neuronal loss, and was associated with improved neurological outcomes. Inhibition of PLA2G4A in vitro limited amyloid-β-induced LMP and inhibition of autophagy. Together, our data indicate that PLA2G4A -mediated lysosomal membrane damage is involved in neuronal cell death following CCI-induced TBI and potentially in other neurodegenerative disorders.Abbreviations: AACOCF3, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone; ACTB/β-actin, actin, beta; AD, Alzheimer disease; ATG5, autophagy related 5; ATG7, autophagy related 7; ATG12, autophagy related 12; BECN1, beclin 1, autophagy related; C1P, ceramide-1-phosphate; CCI, controlled cortical impact; CTSD, cathepsin D; CTSL, cathepsin L; GFP, green fluorescent protein; IF, immunofluorescence; LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAMP2, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LMP, Lysosomal membrane permeabilization; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtuble-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NAGLU, alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Sanfilippo disease IIIB); PC, diacyl glycerophosphatidylcholine; PE, diacyl glycerophosphatidylethanolamine; PE-O, plasmanyl glycerophosphatidylethanolamine; PE-P, plasmenyl glycerophosphatidylethanolamine; PLA2G4A/cPLA2, phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent); RBFOX3, RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3; RFP, red fluorescent protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1; TUBA1/α-tubulin, tubulin, alpha; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TFEB, transcription factor EB; ULK1, unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nivedita Hegdekar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia A. Thayer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow-U.P., India
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marta M. Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Talamonti E, Sasso V, To H, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Ulfhake B, Pernold K, Asadi A, Hessa T, Jacobsson A, Chiurchiù V, Viscomi MT. Impairment of DHA synthesis alters the expression of neuronal plasticity markers and the brain inflammatory status in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:2024-2040. [PMID: 31909582 PMCID: PMC7384056 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901890rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a ω-3 fatty acid typically obtained from the diet or endogenously synthesized through the action of elongases (ELOVLs) and desaturases. DHA is a key central nervous system constituent and the precursor of several molecules that regulate the resolution of inflammation. In the present study, we questioned whether the impaired synthesis of DHA affected neural plasticity and inflammatory status in the adult brain. To address this question, we investigated neural and inflammatory markers from mice deficient for ELOVL2 (Elovl2-/- ), the key enzyme in DHA synthesis. From our findings, Elovl2-/- mice showed an altered expression of markers involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation such as Egr-1, Arc1, and BDNF specifically in the cerebral cortex, impacting behavioral functions only marginally. In parallel, we also found that DHA-deficient mice were characterized by an increased expression of pro-inflammatory molecules, namely TNF, IL-1β, iNOS, caspase-1 as well as the activation and morphologic changes of microglia in the absence of any brain injury or disease. Reintroducing DHA in the diet of Elovl2-/- mice reversed such alterations in brain plasticity and inflammation. Hence, impairment of systemic DHA synthesis can modify the brain inflammatory and neural plasticity status, supporting the view that DHA is an essential fatty acid with an important role in keeping inflammation within its physiologic boundary and in shaping neuronal functions in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Talamonti
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Laboratory of Experimental NeurorehabilitationIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
| | - Hoi To
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Brun Ulfhake
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Karin Pernold
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Abolfazl Asadi
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Tara Hessa
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Anders Jacobsson
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Department of MedicineCampus Bio‐Medico University of RomeRomeItaly
- Laboratory of Resolution of NeuroinflammationIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
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Schober ME, Requena DF, Maschek JA, Cox J, Parra L, Lolofie A. Effects of controlled cortical impact and docosahexaenoic acid on rat pup fatty acid profiles. Behav Brain Res 2020; 378:112295. [PMID: 31618622 PMCID: PMC6897326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired neurologic disability in children, particularly in those under four years old. During this period, rapid brain growth demands higher Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) intake. DHA is an essential fatty acid and brain cell component derived almost entirely from the diet. DHA improved neurologic outcomes and decreased inflammation after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in 17-day old (P17) rats, our established model of pediatric TBI. In adult rodents, TBI decreases brain DHA. We hypothesized that CCI would decrease rat brain DHA at post injury day (PID) 60, blunted by 0.1% DHA diet. We quantitated fatty acids using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. We provided 0.1% DHA before CCI to ensure high DHA in dam milk. We compared brain DHA in rats after 60 days of regular (REG) or DHA diet to SHAM pups on REG diet. Brain DHA decreased in REGCCI, not in DHACCI, relative to SHAMREG. In a subsequent experiment, we gave rat pups DHA or vehicle intraperitoneally after CCI followed by DHA or REG diet for 60 days. REG increased brain Docosapentaenoic Acid (n-6 DPA, a brain DHA deficiency marker) relative to SHAMDHA and DHACCI pups (p < 0.001, diet effect). DHA diet nearly doubled DHA and decreased n-6 DPA in blood but did not increase brain DHA content (p < 0.0001, diet effect). We concluded that CCI or craniotomy alone induces a mild DHA deficit as shown by increased brain DPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Schober
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States.
| | - Daniela F Requena
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States.
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States.
| | - James Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States; Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States; Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States.
| | - Leonardo Parra
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States.
| | - Alyssa Lolofie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, United States.
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Tian ZR, Yao M, Zhou LY, Song YJ, Ye J, Wang YJ, Cui XJ. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on the recovery of motor function in rats with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:537-547. [PMID: 31571666 PMCID: PMC6921345 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Studies have shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has a beneficial effect in the treatment of spinal cord injury. A meta-analysis was used to study the effect of DHA on the neurological recovery in the rat spinal cord injury model, and the relationship between the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury and the time and method of administration and the dose of DHA. Data source: Published studies on the effect of DHA on spinal cord injury animal models from seven databases were searched from their inception to January 2019, including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed databases. The search terms included “spinal cord injury” “docosahexaenoic acid”, and “rats”. Data selection: Studies that evaluated the influence of DHA in rat models of spinal cord injury for locomotor functional recovery were included. The intervention group included any form of DHA treatment and the control group included treatment with normal saline, vehicle solution or no treatment. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation’s risk of bias assessment tool was used for the quality assessment of the included studies. Literature inclusion, quality evaluation and data extraction were performed by two researchers. Meta-analysis was then conducted on all studies that met the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed on the data using RevMan 5.1.2. software. Outcome measures: The primary outcome measure was the score on the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale. Secondary outcome measures were the sloping plate test, balance beam test, stair test and grid exploration test. Results: A total of 12 related studies were included, 3 of which were of higher quality and the remaining 9 were of lower quality. The highest mean Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale score occurred at 42 days after DHA treatment in spinal cord injury rats. At 21 days after treatment, the mean difference in Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scores between the DHA group and the control group was the most significant (pooled MD = 4.14; 95% CI = 3.58–4.70; P < 0.00001). In the subgroup analysis, improvement in the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale score was more significant in rats administered DHA intravenously (pooled MD = 2.74; 95% CI = 1.41–4.07; P < 0.0001) and subcutaneously (pooled MD = 2.99; 95% CI = 2.29–3.69; P < 0.00001) than in the groups administered DHA orally (pooled MD = 3.04; 95% CI = –1.01 to 7.09; P = 0.14). Intravenous injection of DHA at 250 nmol/kg (pooled MD = 2.94; 95% CI = 2.47–3.41; P < 0.00001] and 1000 nmol/kg [pooled MD = 3.60; 95% CI = 2.66–4.54; P < 0.00001) significantly improved the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale score in rats and promoted the recovery of motor function. Conclusion: DHA can promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. The administration of DHA by intravenous or subcutaneous injection is more effective than oral administration of DHA. Intravenous injection of DHA at doses of 250 nmol/kg or 1000 nmol/kg is beneficial. Because of the small number and the low quality of the included studies, more high-quality research is needed in future to substantiate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rui Tian
- Institute of Spine Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine); Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Institute of Spine Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine); Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Rehabilitation Medicine College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jia Song
- Institute of Spine Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine); Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ye
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Institute of Spine Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine); Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Rehabilitation Medicine College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Institute of Spine Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shanghai, China
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Herrera JL, Ordoñez-Gutierrez L, Fabrias G, Casas J, Morales A, Hernandez G, Acosta NG, Rodriguez C, Prieto-Valiente L, Garcia-Segura LM, Wandosell FG, Alonso R. Ovarian Hormone-Dependent Effects of Dietary Lipids on APP/PS1 Mouse Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:346. [PMID: 31920626 PMCID: PMC6930904 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of senile plaques through amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregation is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Irrespective of its actual role in the synaptic alterations and cognitive impairment associated with AD, different therapeutic approaches have been proposed to reduce plaque formation. In rodents, daily intake of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is required for neural development, and there is experimental and epidemiological evidence that their inclusion in the diet has positive effects on several neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly, estradiol appears to reduce senile plaque formation in primary mouse cell cultures, human cortical neurons and mouse AD models, and it prevents Aβ toxicity in neural cell lines. We previously showed that differences in dietary n-6/n-3 LC-PUFAs ratios modify the lipid composition in the cerebral cortex of female mice and the levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain. These effects depended in part on the presence of circulating estradiol. Here we explored whether this potentially synergistic action between diet and ovarian hormones may influence the progression of amyloidosis in an AD mouse model. Our results show that a diet with high n-3 LC-PUFA content, especially DHA (22:6n-3), reduces the hippocampal accumulation of Aβ1–40, but not amyloid Aβ1–42 in female APPswe/PS1 E9A mice, an effect that was counteracted by the loss of the ovaries and that depended on circulating estradiol. In addition, this interaction between dietary lipids and ovarian function also affects the composition of the brain lipidome as well as the expression of certain neuronal signaling and synaptic proteins. These findings provide new insights into how ovarian hormones and dietary composition affect the brain lipidome and amyloid burden. Furthermore, they strongly suggest that when designing dietary or pharmacological strategies to combat human neurodegenerative diseases, hormonal and metabolic status should be specifically taken into consideration as it may affect the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez-Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabrias
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Guadalberto Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Nieves G Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco G Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Alonso
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas-Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Sugasini D, Yalagala PCR, Goggin A, Tai LM, Subbaiah PV. Enrichment of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly dependent upon the molecular carrier of dietary DHA: lysophosphatidylcholine is more efficient than either phosphatidylcholine or triacylglycerol. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 74:108231. [PMID: 31665653 PMCID: PMC6885117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly concentrated in the brain, and its deficiency is associated with several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, the currently used supplements do not appreciably enrich brain DHA, although they enrich most other tissues. We tested the hypothesis that the ability of the dietary carrier to augment brain DHA depends upon the generation of DHA-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), the preferred carrier of DHA across the blood brain barrier. We compared the efficacy of DHA-triacylglycerol (TAG), di-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC) and DHA-LPC to enrich brain DHA following their gavage to normal rats for 30 days, all at a dose of 10 mg DHA/day. The results show that DHA from TAG, which is released as free DHA or monoacylglycerol during digestion and is absorbed as TAG in chylomicrons, was incorporated preferentially into adipose tissue and heart but not into brain. In contrast, LPC-DHA increased brain DHA by up to 100% but had no effect on adipose tissue. Di-DHA PC, which generates both free DHA and LPC-DHA during the digestion, enriched DHA in brain, as well as in heart and liver. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was increased by di-DHA PC and DHA-LPC, but not by TAG-DHA, showing that enrichment of brain DHA correlated with its functional effect. We conclude that dietary DHA from TAG or from natural PC (sn-2 position) is not suitable for brain enrichment, whereas DHA from LPC (at either sn-1 or sn-2 position) or from sn-1 position of PC efficiently enriches the brain and is functionally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavamani Sugasini
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Poorna C R Yalagala
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Alexis Goggin
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.
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46
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Caputo MP, Radlowski EC, Lawson M, Antonson A, Watson JE, Matt SM, Leyshon BJ, Das A, Johnson RW. Herring roe oil supplementation alters microglial cell gene expression and reduces peripheral inflammation after immune activation in a neonatal piglet model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:455-469. [PMID: 31271868 PMCID: PMC6754775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain development can be disrupted by infection that results in microglial cell activation and neuroinflammation. Studies indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites can resolve inflammation. It is not known if dietary PUFA increases lipid metabolites in brain or reduces neuroinflammation in neonates. We hypothesized that dietary PUFAs might suppress neuroinflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine over-production and promoting inflammatory resolution in the periphery and brain. Piglets were obtained on postnatal day (PD) 2 and randomly assigned to herring roe oil (HRO) or control (CON) diet. HRO was included at 2 g/kg powdered diet. HRO increased DHA levels in occipital lobe and the DHA to arachidonic acid (ARA) ratio in hippocampal tissue. HRO decreased ARA metabolites in occipital lobe. HRO failed to attenuate microglial pro-inflammatory cytokine production ex vivo. HRO did not affect fever or circulating resolvin D1 levels. HRO decreased circulating neutrophils and liver inflammatory gene expression, but increased resolution marker gene expression in liver post LPS. HRO upregulated CXCL16, TGFBR1, and C1QA in microglial cells. HRO supplementation exerted beneficial effects on inflammation in the periphery, but further studies are needed to evaluate the specific effects of omega-3 supplementation on microglial cell physiology in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan P. Caputo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Veterinary Medical Scholars Program, Office of Research and Advanced Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3505 VMBSB, 2001 South Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Emily C. Radlowski
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Marcus Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Adrienne Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Josephine E. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 393 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Stephanie M. Matt
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2325/21 Beckman Institute, 405 North Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
| | - Brian J. Leyshon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA
| | - Aditi Das
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 393 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3516 VMBSB, 2001 South Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2325/21 Beckman Institute, 405 North Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 West Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Matthews Ave, M/C 251, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802 USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2325/21 Beckman Institute, 405 North Matthews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
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47
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Thau-Zuchman O, Ingram R, Harvey GG, Cooke T, Palmas F, Pallier PN, Brook J, Priestley JV, Dalli J, Tremoleda JL, Michael-Titus AT. A Single Injection of Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces a Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator Profile in the Injured Tissue and a Long-Lasting Reduction in Neurological Deficit after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:66-79. [PMID: 31256709 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to life-changing neurological deficits, which reflect the fast-evolving secondary injury post-trauma. There is a need for acute protective interventions, and the aim of this study was to explore in an experimental TBI model the neuroprotective potential of a single bolus of a neuroactive omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), administered in a time window feasible for emergency services. Adult mice received a controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) and neurological impairment was assessed with the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) up to 28 days post-injury. DHA (500 nmol/kg) or saline were injected intravenously at 30 min post-injury. The lipid mediator profile was assessed in the injured hemisphere at 3 h post-CCI. After completion of behavioral tests and lesion assessment using magnetic resonance imaging, over 7 days or 28 days post-TBI, the tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The single DHA bolus significantly reduced the injury-induced neurological deficit and increased pro-resolving mediators in the injured brain. DHA significantly reduced lesion size, the microglia and astrocytic reaction, and oxidation, and decreased the accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), indicating a reduced axonal injury at 7 days post-TBI. DHA reduced the neurofilament light levels in plasma at 28 days. Therefore, an acute single bolus of DHA post-TBI, in a time window relevant for acute emergency intervention, can induce a long-lasting and significant improvement in neurological outcome, and this is accompanied by a marked upregulation of neuroprotective mediators, including the DHA-derived resolvins and protectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Thau-Zuchman
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Ingram
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina G Harvey
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cooke
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Palmas
- Lipid Mediator Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick N Pallier
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Brook
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John V Priestley
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Lipid Mediator Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi L Tremoleda
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Krishna G, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Blueberry Supplementation Mitigates Altered Brain Plasticity and Behavior after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801055. [PMID: 31115168 PMCID: PMC6684386 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) compromises neuronal function required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Despite the high consumption of blueberries, information about its effects on brain plasticity and function under conditions of brain trauma is limited. The efficacy of dietary blueberry (BB) supplementation to mitigate the effects of TBI on plasticity markers and associated behavioral function in a rodent model of concussive injury are assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were maintained on a diet supplemented with blueberry (BB, 5% w/w) for 2 weeks after TBI. It is found that BB supplementation mitigated a loss of spatial learning and memory performance after TBI, and reduced the effects of TBI on anxiety-like behavior. BB supplementation prevents a reduction of molecules associated with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) system action on learning and memory such as cyclic-AMP response element binding factor (CREB), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). In addition, BB supplementation reverses an increase of the lipid peroxidation byproduct 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE) after TBI. Importantly, synaptic and neuronal signaling regulators change in proportion with the memory performance, suggesting an association between plasticity markers and behavior. CONCLUSION Data herein indicate that BB supplementation has a beneficial effect in mitigating the acute aspects of the TBI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Krishna
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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cPLA2 activation contributes to lysosomal defects leading to impairment of autophagy after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31296844 PMCID: PMC6624263 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy–lysosomal pathway plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis as well as a protective function against a variety of diseases including neurodegeneration. Conversely, inhibition of autophagy, for example due to lysosomal dysfunction, can lead to pathological accumulation of dysfunctional autophagosomes and consequent neuronal cell death. We previously reported that autophagy is inhibited and contributes to neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we examined lysosomal function and explored the mechanism of lysosomal defects following SCI. Our data demonstrated that expression levels and processing of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D (CTSD) are decreased by 2 h after SCI. Enzymatic activity levels of CTSD and another lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase, are both decreased 24 h post injury, indicating general lysosomal dysfunction. Subcellular fractionation and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that this dysfunction is due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and leakage of lysosomal contents into the cytosol. To directly assess extent and mechanisms of damage to lysosomal membranes, we performed mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis of lysosomes purified from SCI and control spinal cord. At 2 h post injury our data demonstrated increase in several classes of lysosophospholipids, the products of phospholipases (PLAs), as well as accumulation of PLA activators, ceramides. Phospholipase cPLA2, the main PLA species expressed in the CNS, has been previously implicated in mediation of secondary injury after SCI, but the mechanisms of its involvement remain unclear. Our data demonstrate that cPLA2 is activated within 2 h after SCI preferentially in the lysosomal fraction, where it colocalizes with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 in neurons. Inhibition of cPLA2 in vivo decreased lysosomal damage, restored autophagy flux, and reduced neuronal cell damage. Taken together our data implicate lysosomal defects in pathophysiology of SCI and for the first time indicate that cPLA2 activation leads to lysosomal damage causing neuronal autophagosome accumulation associated with neuronal cell death.
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50
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Schober ME, Requena DF, Casper TC, Velhorst AK, Lolofie A, McFarlane KE, Otto TE, Terry C, Gensel JC. Docosahexaenoic acid decreased neuroinflammation in rat pups after controlled cortical impact. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112971. [PMID: 31247195 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired neurologic disability in children, yet specific therapies to treat TBI are lacking. Therapies that decrease the inflammatory response and enhance a reparative immune action may decrease oxidative damage and improve outcomes after TBI. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modulates the immune response to injury in many organs. DHA given in the diet before injury decreased rat pup cognitive impairment, oxidative stress and white matter injury in our developmental TBI model using controlled cortical impact (CCI). Little is known about DHA effects on neuroinflammation in the developing brain. Further, it is not known if DHA given after developmental TBI exerts neuroprotective effects. We hypothesized that acute DHA treatment would decrease oxidative stress and improve cognitive outcome, associated with decreased pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, the brain's resident macrophages. METHODS 17-day-old rat pups received intraperitoneal DHA or vehicle after CCI or SHAM surgery followed by DHA diet or continuation of REG diet to create DHACCI, REGCCI, SHAMDHA and SHAMREG groups. We measured brain nitrates/nitrites (NOx) at post injury day (PID) 1 to assess oxidative stress. We tested memory using Novel Object Recognition (NOR) at PID14. At PID 3 and 7, we measured reactivity of microglial activation markers Iba1, CD68 and CD206 and astrocyte marker GFAP in the injured cortex. At PID3, 7 and 30 we measured mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes and transcription factors in flow-sorted brain cells. RESULTS DHA decreased oxidative stress at PID1 and pro-inflammatory microglial activation at PID3. CCI increased mRNA levels of two interferon regulatory family transcription factors, blunted by DHA, particularly in microglia-enriched cell populations at PID7. CCI increased mRNA levels of genes associated with "pro- " and "anti-" inflammatory activity at PID3, 7 and 30. Most notably within the microglia-enriched population, DHA blunted increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes at PID 3 and 7 and of anti-inflammatory genes at PID 30. Particularly in microglia, we observed parallel activation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. DHA improved performance on NOR at PID14 after CCI. CONCLUSIONS DHA decreased oxidative stress and histologic and mRNA markers of microglial pro-inflammatory activation in rat pup brain acutely after CCI associated with improved short term cognitive function. DHA administration after CCI has neuroprotective effects, which may result in part from modulation of microglial activation toward a less inflammatory profile in the first week after CCI. Future and ongoing studies will focus on phagocytic function and reactive oxygen species production in microglia and macrophages to test functional effects of DHA on neuroinflammation in our model. Given its favorable safety profile in children, DHA is a promising candidate therapy for pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Schober
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Daniela F Requena
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - T Charles Casper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Amy K Velhorst
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Alyssa Lolofie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Katelyn E McFarlane
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Taylor E Otto
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Cynthia Terry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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