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Reynoso A, Torricelli R, Jacobs BM, Shi J, Aslibekyan S, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Noyce AJ, Heilbron K. Gene-Environment Interactions for Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:677-687. [PMID: 38113326 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with complex etiology. Multiple genetic and environmental factors have been associated with PD, but most PD risk remains unexplained. The aim of this study was to test for statistical interactions between PD-related genetic and environmental exposures in the 23andMe, Inc. research dataset. METHODS Using a validated PD polygenic risk score and common PD-associated variants in the GBA gene, we explored interactions between genetic susceptibility factors and 7 lifestyle and environmental factors: body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes (T2D), tobacco use, caffeine consumption, pesticide exposure, head injury, and physical activity (PA). RESULTS We observed that T2D, as well as higher BMI, caffeine consumption, and tobacco use, were associated with lower odds of PD, whereas head injury, pesticide exposure, GBA carrier status, and PD polygenic risk score were associated with higher odds. No significant association was observed between PA and PD. In interaction analyses, we found statistical evidence for an interaction between polygenic risk of PD and the following environmental/lifestyle factors: T2D (p = 6.502 × 10-8), PA (p = 8.745 × 10-5), BMI (p = 4.314 × 10-4), and tobacco use (p = 2.236 × 10-3). Although BMI and tobacco use were associated with lower odds of PD regardless of the extent of individual genetic liability, the direction of the relationship between odds of PD and T2D, as well as PD and PA, varied depending on polygenic risk score. INTERPRETATION We provide preliminary evidence that associations between some environmental and lifestyle factors and PD may be modified by genotype. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:677-687.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Torricelli
- Center for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Meir Jacobs
- Center for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alastair J Noyce
- Center for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Karl Heilbron
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Wang YL, Chen CC, Chang CP. Effect of stress on the rehabilitation performance of rats with repetitive mild fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injuries. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:283-297. [PMID: 38406191 PMCID: PMC10881937 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have shown that impaired motor and cognitive function can be improved by physical exercise. However, not each animal with TBI can be well rehabilitated at the same training intensity due to a high inter-subject variability. Hence, this paper presents a two-stage wheel-based mixed-mode rehabilitation mechanism by which the effect of stress on the rehabilitation performance was investigated. The mixed-mode rehabilitation mechanism consists of a two-week adaptive and a one-week voluntary rehabilitation program as Stages 1 and 2, respectively. In Stage 1, the common over and undertraining problem were completely resolved due to the adaptive design, and rats ran voluntarily over a 30-min duration in Stage 2. The training intensity adapted to the physical condition of all the TBI rats at all times in Stage 1, and then the self-motivated running rats were further rehabilitated under the lowest level of stress in Stage 2. For comparison purposes, another group of rats took a 3-week adaptive rehabilitation program. During the 3-week program, the rehabilitation performance of the rats were assessed using modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) and an 8-arm radial maze. Surprisingly, the group taking the mixed mode program turned out to outperform its counterpart in terms of mNSS. The mixed-mode rehabilitation mechanism was validated as an effective and efficient way to help rats restore motor, neurological and cognitive function after TBI. It was validated that the rehabilitation performance can be optimized under the lowest level of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wang
- Center of General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 710301 Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 41170 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710 Taiwan
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Bharadwaj VN, Sahbaie P, Shi X, Irvine KA, Yeomans DC, Clark JD. Effect of Voluntary Exercise on Endogenous Pain Control Systems and Post-traumatic Headache in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1859-1874. [PMID: 37271350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause acute and chronic pain along with motor, cognitive, and emotional problems. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, previous studies suggest disruptions in endogenous pain modulation may be involved. Voluntary exercise after a TBI has been shown to reduce some consequences of injury including cognitive impairment. We hypothesized, therefore, that voluntary exercise could augment endogenous pain control systems in a rodent model of TBI. For these studies, we used a closed-head impact procedure in male mice modeling mild TBI. We investigated the effect of voluntary exercise on TBI-induced hindpaw nociceptive sensitization, diffuse noxious inhibitory control failure, and periorbital sensitization after bright light stress, a model of post-traumatic headache. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of exercise on memory, circulating markers of brain injury, neuroinflammation, and spinal cord gene expression. We observed that exercise significantly reduced TBI-induced hindpaw allodynia and periorbital allodynia in the first week following TBI. We also showed that exercise improved the deficits associated with diffuse noxious inhibitory control and reduced bright light stress-induced allodynia up to 2 months after TBI. In addition, exercise preserved memory and reduced TBI-induced increases in spinal BDNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, and prodynorphin expression, all genes previously linked to TBI-induced nociceptive sensitization. Taken together, our observations suggest that voluntary exercise may reduce pain after TBI by reducing TBI-induced changes in nociceptive signaling and preserving endogenous pain control systems. PERSPECTIVE: This article evaluates the effects of exercise on pain-related behaviors in a preclinical model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The findings show that exercise reduces nociceptive sensitization, loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control, memory deficits, and spinal nociception-related gene expression after TBI. Exercise may reduce or prevent pain after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimala N Bharadwaj
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Peyman Sahbaie
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Xiaoyou Shi
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - David C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - J David Clark
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Chen J, Zhu T, Yu D, Yan B, Zhang Y, Jin J, Yang Z, Zhang B, Hao X, Chen Z, Yan C, Yu J. Moderate Intensity of Treadmill Exercise Rescues TBI-Induced Ferroptosis, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Impairments via Suppressing STING Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4872-4896. [PMID: 37193866 PMCID: PMC10415513 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a universal leading cause of long-term neurological disability and causes a huge burden to an ever-growing population. Moderate intensity of treadmill exercise has been recognized as an efficient intervention to combat TBI-induced motor and cognitive disorders, yet the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Ferroptosis is known to be highly implicated in TBI pathophysiology, and the anti-ferroptosis effects of treadmill exercise have been reported in other neurological diseases except for TBI. In addition to cytokine induction, recent evidence has demonstrated the involvement of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in ferroptosis. Therefore, we examined the possibility that treadmill exercise might inhibit TBI-induced ferroptosis via STING pathway. In this study, we first found that a series of ferroptosis-related characteristics, including abnormal iron homeostasis, decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), and increased lipid peroxidation, were detected at 44 days post TBI, substantiating the involvement of ferroptosis at the chronic stage following TBI. Furthermore, treadmill exercise potently decreased the aforementioned ferroptosis-related changes, suggesting the anti-ferroptosis role of treadmill exercise following TBI. In addition to alleviating neurodegeneration, treadmill exercise effectively reduced anxiety, enhanced spatial memory recovery, and improved social novelty post TBI. Interestingly, STING knockdown also obtained the similar anti-ferroptosis effects after TBI. More importantly, overexpression of STING largely reversed the ferroptosis inactivation caused by treadmill exercise following TBI. To conclude, moderate-intensity treadmill exercise rescues TBI-induced ferroptosis and cognitive deficits at least in part via STING pathway, broadening our understanding of neuroprotective effects induced by treadmill exercise against TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyu Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jungong Jin
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuojin Yang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuli Hao
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhennan Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunxia Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health Commission of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Academy of Bio-Evidence Science, The Science and Technology Innovation Port in Western China, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi-Xian New Area, 710115, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China.
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Weil ZM, Ivey JT, Karelina K. Putting the Mind to Rest: A Historical Foundation for Rest as a Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:1286-1296. [PMID: 36310426 PMCID: PMC10294563 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rest after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a part of clinical practice for more than a century but the use of rest as a treatment has ancient roots. In contemporary practice, rest recommendations have been significantly reduced but are still present. This advice to brain injured patients, on the face of it makes some logical sense but was not historically anchored in either theory or empirical data. The definition and parameters of rest have evolved over time but have encompassed recommendations including avoiding physical exercise, sensory stimulation, social contact, and even cognitive exertion. The goals and theoretical explanations for this approach have evolved and in modern conception include avoiding reinjury and reducing the metabolic demands on injured tissue. Moreover, as cellular and molecular understanding of the physiology of TBI developed, scientists and clinicians sometimes retroactively cited these new data in support of rest recommendations. Here, we trace the history of this approach and how it has been shaped by new understanding of the underlying pathology associated with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Julia T. Ivey
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Hu X, Ou Y, Li J, Sun M, Ge Q, Pan Y, Cai Z, Tan R, Wang W, An J, Lu H. Voluntary Exercise to Reduce Anxiety Behaviour in Traumatic Brain Injury Shown to Alleviate Inflammatory Brain Response in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076365. [PMID: 37047351 PMCID: PMC10093932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of neuroinflammation and anxiety disorders in young adults. Immune-targeted therapies have garnered attention for the amelioration of TBI-induced anxiety. A previous study has indicated that voluntary exercise intervention following TBI could reduce neuroinflammation. It is essential to determine the effects of voluntary exercise after TBI on anxiety via inhibiting neuroinflammatory response. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (sham, TBI, sham + voluntary wheel running (VWR), and TBI + VWR). One-week VWR was carried out on the 2nd day after trauma. The neurofunction of TBI mice was assessed. Following VWR, anxiety behavior was evaluated, and neuroinflammatory responses in the perilesional cortex were investigated. Results showed that after one week of VWR, neurofunctional recovery was enhanced, while the anxiety behavior of TBI mice was significantly alleviated. The level of pro-inflammatory factors decreased, and the level of anti-inflammatory factors elevated. Activation of nucleotide oligomerization domain-like thermal receptor protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was inhibited significantly. All these alterations were consistent with reduced microglial activation at the perilesional site and positively correlated with the amelioration of anxiety behavior. This suggested that timely rehabilitative exercise could be a useful therapeutic strategy for anxiety resulting from TBI by targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Hu
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yuhang Ou
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jiashuo Li
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Meiqi Sun
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qian Ge
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yongqi Pan
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zhenlu Cai
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ruolan Tan
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jing An
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (H.L.)
| | - Haixia Lu
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (H.L.)
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Role of Running-Activated Neural Stem Cells in the Anatomical and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury in p21 Knock-Out Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032911. [PMID: 36769236 PMCID: PMC9918280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the most common worldwide causes of death and disability. Clinical and animal model studies have evidenced that TBI is characterized by the loss of both gray and white matter, resulting in brain atrophy and in a decrease in neurological function. Nowadays, no effective treatments to counteract TBI-induced neurological damage are available. Due to its complex and multifactorial pathophysiology (neuro-inflammation, cytotoxicity and astroglial scar formation), cell regeneration and survival in injured brain areas are strongly hampered. Recently, it has been proposed that adult neurogenesis may represent a new approach to counteract the post-traumatic neurodegeneration. In our laboratory, we have recently shown that physical exercise induces the long-lasting enhancement of subventricular (SVZ) adult neurogenesis in a p21 (negative regulator of neural progenitor proliferation)-null mice model, with a concomitant improvement of olfactory behavioral paradigms that are strictly dependent on SVZ neurogenesis. On the basis of this evidence, we have investigated the effect of running on SVZ neurogenesis and neurorepair processes in p21 knock-out mice that were subject to TBI at the end of a 12-day session of running. Our data indicate that runner p21 ko mice show an improvement in numerous post-trauma neuro-regenerative processes, including the following: (i) an increase in neuroblasts in the SVZ; (ii) an increase in the migration stream of new neurons from the SVZ to the damaged cortical region; (iii) an enhancement of new differentiating neurons in the peri-lesioned area; (iv) an improvement in functional recovery at various times following TBI. All together, these results suggest that a running-dependent increase in subventricular neural stem cells could represent a promising tool to improve the endogenous neuro-regenerative responses following brain trauma.
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Hernández-Ramírez S, Salcedo-Tello P, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Pacheco-López G, Ferreira G, Lafenetre P, Guzmán-Ramos KR. Voluntary physical activity improves spatial and recognition memory deficits induced by post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113910. [PMID: 35820628 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent exposure to obesogenic environments has contributed to the development of several health disorders, including neurocognitive impairment. Adolescence is a critical neurodevelopmental window highly influenced by environmental factors that affect brain function until adulthood. Post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) adversely affects memory performance; physical activity is one approach to coping with these dysfunctions. Previous studies indicate that voluntary exercise prevents HFD's detrimental effects on memory; however, it remains to evaluate whether it has a remedial/therapeutical effect when introduced after a long-term HFD exposure. This study was conducted on a diet-induced obesity mice model over six months. After three months of HFD exposure (without interrupting the diet) access to voluntary physical activity was provided. HFD produced weight gain, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Voluntary physical exercise ameliorated glucose tolerance and halted weight gain and fat accumulation. Additionally, physical activity mitigated HFD-induced spatial and recognition memory impairments. Our data indicate that voluntary physical exercise starting after several months of periadolescent HFD exposure reverses metabolic and cognitive alterations demonstrating that voluntary exercise, in addition to its known preventive effect, also has a restorative impact on metabolism and cognition dysfunctions associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernández-Ramírez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Pamela Salcedo-Tello
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro Laboratory, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Lafenetre
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kioko R Guzmán-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico.
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Zheng L, Pang Q, Xu H, Guo H, Liu R, Wang T. The Neurobiological Links between Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Research to Date. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179519. [PMID: 36076917 PMCID: PMC9455169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological dysfunctions commonly occur after mild or moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although most TBI patients recover from such a dysfunction in a short period of time, some present with persistent neurological deficits. Stress is a potential factor that is involved in recovery from neurological dysfunction after TBI. However, there has been limited research on the effects and mechanisms of stress on neurological dysfunctions due to TBI. In this review, we first investigate the effects of TBI and stress on neurological dysfunctions and different brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. We then explore the neurobiological links and mechanisms between stress and TBI. Finally, we summarize the findings related to stress biomarkers and probe the possible diagnostic and therapeutic significance of stress combined with mild or moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin Zheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiuyu Pang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hanmu Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai 200063, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Komoltsev IG, Gulyaeva NV. Brain Trauma, Glucocorticoids and Neuroinflammation: Dangerous Liaisons for the Hippocampus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051139. [PMID: 35625876 PMCID: PMC9138485 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-dependent mechanisms of inflammation-mediated distant hippocampal damage are discussed with a focus on the consequences of traumatic brain injury. The effects of glucocorticoids on specific neuronal populations in the hippocampus depend on their concentration, duration of exposure and cell type. Previous stress and elevated level of glucocorticoids prior to pro-inflammatory impact, as well as long-term though moderate elevation of glucocorticoids, may inflate pro-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoid-mediated long-lasting neuronal circuit changes in the hippocampus after brain trauma are involved in late post-traumatic pathology development, such as epilepsy, depression and cognitive impairment. Complex and diverse actions of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis on neuroinflammation may be essential for late post-traumatic pathology. These mechanisms are applicable to remote hippocampal damage occurring after other types of focal brain damage (stroke, epilepsy) or central nervous system diseases without obvious focal injury. Thus, the liaisons of excessive glucocorticoids/dysfunctional hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis with neuroinflammation, dangerous to the hippocampus, may be crucial to distant hippocampal damage in many brain diseases. Taking into account that the hippocampus controls both the cognitive functions and the emotional state, further research on potential links between glucocorticoid signaling and inflammatory processes in the brain and respective mechanisms is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G. Komoltsev
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117465 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Gulyaeva
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117465 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, 115419 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-9524007 or +7-495-3347020
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11
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Ghuman H, Perry N, Grice L, Gerwig M, Moorhead J, Nitzsche F, Poplawsky AJ, Ambrosio F, Modo M. Physical therapy exerts sub-additive and suppressive effects on intracerebral neural stem cell implantation in a rat model of stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:826-843. [PMID: 34826373 PMCID: PMC9254031 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211062955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral cell therapy (CT) is emerging as a new therapeutic paradigm for stroke. However, the impact of physical therapy (PT) on implanted cells and their ability to promote recovery remains poorly understood. To address this translational issue, a clinical-grade neural stem cell (NSC) line was implanted into peri-infarct tissue using MRI-defined injection sites, two weeks after stroke. PT in the form of aerobic exercise (AE) was administered 5 × per week post-implantation using a paradigm commonly applied in patients with stroke. A combined AE and CT exerted sub-additive therapeutic effects on sensory neglect, whereas AE suppressed CT effects on motor integration and grip strength. Behavioral testing emerged as a potentially major component for task integration. It is expected that this study will guide and inform the incorporation of PT in the design of clinical trials evaluating intraparenchymal NSCs implantation for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanvir Ghuman
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikhita Perry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren Grice
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madeline Gerwig
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey Moorhead
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franziska Nitzsche
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michel Modo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Buckley TA, Munkasy BA, Evans KM, Clouse B. Acute Physical and Mental Activity Influence on Concussion Recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:307-312. [PMID: 34559729 PMCID: PMC8760145 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PA) and mental activity (MA) postconcussion has received renewed attention to improve concussion management; however, most protocols start after several days and do not assess the acute window. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess PA and MA in the first 48 h postconcussion on the time to symptom-free status and return to play. METHODS We recruited 78 NCAA Division I athletes (male, 51.3%; age, 19.6 ± 1.4 yr; height, 173.7 ± 11.5 cm; weight, 80.1 ± 23.2 kg) who were diagnosed with a sports-related concussion. Participants completed a 0-5 PA and MA scale daily until fully cleared for return to participation (mean, 15.1 ± 6.9 d). A quadratic model regression assessed PA and MA over the first 2 d (acute) postconcussion on to time to symptom-free status and return to play. RESULTS The overall model was significant for both time to symptom free (r2 = 0.27, P = 0.004) and return to play (r2 = 0.23, P = 0.019). Reported PA was the only significant predictor for time to symptom-free (P = 0.002) and return-to-participation (P = 0.006) day. Reported MA was not associated either outcome. CONCLUSIONS The primary finding of this study was that mild to moderate PA acutely postconcussion was associated with reduced time to symptom free and return to participation as opposed to either lower or higher levels of PA. Conversely, acute MA was not associated with recovery outcomes. These results further elucidate the role of postconcussion PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Buckley
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Interdisciplinary program in Biomechanics and Movement Science University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Barry A. Munkasy
- School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA
| | | | - Brandy Clouse
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA
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13
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Lin PH, Kuo LT, Luh HT. The Roles of Neurotrophins in Traumatic Brain Injury. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:life12010026. [PMID: 35054419 PMCID: PMC8780368 DOI: 10.3390/life12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a collection of structurally and functionally related proteins. They play important roles in many aspects of neural development, survival, and plasticity. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to different levels of central nervous tissue destruction and cellular repair through various compensatory mechanisms promoted by the injured brain. Many studies have shown that neurotrophins are key modulators of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier permeability, memory capacity, and neurite regeneration. The expression of neurotrophins following TBI is affected by the severity of injury, genetic polymorphism, and different post-traumatic time points. Emerging research is focused on the potential therapeutic applications of neurotrophins in managing TBI. We conducted a comprehensive review by organizing the studies that demonstrate the role of neurotrophins in the management of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Lin
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Tzung Luh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-956279587
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to pilot safety and tolerability of a 1-week aerobic exercise program during the post-acute phase of concussion (14-25 days post-injury) by examining adherence, symptom response, and key functional outcomes (e.g., cognition, mood, sleep, postural stability, and neurocognitive performance) in young adults. METHOD A randomized, non-blinded pilot clinical trial was performed to compare the effects of aerobic versus non-aerobic exercise (placebo) in concussion patients. The study enrolled three groups: 1) patients with concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) randomized to an aerobic exercise intervention performed daily for 1-week, 2) patients with concussion/mTBI randomized to a non-aerobic (stretching and calisthenics) exercise program performed daily for 1-week, and 3) non-injured, no intervention reference group. RESULTS Mixed-model analysis of variance results indicated a significant decrease in symptom severity scores from pre- to post-intervention (mean difference = -7.44, 95% CI [-12.37, -2.20]) for both concussion groups. However, the pre- to post-change was not different between groups. Secondary outcomes all showed improvements by post-intervention, but no differences in trajectory between the groups. By three months post-injury, all outcomes in the concussion groups were within ranges of the non-injured reference group. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study indicate that the feasibility and tolerability of administering aerobic exercise via stationary cycling in the post-acute time frame following post-concussion (14-25 days) period are tentatively favorable. Aerobic exercise does not appear to negatively impact recovery trajectories of neurobehavioral outcomes; however, tolerability may be poorer for patients with high symptom burden.
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15
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Santana-Gomez CE, Medel-Matus JS, Rundle BK. Animal models of post-traumatic epilepsy and their neurobehavioral comorbidities. Seizure 2021; 90:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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16
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Scrimgeour AG, Condlin ML, Loban A, DeMar JC. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D Decrease Plasma T-Tau, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Nutr 2021; 8:685220. [PMID: 34150829 PMCID: PMC8211733 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in neuronal, axonal and glial damage. Interventions targeting neuroinflammation to enhance recovery from TBI are needed. Exercise is known to improve cognitive function in TBI patients. Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D reportedly reduce inflammation, and in combination, might improve TBI outcomes. This study examined how an anti-inflammatory diet affected plasma TBI biomarkers, voluntary exercise and behaviors following exposure to mild TBI (mTBI). Adult, male rats were individually housed in cages fitted with running wheels and daily running distance was recorded throughout the study. A modified weight drop method induced mTBI, and during 30 days post-injury, rats were fed diets supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D3 (AIDM diet), or non-supplemented AIN-76A diets (CON diet). Behavioral tests were periodically conducted to assess functional deficits. Plasma levels of Total tau (T-tau), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) were measured at 48 h, 14 days, and 30 days post-injury. Fatty acid composition of food, plasma, and brain tissues was determined. In rats exposed to mTBI, NF-L levels were significantly elevated at 48 h post-injury (P < 0.005), and decreased to levels seen in uninjured rats by 14 days post-injury. T-tau, GFAP, and UCH-L1 plasma levels did not change at 48 h or 14 days post-injury. However, at 30 days post-injury, T-tau, GFAP and UCH-L1 all significantly increased in rats exposed to mTBI and fed CON diets (P < 0.005), but not in rats fed AIDM diets. Behavioral tests conducted post-injury showed that exercise counteracted cognitive deficits associated with mTBI. The AIDM diets significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in plasma and brain tissue (P < 0.05), and in serum levels of vitamin D (P < 0.05). The temporal response of the four injury biomarkers examined is consistent with studies by others demonstrating acute and chronic neural tissue damage following exposure to TBI. The anti-inflammatory diet significantly altered the temporal profiles of plasma T-tau, GFAP, and UCH-L1 following mTBI. Voluntary exercise protected against mTBI-induced cognitive deficits, but had no impact on plasma levels of neurotrauma biomarkers. Thus, the prophylactic effect of exercise, when combined with an anti-inflammatory diet, may facilitate recovery in patients with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Scrimgeour
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Michelle L Condlin
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Andrei Loban
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - James C DeMar
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
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17
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Karelina K, Schneiderman K, Shah S, Fitzgerald J, Cruz RV, Oliverio R, Whitehead B, Yang J, Weil ZM. Moderate Intensity Treadmill Exercise Increases Survival of Newborn Hippocampal Neurons and Improves Neurobehavioral Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1858-1869. [PMID: 33470170 PMCID: PMC8219196 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physician-prescribed rest after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is both commonplace and an increasingly scrutinized approach to TBI treatment. Although this practice remains a standard of patient care for TBI, research of patient outcomes reveals little to no benefit of prescribed rest after TBI, and in some cases prolonged rest has been shown to interfere with patient well-being. In direct contrast to the clinical advice regarding physical activity after TBI, animal models of brain injury consistently indicate that exercise is neuroprotective and promotes recovery. Here, we assessed the effect of low and moderate intensity treadmill exercise on functional outcome and hippocampal neural proliferation after brain injury. Using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI, we show that 10 days of moderate intensity treadmill exercise initiated after CCI reduces anxiety-like behavior, improves hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, and promotes hippocampal proliferation and newborn neuronal survival. Pathophysiological measures including lesion volume and axon degeneration were not altered by exercise. Taken together, these data reveal that carefully titrated physical activity may be a safe and effective approach to promoting recovery after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Katarina Schneiderman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarthak Shah
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruth Velazquez Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robin Oliverio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jingzhen Yang
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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18
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The Role of BDNF in Experimental and Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073582. [PMID: 33808272 PMCID: PMC8037220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world with no current pharmacological treatment. The role of BDNF in neural repair and regeneration is well established and has also been the focus of TBI research. Here, we review experimental animal models assessing BDNF expression following injury as well as clinical studies in humans including the role of BDNF polymorphism in TBI. There is a large heterogeneity in experimental setups and hence the results with different regional and temporal changes in BDNF expression. Several studies have also assessed different interventions to affect the BDNF expression following injury. Clinical studies highlight the importance of BDNF polymorphism in the outcome and indicate a protective role of BDNF polymorphism following injury. Considering the possibility of affecting the BDNF pathway with available substances, we discuss future studies using transgenic mice as well as iPSC in order to understand the underlying mechanism of BDNF polymorphism in TBI and develop a possible pharmacological treatment.
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19
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Wilber CG, Leddy JJ, Bezherano I, Bromley L, Edwards AE, Willer BS, Haider MN. Rehabilitation of Concussion and Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:124-131. [PMID: 33663005 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Concussion and persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS) are encountered by clinicians in sports medicine, pediatrics, neurology, physiatry, emergency medicine, and primary care. Clinical management may require a multidisciplinary approach. This article presents a structured method for the diagnosis of concussion and PPCS in the outpatient setting, which includes a history, physical examination, and additional tests as clinically indicated to help identify underlying symptom generators. Treatment for concussion and PPCS should be individualized, based on predominant signs and symptoms, and can include subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise, cervical physical therapy, vestibulo-ocular rehabilitation, behavioral and cognitive psychotherapy, and some symptom-specific pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Wilber
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John J Leddy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Itai Bezherano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lacey Bromley
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York.,Bennett Rehabilitation Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Amanda E Edwards
- UB Counseling Services, Department of Athletics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Barry S Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mohammad N Haider
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UBMD, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,PhD Program in Biomedical Science, Program of Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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20
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Haider MN, Bezherano I, Wertheimer A, Siddiqui AH, Horn EC, Willer BS, Leddy JJ. Exercise for Sport-Related Concussion and Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms. Sports Health 2021; 13:154-160. [PMID: 33147117 PMCID: PMC8167349 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120946015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Emerging research supports the use of mild to moderate aerobic exercise for treating sport-related concussion (SRC) and persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS), yet the current standard of care remains to be strict rest. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature on physical activity and prescribed exercise for SRC and PPCS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Embase were searched in April of 2019 for studies assessing rest or prescribed exercise for SRC and PPCS. No specific search syntax was used. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS A majority of studies show that spontaneous physical activity is safe after SRC and that subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise safely speeds up recovery after SRC and reduces symptoms in those with PPCS. Exercise tolerance can safely be assessed using graded exertion test protocols within days of injury, and the degree of early exercise tolerance has diagnostic and prognostic value. CONCLUSION Subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise is safe and effective for the treatment of SRC as well as in athletes with PPCS. Further research is warranted to establish the most effective method and dose of aerobic exercise for the active treatment of SRC and whether early exercise treatment can prevent PPCS in athletes. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nadir Haider
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Itai Bezherano
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alex Wertheimer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Emily C Horn
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Barry S Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John J Leddy
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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21
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Martínez-Drudis L, Amorós-Aguilar L, Torras-Garcia M, Serra-Elias B, Costa-Miserachs D, Portell-Cortés I, Coll-Andreu M. Delayed voluntary physical exercise restores "when" and "where" object recognition memory after traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2021; 400:113048. [PMID: 33279639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise has been associated with improved cognition and may even reduce memory deficits after brain injuries. The aims of this work were to: 1) assess whether voluntary physical exercise can reduce the deficits associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in two different components of episodic-like memory based on object recognition, temporal order memory ("when"), and object location memory ("where"); and 2) determine whether changes in levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, as well as alterations in hippocampal cytokines, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may influence the effects exercise has on either or both tasks. The rats were distributed into a sham group, a TBI group that remained sedentary (TBI-sed), and a TBI group that had access to a running wheel for a 25-day period from post-injury day 11 (TBI-exe). The rats were sacrificed after the "where" memory task, at post-injury day 37. Physical exercise restored the "when" and "where" memories, which had been impaired by the TBI, and increased the concentration of BDNF in the hippocampus, but not the prefrontal cortex. Neither TBI nor exercise were found to significantly affect hippocampal cytokines, IGF-1 or VEGF at this time post-injury. BDNF levels showed significant positive correlations with exercise, and with "when" (but not "where") memory. These results indicate that post-injury physical exercise restores "when" and "where" object recognition memory tasks after TBI, and that increased BDNF seems to be involved in this effect, particularly with regard to "when" memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez-Drudis
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; CHU de Quebec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Laura Amorós-Aguilar
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Torras-Garcia
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruna Serra-Elias
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Costa-Miserachs
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Portell-Cortés
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margalida Coll-Andreu
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Sahin L, Cevik OS, Cevik K, Guven C, Taskin E, Kocahan S. Mild regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on spatial memory. Brain Res 2021; 1759:147367. [PMID: 33582122 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable areas like the hippocampus are sensitive to insults such as sleep deprivation (SD); they are also susceptible to environmental enrichment. Much evidence is accumulating that chronic sleep deprivation causes alterations in the hippocampus that responsible for spatial memory. However, there is conflicting about the differences between acute and chronic SD results. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of mild treadmill exercise on acute SD rats. Four groups were created as control, exercise, sleep deprivation, exercise + sleep deprivation. Multiple platforms method was used to induce REM sleep deprivation (RD) for 48 h. The exercise was applied fivedaysperweekforfour weeks(5 × 4). For the first and second weeks, the length of the exercise was 15 min in two sessions (5 min interval) followed by 15 min in three, 15 min in four sessions. Morris water maze (MWM) was used as a spatial memory test. Gene level was determined by using the qPCR technique. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the hippocampus was measured as an extent of peroxidative damage to lipids by using the ELISA method. 48 h RD impaired long-term spatial memory significantly. Mild, regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on memory. There was no significant difference in MDA between groups. Hippocampal gene expression did not show any changes in all groups. Lack of correlation between memory impairment and levels of genes in the hippocampus is likely to be related to the differences in behavioral and genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Sahin
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ozge Selin Cevik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cevik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Celal Guven
- Ömer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Ömer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Sayad Kocahan
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology, Adıyaman, Turkey
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23
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Khataei T, Romig-Martin SA, Harding AMS, Radley JJ, Benson CJ. Comparison of murine behavioural and physiological responses after forced exercise by electrical shock versus manual prodding. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:812-819. [PMID: 33527606 DOI: 10.1113/ep089117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Forced treadmill exercise using electrical shock is the most common technique in rodent exercise studies. Here, we examined how the use of electrical shock during forced treadmill exercise affects behavioural and physiological responses in comparison to a novel non-electrical shock technique. What is the main finding and its importance? In comparison to mice that underwent traditional treadmill running induced by electrical shock, mice that underwent forced running using a novel technique involving gentle prodding to induce running showed: (i) higher locomotor activity; (ii) less anxiety-like behaviour; and (iii) altered exercise-induced muscle pain immediately after exercise. ABSTRACT Animal models of exercise have been useful to understand underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Many studies have used methods of exercise that are unduly stressful (e.g., electrical shock to force running), potentially skewing results. Here, we compared physiological and behavioural responses of mice after exercise induced using a prodding technique that avoids electrical shock versus a traditional protocol using electrical shock. We found that exercise performance was similar for both techniques; however, the shock group demonstrated significantly lower locomotor activity and higher anxiety-like behaviour. We also observed divergent effects on muscle pain; the prodding group showed hyperalgesia immediately after exercise, whereas the shock group showed hypoalgesia. Corticosterone concentrations were elevated to a similar extent for both groups. In conclusion, mice that were exercised without shock generated similar maximal exercise performance, but postexercise these mice showed an increase in locomotor activity, less anxiety-like behaviour and altered muscle pain in comparison to mice that exercised with shock. Our data suggest that running of mice without the use of electrical shock is potentially less stressful and might be a better technique to study the physiological and behavioural responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Khataei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College or Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sara A Romig-Martin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anne Marie S Harding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College or Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jason J Radley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Christopher J Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College or Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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24
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Nemchek V, Haan EM, Mavros R, Macuiba A, Kerr AL. Voluntary exercise ameliorates the good limb training effect in a mouse model of stroke. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:687-697. [PMID: 33388904 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in the United States, making research on rehabilitation imperative. Stroke rehabilitation typically focuses on recovery of the impaired limb, although this process is tedious. Compensatory use of the intact limb after stroke is more efficient, but it is known to negatively impact the impaired limb. Exercise may help with this problem; research has shown that exercise promotes neuronal growth and prevents cell death. This study used a mouse model to investigate if post-stroke exercise could prevent deterioration of the function of the impaired limb despite compensatory training of the intact limb. Results showed that mice that exercised, in combination with intact limb training, demonstrated improved functional outcome compared to mice that received no training or compensatory limb training only. These findings suggest that exercise can prevent the deterioration of impaired limb functional outcome that is typically seen with intact limb use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Nemchek
- Neuroscience Program, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Emma M Haan
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Rachel Mavros
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Amanda Macuiba
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - Abigail L Kerr
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.
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25
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Garrigos D, Martínez-Morga M, Toval A, Kutsenko Y, Barreda A, Do Couto BR, Navarro-Mateu F, Ferran JL. A Handful of Details to Ensure the Experimental Reproducibility on the FORCED Running Wheel in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:638261. [PMID: 34040580 PMCID: PMC8141847 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.638261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-documented method and experimental design are essential to ensure the reproducibility and reliability in animal research. Experimental studies using exercise programs in animal models have experienced an exponential increase in the last decades. Complete reporting of forced wheel and treadmill exercise protocols would help to ensure the reproducibility of training programs. However, forced exercise programs are characterized by a poorly detailed methodology. Also, current guidelines do not cover the minimum data that must be included in published works to reproduce training programs. For this reason, we have carried out a systematic review to determine the reproducibility of training programs and experimental designs of published research in rodents using a forced wheel system. Having determined that most of the studies were not detailed enough to be reproducible, we have suggested guidelines for animal research using FORCED exercise wheels, which could also be applicable to any form of forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Morga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Barreda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Navarro-Mateu
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Unidad de Docencia, Investigación y Formación en Salud Mental (UDIF-SM), Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Luis Ferran,
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26
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Abstract
This article provides a summary of clinical assessment methods and nonpharmacologic rehabilitation techniques used for concussed patients. It describes concussion-relevant physical examination methods to identify underlying symptom generators. This approach allows practitioners to prescribe targeted rehabilitation therapies to treat postconcussion symptoms. Evidence-based rehabilitation approaches include cervical rehabilitation, vestibulo-ocular rehabilitation, and sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise.
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27
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Bromberg CE, Condon AM, Ridgway SW, Krishna G, Garcia-Filion PC, Adelson PD, Rowe RK, Thomas TC. Sex-Dependent Pathology in the HPA Axis at a Sub-acute Period After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:946. [PMID: 33101162 PMCID: PMC7554641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 2.8 million traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are reported in the United States annually, of which, over 75% are mild TBIs with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) as the primary pathology. TBI instigates a stress response that stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis concurrently with DAI in brain regions responsible for feedback regulation. While the incidence of affective symptoms is high in both men and women, presentation is more prevalent and severe in women. Few studies have longitudinally evaluated the etiology underlying late-onset affective symptoms after mild TBI and even fewer have included females in the experimental design. In the experimental TBI model employed in this study, evidence of chronic HPA dysregulation has been reported at 2 months post-injury in male rats, with peak neuropathology in other regions of the brain at 7 days post-injury (DPI). We predicted that mechanisms leading to dysregulation of the HPA axis in male and female rats would be most evident at 7 DPI, the sub-acute time point. Young adult age-matched male and naturally cycling female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) or sham surgery. Corticotropin releasing hormone, gliosis, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were evaluated in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, along with baseline plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and adrenal gland weights. Microglial response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus indicated mild neuroinflammation in males compared to sex-matched shams, but not females. Evidence of microglia activation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was robust in both sexes compared with uninjured shams and there was evidence of a significant interaction between sex and injury regarding microglial cell count. GFAP intensity and astrocyte numbers increased as a function of injury, indicative of astrocytosis. GR protein levels were elevated 30% in the hippocampus of females in comparison to sex-matched shams. These data indicate sex-differences in sub-acute pathophysiology following DAI that precede late-onset HPA axis dysregulation. Further understanding of the etiology leading up to late-onset HPA axis dysregulation following DAI could identify targets to stabilize feedback, attenuate symptoms, and improve efficacy of rehabilitation and overall recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Bromberg
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Andrew M Condon
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha W Ridgway
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela C Garcia-Filion
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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28
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Sanchez CM, Titus DJ, Wilson NM, Freund JE, Atkins CM. Early Life Stress Exacerbates Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:555-565. [PMID: 32862765 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurocognitive impairments associated with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often resolve within 1-2 weeks; however, a subset of people exhibit persistent cognitive dysfunction for weeks to months after injury. The factors that contribute to these persistent deficits are unknown. One potential risk factor for worsened outcome after TBI is a history of stress experienced by a person early in life. Early life stress (ELS) includes maltreatment such as neglect, and interferes with the normal construction of cortical and hippocampal circuits. We hypothesized that a history of ELS contributes to persistent learning and memory dysfunction following a TBI. To explore this interaction, we modeled ELS by separating Sprague Dawley pups from their nursing mothers from post-natal days 2-14 for 3 h daily. At 2 months of age, male rats received sham surgery or mild to moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury. We found that the combination of ELS with TBI in adulthood impaired hippocampal-dependent learning, as assessed with contextual fear conditioning, the water maze task, and spatial working memory. Cortical atrophy was significantly exacerbated in TBI animals exposed to ELS compared with normal-reared TBI animals. Changes in corticosterone in response to restraint stress were prolonged in TBI animals that received ELS compared with TBI animals that were normally reared or sham animals that received ELS. Our findings indicate that ELS is a risk factor for worsened outcome after TBI, and results in persistent learning and memory deficits, worsened cortical pathology, and an exacerbation of the hormonal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M Sanchez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David J Titus
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole M Wilson
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Julie E Freund
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Coleen M Atkins
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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29
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Del Rossi G, Anania T, Lopez RM. Early Aerobic Exercise for the Treatment of Acute Pediatric Concussions. J Athl Train 2020; 55:649-657. [DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-404-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sport-related concussion is a common injury that has garnered the attention of the media and general public because of the potential for prolonged acute symptoms and increased risk for long-term impairment. Currently, a growing body of evidence supports the use of various therapies to improve recovery after a concussion. A contemporary approach to managing concussion symptoms is to use aerobic exercise as treatment. To date, several studies on both pediatric and adult patients have established that controlled aerobic exercise is a safe and effective way to rehabilitate patients experiencing delayed recovery after concussion. However, less is known about the utility of an early exercise protocol for optimizing recovery after acute concussion and reducing the risk for persistent postconcussive symptoms, particularly in pediatric populations. Thus, the purpose of our paper was to review and evaluate the available literature on the implementation of aerobic exercise for the treatment of acute pediatric concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Del Rossi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Thomas Anania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Rebecca M. Lopez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
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30
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Toval A, Vicente-Conesa F, Martínez-Ortega P, Kutsenko Y, Morales-Delgado N, Garrigos D, Alonso A, Ribeiro Do Couto B, Popović M, Ferran JL. Hypothalamic Crh/ Avp, Plasmatic Glucose and Lactate Remain Unchanged During Habituation to Forced Exercise. Front Physiol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32499715 PMCID: PMC7243680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that physical activity contributes to a healthier life. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the neural mechanisms producing these effects. One of the keystones to deal with this problem is to use training programs with equal loads of physical activity. However, irregular motor and stress responses have been found in murine exercise models. Habituation to forced exercise facilitates a complete response to a training program in all rodents, reaching the same load of physical activity among animals. Here, it was evaluated if glucose and lactate - which are stress biomarkers - are increased during the habituation to exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats received an 8-days habituation protocol with progressive increments of time and speed of running. Then, experimental and control (non-habituated) rats were subjected to an incremental test. Blood samples were obtained to determine plasmatic glucose and lactate levels before, immediately after and 30 min after each session of training. Crh and Avp mRNA expression was determined by two-step qPCR. Our results revealed that glucose and lactate levels are not increased during the habituation period and tend to decrease toward the end of the protocol. Also, Crh and Avp were not chronically activated by the habituation program. Lactate and glucose, determined after the incremental test, were higher in control rats without previous contact with the wheel, compared with habituated and wheel control rats. These results suggest that the implementation of an adaptive phase prior to forced exercise programs might avoid non-specific stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente-Conesa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Martínez-Ortega
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miroljub Popović
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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31
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Holschneider DP, Wang Z, Guo Y, Sanford MT, Yeh J, Mao JJ, Zhang R, Rodriguez LV. Exercise modulates neuronal activation in the micturition circuit of chronically stressed rats: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (MAPP) research network study. Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112796. [PMID: 31884113 PMCID: PMC7269603 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rats exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) show increased urinary frequency, increased somatosensory nociceptive reflex responses, as well as altered brain responses to bladder distension, analogous to similar observations made in patients with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS). Exercise has been proposed as a potential treatment option for patients with chronic urinary frequency and urgency. We examined the effects of exercise on urinary voiding parameters and functional brain activation during bladder distension in rats exposed to WAS. METHODS Adult, female Wistar Kyoto rats were exposed to 10 days of WAS and thereafter randomized to either voluntary exercise for 3 weeks or sedentary groups. Voiding parameters were assessed at baseline, post-WAS, and weekly for 3 weeks. Thereafter, cerebral blood flow (CBF) mapping was performed during isotonic bladder distension (20 cm H2O) after intravenous bolus injection of [14C]-iodoantipyrine. Regional CBF was quantified in autoradiographs of brain slices and analyzed in 3-D reconstructed brains by statistical parametric mapping. Functional connectivity was examined between regions of the micturition circuit through interregional correlation analysis. RESULTS WAS exposure in sedentary animals (WAS/no-EX) increased voiding frequency and decreased urinary volumes per void. Exercise exposure in WAS animals (WAS/EX) resulted in a progressive decline in voiding frequency back to the baseline, as well as increased urinary volumes per void. Within the micturition circuit, WAS/EX compared to WAS/no-EX demonstrated a significantly lower rCBF response to passive bladder distension in Barrington's nucleus that is part of the spinobulbospinal voiding reflex, as well as in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) which modulates this reflex. Greater rCBF was noted in WAS/EX animals broadly across corticolimbic structures, including the cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic, infralimbic areas), insula, amygdala, and hypothalamus, which provide a 'top-down' decision point where micturition could be inhibited or triggered. WAS/EX showed a significantly greater positive brain functional connectivities compared to WAS/no-EX animals within regions of the extended reflex loop (PAG, Barrington's nucleus, intermediodorsal thalamic nucleus, pons), as well as within regions of the corticolimbic decision-making loop of the micturition circuit, with a strikingly negative correlation between these pathways. Urinary frequency was positively correlated with rCBF in the pons, and negatively correlated with rCBF in the cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that chronic voluntary exercise may decrease urinary frequency at two points of control in the micturition circuit. During the urine storage phase, it may diminish the influence of the reflex micturition circuit itself, and/or it may increase corticolimbic control of voiding. Exercise may be an effective adjunct therapeutic intervention for modifying the urinary symptoms in patients with UCPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Holschneider
- Departments of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yumei Guo
- Departments of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Melissa T Sanford
- Urology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jihchao Yeh
- Urology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jackie J Mao
- Urology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong Zhang
- Urology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Larissa V Rodriguez
- Urology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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32
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The blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor attenuates anxiety-related symptoms and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity in mice with mild traumatic brain injury. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:220-228. [PMID: 30883392 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is associated with higher risk for anxiety-related disorders. Dysregulation in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis following mTBI has been proposed to be involved in the development of neurobehavioral abnormalities; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether the corticotropin-releasing-factor-1 (CRF-1) receptor is involved in the regulation of anxiety-related symptoms in a mouse model of mTBI. Animals with or without mTBI received intracerebroventricular injections of a CRF-1 receptor agonist (CRF; 0.01 nmol/mouse) or antagonist (antalarmin; 1 µg/mouse) for 5 days, and then the animals were subjected to anxiety tests (light-dark box and zero maze). The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone, the most important markers of HPA axis, were also measured after behavioral tests. Our results indicated that mTBI-induced anxiety-related symptoms in mice through increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone, showing HPA axis hyperactivity. Interestingly, activation of CRF receptor by a subthreshold dose of CRF resulted in significant increases in anxiety-like behaviors and HPA axis response to stress, whereas blockade of CRF receptors by a subthreshold dose of antalarmin decreased anxiety-related symptoms and HPA axis response to stress in mTBI-induced mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that the CRF-1 receptor plays an important role in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviors following mTBI induction in mice and support the hypothesis that blockade of the CRF-1 receptor may be a promising therapeutic target for anxiety-related disorders in patients with TBI.
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Soltani N, Soltani Z, Khaksari M, Ebrahimi G, Hajmohammmadi M, Iranpour M. The Changes of Brain Edema and Neurological Outcome, and the Probable Mechanisms in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury Induced in Rats with the History of Exercise. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:555-567. [PMID: 31836968 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since no definitive treatment has been suggested for diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI), and also as the effect of exercise has been proven to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases, the effect of endurance exercise on the complications of TBI along with its possible neuroprotective mechanism was investigated in this study. Our objective was to find out whether previous endurance exercise influences brain edema and neurological outcome in TBI. We also assessed the probable mechanism of endurance exercise effect in TBI. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of sham, TBI, exercise + sham and exercise + TBI. Endurance exercise was carried out before TBI. Brain edema was assessed by calculating the percentage of brain water content 24 h after the surgery. Neurological outcome was evaluated by obtaining veterinary coma scale (VCS) at - 1, 1, 4 and 24 h after the surgery. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and histopathological changes were evaluated 24 h after the surgery. Previous exercise prevented the increase in brain water content, MDA level, histopathological edema and apoptosis following TBI. The reduction in VCS in exercise + TBI group was lower than that of TBI group. In addition, a decrease in the level of serum IL-1β and the content of brain protein carbonyl was reported in exercise + TBI group in comparison with the TBI group. We suggest that the previous endurance exercise prevents brain edema and improves neurological outcome following diffuse TBI, probably by reducing apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Soltani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ebrahimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Hajmohammmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Iranpour
- Department of Pathology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we summarize the current scientific literature on the management of sports-related concussion (SRC) in the acute period (< 6 weeks post-injury) with a focus on rest, return to learn, return to play, and emerging treatments. RECENT FINDINGS While relative rest is recommended for the first 24-48 h following acute SRC, the most recent guidelines highlight the lack of evidence for complete rest and in fact show that prolonged cognitive and physical rest can be detrimental. Gradual return to learn and play is recommended. Return to sport should only occur once the patient is symptom free. While there are no FDA-approved medications for acute treatment of concussion, there is preclinical data for the benefit of omega 3 fatty acids. Evidence is limited around the benefits of treating sleep disorders, vestibular-ocular dysfunction, and neck pain in the acute period. After 24-48 h of rest, SRC patients may gradually resume cognitive and physical activity. More research is needed to determine if any supplements, medications, and/or physical therapy are indicated in the management in acute SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Sports Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Stanford-O’Connor Hospital, The Permanente Medical Group, 2105 Forest Ave, San Jose, CA 95128 USA
| | - Greg Summerville
- Sports Medicine, The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser South San Francisco Medical Center, 1200 El Camino Real, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Carlin Senter
- Primary Care Sports Medicine, UCSF Orthopedic Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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Button DC, Kalmar JM. Understanding exercise-dependent plasticity of motoneurons using intracellular and intramuscular approaches. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1125-1133. [PMID: 31075205 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal motoneurons (MN) exhibit exercise-dependent adaptations to increased activity, such as exercise and locomotion, as well as decreased activity associated with disuse, spinal cord injury, and aging. The development of several experimental approaches, in both human and animal models, has contributed significantly to our understanding of this plasticity. The purpose of this review is to summarize how intracellular recordings in an animal model and motor unit recordings in a human model have, together, contributed to our current understanding of exercise-dependent MN plasticity. These approaches and techniques will allow neuroscientists to continue to advance our understanding of MN physiology and the plasticity of the "final common path" of the motor system, and to design experiments to answer the critical questions that are emerging in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jayne M Kalmar
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Tapp ZM, Godbout JP, Kokiko-Cochran ON. A Tilted Axis: Maladaptive Inflammation and HPA Axis Dysfunction Contribute to Consequences of TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 10:345. [PMID: 31068886 PMCID: PMC6491704 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year approximately 1.7 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the US alone. Associated with these head injuries is a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms including irritability, depression, and anxiety. Neuroinflammation, due in part to microglia, can worsen or even cause neuropsychiatric disorders after TBI. For example, mounting evidence demonstrates that microglia become “primed” or hyper-reactive with an exaggerated pro-inflammatory phenotype following multiple immune challenges. Microglial priming occurs after experimental TBI and correlates with the emergence of depressive-like behavior as well as cognitive dysfunction. Critically, immune challenges are various and include illness, aging, and stress. The collective influence of any combination of these immune challenges shapes the neuroimmune environment and the response to TBI. For example, stress reliably induces inflammation and could therefore be a gateway to altered neuropathology and behavioral decline following TBI. Given the increasing incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders after TBI, the degree in which stress affects outcome is of particular interest. This review aims to highlight the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as a key mediator of stress-immune pathway communication following TBI. We will first describe maladaptive neuroinflammation after TBI and how stress contributes to inflammation through both anti- and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical and experimental data describing HPA-axis dysfunction and consequences of altered stress responses after TBI will be discussed. Lastly, we will review common stress models used after TBI that could better elucidate the relationship between HPA axis dysfunction and maladaptive inflammation following TBI. Together, the studies described in this review suggest that HPA axis dysfunction after brain injury is prevalent and contributes to the dynamic nature of the neuroinflammatory response to brain injury. Experimental stressors that directly engage the HPA axis represent important areas for future research to better define the role of stress-immune pathways in mediating outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Tapp
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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37
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Abstract
Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a common injury in recreational and organized sport. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in our scientific understanding of SRC, which in turn has driven the development of clinical guidelines for diagnosis, assessment, and management of SRC. In addition to a growing need for knowledgeable health care professionals to provide evidence-based care for athletes with SRC, media attention and legislation have created awareness and, in some cases, fear about many issues and unknowns surrounding SRC. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine formed a writing group to review the existing literature on SRC, update its previous position statement, and address current evidence and knowledge gaps regarding SRC. The absence of definitive outcomes-based data is challenging and requires relying on the best available evidence integrated with clinical experience and patient values. This statement reviews the definition, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of SRC, the diagnosis and management of both acute and persistent concussion symptoms, the short- and long-term risks of SRC and repetitive head impact exposure, SRC prevention strategies, and potential future directions for SRC research. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine is committed to best clinical practices, evidence-based research, and educational initiatives that positively impact the health and safety of athletes.
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Worts PR, Burkhart SO, Kim JS. A Physiologically Based Approach to Prescribing Exercise Following a Sport-Related Concussion. Sports Med 2019; 49:683-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K, Hainline B, Herring S, Kane SF, Kontos AP, Leddy JJ, McCrea M, Poddar SK, Putukian M, Wilson JC, Roberts WO. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:213-225. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a common injury in recreational and organised sport. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in our scientific understanding of SRC, which in turn has driven the development of clinical guidelines for diagnosis, assessment and management of SRC. In addition to a growing need for knowledgeable healthcare professionals to provide evidence-based care for athletes with SRC, media attention and legislation have created awareness and, in some cases, fear about many issues and unknowns surrounding SRC. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) formed a writing group to review the existing literature on SRC, update its previous position statement, and to address current evidence and knowledge gaps regarding SRC. The absence of definitive outcomes-based data is challenging and requires relying on the best available evidence integrated with clinical experience and patient values. This statement reviews the definition, pathophysiology and epidemiology of SRC, the diagnosis and management of both acute and persistent concussion symptoms, the short-term and long-term risks of SRC and repetitive head impact exposure, SRC prevention strategies, and potential future directions for SRC research. The AMSSM is committed to best clinical practices, evidence-based research and educational initiatives that positively impact the health and safety of athletes.
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40
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Guo JC, Yang YJ, Zheng XA, Jiang XL, Guo M, Wang XD, Gao YS, Fu LQ, Chen XS. CpG methylation of brain-derived the neurotrophic factor gene promoter as a potent diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for post-traumatic stress disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:5101-5109. [PMID: 31949588 PMCID: PMC6962936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common response to traumatic events. Many PTSD patients recover in the next few months, but in a significant subgroup, the symptoms persist, often for years. The present study shows that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is related to the pathological mechanism of a variety of mental diseases. Here we investigate the effect of methylation of BDNF gene and different loci on the occurrence and development of PTSD. Initially, using case-control method, 322 PTSD patients as well as 215 normal controls were selected as the subjects. Following peripheral venous blood being collected from the subjects, genomic DNA was extracted. Methylation of the cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) island in BDNF gene promoter was then modified by bisulfite and detected through direct sequencing. Methylation of CpG in BDNF gene promoter was closely related to PTSD, and the methylation level of CpG in BDNF gene promoter may serve as a biomarker for PTSD diagnosis. Types of trauma of PTSD patients may have a certain effect on the methylation level of BDNF gene promoter. Methylation level of the BDNF promoter, depressive degree score, poor sleep quality score, early trauma score, mental stress score, and trauma type were closely related to the occurrence and development of PTSD. Taken together, our data support the notion that stressful life events may directly cause CpG methylation in the BDNF promoter of PTSD patients. Stress types may be associated with methylation levels of CpG1, CpG7, and CpG18 in the BDNF promoter of PTSD patients. These findings provide a new way for the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Guo
- Central South University Xiangya School of Medical Affiliated Haikou HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
- Central South UniversityChangsha, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Yang
- Central South University Xiangya School of Medical Affiliated Haikou HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zheng
- Psychological Research Center of Hainan General HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ling Jiang
- Psychological Research Center of Hainan General HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- Psychological Research Center of Hainan General HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Wang
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical CollegeHaikou 571199, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Suo Gao
- Psychological Research Center of Hainan General HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Qiu Fu
- Psychological Research Center of Hainan General HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Shan Chen
- Psychological Research Center of Hainan General HospitalHaikou, Hainan Province, P. R. China
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41
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Abstract
Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a physiological brain injury that produces cerebral and systemic effects, including exercise intolerance. Exercise intolerance after concussion is believed to be the result of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. Ventilation is inappropriately low for the level of exercise intensity, raising arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels. Elevated PaCO2 increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) out of proportion to exercise intensity, which is associated with symptoms that limit exercise performance. Thus, elevated exercise PaCO2 may signal incomplete recovery from SRC. This article reviews recent observational and experimental data and presents the evidence that subthreshold aerobic exercise normalizes the cerebrovascular physiological dysfunction and is "medicine" for patients with concussion and persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS). It discusses the systematic evaluation of exercise tolerance after concussion using the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) and reviews the utility of the Buffalo Concussion Bike Test (BCBT), the data from which are used to establish an individualized heart rate "dose" of subthreshold exercise to safely speed recovery, which also may work in the acute recovery phase after SRC with the potential to reduce the incidence of PPCS. Evaluation and treatment approaches based on the physiology of concussion suggest that exercise is medicine for concussion, potentially adding a new dimension to concussion care to help safely speed recovery and prevent PPCS in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Leddy
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Mohammad N Haider
- UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Michael Ellis
- Pan Am Concussion Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA
| | - Barry S Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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42
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physical activity is increasingly recommended for chronic pain. In this review, we briefly survey recent, high-quality meta-analyses on the effects of exercise in human chronic pain populations, followed by a critical discussion of the rodent literature. RECENT FINDINGS Most meta-analytical studies on the effects of exercise in human chronic pain populations describe moderate improvements in various types of chronic pain, despite substantial variability in the outcomes reported in the primary literature. The most consistent findings suggest that while greater adherence to exercise programs produces better outcomes, there is minimal support for the superiority of one type of exercise over another. The rodent literature similarly suggests that while regular exercise reduces hypersensitivity in rodent models of chronic pain, exercise benefits do not appear to relate to either the type of injury or any particular facet of the exercise paradigm. Potential factors underlying these results are discussed, including the putative involvement of stress-induced analgesic effects associated with certain types of exercise paradigms. Exercise research using rodent models of chronic pain would benefit from increased attention to the role of stress in exercise-induced analgesia, as well as the incorporation of more clinically relevant exercise paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Henry Pitcher
- Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Room 1E-420, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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43
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Thomas TC, Stockhausen EM, Law LM, Khodadad A, Lifshitz J. Rehabilitation modality and onset differentially influence whisker sensory hypersensitivity after diffuse traumatic brain injury in the rat. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:611-629. [PMID: 29036852 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As rehabilitation strategies advance as therapeutic interventions, the modality and onset of rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are critical to optimize treatment. Our laboratory has detected and characterized a late-onset, long-lasting sensory hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation in diffuse brain-injured rats; a deficit that is comparable to visual or auditory sensory hypersensitivity in humans with an acquired brain injury. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that the modality and onset of rehabilitation therapies will differentially influence sensory hypersensitivity in response to the Whisker Nuisance Task (WNT) as well as WNT-induced corticosterone (CORT) stress response in diffuse brain-injured rats and shams. METHODS After midline fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) or sham surgery, rats were assigned to one of four rehabilitative interventions: (1) whisker sensory deprivation during week one or (2) week two or (3) whisker stimulation during week one or (4) week two. At 28 days following FPI and sham procedures, sensory hypersensitivity was assessed using the WNT. Plasma CORT was evaluated immediately following the WNT (aggravated levels) and prior to the pre-determined endpoint 24 hours later (non-aggravated levels). RESULTS Deprivation therapy during week two elicited significantly greater sensory hypersensitivity to the WNT compared to week one (p < 0.05), and aggravated CORT levels in FPI rats were significantly lower than sham levels. Stimulation therapy during week one resulted in low levels of sensory hypersensitivity to the WNT, similar to deprivation therapy and naïve controls, however, non-aggravated CORT levels in FPI rats were significantly higher than sham. CONCLUSION These data indicate that modality and onset of sensory rehabilitation can differentially influence FPI and sham rats, having a lasting impact on behavioral and stress responses to the WNT, emphasizing the necessity for continued evaluation of modality and onset of rehabilitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Phoenix VA Healthcare System - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center - Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ellen Magee Stockhausen
- Core Medical Group, Manchester, NH, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center - Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L Matthew Law
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aida Khodadad
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Phoenix VA Healthcare System - Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Arizona State University - Tempe, AZ, USA.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center - Lexington, KY, USA
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44
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Ko IG, Kim SE, Hwang L, Jin JJ, Kim CJ, Kim BK, Kim H. Late starting treadmill exercise improves spatial leaning ability through suppressing CREP/BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:327-334. [PMID: 30018914 PMCID: PMC6028205 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836248.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes deficit in spatial learning and memory function. Physical activity ameliorates neurological dysfunction after TBI. We investigated the effect of late starting treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway using TBI rats. For this study, radial 8-arm maze test, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining, caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, and western blot for Bax, Bcl-2, BDNF, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), CREB, and phosphorylated CREP (p-CREB) were performed. TBI was induced by an electromagnetic-controlled cortical impact. The rats in the exercise groups were scheduled to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 8 weeks starting 3 weeks after TBI. TBI impaired spatial learning ability and increased caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. TBI enhanced Bax expression and suppressed Bcl-2 expression in the hip-pocampus. TBI increased BDNF and TrkB expressions, resulted in the enhancement of p-CREB/CREB ratio in the hippocampus. However, treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability, decreased caspase-3 expression, suppressed Bax expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression. Treadmill exercise alleviated TBI-induced over-expression of BDNF and TrkB, which suppressed phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus. In the present study, late starting treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability through suppressing TBI-induced activation of CREB/BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lakkyong Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Kyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Technology, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hong Kim
- Department of Oriental Sports Medicine, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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45
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Leddy JJ, Baker JG, Willer B. Active Rehabilitation of Concussion and Post-concussion Syndrome. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2018; 27:437-54. [PMID: 27154855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Concussion is a physiological brain injury with physical, cognitive, and emotional sequelae. The macrophysiological insult to the brain affects the autonomic nervous system and its control of cerebral blood flow. Most patients recover within 2 weeks, but some do not. Persistence of symptoms beyond the generally accepted time frame for recovery is called post-concussion syndrome (PCS). PCS is not a single entity; it is a group of disorders that requires specific forms of therapy. Rest has been the mainstay of the treatment for concussion and PCS. This article discusses the rationale for the active treatment of concussion and PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Leddy
- UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, SUNY Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - John G Baker
- UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Barry Willer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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46
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Gobinath AR, Wong S, Chow C, Lieblich SE, Barr AM, Galea LAM. Maternal exercise increases but concurrent maternal fluoxetine prevents the increase in hippocampal neurogenesis of adult offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 91:186-197. [PMID: 29579632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treating postpartum depression (PPD) with pharmacological antidepressants like fluoxetine (FLX) is complicated because these drugs can remain active in breast milk and potentially affect infant development. Alternatively, non-pharmacological treatments such as exercise are associated with beneficial effects on infant development but its potential ability to counter the effects of PPD are largely unknown. To investigate this, we treated dams with corticosterone (CORT) or vehicle (sesame oil) from postpartum days 2-25 to model PPD. Within oil and CORT treatments, dams were also assigned to one of these treatments: 1) exercise (voluntary running wheel) + FLX (10 mg/kg, i.p.), 2) exercise + saline (vehicle for FLX), 3) no exercise + FLX, 4) no exercise + saline. Both male and female offspring were analyzed, and this generated a total of 16 experimental groups for this study. Adult male and female offspring (125 d old) of these dams were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the novelty suppressed feeding test and stress reactivity in the dexamethasone suppression test. Hippocampal tissue was processed for doublecortin, a protein expressed in immature neurons. Regardless of sex, maternal exercise increased neurogenesis in the dorsal hippocampus of adult offspring, but concurrent exposure to maternal fluoxetine prevented this effect. Exposure to either maternal exercise or maternal FLX facilitated HPA negative feedback in adult males but not females. Maternal postpartum CORT also facilitated HPA feedback in adult offspring of both sexes. Collectively, these data indicate that maternal exercise increased dorsal hippocampal neurogenesis in both sexes but differentially affected offspring HPA axis based on sex. Alternatively, maternal postpartum FLX facilitated HPA axis negative feedback only in males. These findings indicate that different types of maternal interventions bear long-term effects on offspring outcome with implications for treating PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi R Gobinath
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carmen Chow
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Alasdair M Barr
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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de la Tremblaye PB, O'Neil DA, LaPorte MJ, Cheng JP, Beitchman JA, Thomas TC, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Elucidating opportunities and pitfalls in the treatment of experimental traumatic brain injury to optimize and facilitate clinical translation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:160-175. [PMID: 28576511 PMCID: PMC5709241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the research presented in a symposium entitled "Current progress in characterizing therapeutic strategies and challenges in experimental CNS injury" which was presented at the 2016 International Behavioral Neuroscience Society annual meeting. Herein we discuss diffuse and focal traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ensuing chronic behavioral deficits as well as potential rehabilitative approaches. We also discuss the effects of stress on executive function after TBI as well as the response of the endocrine system and regulatory feedback mechanisms. The role of the endocannabinoids after CNS injury is also discussed. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of antipsychotic and antiepileptic drugs, which are provided to control TBI-induced agitation and seizures, respectively. The review consists predominantly of published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B de la Tremblaye
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Darik A O'Neil
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Megan J LaPorte
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joshua A Beitchman
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Safety and Prognostic Utility of Provocative Exercise Testing in Acutely Concussed Adolescents: A Randomized Trial. Clin J Sport Med 2018; 28:13-20. [PMID: 29257777 PMCID: PMC5739074 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate (1) systematic assessment of exercise tolerance in adolescents shortly after sport-related concussion (SRC) and (2) the prognostic utility of such assessment. DESIGN Prospective randomized controlled trial. SETTING University and community sports medicine centers. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents with SRC (1-9 days from injury). Sixty-five were randomized and 54 completed the study (mean age 15 years, 4 days after injury). INTERVENTIONS Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT, n = 27) or not (controls, n = 27) on visit day #1. Heart rate threshold (HRt) at symptom exacerbation represented level of exercise tolerance. Participants reported symptoms daily for 14 days and then had follow-up BCTT (n = 54). Recovery was defined as returning to normal level of symptoms and exercise tolerance, verified by independent physician examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Days to recovery and typical (≤21 days) versus prolonged recovery (>21 days). Mixed effects linear models and linear regression techniques examined symptom reports and time to recovery. Linear regression assessed the association of HRt with recovery time. RESULTS Days to recovery (P = 0.7060) and typical versus prolonged recovery (P = 0.1195) were not significantly different between groups. Symptom severity scores decreased in both groups over 14 days (P < 0.0001), were similar (P = 0.2984), and did not significantly increase the day after the BCTT (P = 0.1960). Lower HRt on visit day #1 was strongly associated with prolonged recovery time (P = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS Systematic evaluation of exercise tolerance using the BCTT within 1 week after SRC did not affect recovery. The degree of early exercise intolerance after SRC was important for prognosis. This has implications for school academic and team preparation.
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Albeit nocturnal, rats subjected to traumatic brain injury do not differ in neurobehavioral performance whether tested during the day or night. Neurosci Lett 2017; 665:212-216. [PMID: 29229396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral assessments in rats are overwhelmingly conducted during the day, albeit that is when they are least active. This incongruity may preclude optimal performance. Hence, the goal of this study was to determine if differences in neurobehavior exist in traumatic brain injured (TBI) rats when assessed during the day vs. night. The hypothesis was that the night group would perform better than the day group on all behavioral tasks. Anesthetized adult male rats received either a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to either Day (1:00-3:00p.m.) or Night (7:30-9:30p.m.) testing. Motor function (beam-balance/walk) was conducted on post-operative days 1-5 and cognitive performance (spatial learning) was assessed on days 14-18. Corticosterone (CORT) levels were quantified at 24h and 21days after TBI. No significant differences were revealed between the TBI rats tested during the Day vs. Night for motor or cognition (p's<0.05). CORT levels were higher in the Night-tested TBI and sham groups at 24h (p<0.05), but returned to baseline and were no longer different by day 21 (p>0.05), suggesting an initial, but transient, stress response that did not affect neurobehavioral outcome. These data suggest that the time rats are tested has no noticeable impact on their performance, which does not support the hypothesis. The finding validates the interpretations from numerous studies conducted when rats were tested during the day vs. their natural active period.
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Rudyk CA, McNeill J, Prowse N, Dwyer Z, Farmer K, Litteljohn D, Caldwell W, Hayley S. Age and Chronicity of Administration Dramatically Influenced the Impact of Low Dose Paraquat Exposure on Behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:222. [PMID: 28769783 PMCID: PMC5509760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known of the age-dependent and long-term consequences of low exposure levels of the herbicide and dopaminergic toxicant, paraquat. Thus, we assessed the dose-dependent effects of paraquat using a typical short-term (3 week) exposure procedure, followed by an assessment of the effects of chronic (16 weeks) exposure to a very low dose (1/10th of what previously induced dopaminergic neuronal damage). Short term paraquat treatment dose-dependently induced deficits in locomotion, sucrose preference and Y-maze performance. Chronic low dose paraquat treatment had a very different pattern of effects that were also dependent upon the age of the animal: in direct contrast to the short-term effects, chronic low dose paraquat increased sucrose consumption and reduced forced swim test (FST) immobility. Yet these effects were age-dependent, only emerging in mice older than 13 months. Likewise, Y-maze spontaneous alternations and home cage activity were dramatically altered as a function of age and paraquat chronicity. In both the short and long-term exposure studies, increased corticosterone and altered hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were induced by paraquat, but surprisingly these effects were blunted in the older mice. Thus, paraquat clearly acts as a systemic stressor in terms of corticoid signaling and behavioral outcomes, but that paradoxical effects may occur with: (a) repeated exposure at; (b) very low doses; and (c) older age. Collectively, these data raise the possibility that repeated “hits” with low doses of paraquat in combination with aging processes might have promoted compensatory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Rudyk
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica McNeill
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Prowse
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zach Dwyer
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Darcy Litteljohn
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Warren Caldwell
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Hayley Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
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