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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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Giacconi R, Cardelli M, Piacenza F, Pierpaoli E, Farnocchia E, Di Rosa M, Bonfigli AR, Casoli T, Marchegiani F, Marcheselli F, Recchioni R, Stripoli P, Galeazzi R, Cherubini A, Fedecostante M, Sarzani R, Di Pentima C, Giordano P, Antonicelli R, Provinciali M, Lattanzio F. Effect of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation on Inflammatory Status and Mortality of Older COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076832. [PMID: 37047803 PMCID: PMC10094990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviridae reactivation such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been described in severe COVID-19 (COronaVIrusDisease-2019). This study aimed to understand if CMV reactivation in older COVID-19 patients is associated with increased inflammation and in-hospital mortality. In an observational single-center cohort study, 156 geriatric COVID-19 patients were screened for CMV reactivation by RT-PCR. Participants underwent a comprehensive clinical investigation that included medical history, functional evaluation, laboratory tests and cytokine assays (TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10) at hospital admission. In 19 (12.2%) of 156 COVID-19 patients, CMV reactivation was detected. Multivariate Cox regression models showed that in-hospital mortality significantly increased among CMV positive patients younger than 87 years (HR: 9.94, 95% CI: 1.66–59.50). Other factors associated with in-hospital mortality were C-reactive protein (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.30), neutrophil count (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.42) and clinical frailty scale (HR:1.54, 95% CI: 1.04–2.28). In patients older than 87 years, neutrophil count (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05–1.21) and age (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01–1.31) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CMV reactivation was also correlated with increased IFN-α and TNF-α serum levels, but not with IL-6 and IL-10 serum changes. In conclusion, CMV reactivation was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients younger than 87 years old, but not in nonagenarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Pierpaoli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Farnocchia
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - MirKo Di Rosa
- Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology and Biostatistics, IRCCS INRCA, 60124 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchegiani
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorella Marcheselli
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Rina Recchioni
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Stripoli
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostic, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatria, Accettazione Geriatrica e Centro di Ricerca per L’invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fedecostante
- Geriatria, Accettazione Geriatrica e Centro di Ricerca per L’invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sarzani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Italian National Research Centre on Aging, Hospital “U. Sestilli”, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pentima
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Italian National Research Centre on Aging, Hospital “U. Sestilli”, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Piero Giordano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Italian National Research Centre on Aging, Hospital “U. Sestilli”, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Provinciali
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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3
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Cristescu CV, Alain S, Ruță SM. The Role of CMV Infection in Primary Lesions, Development and Clinical Expression of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133832. [PMID: 35807114 PMCID: PMC9267753 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of deaths related to cardiovascular disease is increasing every year, despite all available therapies and the aggressive campaigns for lifestyle modification and prevention of risk factors. Atherosclerosis is a complex process underlying cardiovascular disease. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is often associated to atherosclerosis and its clinical expression such as coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral artery disease. CMV infection may promote acute atherosis within placentas from women with preeclampsia and it may also accelerate atherosclerosis in HIV-infected and organ-transplanted patients. This review focuses on the current scientific evidence for the role of CMV infection in the development of acute atherosis and atherosclerosis from placentation throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Valentina Cristescu
- School of Advanced Studies of the Romanian Academy (SCOSAAR), Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- National Center for Cytomegalovirus Research, UMR 1092, 87042 Limoges, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophie Alain
- National Center for Cytomegalovirus Research, UMR 1092, 87042 Limoges, France;
| | - Simona Maria Ruță
- Virology Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Mohamed HT, El-Sharkawy AA, El-Shinawi M, Schneider RJ, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: The Secretome of HCMV+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhances Proliferation, Invasion, Colony Formation, and Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Markers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:899622. [PMID: 35847899 PMCID: PMC9281473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.899622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly aggressive phenotype of breast cancer that is characterized by a high incidence early metastasis. We previously reported a significant association of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in the carcinoma tissues of IBC patients but not in the adjacent normal tissues. HCMV-infected macrophages serve as “mobile vectors” for spreading and disseminating virus to different organs, and IBC cancer tissues are highly infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that enhance IBC progression and promote breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)-like properties. Therefore, there is a need to understand the role of HCMV-infected TAMs in IBC progression. The present study aimed to test the effect of the secretome (cytokines and secreted factors) of TAMs derived from HCMV+ monocytes isolated from IBC specimens on the proliferation, invasion, and BCSC abundance when tested on the IBC cell line SUM149. HCMV+ monocytes were isolated from IBC patients during modified radical mastectomy surgery and tested in vitro for polarization into TAMs using the secretome of SUM149 cells. MTT, clonogenic, invasion, real-time PCR arrays, PathScan Intracellular Signaling array, and cytokine arrays were used to characterize the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs for their effect on the progression of SUM149 cells. The results showed that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs expressed high levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 cytokines compared to HCMV- TAMs. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs induced the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and expression of BCSC-related genes in SUM149 cells compared to mock untreated cells. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs activated the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK in SUM149 cells. In conclusion, this study shows that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs enhances the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and BCSC properties by activating the phosphorylation of p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK intracellular signaling molecules in IBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hossam Taha Mohamed,
| | | | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Sector of International Cooperation, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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Vallejo M, Muñiz P, Kwon M, Solán L, Bailén R, Carbonell D, Chicano M, Suárez-González J, Catalán P, Bellón JM, Triviño JC, Dorado N, Gallardo D, Díez-Martín JL, Ramírez N, Martínez-Laperche C, Buño I. Risk prediction of CMV reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation using five non-HLA immunogenetic polymorphisms. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:1567-1576. [PMID: 35525883 PMCID: PMC9203380 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, it remains as one of the most common infectious complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The aim of this study was to determine the genotype of cytokines and chemokines in donor and recipient and their association with CMV reactivation. Eighty-five patients receiving an allo-HSCT from an HLA-identical sibling donor were included in the study. Fifty genes were selected for their potential role in the pathogenesis of CMV infection. CMV DNAemia was evaluated until day 180 after allo-HSCT. CMV reactivation was observed in 51/85 (60%) patients. Of the 213 genetic variants selected, 11 polymorphisms in 7 different genes (CXCL12, IL12A, KIR3DL1, TGFB2, TNF, IL1RN, and CD48) were associated with development or protection from CMV reactivation. A predictive model using five of such polymorphisms (CXCL12 rs2839695, IL12A rs7615589, KIR3DL1 rs4554639, TGFB2 rs5781034 for the recipient and CD48 rs2295615 for the donor) together with the development of acute GVHD grade III/IV improved risk stratification of CMV reactivation. In conclusion, the data presented suggest that the screening of five polymorphisms in recipient and donor pre-transplantation could help to predict the individual risk of CMV infection development after HLA-identical allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Vallejo
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paula Muñiz
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mi Kwon
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Solán
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Bailén
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carbonell
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Chicano
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Suárez-González
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Department of Microbiology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Bellón
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Dorado
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gallardo
- Clinical Hematology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO Girona), Girona, Spain
| | - José Luis Díez-Martín
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Ramírez
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina Martínez-Laperche
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Buño
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kellogg C, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Implications of viral infection in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188622. [PMID: 34478803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the first human oncogenic virus in 1964, viruses have been studied for their potential role in aiding the development of cancer. Through the modulation of cellular pathways associated with proliferation, immortalization, and inflammation, viral proteins can mimic the effect of driver mutations and contribute to transformation. Aside from the modulation of signaling pathways, the insertion of viral DNA into the host genome and the deregulation of cellular miRNAs represent two additional mechanisms implicated in viral oncogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the role of twelve different viruses on cancer development and how these viruses utilize the abovementioned mechanisms to influence oncogenesis. The identification of specific mechanisms behind viral transformation of human cells could further elucidate the process behind cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kellogg
- REHS Program, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; BiAna San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; BiAna San Diego, CA, USA.
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Murine Cytomegalovirus MCK-2 Facilitates In Vivo Infection Transfer from Dendritic Cells to Salivary Gland Acinar Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0069321. [PMID: 34132572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00693-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) spread systemically via myeloid cells and demonstrate broad tissue tropism. Human CMV (HCMV) UL128 encodes a component of the virion pentameric complex (PC) that is important for entry into epithelial cells and cell-cell spread in vitro. It possesses N-terminal amino acid sequences similar to those of CC chemokines. While the species specificity of HCMV precludes confirmation of UL128 function in vivo, UL128-like counterparts in experimental animals have demonstrated a role in salivary gland infection. How they achieve this has not been defined, although effects on monocyte tropism and immune evasion have been proposed. By tracking infected cells following lung infection, we show that although the UL128-like protein in mouse CMV (MCMV) (designated MCK-2) facilitated entry into lung macrophages, it was dispensable for subsequent viremia mediated by CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and extravasation to the salivary glands. Notably, MCK-2 was important for the transfer of MCMV infection from DCs to salivary gland acinar epithelial cells. Acinar cell infection of MCMVs deleted of MCK-2 was not rescued by T-cell depletion, arguing against an immune evasion mechanism for MCK-2 in the salivary glands. In contrast to lung infection, peritoneal MCMV inoculation yields mixed monocyte/DC viremia. In this setting, MCK-2 again promoted DC-dependent infection of salivary gland acinar cells, but it was not required for monocyte-dependent spread to the lung. Thus, the action of MCK-2 in MCMV spread was specific to DC-acinar cell interactions. IMPORTANCE Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) establish myeloid cell-associated viremias and persistent shedding from the salivary glands. In vitro studies with human CMV (HCMV) have implicated HCMV UL128 in epithelial tropism, but its role in vivo is unknown. Here, we analyzed how a murine CMV (MCMV) protein with similar physical properties, designated MCK-2, contributes to host colonization. We demonstrate that MCK-2 is dispensable for initial systemic spread from primary infection sites but within the salivary gland facilitates the transfer of infection from dendritic cells (DCs) to epithelial acinar cells. Virus transfer from extravasated monocytes to the lungs did not require MCK-2, indicating a tissue-specific effect. These results provide new information about how persistent viral tropism determinants operate in vivo.
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Chinta P, Garcia EC, Tajuddin KH, Akhidenor N, Davis A, Faure L, Spencer JV. Control of Cytokines in Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100858. [PMID: 33096622 PMCID: PMC7589642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved a number of mechanisms for long-term co-existence within its host. HCMV infects a wide range of cell types, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid progenitor cells. Lytic infection, with the production of infectious progeny virions, occurs in differentiated cell types, while undifferentiated myeloid precursor cells are the primary site of latent infection. The outcome of HCMV infection depends partly on the cell type and differentiation state but is also influenced by the composition of the immune environment. In this review, we discuss the role of early interactions between HCMV and the host immune system, particularly cytokine and chemokine networks, that facilitate the establishment of lifelong latent infection. A better understanding of these cytokine signaling pathways could lead to novel therapeutic targets that might prevent latency or eradicate latently infected cells.
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9
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Okumura M, Matsuura-Miura M, Makino R, Miura T, Noguchi K, Majima R, Koshizuka T, Inoue N. Enhancement of guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection by two endogenously expressed components of the pentameric glycoprotein complex in epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8530. [PMID: 32444790 PMCID: PMC7244513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell tropisms and the efficiency of viral infection is critical for the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs for viral diseases. In this study, we worked on the entry mechanisms of guinea pig cytomegalovirus and found that endogenous expression of a combination of two components (GP131 and GP133) of the pentameric glycoprotein complex, which is required for non-fibroblast cell tropisms, enhanced viral infection more than 10-fold. In addition, D138A alteration in GP131 increased this enhancement by an additional 10-fold. Although differences in the efficiency of viral infection among various cell types are usually explained by differences in viral entry or traffic processes, our experimental evidences dismissed such possibilities. Instead, our findings that i) endogenous expression of GP131 and GP133 after nuclear delivery of viral DNA still enhanced infection and ii) an HDAC inhibitor overcame the need of the endogenous expression led us to hypothesize a novel mechanism that controls the efficiency of viral infection through the activation of gene expression from viral DNA delivered to the nuclei. Further studies of this unexpected phenomena warrant to understand novel but also general mechanisms for cell tropisms of viral infection and determinants that control infection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Okumura
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miku Matsuura-Miura
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Akashi City Hall, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Reina Makino
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Miura
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Noguchi
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Majima
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Where do we Stand after Decades of Studying Human Cytomegalovirus? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050685. [PMID: 32397070 PMCID: PMC7284540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a linear double-stranded DNA betaherpesvirus belonging to the family of Herpesviridae, is characterized by widespread seroprevalence, ranging between 56% and 94%, strictly dependent on the socioeconomic background of the country being considered. Typically, HCMV causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, while in immunocompromised individuals or when transmitted vertically from the mother to the fetus it leads to systemic disease with severe complications and high mortality rate. Following primary infection, HCMV establishes a state of latency primarily in myeloid cells, from which it can be reactivated by various inflammatory stimuli. Several studies have shown that HCMV, despite being a DNA virus, is highly prone to genetic variability that strongly influences its replication and dissemination rates as well as cellular tropism. In this scenario, the few currently available drugs for the treatment of HCMV infections are characterized by high toxicity, poor oral bioavailability, and emerging resistance. Here, we review past and current literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of the biology and genetics of HCMV, stressing the urgent need for innovative and safe anti-HCMV therapies and effective vaccines to treat and prevent HCMV infections, particularly in vulnerable populations.
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Dell'Oste V, Biolatti M, Galitska G, Griffante G, Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Zingoni A, Cerboni C, De Andrea M. Tuning the Orchestra: HCMV vs. Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32351486 PMCID: PMC7174589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the innate immune system keeps human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in check has recently become a critical issue in light of the global clinical burden of HCMV infection in newborns and immunodeficient patients. Innate immunity constitutes the first line of host defense against HCMV as it involves a complex array of cooperating effectors – e.g., inflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN-I), natural killer (NK) cells, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and phagocytes – all capable of disrupting HCMV replication. These factors are known to trigger a highly efficient adaptive immune response, where cellular restriction factors (RFs) play a major gatekeeping role. Unlike other innate immunity components, RFs are constitutively expressed in many cell types, ready to act before pathogen exposure. Nonetheless, the existence of a positive regulatory feedback loop between RFs and IFNs is clear evidence of an intimate cooperation between intrinsic and innate immunity. In the course of virus-host coevolution, HCMV has, however, learned how to manipulate the functions of multiple cellular players of the host innate immune response to achieve latency and persistence. Thus, HCMV acts like an orchestra conductor able to piece together and rearrange parts of a musical score (i.e., innate immunity) to obtain the best live performance (i.e., viral fitness). It is therefore unquestionable that innovative therapeutic solutions able to prevent HCMV immune evasion in congenitally infected infants and immunocompromised individuals are urgently needed. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the mechanisms regulating the interplay between HCMV and innate immunity, focusing on the various strategies of immune escape evolved by this virus to gain a fitness advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dell'Oste
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ganna Galitska
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease - CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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12
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Abstract
: The use of cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a vaccine vector to express antigens against multiple infectious diseases, including simian immunodeficiency virus, Ebola virus, plasmodium, and mycobacterium tuberculosis, in rhesus macaques has generated extraordinary levels of protective immunity against subsequent pathogenic challenge. Moreover, the mechanisms of immune protection have altered paradigms about viral vector-mediated immunity against ectopically expressed vaccine antigens. Further optimization of CMV-vectored vaccines, particularly as this approach moves to human clinical trials will be augmented by a more complete understanding of how CMV engenders mechanisms of immune protection. This review summarizes the particulars of the specific CMV vaccine vector that has been used to date (rhesus CMV strain 68-1) in relation to CMV natural history.
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13
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Lu YY, Liu XL, Huang Y, Liao Y, Xi T, Zhang YN, Zhang LL, Shu SN, Fang F. Short-lived AIM2 Inflammasome Activation Relates to Chronic MCMV Infection in BALB/c Mice. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:899-905. [PMID: 31845220 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome is a crucial link bridging the innate host defense and the subsequent adaptive immunity when activated by exogenous double stranded DNA (dsDNA). Through establishing models of disseminated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, we evaluated dynamic expression of AIM2 inflammasome components and its relationship with pathological damage and viral replication, trying to figure out whether AIM2 inflammasome is related to the chronic mechanism of MCMV. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed on day 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 post infection. Expression levels of AIM2, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, pro-IL1β and mature IL1β in primary peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and spleens were detected by Western blotting. Contents of IL18 in the serum were detected by ELISA. Pathological examinations of livers were performed, and mRNA levels of MCMV glycoprotein B (gB) in salivary glands also assessed. Results showed that expression levels of AIM2 in PMs and spleens of C57BL/6 mice increased on day 3, even continued to day 28; caspase-1 p20 and mature IL1β increased on day 7, 14 and 28; the persistently high expression of IL18 in the serum started on day 1, showing a double peak curve. As for BALB/c mice, expression of AIM2 in PMs increased on day 1 and day 7, while contents of AIM2 in spleens increased on day 1 and day 3; caspase-1 p20 and mature IL1β merely increased 7 days fter infection. Thereafter, expression levels of AIM2, caspase-1 p20, mature IL1β and IL18 were limited; the duration of AIM2 inflammasome activation in BALB/c mice was much shorter than that in C57BL/6 mice. The severer pathological damage and more viral replications in BALB/c mice further proved the deficient antiviral immunity to MCMV. In conclusion, the activation of AIM2 inflammasome in BALB/c mice was short-lived, which is quite possibly related to the chronicity of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xing-Lou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sai-Nan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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14
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The Human Cytomegalovirus Chemokine vCXCL-1 Modulates Normal Dissemination Kinetics of Murine Cytomegalovirus In Vivo. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01289-19. [PMID: 31239384 PMCID: PMC6593410 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01289-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An adequate in vivo analysis of HCMV’s viral chemokine vCXCL-1 has been lacking. Here we generate recombinant MCMVs expressing vCXCL-1 to study vCXCL-1 function in vivo using MCMV as a surrogate. We demonstrate that vCXCL-1 increases MCMV dissemination kinetics for both primary and secondary dissemination. Additionally, we provide evidence, that the murine neutrophil is largely a bystander in the mouse’s response to vCXCL-1. We confirm the hypothesis that vCXCL-1 is a HCMV virulence factor. Infection of severely immunocompromised mice with MCMVs expressing vCXCL-1 was lethal in more than 50% of infected animals, while all animals infected with parental virus survived during a 12-day period. This work provides needed insights into vCXCL-1 function in vivo. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that is a significant pathogen within newborn and immunocompromised populations. Morbidity associated with HCMV infection is the consequence of viral dissemination. HCMV has evolved to manipulate the host immune system to enhance viral dissemination and ensure long-term survival within the host. The immunomodulatory protein vCXCL-1, a viral chemokine functioning primarily through the CXCR2 chemokine receptor, is hypothesized to attract CXCR2+ neutrophils to infection sites, aiding viral dissemination. Neutrophils harbor HCMV in vivo; however, the interaction between vCXCL-1 and the neutrophil has not been evaluated in vivo. Using the mouse model and mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, we show that murine neutrophils harbor and transfer infectious MCMV and that virus replication initiates within this cell type. Utilizing recombinant MCMVs expressing vCXCL-1 from the HCMV strain (Toledo), we demonstrated that vCXCL-1 significantly enhances MCMV dissemination kinetics. Through cellular depletion experiments, we observe that neutrophils impact dissemination but that overall dissemination is largely neutrophil independent. This work adds neutrophils to the list of innate cells (i.e., dendritic and macrophages/monocytes) that contribute to MCMV dissemination but refutes the hypothesis that neutrophils are the primary cell responding to vCXCL-1.
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15
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Goto M, Chiba J, Matsuura M, Iwaki-Egawa S, Watanabe Y. Aging-associated latent herpes viral infection in normal Japanese individuals and patients with Werner syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2018; 7:229-235. [PMID: 30560014 PMCID: PMC6290841 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2018.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of our "inflammageing" study examining serum samples from a maximum of 217 healthy Japanese individuals aged between 1 and 100 years and mutation-proven 40 patients with Werner syndrome (WS) indicated normal aging-associated elevations of highly sensitive CRP (hsCRP) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). To further study the contribution of environmental factors such as persistent herpes viral infection to inflammageing, IgG antibodies against varicella/zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were examined in the same serum samples as has been done for hsCRP and MMP-9 analyses. The mean levels of serum IgG viral antibodies were comparable between normal (mean ± SE: 31.0 ± 4.3 unit) and WS (38.6 ± 7.6) for CMV, and between normal (42.0 ± 12.2) and WS (29.8 ± 3.8) for VZV, respectively. Significant associations of aging with IgG anti-CMV antibody were in normal aging (p = 0.023) and WS (p = 0.037), but not with IgG VZV in both conditions. Aging-associated change of IgG anti-CMV antibody titer in WS increased significantly (1.32 times higher) compared with normal aging (p = 0.037). IgG anti-CMV level was significantly elevated in the male gender than female in both conditions (p = 0.006). Elevated hsCRP level was significantly associated with IgG anti-CMV (p = 0.016) and IgG anti-VZV (p = 0.008) antibodies in normal aging, but not in WS. Serum MMP-9 was significantly associated with IgG anti-CMV level (p = 0.0002) in normal aging, but not in WS. Persistent herpes viral infection may constitute a part of "inflammageing" in normal aging and WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Goto
- Division of Anti-ageing and Longevity Sciences, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rheumatology, East Medical Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rheumatology, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Makoto Goto, Division of Rheumatology, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, 2-11-1 Hikarigaoka, Nerima-Ku, Tokyo 179-0072, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Junji Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rheumatology, East Medical Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuura
- Department of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iwaki-Egawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Jackson JW, Sparer T. There Is Always Another Way! Cytomegalovirus' Multifaceted Dissemination Schemes. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070383. [PMID: 30037007 PMCID: PMC6071125 DOI: 10.3390/v10070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpes virus that is a significant pathogen within immune compromised populations. HCMV morbidity is induced through viral dissemination and inflammation. Typically, viral dissemination is thought to follow Fenner's hypothesis where virus replicates at the site of infection, followed by replication in the draining lymph nodes, and eventually replicating within blood filtering organs. Although CMVs somewhat follow Fenner's hypothesis, they deviate from it by spreading primarily through innate immune cells as opposed to cell-free virus. Also, in vivo CMVs infect new cells via cell-to-cell spread and disseminate directly to secondary organs through novel mechanisms. We review the historic and recent literature pointing to CMV's direct dissemination to secondary organs and the genes that it has evolved for increasing its ability to disseminate. We also highlight aspects of CMV infection for studying viral dissemination when using in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Tim Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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17
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Zhu LL, Xu L, Wang J. [Relationship between expression of peripheral blood HLA-DR, CD4 +CD25 + regulatory T cells, IL-17 and IL-27 with liver damage in children with human cytomegalovrius infection]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:554-558. [PMID: 30022757 PMCID: PMC7389197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the expression of peripheral blood HLA-DR, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, IL-17 and IL-27 with liver damage in children with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. METHODS Twenty-one HCMV children with liver damage and twenty-one HCMV children without liver damage were enrolled in this study. The expression of peripheral blood HLA-DR and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was detected by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-27 were measured using ELISA. RESULTS The plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-27 in children with liver damage were significantly higher than in those without liver damage, while the expression of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was lower than in those without liver damage (P<0.05). Plasma IL-17 and IL-27 levels were negatively correlated with the expression of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Immune imbalance mediated by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and over-expression of IL-17 and IL-27 may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver damage in children with HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
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18
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Zhu LL, Xu L, Wang J. [Relationship between expression of peripheral blood HLA-DR, CD4 +CD25 + regulatory T cells, IL-17 and IL-27 with liver damage in children with human cytomegalovrius infection]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:554-558. [PMID: 30022757 PMCID: PMC7389197 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the expression of peripheral blood HLA-DR, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, IL-17 and IL-27 with liver damage in children with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. METHODS Twenty-one HCMV children with liver damage and twenty-one HCMV children without liver damage were enrolled in this study. The expression of peripheral blood HLA-DR and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was detected by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-27 were measured using ELISA. RESULTS The plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-27 in children with liver damage were significantly higher than in those without liver damage, while the expression of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was lower than in those without liver damage (P<0.05). Plasma IL-17 and IL-27 levels were negatively correlated with the expression of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Immune imbalance mediated by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and over-expression of IL-17 and IL-27 may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver damage in children with HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
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19
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Coleman S, Choi KY, McGregor A. Cytomegalovirus UL128 homolog mutants that form a pentameric complex produce virus with impaired epithelial and trophoblast cell tropism and altered pathogenicity in the guinea pig. Virology 2017. [PMID: 28651121 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) encodes a homolog pentameric complex (PC) for specific cell tropism and congenital infection. In human cytomegalovirus, the PC is an important antibody neutralizing target and GPCMV studies will aid in the development of intervention strategies. Deletion mutants of the C-terminal domains of unique PC proteins (UL128, UL130 and UL131 homologs) were unable to form a PC in separate transient expression assays. Minor modifications to the UL128 homolog (GP129) C-terminal domain enabled PC formation but viruses encoding these mutants had altered tropism to renal and placental trophoblast cells. Mutation of the presumptive CC chemokine motif encoded by GP129 was investigated by alanine substitution of the CC motif (codons 26-27) and cysteines (codons 47 and 62). GP129 chemokine mutants formed PC but GP129 chemokine mutant viruses had reduced epitropism. A GP129 chemokine mutant virus pathogenicity study demonstrated reduced viral load to target organs but highly extended viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - K Yeon Choi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alistair McGregor
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States.
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20
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Erkes DA, Wilski NA, Snyder CM. Intratumoral infection by CMV may change the tumor environment by directly interacting with tumor-associated macrophages to promote cancer immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1778-1785. [PMID: 28604162 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1331795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that induces an extremely robust and sustained immune response. For this reason, CMV has been proposed as a vaccine vector to promote immunity to both pathogens and cancer. However, exploration of CMV as a vaccine vector is at an early stage and there are many questions. Using a mouse melanoma model, we recently found that a CMV-based vaccine induced large populations of melanoma-specific T cells, but was not effective at slowing tumor growth unless it was injected directly into the tumor. These surprising results have led us to hypothesize that CMV may be adept at modulating the tumor micro-environment through its infection of macrophages. Importantly, injection of CMV into the growing tumor synergized with blockade of the PD-1 checkpoint to clear well-established tumors. Here, we discuss our results in the context of CMV-based vaccines for pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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21
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Li HP, Yuan CL, Zho YC. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits apoptosis involving upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bag-1. J Med Virol 2016; 87:1953-9. [PMID: 26087710 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals and is recognized as a major viral cause of birth defects. HCMV has the ability to establish lifelong persistence and latent infection following primary exposure. Apoptosis is an innate cellular defense response to viral infection. HCMV can block apoptosis in various cell types. Here we show that HCMV promotes survival of human embryonic lung fibroblasts by activating of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Bag-1 is up-regulated in a MAPK/ERK-dependent fashion in infected cells. Depletion of Bag-1 suppresses the antiapoptotic effect of HCMV. Taken together, these data indicate that Bag-1 up-regulation is required to maintain apoptosis resistance in HCMV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ping Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, HuBei, 434000, China
| | - Cong Ling Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, HuBei, 434000, China
| | - Ying Chun Zho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, HuBei, 434000, China
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22
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Luganini A, Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G. Bioactive Molecules Released From Cells Infected with the Human Cytomegalovirus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:715. [PMID: 27242736 PMCID: PMC4865657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following primary infection in humans, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persists in a latent state throughout the host’s lifetime despite a strong and efficient immune response. If the host experiences some form of immune dysregulation, such as immunosuppression or immunodeficiency, HCMV reactivates, thereby emerging from latency. Thus, in the absence of effective functional immune responses, as occurs in immunocompromised or immunoimmature individuals, both HCMV primary infections and reactivations from latency can cause significant morbidity and mortality. However, even in immunocompetent hosts, HCMV represents a relevant risk factor for the development of several chronic inflammatory diseases and certain forms of neoplasia. HCMV infection may shift between the lytic and latent state, regulated by a delicate and intricate balance between virus-mediated immunomodulation and host immune defenses. Indeed, HCMV is a master in manipulating innate and adaptive host defense pathways, and a large portion of its genome is devoted to encoding immunomodulatory proteins; such proteins may thus represent important virulence determinants. However, the pathogenesis of HCMV-related diseases is strengthened by the activities of bioactive molecules, of both viral and cellular origin, that are secreted from infected cells and collectively named as the secretome. Here, we review the state of knowledge on the composition and functions of HCMV-derived secretomes. In lytic infections of fibroblasts and different types of endothelial cells, the majority of HCMV-induced secreted proteins act in a paracrine fashion to stimulate the generation of an inflammatory microenvironment around infected cells; this may lead to vascular inflammation and angiogenesis that, in turn, foster HCMV replication and its dissemination through host tissues. Conversely, the HCMV secretome derived from latently infected hematopoietic progenitor cells induces an immunosuppressive extracellular environment that interferes with immune recognition and elimination of latently infected cells, thereby promoting viral persistence. Characterization of the composition and biological activities of HCMV secretomes from different types of infected cells will lay the foundation for future advances in our knowledge about the pathogenesis HCMV diseases and may provide targets for the development of novel antiviral intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Maria E Terlizzi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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23
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HCMV vCXCL1 Binds Several Chemokine Receptors and Preferentially Attracts Neutrophils over NK Cells by Interacting with CXCR2. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1542-1553. [PMID: 27160907 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HCMV is a highly sophisticated virus that has developed various mechanisms for immune evasion and viral dissemination throughout the body (partially mediated by neutrophils). NK cells play an important role in elimination of HCMV-infected cells. Both neutrophils and NK cells utilize similar sets of chemokine receptors to traffic, to and from, various organs. However, the mechanisms by which HCMV attracts neutrophils and not NK cells are largely unknown. Here, we show a unique viral protein, vCXCL1, which targets three chemokine receptors: CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressed on neutrophils and CXCR1 and CX3CR1 expressed on NK cells. Although vCXCL1 attracted both cell types, neutrophils migrated faster and more efficiently than NK cells through the binding of CXCR2. Therefore, we propose that HCMV has developed vCXCL1 to orchestrate its rapid systemic dissemination through preferential attraction of neutrophils and uses alternative mechanisms to counteract the later attraction of NK cells.
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24
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Wang Z, Peng X, Li M, Jin F, Zhang B, Wang H, Wei Y. Is human cytomegalovirus infection associated with essential hypertension? A meta-analysis of 11,878 participants. J Med Virol 2015; 88:852-8. [PMID: 26399974 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoguang Wang
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Peng
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Fei Jin
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Hypertension; Beijing Anzhen Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases; Beijing P.R. China
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Rahbar A, Cederarv M, Wolmer-Solberg N, Tammik C, Stragliotto G, Peredo I, Fornara O, Xu X, Dzabic M, Taher C, Skarman P, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Enhanced neutrophil activity is associated with shorter time to tumor progression in glioblastoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1075693. [PMID: 27057448 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1075693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant tumor with a poor outcome that is often positive for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). GBM patients often have excessive numbers of neutrophils and macrophages near and within the tumor. Here, we characterized the cytokine patterns in the blood of GBM patients with and without Valganciclovir treatment. Furthermore, we determined whether neutrophil activation is related to HCMV status and patient outcome. Blood samples for analyses of cytokines and growth factors were collected from 42 GBM patients at the time of diagnosis (n = 42) and at weeks 12 and 24 after surgery. Blood neutrophils of 28 GBM patients were examined for CD11b expression. The levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines-including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interferon-γ, interferon-α, tumor necrosis factor α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1were analyzed with a bead-based flow cytometry assay. During the first six months after surgery, neutrophil activity was increased in 12 patients and was unchanged or decreased in 16. Patients with increased neutrophil activity had enhanced IL-12p70, high grade HCMV and a shorter time to tumor progression (TTP) than patients without or decreased neutrophil activity (median TTP; 5.4 vs. 12 months, 95% confidence interval; 1.6-10 vs. 0.1-0.6, hazard ratio = 3 vs. 0.4, p = 0.004). The levels of IL-12p70 were significantly decreased in Valganciclovir treated patients (n = 22, T 12W vs. T 24W, p = 0.03). In conclusion, our findings suggest that neutrophil activation is an early sign of tumor progression in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Cederarv
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Wolmer-Solberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Tammik
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Stragliotto
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inti Peredo
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinling Xu
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mensur Dzabic
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chato Taher
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Skarman
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Receptor expression and responsiveness of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a human cytomegalovirus encoded CC chemokine. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:403-9. [PMID: 26142284 PMCID: PMC9427514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects the majority of the world's population. After long period of time co-evolving with human being, this pathogen has developed several strategies to evade host immune surveillance. One of the major trick is encoding homologous to those of the host organism or stealing host cellular genes that have significant functions in immune system. To date, we have found several viral immune analogous which include G protein coupled receptor, class I major histocompatibility complex and chemokine. Chemokine is a small group of molecules which is defined by the presence of four cysteines in highly conserved region. The four kinds of chemokines (C, CC, CXC, and CX3C) are classified based on the arrangement of 1 or 2 N-terminal cysteine residues. UL128 protein is one of the analogous that encoded by human cytomegalovirus that has similar amino acid sequences to the human CC chemokine. It has been proved to be one of the essential particles that involved in human cytomegalovirus entry into epithelial/endothelial cells as well as macrophages. It is also the target of potent neutralizing antibodies in human cytomegalovirus-seropositive individuals. We had demonstrated the chemotactic trait of UL128 protein in our previous study. Recombinant UL128 in vitro has the ability to attract monocytes to the infection region and enhances peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. However, the way that this viral encoded chemokine interacting with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the detailed mechanism that involving the virus entry into host cells keeps unknown. Here we performed in vitro investigation into the effects of UL128 protein on peripheral blood mononuclear cell's activation and receptor binding, which may help us further understand the immunomodulatory function of UL128 protein as well as human cytomegalovirus diffusion mechanism.
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Lv Y, An Z, Chen H, Wang Z, Liu L. Mechanism of curcumin resistance to human cytomegalovirus in HELF cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:284. [PMID: 25088288 PMCID: PMC4132927 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that curcumin exhibited an outstanding anti-HCMV effect in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism for the anti-HCMV effect remains unclear. METHODS Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine secretions in HELF cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); cell cycles were assessed by flow cytometry; ie and ul83 gene expressions were evaluated using reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR; HCMV IE and UL83 antigen expressions were studied using immunofluorescence staining assay and western blot. RESULTS Curcumin reduced HCMV immediate early antigen (IEA) and UL83A expressions and IL-6, and TNF-α secretions and recovered cell proliferation to normal level in HCMV infected HELF cells. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin anti-HCMV effect may possibly be that curcumin concurrently alters host cell microenviroment and inhibits the HCMV antigen expressions. These findings may provide a basic understanding of the curcumin anti-HCMV effect and a novel strategy for further development of curcumin anti-HCMV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lv
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoling An
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of pharmaceutical affairs, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 GongrenTiyuchangNanlu, Chaoyang District, 100020 Beijing, P. R. China
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28
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Van Damme E, Van Loock M. Functional annotation of human cytomegalovirus gene products: an update. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 24904534 PMCID: PMC4032930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic double-stranded DNA virus with one of the largest viral genomes known. The 235 kB genome is divided in a unique long (UL) and a unique short (US) region which are flanked by terminal and internal repeats. The expression of HCMV genes is highly complex and involves the production of protein coding transcripts, polyadenylated long non-coding RNAs, polyadenylated anti-sense transcripts and a variety of non-polyadenylated RNAs such as microRNAs. Although the function of many of these transcripts is unknown, they are suggested to play a direct or regulatory role in the delicately orchestrated processes that ensure HCMV replication and life-long persistence. This review focuses on annotating the complete viral genome based on three sources of information. First, previous reviews were used as a template for the functional keywords to ensure continuity; second, the Uniprot database was used to further enrich the functional database; and finally, the literature was manually curated for novel functions of HCMV gene products. Novel discoveries were discussed in light of the viral life cycle. This functional annotation highlights still poorly understood regions of the genome but more importantly it can give insight in functional clusters and/or may be helpful in the analysis of future transcriptomics and proteomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Damme
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Therapeutic Area of Infectious Diseases Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marnix Van Loock
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Therapeutic Area of Infectious Diseases Beerse, Belgium
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29
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Human cytomegalovirus and autoimmune disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:472978. [PMID: 24967373 PMCID: PMC4022258 DOI: 10.1155/2014/472978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) represents a prototypic pathogenic member of the β-subgroup of the herpesvirus family. A range of HCMV features like its lytic replication in multiple tissues, the lifelong persistence through periods of latency and intermitting reactivation, the extraordinary large proteome, and extensive manipulation of adaptive and innate immunity make HCMV a high profile candidate for involvement in autoimmune disorders. We surveyed the available literature for reports on HCMV association with onset or exacerbation of autoimmune disease. A causative linkage between HCMV and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), diabetes mellitus type 1, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is suggested by the literature. However, a clear association of HCMV seroprevalence and disease could not be established, leaving the question open whether HCMV could play a coresponsible role for onset of disease. For convincing conclusions population-based prospective studies must be performed in the future. Specific immunopathogenic mechanisms by which HCMV could contribute to the course of autoimmune disease have been suggested, for example, molecular mimicry by UL94 in SSc and UL83/pp65 in SLE patients, as well as aggravation of joint inflammation by induction and expansion of CD4+/CD28− T-cells in RA patients. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to lay the grounds for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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30
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Stevenson EV, Collins-McMillen D, Kim JH, Cieply SJ, Bentz GL, Yurochko AD. HCMV reprogramming of infected monocyte survival and differentiation: a Goldilocks phenomenon. Viruses 2014; 6:782-807. [PMID: 24531335 PMCID: PMC3939482 DOI: 10.3390/v6020782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide range of disease pathologies seen in multiple organ sites associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection results from the systemic hematogenous dissemination of the virus, which is mediated predominately by infected monocytes. In addition to their role in viral spread, infected monocytes are also known to play a key role in viral latency and life-long persistence. However, in order to utilize infected monocytes for viral spread and persistence, HCMV must overcome a number of monocyte biological hurdles, including their naturally short lifespan and their inability to support viral gene expression and replication. Our laboratory has shown that HCMV is able to manipulate the biology of infected monocytes in order to overcome these biological hurdles by inducing the survival and differentiation of infected monocytes into long-lived macrophages capable of supporting viral gene expression and replication. In this current review, we describe the unique aspects of how HCMV promotes monocyte survival and differentiation by inducing a “finely-tuned” macrophage cell type following infection. Specifically, we describe the induction of a uniquely polarized macrophage subset from infected monocytes, which we argue is the ideal cellular environment for the initiation of viral gene expression and replication and, ultimately, viral spread and persistence within the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Donna Collins-McMillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Jung Heon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Stephen J Cieply
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Gretchen L Bentz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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31
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Cytomegalovirus-induced salivary gland pathology: AREG, FGF8, TNF-α, and IL-6 signal dysregulation and neoplasia. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:386-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Mechoud MA, Mateos MV, de Valdez GF, Villena J, Salvador GA, Rodriguez AV. Lactobacillus reuteri CRL1098 soluble factors modulate tumor necrosis factor alpha production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Involvement of lipid rafts. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:446-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Stampfer SD, Heldwein EE. Stuck in the middle: structural insights into the role of the gH/gL heterodimer in herpesvirus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 3:13-9. [PMID: 23107819 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing the viral and cellular membranes, and most use a single viral envelope protein that combines receptor-binding and fusogenic functions. In herpesviruses, these functions are distributed among multiple proteins: the conserved fusion protein gB, various non-conserved receptor-binding proteins, and the conserved gH/gL heterodimer that curiously lacks an apparent counterpart in other enveloped viruses. Recent structural studies of gH/gL from HSV-2 and EBV revealed a unique complex with no structural or functional similarity to other viral proteins. Here we analyzed gH/gL structures and highlighted important functional regions. We propose that gH/gL functions as an adaptor that transmits the triggering signals from various non-conserved inputs to the highly conserved fusion protein gB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Stampfer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
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34
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McSharry BP, Avdic S, Slobedman B. Human cytomegalovirus encoded homologs of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors: roles in immunomodulation. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202490 PMCID: PMC3509658 DOI: 10.3390/v4112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the largest human herpesvirus, infects a majority of the world’s population. Like all herpesviruses, following primary productive infection, HCMV establishes a life-long latent infection, from which it can reactivate years later to produce new, infectious virus. Despite the presence of a massive and sustained anti-HCMV immune response, productively infected individuals can shed virus for extended periods of time, and once latent infection is established, it is never cleared from the host. It has been proposed that HCMV must therefore encode functions which help to evade immune mediated clearance during productive virus replication and latency. Molecular mimicry is a strategy used by many viruses to subvert and regulate anti-viral immunity and HCMV has hijacked/developed a range of functions that imitate host encoded immunomodulatory proteins. This review will focus on the HCMV encoded homologs of cellular cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, with an emphasis on how these virus encoded homologs may facilitate viral evasion of immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Australia; (B.P.McS); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Australia; (B.P.McS); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Australia; (B.P.McS); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-61-93514334
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35
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Mehta HV, Jones PH, Weiss JP, Okeoma CM. IFN-α and lipopolysaccharide upregulate APOBEC3 mRNA through different signaling pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4088-103. [PMID: 22972924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are virus-restriction factors that provide intrinsic immunity against infections by viruses like HIV-1 and mouse mammary tumor virus. A3 proteins are inducible by inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS and IFN-α, via mechanisms that are not fully defined. Using genetic and pharmacological studies on C57BL/6 mice and cells, we show that IFN-α and LPS induce A3 via different pathways, independently of each other. IFN-α positively regulates mouse APOBEC3 (mA3) mRNA expression through IFN-αR/PKC/STAT1 and negatively regulates mA3 mRNA expression via IFN-αR/MAPKs-signaling pathways. Interestingly, LPS shows some variation in its regulatory behavior. Although LPS-mediated positive regulation of mA3 mRNA occurs through TLR4/TRIF/IRF3/PKC, it negatively modulates mA3 mRNA via TLR4/MyD88/MAPK-signaling pathways. Additional studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal that PKC differentially regulates IFN-α and LPS induction of human A3A, A3F, and A3G mRNA expression. In summary, we identified important signaling targets downstream of IFN-αR and TLR4 that mediate A3 mRNA induction by both LPS and IFN-α. Our results provide new insights into the signaling targets that could be manipulated to enhance the intracellular store of A3 and potentially enhance A3 antiviral function in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini V Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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