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KIMURA K, NAGAKURA H, TSUKAMOTO M, YOSHIDA T, SUGISAKI H, SHISHIDA K, TACHI Y, SHIMASAKI S, SUGIURA K, HATOYA S. Canine induced pluripotent stem cells can be successfully maintained in weekend-free culture systems. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:247-257. [PMID: 38171744 PMCID: PMC10963097 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) can provide useful insights into novel therapies in both veterinary and medical fields. However, limited accessibility to the present culture medium and requirement of considerable time, effort, and cost for routine ciPSC maintenance restrict advancement in ciPSC research. In addition, it is unknown whether ciPSC culture conditions influence differentiation propensity. We investigated the availability of the common human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) culture systems for ciPSC maintenance and the differentiation propensities of the ciPSCs maintained in these culture systems. StemFlex and mTeSR Plus supported PSC-like colony formation and pluripotency markers expression in ciPSCs even after five passages. Additionally, ciPSCs were maintained under weekend-free culture conditions with a stable growth rate, pluripotency marker expression, and differentiation abilities using vitronectin (VTN-N) and Geltrex. Following maintenance of spontaneously differentiated ciPSCs under various conditions by embryoid body formation, there were few differences in the differentiation propensities of ciPSCs among the tested culture conditions. Thus, ciPSCs were successfully cultured under weekend-free conditions for ciPSC maintenance using StemFlex or mTeSR Plus with VTN-N or Geltrex. The present study offers simpler and more effort-, time-, and cost-saving options for ciPSC culture systems, which may lead to further development in research using ciPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto KIMURA
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroya NAGAKURA
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya TSUKAMOTO
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi YOSHIDA
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko SUGISAKI
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei SHISHIDA
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta TACHI
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko SHIMASAKI
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya SUGIURA
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo HATOYA
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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Menzorov AG. Pluripotent Stem Cells of Order Carnivora: Technical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043905. [PMID: 36835318 PMCID: PMC9963171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are widely used for studying early embryonic development and for modeling of human diseases. Derivation and studying of PSCs from model organisms beyond commonly used mice and rats may provide new insights into the modeling and treating human diseases. The order Carnivora representatives possess unique features and are already used for modeling human-related traits. This review focuses on the technical aspects of derivation of the Carnivora species PSCs as well as their characterization. Current data on dog, feline, ferret, and American mink PSCs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei G. Menzorov
- Sector of Cell Collections, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Genetic Basis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs and Its Potential as a Bidirectional Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131679. [PMID: 35804579 PMCID: PMC9265105 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heart disease is a leading cause of death for both humans and dogs. Inherited heart diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), account for a proportion of these cases. Human and canine patients with DCM suffer from an enlarged heart that can no longer pump efficiently, resulting in heart failure. This causes symptoms or clinical signs like difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, and eventually death. The symptoms or clinical signs of this disease vary in age of onset at the beginning of symptoms, sex predisposition, and overall disease progression. Despite the many similarities in DCM in both species, only a few candidate genes so far have been linked to this disease in dogs versus tens of genes identified in human DCM. Additionally, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells, or engineered stem cells, has been widely used in the study of human genetic heart disease but has not yet been fully adapted to study heart disease in dogs. This review describes the current knowledge on the genetics and subtypes of naturally occurring DCM in dogs, and how advances in research might benefit the dog but also the human patient. Additionally, a novel method using canine engineered stem cells to uncover unknown contributions of mistakes in DNA to the progression of DCM will be introduced along with its applications for human DCM disease modeling and treatment. Abstract Cardiac disease is a leading cause of death for both humans and dogs. Genetic cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), account for a proportion of these cases in both species. Patients may suffer from ventricular enlargement and systolic dysfunction resulting in congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias with high risk for sudden cardiac death. Although canine DCM has similar disease progression and subtypes as in humans, only a few candidate genes have been found to be associated with DCM while the genetic background of human DCM has been more thoroughly studied. Additionally, experimental disease models using induced pluripotent stem cells have been widely adopted in the study of human genetic cardiomyopathy but have not yet been fully adapted for the in-depth study of canine genetic cardiomyopathies. The clinical presentation of DCM is extremely heterogeneous for both species with differences occurring based on sex predisposition, age of onset, and the rate of disease progression. Both genetic predisposition and environmental factors play a role in disease development which are identical in dogs and humans in contrast to other experimental animals. Interestingly, different dog breeds have been shown to develop distinct DCM phenotypes, and this presents a unique opportunity for modeling as there are multiple breed-specific models for DCM with less genetic variance than human DCM. A better understanding of DCM in dogs has the potential for improved selection for breeding and could lead to better overall care and treatment for human and canine DCM patients. At the same time, progress in research made for human DCM can have a positive impact on the care given to dogs affected by DCM. Therefore, this review will analyze the feasibility of canines as a naturally occurring bidirectional disease model for DCM in both species. The histopathology of the myocardium in canine DCM will be evaluated in three different breeds compared to control tissue, and the known genetics that contributes to both canine and human DCM will be summarized. Lastly, the prospect of canine iPSCs as a novel method to uncover the contributions of genetic variants to the pathogenesis of canine DCM will be introduced along with the applications for disease modeling and treatment.
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Martínez-Falguera D, Iborra-Egea O, Gálvez-Montón C. iPSC Therapy for Myocardial Infarction in Large Animal Models: Land of Hope and Dreams. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1836. [PMID: 34944652 PMCID: PMC8698445 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the main driver of heart failure due to ischemia and subsequent cell death, and cell-based strategies have emerged as promising therapeutic methods to replace dead tissue in cardiovascular diseases. Research in this field has been dramatically advanced by the development of laboratory-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that harbor the capability to become any cell type. Like other experimental strategies, stem cell therapy must meet multiple requirements before reaching the clinical trial phase, and in vivo models are indispensable for ensuring the safety of such novel therapies. Specifically, translational studies in large animal models are necessary to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of this approach; to empirically determine the optimal combination of cell types, supplementary factors, and delivery methods to maximize efficacy; and to stringently assess safety. In the present review, we summarize the main strategies employed to generate iPSCs and differentiate them into cardiomyocytes in large animal species; the most critical differences between using small versus large animal models for cardiovascular studies; and the strategies that have been pursued regarding implanted cells' stage of differentiation, origin, and technical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Martínez-Falguera
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- ICREC Research Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Heart Institute (iCor), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Oriol Iborra-Egea
- ICREC Research Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Heart Institute (iCor), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- ICREC Research Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Heart Institute (iCor), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
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Chandrasekaran A, Thomsen BB, Agerholm JS, Pessôa LVDF, Godoy Pieri NC, Sabaghidarmiyan V, Langley K, Kolko M, de Andrade AFC, Bressan FF, Hyttel P, Berendt M, Freude K. Neural Derivates of Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Like Cells From a Mild Cognitive Impairment Dog. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:725386. [PMID: 34805331 PMCID: PMC8600048 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.725386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are superior models for translational medicine due to greater anatomical and physiological similarities with humans than rodents, including hereditary diseases with human equivalents. Particularly with respect to neurodegenerative medicine, dogs can serve as a natural, more relevant model of human disease compared to transgenic rodents. Herein we report attempts to develop a canine-derived in vitro model for neurodegenerative diseases through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from a 14-year, 9-month-old female West Highland white terrier with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Canine induced pluripotent stem cells-like cells (ciPSCLC) were generated using human OSKM and characterized by positive expression of pluripotency markers. Due to inefficient viral vector silencing we refer to them as ciPSCLCs. Subsequently, the ciPSCLC were subjected to neural induction according to two protocols both yielding canine neural progenitor cells (cNPCs), which expressed typical NPC markers. The cNPCs were cultured in neuron differentiation media for 3 weeks, resulting in the derivation of morphologically impaired neurons as compared to iPSC-derived human counterparts generated in parallel. The apparent differences encountered in this study regarding the neural differentiation potential of ciPSCLC reveals challenges and new perspectives to consider before using the canine model in translational neurological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Blicher Thomsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Steen Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Vahideh Sabaghidarmiyan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katarina Langley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Furugen Cesar de Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Beklemisheva VR, Belokopytova PS, Fishman VS, Menzorov AG. Derivation of Ringed Seal ( Phoca hispida) Induced Multipotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:326-335. [PMID: 34788122 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been produced just for a few species among order Carnivora: snow leopard, Bengal tiger, serval, jaguar, cat, dog, ferret, and American mink. We applied the iPS cell derivation protocol to the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) fibroblasts. The resulting cell line had the expression of pluripotency marker gene Rex1. Differentiation in embryoid body-like structures allowed us to register expression of AFP, endoderm marker, and Cdx2, trophectoderm marker, but not neuronal (ectoderm) markers. The cells readily differentiated into adipocytes and osteocytes, mesoderm cell types of origin. Transcriptome analysis allowed us to conclude that the cell line does not resemble human pluripotent cells, and, therefore, most probably is not pluripotent. Thus, we produced ringed seal multipotent stem cell line capable of differentiation into adipocytes and osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta R Beklemisheva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Polina S Belokopytova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Veniamin S Fishman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksei G Menzorov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Thin films of functionalized carbon nanotubes support long-term maintenance and cardio-neuronal differentiation of canine induced pluripotent stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 40:102487. [PMID: 34740869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. However, their feeder-free maintenance in undifferentiated states remains challenging. In recent past extensive studies have been directed using pristine or functionalized carbon nanotube in tissue engineering. Here we proposed thin films of functionalized carbon nanotubes (OH-single-walled CNTs [SWCNTs] and OH-multiwalled CNTs [MWCNTs]), as alternatives for the feeder-free in vitro culture of canine iPSCs (ciPSCs), considered as the cellular model. The ciPSC colonies could maintain their dome-shaped compactness and other characteristics when propagated on CNT films. Concomitantly, high cell viability and upregulation of pluripotency-associated genes and cell adhesion molecules were observed, further supported by molecular docking. Moreover, CNTs did not have profound toxic effects compared to feeder cultures as evident by cytocompatibility studies. Further, cardiac and neuronal differentiation of ciPSCs was induced on these films to determine their influence on the differentiation process. The cells retained differentiation potential and the nanotopographical features of the substrates provided positive cues to enhance differentiation to both lineages as evident by immunocytochemical staining and marker gene expression. Overall, OH-SWCNT provided better cues, maintained pluripotency, and induced the differentiation of ciPSCs. These results indicate that OH-functionalized CNT films could be used as alternatives for the feeder-free maintenance of ciPSCs towards prospective utilization in regenerative medicine.
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Moshref M, Questa M, Lopez-Cervantes V, Sears TK, Greathouse RL, Crawford CK, Kol A. Panobinostat Effectively Increases Histone Acetylation and Alters Chromatin Accessibility Landscape in Canine Embryonic Fibroblasts but Does Not Enhance Cellular Reprogramming. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:716570. [PMID: 34660761 PMCID: PMC8511502 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.716570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust and reproducible protocols to efficiently reprogram adult canine cells to induced pluripotent stem cells are still elusive. Somatic cell reprogramming requires global chromatin remodeling that is finely orchestrated spatially and temporally. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are key regulators of chromatin condensation, mediated by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. HDAC inhibitors have been used to increase histone acetylation, chromatin accessibility, and somatic cell reprogramming in human and mice cells. We hypothesized that inhibition of HDACs in canine fibroblasts would increase their reprogramming efficiency by altering the epigenomic landscape and enabling greater chromatin accessibility. We report that a combined treatment of panobinostat (LBH589) and vitamin C effectively inhibits HDAC function and increases histone acetylation in canine embryonic fibroblasts in vitro, with no significant cytotoxic effects. We further determined the effect of this treatment on global chromatin accessibility via Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing. Finally, the treatment did not induce any significant increase in cellular reprogramming efficiency. Although our data demonstrate that the unique epigenetic landscape of canine cells does not make them amenable to cellular reprogramming through the proposed treatment, it provides a rationale for a targeted, canine-specific, reprogramming approach by enhancing the expression of transcription factors such as CEBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moshref
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maria Questa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Lopez-Cervantes
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Thomas K Sears
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rachel L Greathouse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charles K Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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L- myc Gene Expression in Canine Fetal Fibroblasts Promotes Self-Renewal Capacity but Not Tumor Formation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081980. [PMID: 34440750 PMCID: PMC8391401 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canines are useful in mammalian preclinical studies because they are larger than rodents and share many diseases with humans. Canine fetal fibroblast cells (CFFs) are an easily accessible source of somatic cells. However, they are easily driven to senescence and become unusable with continuous in vitro culture. Therefore, to overcome these deficiencies, we investigated whether tetracycline-inducible L-myc gene expression promotes self-renewal activity and tumorigenicity in the production of induced conditional self-renewing fibroblast cells (iCSFCs). Here, we describe the characterization of a new iCSFC line immortalized by transduction with L-myc that displays in vitro self-renewal ability without tumorigenic capacity. We established conditionally inducible self-renewing fibroblast cells by transducing CFF-3 cells with L-myc under the tetracycline-inducible gene expression system. In the absence of doxycycline, the cells did not express L-myc or undergo self-renewal. The iCSFCs had a fibroblast-like morphology, normal chromosome pattern, and expressed fibroblast-specific genes and markers. However, the iCSFCs did not form tumors in a soft agar colony-forming assay. We observed higher expression of three ES modules (core pluripotency genes, polycomb repressive complex genes (PRC), and MYC-related genes) in the iCSFCs than in the CFF-3 cells; in particular, the core pluripotency genes (OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) were markedly up-regulated compared with the PRC and MYC module genes. These results demonstrated that, in canine fetal fibroblasts, L-myc tetracycline-inducible promoter-driven gene expression induces self-renewal capacity but not tumor formation. This study suggests that L-myc gene-induced conditional self-renewing fibroblast cells can be used as an in vitro tool in a variety of biomedical studies related to drug screening.
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Kimura K, Tsukamoto M, Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Kuwamura M, Ohtaka M, Nishimura K, Nakanishi M, Sugiura K, Hatoya S. Canine induced pluripotent stem cell maintenance under feeder-free and chemically-defined conditions. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:395-404. [PMID: 34010985 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) provide a platform for regenerative veterinary medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery. However, in the conventional method, ciPSCs are maintained using chemically-undefined media containing unknown animal components under on-murine embryonic fibroblast feeder conditions, which were reported to modify cell surface of iPSCs and increases the risk of immune rejection when the cells are transplanted into patients. Moreover, in the conventional method, ciPSCs are mechanically passaged, which requires much time and effort. Therefore, the large-scale expansion of ciPSCs is difficult, which should be resolved for using ciPSCs in clinical application and research. Here, it was shown that StemFit® AK02N and iMatrix-511 could maintain the pluripotency of ciPSCs using conventional culture method. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the feeder-free and chemically-defined ciPSC culture systems using StemFit® AK02N and iMatrix-511 could stably maintain and allow the easy expansion of ciPSCs generated using N2B27 and StemFit® AK02N, without causing karyotype abnormalities. ciPSCs expressed several pluripotency markers and formed teratomas, including cells derived from three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Kimura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsukamoto
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Yoshida
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuu Tanaka
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba, Japan.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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de Souza AF, Pieri NCG, Martins DDS. Step by Step about Germ Cells Development in Canine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030598. [PMID: 33668687 PMCID: PMC7996183 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The progression of germ cells is a remarkable event that allows biological discovery in the differ-entiation process during in vivo and in vitro development. This is crucial for understanding one toward making oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Companion animals, such as canine, could offer new animal models for experimental and clinical testing for translation to human models. In this review, we describe the latest and more relevant findings on germ cell development. In addition, we showed the methods available for obtaining germ cells in vitro and the characterization of pri-mordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells. However, it is necessary to further conduct basic research in canine to clarify the beginning of germ cell development. Abstract Primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been described as precursors of gametes and provide a connection within generations, passing on the genome to the next generation. Failures in the formation of gametes/germ cells can compromise the maintenance and conservation of species. Most of the studies with PGCs have been carried out in mice, but this species is not always the best study model when transposing this knowledge to humans. Domestic animals, such as canines (canine), have become a valuable translational research model for stem cells and therapy. Furthermore, the study of canine germ cells opens new avenues for veterinary reproduction. In this review, the objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on canine germ cells. The aspects of canine development and germ cells have been discussed since the origin, specifications, and development of spermatogonial canine were first discussed. Additionally, we discussed and explored some in vitro aspects of canine reproduction with germ cells, such as embryonic germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells.
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Shahsavari A, Weeratunga P, Ovchinnikov DA, Whitworth DJ. Pluripotency and immunomodulatory signatures of canine induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are similar to harvested mesenchymal stromal cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3486. [PMID: 33568729 PMCID: PMC7875972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With a view towards harnessing the therapeutic potential of canine mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs) as modulators of inflammation and the immune response, and to avoid the issues of the variable quality and quantity of harvested cMSCs, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of cMSCs derived from canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciMSCs), and compared them to cMSCs harvested from adipose tissue (cAT-MSC) and bone marrow (cBM-MSC). A combination of deep sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR of the ciMSC transcriptome confirmed that ciMSCs express more genes in common with cBM-MSCs and cAT-MSCs than with the ciPSCs from which they were derived. Both ciMSCs and harvested cMSCs express a range of pluripotency factors in common with the ciPSCs including NANOG, POU5F1 (OCT-4), SOX-2, KLF-4, LIN-28A, MYC, LIF, LIFR, and TERT. However, ESRRB and PRDM-14, both factors associated with naïve, rather than primed, pluripotency were expressed only in the ciPSCs. CXCR-4, which is essential for the homing of MSCs to sites of inflammation, is also detectable in ciMSCs, cAT- and cBM-MSCs, but not ciPSCs. ciMSCs constitutively express the immunomodulatory factors iNOS, GAL-9, TGF-β1, PTGER-2α and VEGF, and the pro-inflammatory mediators COX-2, IL-1β and IL-8. When stimulated with the canine pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (cTNF-α), interferon-γ (cIFN-γ), or a combination of both, ciMSCs upregulated their expression of IDO, iNOS, GAL-9, HGF, TGF-β1, PTGER-2α, VEGF, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-8. When co-cultured with mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, ciMSCs downregulated their expression of iNOS, HGF, TGF-β1 and PTGER-2α, while increasing their expression of COX-2, IDO and IL-1β. Taken together, these findings suggest that ciMSCs possess similar immunomodulatory capabilities as harvested cMSCs and support further investigation into their potential use for the management of canine immune-mediated and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Shahsavari
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
| | - Dmitry A. Ovchinnikov
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067 Australia
| | - Deanne J. Whitworth
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067 Australia
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13
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Gasson SB, Dobson LK, Chow L, Dow S, Gregory CA, Saunders WB. Optimizing In Vitro Osteogenesis in Canine Autologous and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Dexamethasone and BMP-2. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:214-226. [PMID: 33356875 PMCID: PMC7891305 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work suggests that canine mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs) require additional agonists such as bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) for consistent in vitro osteogenic differentiation. BMP-2 is costly and may challenge the translational relevance of the canine model. Dexamethasone enhances osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs) and is widely utilized in osteogenic protocols. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of BMP-2 and dexamethasone on early- and late-stage osteogenesis of autologous and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived cMSCs. Two preparations of marrow-derived cMSCs were selected to represent exceptionally or marginally osteogenic autologous cMSCs. iPS-derived cMSCs were generated from canine fibroblasts. All preparations were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining of osteogenic monolayers, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation and compared using one- or two-way analysis of variance and Tukey or Sidak post hoc tests. Significance was established at P < 0.05. In early-stage assays, dexamethasone decreased ALP activity for all cMSCs in the presence of BMP-2. In late-stage assays, inclusion of dexamethasone and BMP-2 at Day 1 of culture produced robust monolayer mineralization for autologous cMSCs. Delivering 100 nM dexamethasone at Day 1 improved mineralization and reduced the BMP-2 concentrations required to achieve mineralization of the marginal cMSCs. For iPS-cMSCs, dexamethasone was inhibitory to both ALP activity and monolayer mineralization. There was increased expression of osteocalcin and osterix with BMP-2 in autologous cMSCs but a more modest expression occurred in iPS cMSCs. While autologous and iPS-derived cMSCs respond similarly in early-stage osteogenic assays, they exhibit unique responses to dexamethasone and BMP-2 in late-stage mineralization assays. This study demonstrates that dexamethasone and BMP-2 can be titrated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner to enhance osteogenesis of autologous cMSC preparations. These results will prove useful for investigators performing translational studies with cMSCs while providing insight into iPS-derived cMSC osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby B. Gasson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren K. Dobson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Carl A. Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - William Brian Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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14
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Kumar D, Talluri TR, Selokar NL, Hyder I, Kues WA. Perspectives of pluripotent stem cells in livestock. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1-29. [PMID: 33584977 PMCID: PMC7859985 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from farm animals opens new approaches not only for reproduction, genetic engineering, treatment and conservation of these species, but also for screening novel drugs for their efficacy and toxicity, and modelling of human diseases. Initial attempts to derive PSCs from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stages in farm animals were largely unsuccessful as either the cells survived for only a few passages, or lost their cellular potency; indicating that the protocols which allowed the derivation of murine or human embryonic stem (ES) cells were not sufficient to support the maintenance of ES cells from farm animals. This scenario changed by the innovation of induced pluripotency and by the development of the 3 inhibitor culture conditions to support naïve pluripotency in ES cells from livestock species. However, the long-term culture of livestock PSCs while maintaining the full pluripotency is still challenging, and requires further refinements. Here, we review the current achievements in the derivation of PSCs from farm animals, and discuss the potential application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Thirumala R Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner 334001, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram 521102, India
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Institute of Animal Health, Neustadt 31535, Germany
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15
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Kimura K, Tsukamoto M, Tanaka M, Kuwamura M, Ohtaka M, Nishimura K, Nakanishi M, Sugiura K, Hatoya S. Efficient Reprogramming of Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:79-90. [PMID: 33256572 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced coexpression of the transcription factors Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc reprograms somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Such induced PSCs (iPSCs) can generate any cell type of the adult body or indefinitely proliferate without losing their potential. Accordingly, iPSCs can serve as an unlimited cell source for the development of various disease models and regenerative therapies for animals and humans. Although canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be easily obtained, they have a very low iPSC reprogramming efficiency. In this study, we determined the reprogramming efficiency of canine PBMCs under several conditions involving three types of media supplemented with small-molecule compounds. We found that canine iPSCs (ciPSCs) could be efficiently generated from PBMCs using N2B27 medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and a small-molecule cocktail (Y-27632, PD0325901, CHIR99021, A-83-01, Forskolin, and l-ascorbic acid). We generated five ciPSC lines that could be maintained in StemFit® medium supplemented with LIF. The SeVdp(KOSM)302L vectors were appropriately silenced in four ciPSC lines. Of the two lines characterized, both were positive for alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed pluripotency markers, including the Oct3/4, Sox2, and Nanog transcripts, as well as the octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT) 3/4 and NANOG proteins, and the SSEA-1 carbohydrate antigen. The ciPSCs could form embryoid bodies and differentiate into the three germ layers, as indicated by marker gene and protein expression. Furthermore, one ciPSC line formed teratomas comprising several tissues from every germ layer. Our ciPSC lines maintained a normal karyotype even after multiple passages. Moreover, our new reprogramming method was able to generate ciPSCs from multiple donor PBMCs. In conclusion, we developed an easy and efficient strategy for the generation of footprint-free ciPSCs from PBMCs. We believe that this strategy can be useful for disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Kimura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsukamoto
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuu Tanaka
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Tobias IC, Kao MMC, Parmentier T, Hunter H, LaMarre J, Betts DH. Targeted expression profiling reveals distinct stages of early canine fibroblast reprogramming are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate hydroxylases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:528. [PMID: 33298190 PMCID: PMC7725121 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic expression of a defined set of transcription factors allows the reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells to pluripotency. Despite continuous progress in primate and rodent reprogramming, limited attention has been paid to cell reprogramming in domestic and companion species. Previous studies attempting to reprogram canine cells have mostly assessed a small number of presumptive canine induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines for generic pluripotency attributes. However, why canine cell reprogramming remains extremely inefficient is poorly understood. Methods To better characterize the initial steps of pluripotency induction in canine somatic cells, we optimized an experimental system where canine fetal fibroblasts (cFFs) are transduced with the Yamanaka reprogramming factors by Sendai virus vectors. We use quantitative PCR arrays to measure the expression of 80 target genes at various stages of canine cell reprogramming. We ask how cFF reprogramming is influenced by small molecules affecting the epigenomic modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, specifically L-ascorbic acid and retinoic acid (AA/RA). Results We found that the expression and catalytic output of a class of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2-OG) hydroxylases, known as ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, can be modulated in canine cells treated with AA/RA. We further show that AA/RA treatment induces TET1 expression and facilitates early canine reprogramming, evidenced by upregulation of epithelial and pluripotency markers. Using a chemical inhibitor of 2-OG hydroxylases, we demonstrate that 2-OG hydroxylase activity regulates the expression of a subset of genes involved in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and pluripotency in early canine reprogramming. We identify a set of transcription factors depleted in maturing reprogramming intermediates compared to pluripotent canine embryonic stem cells. Conclusions Our findings highlight 2-OG hydroxylases have evolutionarily conserved and divergent functions regulating the early reprogramming of canine somatic cells and show reprogramming conditions can be rationally optimized for the generation of maturing canine iPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Present Affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mian-Mian C Kao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Thomas Parmentier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hailey Hunter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jonathan LaMarre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building, Room DSB 2022, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Questa M, Moshref M, Jimenez RJ, Lopez‐Cervantes V, Crawford CK, Settles ML, Ross PJ, Kol A. Chromatin accessibility in canine stromal cells and its implications for canine somatic cell reprogramming. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:441-454. [PMID: 33210453 PMCID: PMC7900587 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring disease in pet dogs is an untapped and unique resource for stem cell-based regenerative medicine translational research, given the many similarities and complexity such disease shares with their human counterparts. Canine-specific regulators of somatic cell reprogramming and pluripotency maintenance are poorly understood. While retroviral delivery of the four Yamanaka factors successfully reprogrammed canine embryonic fibroblasts, adult stromal cells remained resistant to reprogramming in spite of effective viral transduction and transgene expression. We hypothesized that adult stromal cells fail to reprogram due to an epigenetic barrier. Here, we performed assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) on canine stromal and pluripotent stem cells, analyzing 51 samples in total, and establishing the global landscape of chromatin accessibility before and after reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We also studied adult stromal cells that do not yield iPSC colonies to identify potential reprogramming barriers. ATAC-seq analysis identified distinct cell type clustering patterns and chromatin remodeling during embryonic fibroblast reprogramming. Compared with embryonic fibroblasts, adult stromal cells had a chromatin accessibility landscape that reflects phenotypic differentiation and somatic cell-fate stability. We ultimately identified 76 candidate genes and several transcription factor binding motifs that may be impeding somatic cell reprogramming to iPSC, and could be targeted for inhibition or activation, in order to improve the process in canines. These results provide a vast resource for better understanding of pluripotency regulators in dogs and provide an unbiased rationale for novel canine-specific reprogramming approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Questa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maryam Moshref
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert J. Jimenez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Veronica Lopez‐Cervantes
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Charles K. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew L. Settles
- Bioinformatics Core FacilityUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pablo J. Ross
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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18
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Menon DV, Bhaskar S, Sheshadri P, Joshi CG, Patel D, Kumar A. Positioning canine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the reprogramming landscape of naïve or primed state in comparison to mouse and human iPSCs. Life Sci 2020; 264:118701. [PMID: 33130086 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Deriving canine-induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) have paved the way for developing novel cell-based disease models and transplantation therapies in the dog. Though ciPSCs have been derived in the presence of Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as well in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), the positioning of ciPSCs in the naïve or the primed state of pluripotency remains elusive. This study aims to understand whether canine iPSCs belong to naïve or prime state in comparison to mouse (m) iPSCs and human (h) iPSCs. MAIN METHODS In the present study, we derived ciPSCs in presence of LIF and compared their state of pluripotency with that of miPSCs and hiPSCs by culturing them in the presence of LIF, bFGF, and LIF + bFGF. Gene expression level at transcript level was performed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR and at the protein level was analysed by immunofluorescence. We also attempted to understand the pluripotency state using lipid body analysis by bodipy staining and blue fluorescence emission. KEY FINDINGS In contrast to miPSCs, the naïve pluripotent stem cells, ciPSCs showed the expression of FGF5 similar to that of primed pluripotent stem cell, hiPSCs. Compared to miPSCs, ciPSCs cultured in presence of LIF showed enhanced expression of primed pluripotent marker FGF5, similar to hiPSCs cultured in presence of bFGF. Upon culturing in hiPSC culture condition, ciPSCs showed enhanced expression of core pluripotency genes compared to miPSCs cultured in similar condition. However, ciPSCs expressed naïve pluripotent marker SSEA1 similar to miPSCs and lacked the expression of primed state marker SSEA4 unlike hiPSCs. Interestingly, for the first time, we demonstrate the ciPSC pluripotency using lipid body analysis wherein ciPSCs showed enhanced bodipy staining and blue fluorescence emission, reflecting the primed state of pluripotency. ciPSCs expressed higher levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of palmitate, similar to that of hiPSCs and higher than that of miPSCs. As ciPSCs exhibit characteristic properties of both naïve and primed pluripotent state, it probably represents a unique intermediary state of pluripotency that is distinct from that of mice and human pluripotent stem cells. SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating the pluripotent state of ciPSCs assists in better understanding of the reprogramming events and development in different species. The study would provide a footprint of species-specific differences involved in reprogramming and the potential implication of iPSCs as a tool to analyse evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya V Menon
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India; P.D.Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charusat University, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Smitha Bhaskar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Preethi Sheshadri
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Darshan Patel
- P.D.Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charusat University, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India.
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19
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Optimized Approaches for the Induction of Putative Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Old Fibroblasts Using Synthetic RNAs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101848. [PMID: 33050577 PMCID: PMC7601034 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A non-integrating and self-replicating Venezuelan equine encephalitis RNA replicon system can potentially make a great contribution to the generation of clinically applicable canine induced pluripotent stem cells. Our study shows a new method to utilize the synthetic RNA-based approach for canine somatic cell reprogramming regarding transfection and reprogramming efficiency. Abstract Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) can provide great potential for regenerative veterinary medicine. Several reports have described the generation of canine somatic cell-derived iPSCs; however, none have described the canine somatic cell reprogramming using a non-integrating and self-replicating RNA transfection method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal strategy using this approach and characterize the transition stage of ciPSCs. In this study, fibroblasts obtained from a 13-year-old dog were reprogrammed using a non-integrating Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) RNA virus replicon, which has four reprogramming factors (collectively referred to as T7-VEE-OKS-iG and comprised of hOct4, hKlf4, hSox2, and hGlis1) and co-transfected with the T7-VEE-OKS-iG RNA and B18R mRNA for 4 h. One day after the final transfection, the cells were selected with puromycin (0.5 µg/mL) until day 10. After about 25 days, putative ciPSC colonies were identified showing TRA-1-60 expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. To determine the optimal culture conditions, the basic fibroblast growth factor in the culture medium was replaced with a modified medium supplemented with murine leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF) and two kinase inhibitors (2i), PD0325901(MEK1/2 inhibitor) and CHIR99021 (GSK3β inhibitor). The derived colonies showed resemblance to naïve iPSCs in their morphology (dome-shaped) and are dependent on mLIF and 2i condition to maintain an undifferentiated phenotype. The expression of endogenous pluripotency markers such as Oct4, Nanog, and Rex1 transcripts were confirmed, suggesting that induced ciPSCs were in the late intermediate stage of reprogramming. In conclusion, the non-integrating and self-replicating VEE RNA replicon system can potentially make a great contribution to the generation of clinically applicable ciPSCs, and the findings of this study suggest a new method to utilize the VEE RNA approach for canine somatic cell reprogramming.
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20
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Mavaro I, De Felice E, Palladino A, D'Angelo L, de Girolamo P, Attanasio C. Anatomical templates for tissue (re)generation and beyond. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3938-3951. [PMID: 32776516 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable alternative to stem cells in regenerative medicine overcoming their ethical limitations, like embryo disruption. Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 reprogrammed, for the first time, mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs through the retroviral delivery of four reprogramming factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4. Since then, several studies started reporting the derivation of iPSC lines from animals other than rodents for translational and veterinary medicine. Here, we review the potential of using these cells for further intriguing applications, such as "cellular agriculture." iPSCs, indeed, can be a source of in vitro, skeletal muscle tissue, namely "cultured meat," a product that improves animal welfare and encourages the consumption of healthier meat along with environmental preservation. Also, we report the potential of using iPSCs, obtained from endangered species, for therapeutic treatments for captive animals and for assisted reproductive technologies as well. This review offers a unique opportunity to explore the whole spectrum of iPSC applications from regenerative translational and veterinary medicine to the production of artificial meat and the preservation of currently endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mavaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Research in Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena De Felice
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Antonio Palladino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Attanasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Research in Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
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21
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Hyttel P, de Figueiredo Pessôa LV, Secher JBM, Dittlau KS, Freude K, Hall VJ, Fair T, Assey RJ, Laurincik J, Callesen H, Greve T, Stroebech LB. Oocytes, embryos and pluripotent stem cells from a biomedical perspective. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:508-523. [PMID: 32435294 PMCID: PMC7234146 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary and animal science professions are rapidly developing and their inherent and historical connection to agriculture is challenged by more biomedical and medical directions of research. While some consider this development as a risk of losing identity, it may also be seen as an opportunity for developing further and more sophisticated competences that may ultimately feed back to veterinary and animal science in a synergistic way. The present review describes how agriculture-related studies on bovine in vitro embryo production through studies of putative bovine and porcine embryonic stem cells led the way to more sophisticated studies of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using e.g. gene editing for modeling of neurodegeneration in man. However, instead of being a blind diversion from veterinary and animal science into medicine, these advanced studies of human iPSC-derived neurons build a set of competences that allowed us, in a more competent way, to focus on novel aspects of more veterinary and agricultural relevance in the form of porcine and canine iPSCs. These types of animal stem cells are of biomedical importance for modeling of iPSC-based therapy in man, but in particular the canine iPSCs are also important for understanding and modeling canine diseases, as e.g. canine cognitive dysfunction, for the benefit and therapy of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Katarina Stoklund Dittlau
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanessa J Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trudee Fair
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Remmy John Assey
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
| | - Jozef Laurincik
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.,The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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22
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Cong X, Zhang SM, Ellis MW, Luo J. Large Animal Models for the Clinical Application of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1288-1298. [PMID: 31359827 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a practically infinite and ethically acceptable source to obtain a variety of somatic cells. Coupled with the biotechnologies of cell therapy or tissue engineering, iPSC technology will enormously contribute to human regenerative medicine. Before clinical application, such human iPSC (hiPSC)-based therapies should be assessed using large animal models that more closely match biological or biomechanical properties of human patients. Therefore, it is critical to generate large animal iPSCs, obtain their iPSC-derived somatic cells, and preclinically evaluate their therapeutic efficacy and safety in large animals. During the past decade, the establishment of iPSC lines of a series of large animal species has been documented, and the acquisition and preclinical evaluation of iPSC-derived somatic cells has also been reported. Despite this progress, significant obstacles, such as obtaining or preserving the bona fide pluripotency of large animal iPSCs, have been encountered. Simultaneously, studies of large animal iPSCs have been overlooked in comparison with those of mouse and hiPSCs, and this field deserves more attention and support due to its important preclinical relevance. Herein, this review will focus on the large animal models of pigs, dogs, horses, and sheep/goats, and summarize current progress, challenges, and potential future directions of research on large animal iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Cong
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cardiology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shang-Min Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew W Ellis
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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23
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Pessôa LVDF, Bressan FF, Freude KK. Induced pluripotent stem cells throughout the animal kingdom: Availability and applications. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:491-505. [PMID: 31523369 PMCID: PMC6716087 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Up until the mid 2000s, the capacity to generate every cell of an organism was exclusive to embryonic stem cells. In 2006, researchers Takahashi and Yamanaka developed an alternative method of generating embryonic-like stem cells from adult cells, which they coined induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Such iPSCs possess most of the advantages of embryonic stem cells without the ethical stigma associated with derivation of the latter. The possibility of generating “custom-made” pluripotent cells, ideal for patient-specific disease models, alongside their possible applications in regenerative medicine and reproduction, has drawn a lot of attention to the field with numbers of iPSC studies published growing exponentially. IPSCs have now been generated for a wide variety of species, including but not limited to, mouse, human, primate, wild felines, bovines, equines, birds and rodents, some of which still lack well-established embryonic stem cell lines. The paucity of robust characterization of some of these iPSC lines as well as the residual expression of transgenes involved in the reprogramming process still hampers the use of such cells in species preservation or medical research, underscoring the requirement for further investigations. Here, we provide an extensive overview of iPSC generated from a broad range of animal species including their potential applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristine Karla Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
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24
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Zhou R, Comizzoli P, Keefer CL. Endogenous pluripotent factor expression after reprogramming cat fetal fibroblasts using inducible transcription factors. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1671-1681. [PMID: 31429169 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete transgene-silencing remains a challenge in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in felids-a critical family in biomedical and biodiversity conservation science. In this study doxycycline-inducible transgenes (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC) were used to reprogram cat fetal fibroblasts with the objective of obtaining iPSC with fully silenced transgenes. Colony formation was slower (14 vs. 8 days) and at lower efficiency than mouse embryonic fibroblasts (0.002% vs. 0.02% of seeded cells). Alkaline-phosphatase positive colonies were grown on feeder cells plus LIF and GSK3, MEK, and ROCK inhibitors. Cells could be passaged singly and transgene expression was silenced at passage 3 (P3) after doxycycline removal at P2. NANOG, POU5F1, and SOX2 were expressed at P3, P6, and P10, although at lower immunostaining intensities than in cat inner cell masses (ICM). Transcripts related to pluripotency (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, and REX1) and differentiation (FGF5, TBXT, GATA6, SOX17, FOXF1, PAX6, and SOX1) were assessed by a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in iPSC and embryoid bodies. The immunostaining patterns, relatively low levels of NANOG and REX1 in comparison to ICM along with the expression of TBXT (mesoderm) suggested that cells were a mix of reprogrammed pluripotent and differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
| | - Carol L Keefer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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25
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Menon DV, Patel D, Joshi CG, Kumar A. The road less travelled: The efficacy of canine pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Moshref M, Tangey B, Gilor C, Papas KK, Williamson P, Loomba-Albrecht L, Sheehy P, Kol A. Concise Review: Canine Diabetes Mellitus as a Translational Model for Innovative Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:450-455. [PMID: 30719867 PMCID: PMC6476992 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common spontaneous endocrine disorder in dogs, which is defined by persistent hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency. Like type 1 diabetes (T1D) in people, canine DM is a complex and multifactorial disease in which genomic and epigenomic factors interact with environmental cues to induce pancreatic β‐cell loss and insulin deficiency, although the pathogenesis of canine DM is poorly defined and the role of autoimmunity is further controversial. Both diseases are incurable and require life‐long exogenous insulin therapy to maintain glucose homeostasis. Human pancreatic islet physiology, size, and cellular composition is further mirrored by canine islets. Although pancreatic or isolated islets transplantation are the only clinically validated methods to achieve long‐term normoglycemia and insulin independence, their availability does not meet the clinical need; they target a small portion of patients and have significant potential adverse effects. Therefore, providing a new source for β‐cell replacement is an unmet need. Naturally occurring DM in pet dogs, as a translational platform, is an untapped resource for various regenerative medicine applications that may offer some unique advantages given dogs' large size, longevity, heterogenic genetic background, similarity to human physiology and pathology, and long‐term clinical management. In this review, we outline different strategies for curative approaches, animal models used, and consider the value of canine DM as a translational animal/disease model for T1D in people. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:450–455
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moshref
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bonnie Tangey
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- Department of Surgery, Institute for Cellular Transplantation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Peter Williamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lindsey Loomba-Albrecht
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paul Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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27
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Whitworth DJ, Limnios IJ, Gauthier ME, Weeratunga P, Ovchinnikov DA, Baillie G, Grimmond SM, Graves JAM, Wolvetang EJ. Platypus Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Unique Pluripotency Signature of a Monotreme. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:151-164. [PMID: 30417748 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is an egg-laying monotreme mammal whose ancestors diverged ∼166 million years ago from the evolutionary pathway that eventually gave rise to both marsupial and eutherian mammals. Consequently, its genome is an extraordinary amalgam of both ancestral reptilian and derived mammalian features. To gain insight into the evolution of mammalian pluripotency, we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells from the platypus (piPSCs). Deep sequencing of the piPSC transcriptome revealed that piPSCs robustly express the core eutherian pluripotency factors POU5F1/OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. Given the more extensive role of SOX3 over SOX2 in avian pluripotency, our data indicate that between 315 and 166 million years ago, primitive mammals replaced the role of SOX3 in the vertebrate pluripotency network with SOX2. DAX1/NR0B1 is not expressed in piPSCs and an analysis of the platypus DAX1 promoter revealed the absence of a proximal SOX2-binding DNA motif known to be critical for DAX1 expression in eutherian pluripotent stem cells, suggesting that the acquisition of SOX2 responsiveness by DAX1 has facilitated its recruitment into the pluripotency network of eutherians. Using the RNAseq data, we were also able to demonstrate that in both fibroblasts and piPSCs, the expression ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes (X1-5 X1-5:AA) is approximately equal to 1, indicating that there is no upregulation of X-linked genes. Finally, the RNAseq data also allowed us to explore the process of X-linked gene inactivation in the platypus, where we determined that for any given gene, there is no preference for silencing of the maternal or paternal allele; that is, within a population of cells, the silencing of X-linked genes is not imprinted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne J Whitworth
- 1 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.,2 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ioannis J Limnios
- 2 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,3 Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,4 Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Dmitry A Ovchinnikov
- 2 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Gregory Baillie
- 5 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- 5 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- 2 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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28
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Beklemisheva VR, Menzorov AG. Use of a Sendai virus-based vector for effcient transduction of pinniped fbroblasts. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells expanded possibilities of pluripotency and early development studies. Generation of order Carnivora iPS cells from dog (Canis lupus familiaris), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and American mink (Neovison vison) was previously reported. The aim of the current study was to examine conditions of pinniped fbroblast reprogramming. Pinnipeds are representatives of the suborder Caniformia sharing conservative genomes. There are several ways to deliver reprogramming transcription factors: RNA, proteins, plasmids, viral vectors etc. The most effective delivery systems for mouse and human cells are based on viral vectors. We compared a lentiviral vector which integrates into the genome and a Sendai virusbased vector, CytoTune EmGFP Sendai Fluorescence Reporter. The main advantage of Sendai virusbased vectors is that they do not integrate into the genome. We performed delivery of genetic constructions carrying fluorescent proteins to fbroblasts of seven Pinnipeds: northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica), ringed seal (Phoca hispida), and spotted seal (Phoca largha). We also transduced American mink (N. vison), human (Homo sapiens), and mouse (Mus musculus) fbroblasts as a control. We showed that the Sendai virusbased transduction system provides transgene expression onetwo orders of magnitude higher than the lentiviral system at a comparable multiplicity of infection. Also, transgene expression after Sendai virusbased transduction is quite stable and changes only slightly at day four compared to day two. These data allow us to suggest that Sendai virusbased vectors are preferable for generation of Pinniped iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. G. Menzorov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;
Novosibirsk State University
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29
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Tsukamoto M, Nishimura T, Yodoe K, Kanegi R, Tsujimoto Y, Alam ME, Kuramochi M, Kuwamura M, Ohtaka M, Nishimura K, Nakanishi M, Inaba T, Sugiura K, Hatoya S. Generation of Footprint-Free Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Auto-Erasable Sendai Virus Vector. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1577-1586. [PMID: 30215317 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) can be used in regenerative medicine. However, there are no reports on the generation of genome integration-free and completely exogenous gene-silenced (footprint free) ciPSCs that are tolerant to enzymatic single-cell passage. In this study, we reprogrammed canine embryonic fibroblasts using the auto-erasable replication-defective and persistent Sendai virus vector, SeVdp(KOSM)302L, and generated two ciPSC lines. The ciPSCs were positive for pluripotent markers, including alkaline phosphatase activity as well as OCT3/4, SOX2, and NANOG transcripts, and NANOG, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, and partial TRA-1-60 protein expression, even after SeVdp(KOSM)302L removal. The ciPSCs were induced to differentiate into all the three germ layers as embryoid bodies in vitro and as teratomas in vivo. Furthermore, SeVdp(KOSM)302L-free ciPSCs maintained a normal karyotype even after repeated enzymatic single-cell passaging. Therefore, to our knowledge, for the first time, we demonstrated the generation of footprint-free and high-quality ciPSCs that can be passaged at the single-cell stage using enzymatic methods. Our method for generation of ciPSCs is a good step toward the development of clinical application of ciPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Tsukamoto
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishimura
- 2 Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,3 Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yodoe
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanegi
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tsujimoto
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Md Emtiaj Alam
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kuramochi
- 4 Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- 4 Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- 5 Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- 6 Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- 5 Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshio Inaba
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano, Japan
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30
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Tobias I, Isaac R, Dierolf J, Khazaee R, Cumming R, Betts D. Metabolic plasticity during transition to naïve-like pluripotency in canine embryo-derived stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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31
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Yajing S, Rajput IR, Ying H, Fei Y, Sanganyado E, Ping L, Jingzhen W, Wenhua L. Establishment and characterization of pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) dermal fibroblast cell line. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195128. [PMID: 29596530 PMCID: PMC5875847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) (PKW) is a tropical and subtropical marine mammal commonly found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Since the PKWs live in offshore protected territories, they are rarely seen onshore. Hence, PKW are one of the most poorly understood oceanic species of odontocetes. The dermal tissue comes primarily from stranding events that occur along the coast of the Shantou, Guangdong, China. The sampled tissues were immediately processed and attached on collagen-coated 6-well tissue culture plate. The complete medium (DMEM and Ham’s F12, fetal bovine serum, antibiotic and essential amino acids) was added to the culture plates. The primary culture (PKW-LWH) cells were verified as fibroblast by vimentin and karyotype analyses, which revealed 42 autosomes and two sex chromosomes X and Y. Following transfection of PKW-LWH cells with a plasmid encoding, the SV40 large T-antigens and the transfected cells were isolated and expanded. Using RT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence analysis and SV40 large T-antigen stability was confirmed. The cell proliferation rate of the fibroblast cells, PKW-LWHT was faster than the primary cells PKW-LWH with the doubling time 68.9h and 14.4h, respectively. In this study, we established PKW dermal fibroblast cell line for the first time, providing a unique opportunity for in vitro studies on the effects of environmental pollutants and pathogens that could be determined in PKW and/or Cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yajing
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Imran Rashid Rajput
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (LW); (IRR)
| | - Huang Ying
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fei
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Li Ping
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wang Jingzhen
- Ocean College, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Liu Wenhua
- Marine Biology Institute, College of Science Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (LW); (IRR)
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32
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Chow L, Johnson V, Regan D, Wheat W, Webb S, Koch P, Dow S. Safety and immune regulatory properties of canine induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:221-232. [PMID: 29172152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit broad immune modulatory activity in vivo and can suppress T cell proliferation and dendritic cell activation in vitro. Currently, most MSC for clinical usage are derived from younger donors, due to ease of procurement and to the superior immune modulatory activity. However, the use of MSC from multiple unrelated donors makes it difficult to standardize study results and compare outcomes between different clinical trials. One solution is the use of MSC derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC); as iPSC-derived MSC have nearly unlimited proliferative potential and exhibit in vitro phenotypic stability. Given the value of dogs as a spontaneous disease model for pre-clinical evaluation of stem cell therapeutics, we investigated the functional properties of canine iPSC-derived MSC (iMSC), including immune modulatory properties and potential for teratoma formation. We found that canine iMSC downregulated expression of pluripotency genes and appeared morphologically similar to conventional MSC. Importantly, iMSC retained a stable phenotype after multiple passages, did not form teratomas in immune deficient mice, and did not induce tumor formation in dogs following systemic injection. We concluded therefore that iMSC were phenotypically stable, immunologically potent, safe with respect to tumor formation, and represented an important new source of cells for therapeutic modulation of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndah Chow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Valerie Johnson
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dan Regan
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - William Wheat
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Saiphone Webb
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Peter Koch
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States.
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33
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Paterson YZ, Kafarnik C, Guest DJ. Characterization of companion animal pluripotent stem cells. Cytometry A 2017; 93:137-148. [PMID: 28678404 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to grow indefinitely in culture and differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These properties underpin their potential to be used in regenerative medicine. Originally derived from early embryos, pluripotent stem cells can now be derived by reprogramming an adult cell back to a pluripotent state. Companion animals such as horses, dogs, and cats suffer from many injuries and diseases for which regenerative medicine may offer new treatments. As many of the injuries and diseases are similar to conditions in humans the use of companion animals for the experimental and clinical testing of stem cell and regenerative medicine products would provide relevant animal models for the translation of therapies to the human field. In order to fully utilize companion animal pluripotent stem cells robust, standardized methods of characterization must be developed to ensure that safe and effective treatments can be delivered. In this review we discuss the methods that are available for characterizing pluripotent stem cells and the techniques that have been applied in cells from companion animals. We describe characteristics which have been described consistently across reports as well as highlighting discrepant results. Significant steps have been made to define the in vitro culture requirements and drive lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in companion animal species. However, additional basic research to compare pluripotent stem cell types and define characteristics of pluripotency in companion animal species is still required. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Paterson
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Kafarnik
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D J Guest
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
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Nishimura T, Unezaki N, Kanegi R, Wijesekera DPH, Hatoya S, Sugiura K, Kawate N, Tamada H, Imai H, Inaba T. Generation of Canine Induced Extraembryonic Endoderm-Like Cell Line That Forms Both Extraembryonic and Embryonic Endoderm Derivatives. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1111-1120. [PMID: 28474540 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cells are stem cell lines derived from primitive endoderm cells of inner cell mass in blastocysts. These cells have self-renewal properties and differentiate into visceral endoderm (VE) and parietal endoderm (PE) of the yolk sac. Recently, it has been reported that XEN cells can contribute to fetal embryonic endoderm, and their unique potency has been evaluated. In this study, we have described the induction and characterization of new canine stem cell lines that closely resemble to XEN cells. These cells, which we designated canine induced XEN (ciXEN)-like cells, were induced from canine embryonic fibroblasts by introducing four transgenes. ciXEN-like cells expressed XEN markers, which could be maintained over 50 passages in N2B27 medium supplemented with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and transforming growth factor-beta 1. Our ciXEN-like cells were maintained without transgene expression and exhibited upregulated expression of VE and PE markers in feeder-free conditions. The cells differentiated from ciXEN-like cells using a coculture system showed multiple nuclei and expressed albumin protein, similar to characteristics of hepatocytes. Furthermore, these cells expressed the adult hepatocyte marker, CYP3A4. Interestingly, these cells also formed a net structure expressing the bile epithelium capillary marker, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. Thus, we have demonstrated the induction of a new canine stem cell line, ciXEN-like cells, which could form an embryonic endodermal cell layer. Our ciXEN-like cells may be a helpful tool to study the canine embryo development and represent a promising cell source for proceeding human and canine regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishimura
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Unezaki
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanegi
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Hatoya
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kawate
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Tamada
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- 2 Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Inaba
- 1 Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka, Japan
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35
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Nishimura T, Hatoya S, Kanegi R, Wijesekera DPH, Sanno K, Tanaka E, Sugiura K, Hiromitsu Tamada NK, Imai H, Inaba T. Feeder-independent canine induced pluripotent stem cells maintained under serum-free conditions. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:329-339. [PMID: 28240438 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) are an attractive source for regenerative veterinary medicine, and may also serve as a disease model for human regenerative medicine. Extending the application of ciPSCs from bench to bedside, however, requires resolving many issues. We generated ciPSCs expressing doxycycline-inducible murine Oct3/4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, which were introduced using lentiviral vectors. The resultant ciPSCs required doxycycline to proliferate in the undifferentiated state. Those ciPSC colonies exhibiting basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-dependent proliferation were dissociated into single cells for passaging, and were maintained on a Matrigel-coated dish without feeder cells in a serum-free medium. The established ciPSCs had the ability to differentiate into three germ layers, via formation of embryoid bodies, as well as into cells expressing the same markers as mesenchymal stem cells. These ciPSCs may thus serve as a suitable source of pluripotent stem cell lines for regenerative veterinary medicine, with fewer concerns of contamination from unknown animal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishimura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanegi
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kousuke Sanno
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erina Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Imai
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Inaba
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Generation of LIF-independent induced pluripotent stem cells from canine fetal fibroblasts. Theriogenology 2017; 92:75-82. [PMID: 28237347 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Takahashi and Yamanaka established the first technique in which transcription factors related to pluripotency are incorporated into the genome of somatic cells to enable reprogramming of these cells. The expression of these transcription factors enables a differentiated somatic cell to reverse its phenotype to an embryonic state, generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs from canine fetal fibroblasts were produced through lentiviral polycistronic human and mouse vectors (hOSKM/mOSKM), aiming to obtain pluripotent stem cells with similar features to embryonic stem cells (ESC) in this animal model. The cell lines obtained in this study were independent of LIF or any other supplemental inhibitors, resistant to enzymatic procedure (TrypLE Express Enzyme), and dependent on bFGF. Clonal lines were obtained from slightly different protocols with maximum reprogramming efficiency of 0.001%. All colonies were positive for alkaline phosphatase, embryoid body formation, and spontaneous differentiation and expressed high levels of endogenous OCT4 and SOX2. Canine iPSCs developed tumors at 120 days post-injection in vivo. Preliminary chromosomal evaluations were performed by FISH hybridization, revealing no chromosomal abnormality. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the ability to reprogram canine somatic cells via lentiviral vectors without supplementation and with resistance to enzymatic action, thereby demonstrating the pluripotency of these cell lines.
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Tobias IC, Brooks CR, Teichroeb JH, Villagómez DA, Hess DA, Séguin CA, Betts DH. Small-Molecule Induction of Canine Embryonic Stem Cells Toward Naïve Pluripotency. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1208-22. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney R. Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan H. Teichroeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Villagómez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Menzorov AG, Matveeva NM, Markakis MN, Fishman VS, Christensen K, Khabarova AA, Pristyazhnyuk IE, Kizilova EA, Cirera S, Anistoroaei R, Serov OL. Comparison of American mink embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cell transcriptomes. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 13:S6. [PMID: 26694224 PMCID: PMC4686781 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s13-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently fibroblasts of many mammalian species have been reprogrammed to pluripotent state using overexpression of several transcription factors. This technology allows production of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with properties similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells. The completeness of reprogramming process is well studied in such species as mouse and human but there is not enough data on other species. We produced American mink (Neovison vison) ES and iPS cells and compared these cells using transcriptome analysis. Results We report the generation of 10 mink ES and 22 iPS cell lines. The majority of the analyzed cell lines had normal diploid chromosome number. The only ES cell line with XX chromosome set had both X-chromosomes in active state that is characteristic of pluripotent cells. The pluripotency of ES and iPS cell lines was confirmed by formation of teratomas with cell types representing all three germ layers. Transcriptome analysis of mink embryonic fibroblasts (EF), two ES and two iPS cell lines allowed us to identify 11831 assembled contigs which were annotated. These led to a number of 6891 unique genes. Of these 3201 were differentially expressed between mink EF and ES cells. We analyzed expression levels of these genes in iPS cell lines. This allowed us to show that 80% of genes were correctly reprogrammed in iPS cells, whereas approximately 6% had an intermediate expression pattern, about 7% were not reprogrammed and about 5% had a "novel" expression pattern. We observed expression of pluripotency marker genes such as Oct4, Sox2 and Rex1 in ES and iPS cell lines with notable exception of Nanog. Conclusions We had produced and characterized American mink ES and iPS cells. These cells were pluripotent by a number of criteria and iPS cells exhibited effective reprogramming. Interestingly, we had showed lack of Nanog expression and consider it as a species-specific feature.
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Abstract
This review deals with the latest advances in the study of embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from domesticated species, with a focus on pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, cats, and dogs. Whereas the derivation of fully pluripotent ESC from these species has proved slow, reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSC has been more straightforward. However, most of these iPSC depend on the continued expression of the introduced transgenes, a major drawback to their utility. The persistent failure in generating ESC and the dependency of iPSC on ectopic genes probably stem from an inability to maintain the stability of the endogenous gene networks necessary to maintain pluripotency. Based on work in humans and rodents, achievement of full pluripotency will likely require fine adjustments in the growth factors and signaling inhibitors provided to the cells. Finally, we discuss the future utility of these cells for biomedical and agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
| | - Ye Yuan
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
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Whitworth DJ, Frith JE, Frith TJR, Ovchinnikov DA, Cooper-White JJ, Wolvetang EJ. Derivation of mesenchymal stromal cells from canine induced pluripotent stem cells by inhibition of the TGFβ/activin signaling pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 23:3021-33. [PMID: 25055193 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have generated canine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, from canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) by small-molecule inhibition of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/activin signaling pathway. These ciPSC-derived MSCs (ciPSC-MSCs) express the MSC markers CD73, CD90, CD105, STRO1, cPDGFRβ and cKDR, in addition to the pluripotency factors OCT4, NANOG and REX1. ciPSC-MSCs lack immunostaining for H3K27me3, suggesting that they possess two active X chromosomes. ciPSC-MSCs are highly proliferative and undergo robust differentiation along the osteo-, chondro- and adipogenic pathways, but do not form teratoma-like tissues in vitro. Of further significance for the translational potential of ciPSC-MSCs, we show that these cells can be encapsulated and maintained within injectable hydrogel matrices that, when functionalized with bound pentosan polysulfate, dramatically enhance chondrogenesis and inhibit osteogenesis. The ability to efficiently derive large numbers of highly proliferative canine MSCs from ciPSCs that can be incorporated into injectable, functionalized hydrogels that enhance their differentiation along a desired lineage constitutes an important milestone towards developing an effective MSC-based therapy for osteoarthritis in dogs, but equally provides a model system for assessing the efficacy and safety of analogous approaches for treating human degenerative joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne J Whitworth
- 1 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland , Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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41
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Betts DH, Tobias IC. Canine Pluripotent Stem Cells: Are They Ready for Clinical Applications? Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:41. [PMID: 26664969 PMCID: PMC4672225 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of canine embryonic stem cells and generation of canine-induced pluripotent stem cells are significant achievements that have unlocked the potential for developing novel cell-based disease models, drug discovery platforms, and transplantation therapies in the dog. A progression from concept to cure in this clinically relevant companion animal will not only help our canine patients but also help advance human regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, many issues remain to be resolved before pluripotent cells can be used clinically in a safe and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Ian C Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
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42
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Burkard M, Whitworth D, Schirmer K, Nash SB. Establishment of the first humpback whale fibroblast cell lines and their application in chemical risk assessment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 167:240-247. [PMID: 26363275 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the first successful derivation and characterization of humpback whale fibroblast cell lines. Primary fibroblasts were isolated from the dermal connective tissue of skin biopsies, cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in the standard mammalian medium DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Of nine initial biopsies, two cell lines were established from two different animals and designated HuWa1 and HuWa2. The cells have a stable karyotype with 2n=44, which has commonly been observed in other baleen whale species. Cells were verified as being fibroblasts based on their spindle-shaped morphology, adherence to plastic and positive immunoreaction to vimentin. Population doubling time was determined to be ∼41 h and cells were successfully cryopreserved and thawed. To date, HuWa1 cells have been propagated 30 times. Cells proliferate at the tested temperatures, 30, 33.5 and 37 °C, but show the highest rate of proliferation at 37 °C. Short-term exposure to para,para'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), a priority compound accumulating in southern hemisphere humpback whales, resulted in a concentration-dependent loss of cell viability. The effective concentration which caused a 50% reduction in HuWa1 cell viability (EC50 value) was approximately six times greater than the EC50 value for the same chemical measured with human dermal fibroblasts. HuWa1 exposed to a natural, p,p'-DDE-containing, chemical mixture extracted from whale blubber showed distinctively higher sensitivity than to p,p'-DDE alone. Thus, we provide the first cytotoxicological data for humpback whales and with establishment of the HuWa cell lines, a unique in vitro model for the study of the whales' sensitivity and cellular response to chemicals and other environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burkard
- Griffith University, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Deanne Whitworth
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogechemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- Griffith University, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zomer HD, Vidane AS, Gonçalves NN, Ambrósio CE. Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells: general insights and clinical perspectives. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:125-34. [PMID: 26451119 PMCID: PMC4592031 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s88036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have awakened a great deal of interest in regenerative medicine due to their plasticity, and immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. They are high-yield and can be acquired through noninvasive methods from adult tissues. Moreover, they are nontumorigenic and are the most widely studied. On the other hand, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be derived directly from adult cells through gene reprogramming. The new iPS technology avoids the embryo destruction or manipulation to generate pluripotent cells, therefore, are exempt from ethical implication surrounding embryonic stem cell use. The pre-differentiation of iPS cells ensures the safety of future approaches. Both mesenchymal stem cells and iPS cells can be used for autologous cell transplantations without the risk of immune rejection and represent a great opportunity for future alternative therapies. In this review we discussed the therapeutic perspectives using mesenchymal and iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D Zomer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Atanásio S Vidane
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia N Gonçalves
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Martínez-Arroyo AM, Míguez-Forján JM, Remohí J, Pellicer A, Medrano JV. Understanding Mammalian Germ Line Development with In Vitro Models. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2101-13. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Martínez-Arroyo
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M. Míguez-Forján
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Remohí
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V. Medrano
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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45
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Baird A, Barsby T, Guest DJ. Derivation of Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:669-76. [PMID: 26074059 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dogs and humans have many inherited genetic diseases in common and conditions that are increasingly prevalent in humans also occur naturally in dogs. The use of dogs for the experimental and clinical testing of stem cell and regenerative medicine products would benefit canine health and welfare and provide relevant animal models for the translation of therapies to the human field. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capacity to turn into all cells of the body and therefore have the potential to provide cells for therapeutic use and for disease modelling. The objective of this study was to derive and characterize iPSCs from karyotypically abnormal adult canine cells. Aneuploid adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AdMSCs) from an adult female Weimeraner were re-programmed into iPSCs via overexpression of four human pluripotency factors (Oct 4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc) using retroviral vectors. The iPSCs showed similarity to human ESCs with regard to morphology, pluripotency marker expression and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm). The iPSCs also demonstrated silencing of the viral transgenes and re-activation of the silent X chromosome, suggesting full reprogramming had occurred. The levels of aneuploidy observed in the AdMSCs were maintained in the iPSCs. This finding demonstrates the potential for generating canine induced pluripotent stem cells for use as disease models in addition to regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeg Baird
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - T Barsby
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - D J Guest
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Kumar D, Talluri TR, Anand T, Kues WA. Induced pluripotent stem cells: Mechanisms, achievements and perspectives in farm animals. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:315-328. [PMID: 25815117 PMCID: PMC4369489 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are unspecialized cells with unlimited self-renewal, and they can be triggered to differentiate into desired specialized cell types. These features provide the basis for an unlimited cell source for innovative cell therapies. Pluripotent cells also allow to study developmental pathways, and to employ them or their differentiated cell derivatives in pharmaceutical testing and biotechnological applications. Via blastocyst complementation, pluripotent cells are a favoured tool for the generation of genetically modified mice. The recently established technology to generate an induced pluripotency status by ectopic co-expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc allows to extending these applications to farm animal species, for which the derivation of genuine embryonic stem cells was not successful so far. Most induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by retroviral or lentiviral transduction of reprogramming factors. Multiple viral integrations into the genome may cause insertional mutagenesis and may increase the risk of tumour formation. Non-integration methods have been reported to overcome the safety concerns associated with retro and lentiviral-derived iPS cells, such as transient expression of the reprogramming factors using episomal plasmids, and direct delivery of reprogramming mRNAs or proteins. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming and current methods used to induce pluripotency. We also highlight problems associated with the generation of iPS cells. An increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying pluripotency and refining the methodology of iPS cell generation will have a profound impact on future development and application in regenerative medicine and reproductive biotechnology of farm animals.
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Gonçalves NN, Ambrósio CE, Piedrahita JA. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Domestic and Companion Animals: A Multispecies Perspective. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 4:2-10. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NN Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering; FZEA/USP; Pirassununga Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ/USP; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - CE Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering; FZEA/USP; Pirassununga Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ/USP; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - JA Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
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48
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Whitworth DJ, Banks TA. Stem cell therapies for treating osteoarthritis: prescient or premature? Vet J 2014; 202:416-24. [PMID: 25457267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There has been unprecedented interest in recent years in the use of stem cells as therapy for an array of diseases in companion animals. Stem cells have already been deployed therapeutically in a number of clinical settings, in particular the use of mesenchymal stem cells to treat osteoarthritis in horses and dogs. However, an assessment of the scientific literature highlights a marked disparity between the purported benefits of stem cell therapies and their proven abilities as defined by rigorously controlled scientific studies. Although preliminary data generated from clinical trials in human patients are encouraging, therapies currently available to treat animals are supported by very limited clinical evidence, and the commercialisation of these treatments may be premature. This review introduces the three main types of stem cells relevant to veterinary applications, namely, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, and draws together research findings from in vitro and in vivo studies to give an overview of current stem cell therapies for the treatment of osteoarthritis in animals. Recent advances in tissue engineering, which is proposed as the future direction of stem cell-based therapy for osteoarthritis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne J Whitworth
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
| | - Tania A Banks
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Ovchinnikov DA, Titmarsh DM, Fortuna PR, Hidalgo A, Alharbi S, Whitworth DJ, Cooper-White JJ, Wolvetang EJ. Transgenic human ES and iPS reporter cell lines for identification and selection of pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:251-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Koh S, Piedrahita JA. From "ES-like" cells to induced pluripotent stem cells: a historical perspective in domestic animals. Theriogenology 2014; 81:103-11. [PMID: 24274415 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide great potential as cell sources for gene editing to generate genetically modified animals, as well as in the field of regenerative medicine. Stable, long-term ESCs have been established in laboratory mouse and rat; however, isolation of true pluripotent ESCs in domesticated animals such as pigs and dogs have been less successful. Initially, domesticated animal pluripotent cell lines were referred to as "embryonic stem-like" cells owing to their similar morphologic characteristics to mouse ESCs, but accompanied by a limited ability to proliferate in vitro in an undifferentiated state. That is, they shared some but not all the characteristics of true ESCs. More recently, advances in reprogramming using exogenous transcription factors, combined with the utilization of small chemical inhibitors of key biochemical pathways, have led to the isolation of iPSCs. In this review, we provide a historical perspective of the isolation of various types of pluripotent stem cells in domesticated animals. In addition, we summarize the latest progress and limitations in the derivation and application of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwon Koh
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; Genomics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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