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Liu S, Mohri S, Tsukamoto M, Yanai Y, Manabe Y, Sugawara T. Preventive effects of dietary fucoxanthin on ultraviolet A induced photoaging in hairless mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39194018 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation, which can penetrate the epidermis and reach the dermis, is one of the major causes of skin photoaging. Photoaged skin is characterized clinically by generalized wrinkling, a dry and loose appearance, and seborrheic keratoses, along with skin barrier dysfunction. Fucoxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid with a specific allenic bond and 5,6-monoepoxide in its structure, has been found to serve various functions as a food supplement. In the present study, the protective effects of orally administered fucoxanthin at relatively low concentrations (0.001% and 0.01%) against UVA induced photoaging were evaluated in vivo using hairless mice. RESULTS Oral supplementation of 0.001% fucoxanthin was sufficient for its metabolites to accumulate in the skin, thereby inhibiting pathological changes induced by UVA irradiation, including impaired skin barrier function and accelerated wrinkle formation. Analysis of gene expression revealed that dietary fucoxanthin exerted antiphotoaging effects, possibly by modulating natural moisturizing factor (NMF) synthesis, desquamation, and ceramide composition in the epidermis, and by inhibiting the UVA induced degradation of collagen fibers and inflammation in the dermis. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data indicate the potential application of dietary fucoxanthin as a novel ingredient in nutricosmetics for skin care against photoaging. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mohri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuki Manabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Liu S, Lu Y, Kurono M, Matahira Y, Manabe Y, Sugawara T. Oral supplementation of sea cucumber and its hydrolysate mitigates ultraviolet A-induced photoaging in hairless mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1987-1994. [PMID: 34516661 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation promotes skin photoaging, which is clinically characterized by dryness, laxity, and wrinkling. Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) (SC) is a marine organism with culinary and medicinal applications, especially in Asian countries. It is also a potential nutraceutical as it exhibits bioactive effects, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and anticancer activity. This study examined the effects of SC and its hydrolysate (SCH) on ultraviolet A (UVA) induced skin barrier function and wrinkle formation using hairless mice. RESULTS Ultraviolet A significantly induced transepidermal water loss and wrinkle formation, which were significantly mitigated upon oral administration of SC and SCH. Sea cucumber also mitigated the UVA-induced downregulation of epidermal natural moisturizing factors and the upregulation of Aqp3, Mmp13, Tnfa, and Il6 mRNA levels in the mouse skin. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that dietary SC and SCH exert anti-photoaging effects by modulating filaggrin synthesis and desquamation in the epidermis and regulating the NF-κB pathway in the skin. Our research indicates that SC and SCH have potential applications in nutricosmetics for photoaging. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yi Lu
- Sunsho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuki Manabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hiranuma T, Watanabe K, Yamashita T, Okazaki T, Tokudome Y. Role of collagen degradation pathway in sphingomyelin synthase 2-deficient mouse skin. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-021-00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) is the only enzyme that synthesizes sphingomyelin from ceramide. The role of sphingomyelin synthase in epidermis is being understood, but there is no report on its role in the dermis. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of collagen in SMS2-deficient mice reveals the role of SMS2 in collagen production.
Methods
SMS2-deficient mice were used for in this study. The dermis thickness was measured by Elastica van Gieson staining, the collagen fiber was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, the collagen content by ELISA, the ceramide and sphingomyelin content by Thin Layer Chromatography, the collagen-generating and metabolizing gene expression level by RT-PCR, and MMP13 protein level was measured by western blotting.
Results
Thinner dermis in these mice compared to wild-type mice. A reduced number of collagen fibers were observed, and decreased levels of type I collagen and sphingolipids. Gene expression levels of collagen production-related genes in the dermis were found to be unaltered. The expression of several genes related to collagen degradation was found to be affected. The expression level of TNFα and MMP13 and MMP13 protein levels were increased relative to those of wild-type mice, while the expression level of TIMP1 was decreased.
Conclusions
These results indicate that SMS is involved not only in maintaining the sphingolipid content of the epidermal barrier but also in maintaining collagen homeostasis. Further elucidation of the role of SMS2 in the skin may lead to SMS2 comprising a new target for the treatment of skin diseases and the development of functional cosmetics.
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Yan Y, Jiang J, Zhang M, Chen Y, Wang X, Huang M, Zhang L. Effect of iPSCs-derived keratinocytes on healing of full-thickness skin wounds in mice. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Wernicke AK, Churin Y, Sheridan D, Windhorst A, Tschuschner A, Gattenlöhner S, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 refines pathological staging of precancerous colorectal lesions. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73552-73557. [PMID: 27716617 PMCID: PMC5341998 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An exact classification of precancerous stages of colorectal polyps might improve therapy and patients' outcome. Here we investigate the association between grade of dysplasia and Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression in 137 biopsies from patients with cancerous and non-cancerous colorectal adenomas. A reproducible staining procedure for histologic MMP-13 analysis in routinely fixed colorectal biopsy specimens has been established. A newly adopted immunoreactive scoring system for MMP-13 was demonstrated as reliable readout. The strength of the association between pathologic stage and immunoreactive MMP-13 scoring emphasizes its eligibility for diagnosis in precancerous colorectal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Churin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Diana Sheridan
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anita Windhorst
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Lee HJ, Jang YJ. Recent Understandings of Biology, Prophylaxis and Treatment Strategies for Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030711. [PMID: 29498630 PMCID: PMC5877572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars and keloids are fibroproliferative disorders that may arise after any deep cutaneous injury caused by trauma, burns, surgery, etc. Hypertrophic scars and keloids are cosmetically problematic, and in combination with functional problems such as contractures and subjective symptoms including pruritus, these significantly affect patients’ quality of life. There have been many studies on hypertrophic scars and keloids; but the mechanisms underlying scar formation have not yet been well established, and prophylactic and treatment strategies remain unsatisfactory. In this review, the authors introduce and summarize classical concepts surrounding wound healing and review recent understandings of the biology, prevention and treatment strategies for hypertrophic scars and keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Korea.
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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7
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Brunt EG, Burgess JG. The promise of marine molecules as cosmetic active ingredients. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 40:1-15. [PMID: 29057483 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment represents an underexploited resource for the discovery of novel products, despite its high level of biological and chemical diversity. With increasing awareness of the harmful effects of chronic ultraviolet exposure, and a universal desire to improve cosmetic appearance, the market for new cosmetic ingredients is growing, and current trends have generated a greater demand for products sourced from the environment. A growing number of novel molecules from marine flora and fauna exhibit potent and effective dermatological activities. Secondary metabolites isolated from macroalgae, including carotenoids and polyphenols, have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-ageing and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, marine extremophilic bacteria have recently been shown to produce bioactive exopolymeric molecules, some of which have been commercialized. Available data on their activities show significant antioxidant, moisturizing and anti-ageing activities, but a more focussed investigation into their mechanisms and applications is required. This review surveys the reported biological activities of an emerging and growing portfolio of marine molecules that show promise in the treatment of cosmetic skin problems including ultraviolet damage, ageing and cutaneous dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Brunt
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - J G Burgess
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
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8
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Komatsu T, Sasaki S, Manabe Y, Hirata T, Sugawara T. Preventive effect of dietary astaxanthin on UVA-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171178. [PMID: 28170435 PMCID: PMC5295690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a carotenoid found mainly in seafood, has potential clinical applications due to its antioxidant activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of dietary astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus pluvialis on skin photoaging in UVA-irradiated hairless mice by assessing various parameters of photoaging. After chronic ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure, a significant increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and wrinkle formation in the dorsal skin caused by UVA was observed, and dietary astaxanthin significantly suppressed these photoaging features. We found that the mRNA expression of lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor, steroid sulfatase, and aquaporin 3 in the epidermis was significantly increased by UVA irradiation for 70 days, and dietary astaxanthin significantly suppressed these increases in mRNA expression to be comparable to control levels. In the dermis, the mRNA expression of matrix metalloprotease 13 was increased by UVA irradiation and significantly suppressed by dietary astaxanthin. In addition, HPLC-PDA analysis confirmed that dietary astaxanthin reached not only the dermis but also the epidermis. Our results indicate that dietary astaxanthin accumulates in the skin and appears to prevent the effects of UVA irradiation on filaggrin metabolism and desquamation in the epidermis and the extracellular matrix in the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suguru Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Ha SJ, Lee J, Kim H, Song KM, Lee NH, Kim YE, Lee H, Kim YH, Jung SK. Preventive effect of Rhus javanica extract on UVB-induced skin inflammation and photoaging. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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10
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Minutti CM, Knipper JA, Allen JE, Zaiss DMW. Tissue-specific contribution of macrophages to wound healing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:3-11. [PMID: 27521521 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all tissues, either as resident cells or monocyte-derived cells that infiltrate into tissues. The tissue site largely determines the phenotype of tissue-resident cells, which help to maintain tissue homeostasis and act as sentinels of injury. Both tissue resident and recruited macrophages make a substantial contribution to wound healing following injury. In this review, we evaluate how macrophages in two fundamentally distinct tissues, i.e. the lung and the skin, differentially contribute to the process of wound healing. We highlight the commonalities of macrophage functions during repair and contrast them with distinct, tissue-specific functions that macrophages fulfill during the different stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Minutti
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna A Knipper
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health & Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
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11
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Almodóvar-García K, Kwon M, Samaras SE, Davidson JM. ANKRD1 acts as a transcriptional repressor of MMP13 via the AP-1 site. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1500-11. [PMID: 24515436 PMCID: PMC3993579 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01357-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional cofactor ANKRD1 is sharply induced during wound repair, and its overexpression enhances healing. We recently found that global deletion of murine Ankrd1 impairs wound contraction and enhances necrosis of ischemic wounds. A quantitative PCR array of Ankrd1(-/-) (KO) fibroblasts indicated that ANKRD1 regulates MMP genes. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses associated ANKRD1 with nucleolin, which represses AP-1 activation of MMP13. Ankrd1 deletion enhanced both basal and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced MMP13 promoter activity; conversely, Ankrd1 overexpression in control cells decreased PMA-induced MMP13 promoter activity. Ankrd1 reconstitution in KO fibroblasts decreased MMP13 mRNA, while Ankrd1 knockdown increased these levels. MMP13 mRNA and protein were elevated in intact skin and wounds of KO versus Ankrd1(fl/fl) (FLOX) mice. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay gel shift patterns suggested that additional transcription factors bind to the MMP13 AP-1 site in the absence of Ankrd1, and this concept was reinforced by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis as greater binding of c-Jun to the AP-1 site in extracts from FLOX versus KO fibroblasts. We propose that ANKRD1, in association with factors such as nucleolin, represses MMP13 transcription. Ankrd1 deletion additionally relieved MMP10 transcriptional repression. Nuclear ANKRD1 appears to modulate extracellular matrix remodeling by MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karinna Almodóvar-García
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Minjae Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan E. Samaras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Pyun HB, Kim M, Park J, Sakai Y, Numata N, Shin JY, Shin HJ, Kim DU, Hwang JK. Effects of Collagen Tripeptide Supplement on Photoaging and Epidermal Skin Barrier in UVB-exposed Hairless Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 17:245-53. [PMID: 24471092 PMCID: PMC3866733 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2012.17.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen tripeptide (CTP) is a functional food material with several biological effects such as improving dry skin and wound and bone fracture healing. This study focused on the anti-photoaging effects of CTP on a hairless mouse model. To evaluate the effects of CTP on UVB-induced skin wrinkle formation in vivo, the hairless mice were exposed to UVB radiation with oral administration of CTP for 14 weeks. Compared with the untreated UVB control group, mice treated with CTP showed significantly reduced wrinkle formation, skin thickening, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Skin hydration and hydroxyproline were increased in the CTP-treated group. Moreover, oral administration of CTP prevented UVB-induced MMP-3 and -13 activities as well as MMP-2 and -9 expressions. Oral administration of CTP increased skin elasticity and decreased abnormal elastic fiber formation. Erythema was also decreased in the CTP-treated group. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that CTP has potential as an anti-photoaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Bong Pyun
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jieun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yasuo Sakai
- Central Research Institute, Jellice Co., Ltd., Sendai, Miyagi 984-0826, Japan
| | - Noriaki Numata
- Central Research Institute, Jellice Co., Ltd., Sendai, Miyagi 984-0826, Japan
| | - Jin-Yeong Shin
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Gyeonggi 446-729, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Shin
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Gyeonggi 446-729, Korea
| | - Do-Un Kim
- Food R&D Center, Newtree Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi, 462-120, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea ; Department of Biotechnology, and College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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13
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Collins BH, Holzknecht ZE, Lynn KA, Sempowski GD, Smith CC, Liu S, Parker W, Rockey DC. Association of age-dependent liver injury and fibrosis with immune cell populations. Liver Int 2013; 33:1175-86. [PMID: 23710620 PMCID: PMC4151465 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver's response to injury is fibrosis, and when chronic, cirrhosis. Age is a critical factor impacting many immune-mediated processes, potentially including the liver's wounding response to injury. METHODS The effects of age on acute and chronic liver injury were evaluated using a carbon tetrachloride model in mice. Lymphocyte and macrophage populations were assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Acute liver injury was greater in 18-month-old (old) mice than in 9-month-old (middle-aged) mice as judged by changes in aminotransferases. Similarly, livers of 18-month-old mice had a significantly greater fibrogenic response to injury than did livers of 9-month-old mice after chronic injury (assessed by col1α1 mRNA expression, morphometric analysis and hydroxyproline measurement). Interestingly, livers from young mice (6 weeks old) also exhibited an increase in fibrogenesis compared to 9-month-old mice, albeit not to the same degree as in old mice. Consistent with a role for macrophages in fibrogenesis, the number of liver macrophages in young and 9-month-old mice increased, while in chronically injured livers of 18-month-old mice, the number of macrophages was reduced, and was less than in the livers of young and 9-month-old injured livers. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the fibrogenic response to injury varies substantially with age, and moreover that macrophage recruitment and dynamics may be an important component in differential age-associated fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kellie A. Lynn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Cathy Choy Smith
- Liver Center Laboratory and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Songling Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Don C. Rockey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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14
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Lei H, Leong D, Smith LR, Barton ER. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 is a new contributor to skeletal muscle regeneration and critical for myoblast migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C529-38. [PMID: 23761625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00051.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient skeletal muscle repair and regeneration require coordinated remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous reports have indicated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play the pivotal role in ECM remodeling during muscle regeneration. The goal of the current study was to determine if the interstitial collagenase MMP-13 was involved in the muscle repair process. Using intramuscular cardiotoxin injections to induce acute muscle injury, we found that MMP-13 expression and activity transiently increased during the regeneration process. In addition, in muscles from mdx mice, which exhibit chronic injury, MMP-13 expression and protein levels were elevated. In differentiating C2C12 cells, a murine myoblast cell line, Mmp13 expression was most pronounced after myoblast fusion and during myotube formation. Using pharmacological inhibition of MMP-13 to test whether MMP-13 activity is necessary for the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and fusion of C2C12 cells, we found a dramatic blockade of myoblast migration, as well as a delay in differentiation. In contrast, C2C12 cells with stable overexpression of MMP-13 showed enhanced migration, without affecting myoblast maturation. Taken together, these results support a primary role for MMP-13 in myoblast migration that leads to secondary effects on differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqin Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Oral administration of fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurata) extract reduces ultraviolet b-induced skin aging in hairless mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Kou PM, Babensee JE. Macrophage and dendritic cell phenotypic diversity in the context of biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:239-60. [PMID: 21105173 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕ) and dendritic cells (DCs) are critical antigen presenting cells that play pivotal roles in host responses to biomaterial implants. Although Mϕs have been widely studied for their roles in the inflammatory responses against biomaterials, the roles that DCs play in the host responses toward implanted materials have only recently been explored. DCs are of significant research interest because of the emergence of a large number of combination products that cross-traditional medical device boundaries. These products combine biomaterials with biologics, including cells, nucleic acids, and/or proteins. The biomaterial component may evoke an inflammatory response, primarily mediated by neutrophils and Mϕs, whereas the biologic component may elicit an immunogenic immune response, initiated by DCs involving lymphocyte activation. Control of Mϕ phenotypic balance from proinflammatory M1 to reparative M2 is a goal of investigators to optimize the host response to biomaterials. Similarly, control of DC phenotype from proinflammatory to toleragenic is of interest in vaccine delivery and tissue engineering/transplantation situations, respectively. This review discusses the interconnection between innate and adaptive immunity, the comparative and contrasting phenotypes and roles of Mϕs and DCs in immunity, their responses to biomaterials and the strategies to modulate their phenotype for applications in tissue engineering and vaccine delivery. Furthermore, the collaboration between and unique roles of DCs and Mϕs needs to be addressed in future studies to gain a more complete picture of host responses toward combination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Meng Kou
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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17
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Chen X, Thibeault SL. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in wound repair in human vocal fold fibroblasts. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1819-25. [PMID: 20715091 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an inflammatory cytokine and apoptotic molecule that appears to be a mediator in inflammation and fibrosis. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effects of TNF-alpha on 3D Carbylan-GSX in vitro cultured human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs), to provide insight into the mechanism responsible for the improved vocal fold wound healing that has been previous reported with Carbylan-GSX treatment. STUDY DESIGN In vitro cell culture. METHODS hVFF were cultured in 3D Carbylan-GSX and on polystyrene with different dosages of TNF-alpha (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) with and without 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). hVFF response to TNF-alpha was characterized by morphology, proliferation rates, and gene transcript levels for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and TNF-alpha receptor. RESULTS In 3D Carbylan-GSX, TNF-alpha inhibited hVFF proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. TNF-alpha (0.1-100 ng/mL) was shown to significantly downregulate TIMP3 and extracellular matrix-related mRNA transcript levels for collagen III and fibronectin and to upregulate MMP1 and MMP2 expression, resulting in increased MMP/TIMP3 ratios. TNF-alpha receptor expression was significantly upregulated in Carbylan-GSX compared to control polystyrene. Responses were more marked in 10% FBS culture. CONCLUSIONS After vocal fold injury, locally injected Carbylan-GSX can enhance the role of TNF-alpha in remodeling the lamina propria layer of the vocal fold, accelerating wound healing. Carbylan-GSX has potential as a new therapeutic approach that may lead to better treatment of vocal fold wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, USA
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Hosaka YZ, Uratsuji T, Ueda H, Uehara M, Takehana K. Comparative study of the properties of tendinocytes derived from three different sites in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:35-44. [PMID: 20203418 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This aim of this study was to determine the characteristic differences in tendinocytes derived from three sites of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)-proximally the myotendinous junction (MTJ), mid-metacarpal (mM) and osteotendinous junction (OTJ)-in morphology, proliferation, and ability for synthesis of collagen and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Little difference was observed in cell proliferation. Addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha to the culture medium resulted in increased collagen synthesis by tendinocytes from all three sites. The amount of collagen synthesized by tendinocytes derived from the mM and OTJ was much larger than that synthesized by untreated tendinocytes. A collagen zymogram revealed that proMMP-13 synthesis was increased towards the distal site. However, TNFalpha treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of proMMP-13 synthesized by tendinocytes from all three sites. On the other hand, a gelatin zymogram showed that the synthesis level of proMMP-9 tended to decrease towards the distal site, but there was little difference between synthesis levels of proMMP-9 before and after TNFalpha treatment. These results indicated that tendinocytes in the same tendon have different characteristics and that these characterisities would reflect the function of tendinocytes in vivo. Also, the isolated tendinocytes provided much information on the characteristics and properties of tendons for the ECM turnover system and on the responsiveness of tendinocytes to complex inflammatory responses in a tendinopathy condition.
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Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M. French Maritime Pine Bark (Pinus maritima Lam.) Extract (Flavangenol®) Prevents Chronic UVB Radiation-induced Skin Damage and Carcinogenesis in Melanin-possessing Hairless Mice. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:955-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hosaka YZ, Takahashi H, Uratsuji T, Tangkawattana P, Ueda H, Takehana K. Comparative study of the characteristics and properties of tendinocytes derived from three tendons in the equine forelimb. Tissue Cell 2010; 42:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sumiyoshi M, Kimura Y. Effects of olive leaf extract and its main component oleuroepin on acute ultraviolet B irradiation-induced skin changes in C57BL/6J mice. Phytother Res 2009; 24:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Michalski CW, Gorbachevski A, Erkan M, Reiser C, Deucker S, Bergmann F, Giese T, Weigand M, Giese NA, Friess H, Kleeff J. Mononuclear cells modulate the activity of pancreatic stellate cells which in turn promote fibrosis and inflammation in chronic pancreatitis. J Transl Med 2007; 5:63. [PMID: 18053242 PMCID: PMC2234395 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between mononuclear cells and activated pancreatic myofibroblasts (pancreatic stellate cells; PSC) may contribute to inflammation and fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis (CP). Methods Markers of fibrosis and inflammation were concomitantly analysed by immunohistochemistry in chronic pancreatitis tissues. In vitro, PSC were stimulated with TNFalpha and LPS. Primary human blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and PSC were cocultured, followed by analysis of cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. PBMC were derived from healthy donors and CP and septic shock patients. Results In areas of mononuclear cell infiltration in chronic pancreatitis tissues, there was decreased immunoreactivity for collagen1 and fibronectin, in contrast to areas with sparse mononuclear cells, although PSC were detectable in both areas. LPS and TNFalpha induced collagen1 and fibronectin levels as well as the matrix degradation enzyme MMP-1. Coculture experiments with PSC and PBMC revealed increased fibronectin secretion induced by PBMC. In addition, donor and CP PBMC significantly induced an increase in IL-6, MCP-1 and TGFbeta levels under coculture conditions. Determination of the source of cytokines and ECM proteins by mRNA expression analysis confirmed PSC as major contributors of ECM production. The increase in cytokine expression was PBMC- and also PSC-derived. Conclusion Mononuclear cells modulate the activity of pancreatic stellate cells, which may in turn promote fibrosis and inflammation.
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Cho HS, Lee MH, Lee JW, No KO, Park SK, Lee HS, Kang S, Cho WG, Park HJ, Oh KW, Hong JT. Anti-wrinkling effects of the mixture of vitamin C, vitamin E, pycnogenol and evening primrose oil, and molecular mechanisms on hairless mouse skin caused by chronic ultraviolet B irradiation. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2007; 23:155-62. [PMID: 17803593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2007.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring antioxidants were used to regulate the skin damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation because several antioxidants have demonstrated that they can inhibit wrinkle formation through prevention of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and/or increase of collagen synthesis. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of oral administration of the antioxidant mixture of vitamin C, vitamin E, pycnogenol, and evening primrose oil on UVB-induced wrinkle formation. In addition, we investigated the possible molecular mechanism of photoprotection against UVB through inhibition of collagen-degrading MMP activity or through enhancement of procollagen synthesis in mouse dorsal skin. METHODS Female SKH-1 hairless mice were orally administrated the antioxidant mixture (test group) or vehicle (control group) for 10 weeks with UVB irradiation three times a week. The intensity of irradiation was gradually increased from 30 to 180 mJ/cm2. Microtopographic and histological assessment of the dorsal skins was carried out at the end of 10 weeks to evaluate wrinkle formation. Western blot analysis and EMSA were also carried out to investigate the changes in the balance of collagen synthesis and collagen degradation. RESULTS Our antioxidant mixture significantly reduced UVB-induced wrinkle formation, accompanied by significant reduction of epidermal thickness, and UVB-induced hyperplasia, acanthosis, and hyperkeratosis. This antioxidant mixture significantly prevented the UVB-induced expressions of MMPs, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and activation of activator protein (AP)-1 transcriptional factor in addition to enhanced type I procollagen and transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) expression. CONCLUSION Oral administration of the antioxidant mixture significantly inhibited wrinkle formation caused by chronic UVB irradiation through significant inhibition of UVB-induced MMP activity accompanied by enhancement of collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Song Cho
- LG Household & Healthcare Research Park, Daejeon, Korea
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Henderson NC, Iredale JP. Liver fibrosis: cellular mechanisms of progression and resolution. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:265-80. [PMID: 17261089 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a major worldwide health care burden. The last 15 years have seen a rapid growth in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this clinically relevant model of inflammation and repair. This work is likely to inform the design of effective antifibrotic therapies in the near future. In this review, we examine how the innate and adaptive immune response interacts with other key cell types in the liver, such as the myofibroblast, regulating the process of hepatic fibrosis and, where relevant, resolution of fibrosis with remodelling. Emphasis is placed on the increasing knowledge that has been generated by the use of transgenic animals and animals in which specific cell lines have been deleted. Additionally, we review the increasing evidence that, although significant numbers of wound-healing myofibroblasts are derived from the hepatic stellate cell, significant contributions may occur from other cell lineages, including those from distant sites such as bone marrow stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Henderson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
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Gulumian M, Borm PJA, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Nelson G, Murray J. Mechanistically identified suitable biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility for silicosis and coal-worker's pneumoconiosis: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2006; 9:357-95. [PMID: 16990219 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500196537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical detection of silicosis is currently dependent on radiological and lung function abnormalities, both late manifestations of disease. Markers of prediction and early detection of pneumoconiosis are imperative for the implementation of timely intervention strategies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the etiology of coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) and silicosis was essential in proposing numerous biomarkers that have been evaluated to assess effects following exposure to crystalline silica and/or coal mine dust. Human validation studies have substantiated some of these proposed biomarkers and argued in favor of their use as biomarkers for crystalline silica- and CWP-induced pneumoconiosis. A number of "ideal" biological markers of effect were identified, namely, Clara cell protein-16 (CC16) (serum), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (monocyte release), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (monocyte release), reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement by chemiluminescence (neutrophil release), 8-isoprostanes (serum), total antioxidant levels measured by total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (serum). TNF-alpha polymorphism (blood cellular DNA) was identified as a biomarker of susceptibility. Further studies are planned to test the validity and feasibility of these biomarkers to detect either high exposure to crystalline silica and early silicosis or susceptibility to silicosis in gold miners in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulumian
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry Research, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Simon DM, Arikan MC, Srisuma S, Bhattacharya S, Tsai LW, Ingenito EP, Gonzalez F, Shapiro SD, Mariani TJ. Epithelial cell PPAR[gamma] contributes to normal lung maturation. FASEB J 2006; 20:1507-9. [PMID: 16720732 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5410fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that can promote cellular differentiation and organ development. PPARgamma expression has been reported in a number of pulmonary cell types, including inflammatory, mesenchymal, and epithelial cells. We find that PPARgamma is prominently expressed in the airway epithelium in the mouse lung. In an effort to define the physiological role of PPARgamma within the lung, we have ablated PPARgamma using a novel line of mice capable of specifically targeting the airway epithelium. Airway epithelial cell PPARgamma-targeted mice display enlarged airspaces resulting from insufficient postnatal lung maturation. The increase in airspace size is accompanied by alterations in lung physiology, including increased lung volumes and decreased tissue resistance. Genome-wide expression profiling reveals a reduction in structural extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression in conditionally targeted mice, suggesting a disruption in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions necessary for the establishment of normal lung structure. Expression profiling of airway epithelial cells isolated from conditionally targeted mice indicates PPARgamma regulates genes encoding known PPARgamma targets, additional lipid metabolism enzymes, and markers of cellular differentiation. These data reveal airway epithelial cell PPARgamma is necessary for normal lung structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Simon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Thorn 908, 75 Francis St., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hartenstein B, Dittrich BT, Stickens D, Heyer B, Vu TH, Teurich S, Schorpp-Kistner M, Werb Z, Angel P. Epidermal development and wound healing in matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:486-96. [PMID: 16374453 PMCID: PMC2767339 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is an indispensable step in tissue remodelling processes such as embryonic development and wound healing of the skin, has been attributed to collagenolytic activity of members of the matrix metalloproteinase family (MMPs). Here, we employed mmp13 knockout mice to elucidate the function of MMP13 in embryonic skin development, skin homeostasis, and cutaneous wound healing. Overall epidermal architecture and dermal composition of non-injured skin were indistinguishable from wild-type mice. Despite robust expression of MMP13 in the early phase of wound healing, wild-type and mmp13 knockout animals did not differ in their efficiency of re-epithelialization, inflammatory response, granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, and restoration of basement membrane. Yet, among other MMPs also expressed during wound healing, MMP8 was found to be enhanced in wounds of MMP13-deficient mice. In summary, skin homeostasis and also tissue remodelling processes like embryonic skin development and cutaneous wound healing are independent of MMP13 either owing to MMP13 dispensability or owing to functional substitution by other collagenolytic proteinases such as MMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hartenstein
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Thilo Dittrich
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Stickens
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Babette Heyer
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thiennu H. Vu
- Department of Medicine and Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sibylle Teurich
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Schorpp-Kistner
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis are two inter-related conditions with many overlapping mechanisms. Three specific cell types, macrophages, T helper cells, and myofibroblasts, each play important roles in regulating both processes. Following tissue injury, an inflammatory stimulus is often necessary to initiate tissue repair, where cytokines released from resident and infiltrating leukocytes stimulate proliferation and activation of myofibroblasts. However, in many cases this drive stimulates an inappropriate pro-fibrotic response. In addition, activated myofibroblasts can take on the role of traditional APCs, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and recruit inflammatory cells to fibrotic foci, amplifying the fibrotic response in a vicious cycle. Moreover, inflammatory cells have been shown to play contradictory roles in initiation, amplification, and resolution of fibrotic disease processes. The central role of the macrophage in contributing to the fibrotic response and fibrotic resolution is only beginning to be fully appreciated. In the following review, we discuss the fibrotic disease process from the context of the immune response to injury. We review the major cellular and soluble factors controlling these responses and suggest ways in which more specific and, hopefully, more effective therapies may be derived.
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Kim HH, Lee MJ, Lee SR, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC, Chung JH. Augmentation of UV-induced skin wrinkling by infrared irradiation in hairless mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:1170-7. [PMID: 16118013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging can be divided into intrinsic aging and photoaging. Sunlight is a major cause of photoaging, and is composed of ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation. Although the effects of UV radiation on skin aging have been widely studied, little is known about the biological effects of IR on the photoaging process in human skin. We found that chronic IR treatment induced wrinkles in hairless mice, and augments UV-induced wrinkle formation and UV-induced skin thickening in hairless mice. Histologically, we found that IR treatment augments UV-induced epidermal and dermal thickening, and that UV-induced increases of collagen and elastic fibers in dermis. Moreover, chronic IR treatment increased MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA expressions significantly in hairless mouse skin and augmented UV-induced MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA expressions and UV-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. From these results, we demonstrate that IR alone induces skin wrinkling and augments UV-induced wrinkle formation. Taken together, we suggest that IR plays an important role in the development of photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 28, Yongon-dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Kordes C, Brookmann S, Häussinger D, Klonowski-Stumpe H. Differential and synergistic effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor-beta1 on activated pancreatic stellate cells. Pancreas 2005; 31:156-67. [PMID: 16025003 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000168222.05591.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cytokines platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 are major factors influencing the transformation from the quiescent to the activated phenotype of pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), a process involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Albeit much effort has been made to study the effects of PDGF and TGF-beta1 on PSCs, their interaction is still unclear, because these cytokines show both differential and synergistic effects as outlined by this study. METHODS Culture-activated PSCs of rats were treated with PDGF-BB and TGF-beta1. Subsequent changes of cell proliferation and migration were determined by cell counting, (+)-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine enzyme-linked immunosarbant assay (ELISA), and migration assay. Gene expression, synthesis of proteins, and activation of kinases were further studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and Western blot. RESULTS PDGF-BB increased PSC proliferation and migration, accompanied by elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13 and MMP-3. The mRNA amount of procollagen alpha2(I), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and TGF-beta1 was also increased by PDGF-BB. In contrast, PDGF-BB reduced collagen type I in culture medium and synthesis of alpha-SMA. Treatment of PSC with TGF-beta1 decreased proliferation, had no significant effect on migration and MMP expression, but increased expression and synthesis of procollagen alpha2(I) and alpha-SMA. Both cytokines induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 and p38, but only PDGF-BB activated the protein kinase B signaling pathway. CONCLUSION PDGF-BB augments effects of TGF-beta1 on the mRNA level presumably because of up-regulation of TGF-beta1 synthesis and common signaling pathways of the 2 cytokines. However, at the protein level, PDGF-BB impairs typical TGF-beta1 effects such as increased synthesis of collagen (type I) and alpha-SMA. Moreover, PDGF-BB facilitates degradation of extracellular matrix proteins by enhancement of MMP synthesis, but MMP activity was probably limited because of elevated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kordes
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Rossa C, Liu M, Patil C, Kirkwood KL. MKK3/6-p38 MAPK negatively regulates murine MMP-13 gene expression induced by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in immortalized periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2005; 24:478-88. [PMID: 16046111 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP-13) or collagenase-3 is involved in a number of pathologic processes such as tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal diseases. These conditions are associated with extensive degradation of both connective tissue and bone. This report examines gene regulation mechanisms and signal transduction pathways involved in Mmp-13 expression induced by proinflammatory cytokines in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. Mmp-13 mRNA expression was increased 10.7 and 9.5 fold after stimulation with IL-1beta (5 ng/mL) and TNF-alpha (10 ng/mL), respectively. However, inhibition of p38 MAPKinase with SB203580 resulted in significant (p<0.001) induction (23.2 and 18.1 fold, respectively) of Mmp-13 mRNA as assessed by real time PCR. Negative regulation of IL-1beta induced Mmp-13 expression was confirmed by inhibiting p38 MAPK gene expression with siRNA. Transient transfection of dominant negative forms of MKK3 and MKK6 also resulted in increased levels of Mmp-13 mRNA after IL-1beta stimulation. Mmp-13 mRNA expression induced by TNF-alpha was decreased by JNK and ERK inhibition. Western blot and zymogram analysis indicated that Mmp-13 protein expression induced by the proinflammatory cytokines were also upregulated by inhibition of p38 MAPK. Reporter gene experiments using stable cell lines harboring 660-bp sequence of the murine Mmp-13 proximal promoter indicated that transcriptional mechanisms were at least partially involved in this negative regulation of Mmp-13 expression by p38 MAPK and upstream MKK3/6. These results suggest a negative transcriptional regulatory mechanism mediated by p38 MAPK and upstream MKK3/6 on Mmp-13 expression induced by proinflammatory cytokines in PDL fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Duffield JS, Forbes SJ, Constandinou CM, Clay S, Partolina M, Vuthoori S, Wu S, Lang R, Iredale JP. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J Clin Invest 2005. [PMID: 15630444 DOI: 10.1172/jci200522675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1136] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform both injury-inducing and repair-promoting tasks in different models of inflammation, leading to a model of macrophage function in which distinct patterns of activation have been proposed. We investigated macrophage function mechanistically in a reversible model of liver injury in which the injury and recovery phases are distinct. Carbon tetrachloride---induced liver fibrosis revealed scar-associated macrophages that persisted throughout recovery. A transgenic mouse (CD11b-DTR) was generated in which macrophages could be selectively depleted. Macrophage depletion when liver fibrosis was advanced resulted in reduced scarring and fewer myofibroblasts. Macrophage depletion during recovery, by contrast, led to a failure of matrix degradation. These data provide the first clear evidence that functionally distinct subpopulations of macrophages exist in the same tissue and that these macrophages play critical roles in both the injury and recovery phases of inflammatory scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Duffield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Duffield JS, Forbes SJ, Constandinou CM, Clay S, Partolina M, Vuthoori S, Wu S, Lang R, Iredale JP. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:56-65. [PMID: 15630444 PMCID: PMC539199 DOI: 10.1172/jci22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform both injury-inducing and repair-promoting tasks in different models of inflammation, leading to a model of macrophage function in which distinct patterns of activation have been proposed. We investigated macrophage function mechanistically in a reversible model of liver injury in which the injury and recovery phases are distinct. Carbon tetrachloride---induced liver fibrosis revealed scar-associated macrophages that persisted throughout recovery. A transgenic mouse (CD11b-DTR) was generated in which macrophages could be selectively depleted. Macrophage depletion when liver fibrosis was advanced resulted in reduced scarring and fewer myofibroblasts. Macrophage depletion during recovery, by contrast, led to a failure of matrix degradation. These data provide the first clear evidence that functionally distinct subpopulations of macrophages exist in the same tissue and that these macrophages play critical roles in both the injury and recovery phases of inflammatory scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Duffield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Arikan MC, Shapiro SD, Mariani TJ. Induction of macrophage elastase (MMP-12) gene expression by statins. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:139-45. [PMID: 15605420 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The statins (including mevastatin and lovastatin) are a widely prescribed class of serum-cholesterol lowering drugs that function by inhibiting 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase activity and cellular sterol synthesis. Statins are also widely being appreciated for their inhibitory effects upon inflammation, primarily mediated through direct regulation of inflammatory gene expression. Here we report that statins are also capable of increasing the expression of macrophage elastase (MMP-12). The induction of MMP-12 in mouse macrophages by statins is specific for HMG CoA reductase inhibition, rescued by mevalonate and not observed after inhibition of subsequent steps in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Modulation of cholesterol metabolism may lead to changes in MMP-12 expression and subsequent impacts during physiological and pathophysiological states. We conclude that statins, in addition to their previously described anti-inflammatory properties, may promote the production of some proteinases from activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem C Arikan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase introduces a molecular oxygen at carbon 12 of arachidonic acid to generate a 12-hydroperoxy derivative. The enzymes generate 12-hydroperoxy derivatives with either S- or R-configurations. There are three isoforms of 12S-lipoxygenases named after the cells where they were first identified; platelet, leukocyte and epidermis. The leukocyte-type enzyme is widely distributed among cells, but the tissue distribution varies substantially from species to species. The platelet and epidermal enzymes are present in only a relatively limited number of cell types. Although the structures and enzymatic properties of the three isoforms of 12S-lipoxygenases have been elucidated, the physiological roles of the 12S-lipoxygenases are not yet fully understood. There are important roles for the enzymes and their products in several biological systems including those involved in atherosclerosis and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanihiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Mariani TJ, Reed JJ, Shapiro SD. Expression profiling of the developing mouse lung: insights into the establishment of the extracellular matrix. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:541-8. [PMID: 11970905 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.5.2001-00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have undertaken a comprehensive gene expression profiling of the entire process of murine lung development using oligonucleotide-based microarrays. Our data reveals the expression pattern of approximately 11,000 genes throughout the morphologic stages of lung development. This includes known genes with unappreciated pulmonary expression and novel genes with undefined functions. Traditional gene expression analysis techniques verify a high degree of confidence in the microarray data. Examination of the data confirms previously known patterns of expression for extracellular matrix genes and provides new information regarding relationships in temporal expression among groups of these genes. Large-scale cluster analysis reveals associations in the expression profile of specific genes with defined developmental processes. For instance, we identify groups of genes, which are coordinately expressed with extracellular matrix genes during lung development. These data should serve as a resource for the pulmonary research community and assist in deciphering the molecular mechanisms governing normal lung development as well as those involved in aberrant developmental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics and the Program in Lung Development, Washington University School of Medicine and Saint Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Wu N, Opalenik S, Liu J, Jansen ED, Giro MG, Davidson JM. Real-time visualization of MMP-13 promoter activity in transgenic mice. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:149-61. [PMID: 11852231 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(01)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound repair involves extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration, matrix resynthesis and tissue remodeling. In the rodent, transcriptional regulation of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) most likely plays a role in these processes. Therefore, we isolated and characterized a 1.76-kb 5'-flanking region of the mouse MMP-13 gene. Assay of promoter activity by transient transfection of HT1080 cells and primary mouse skin fibroblasts allowed identification of several functional regions of the 5'-flanking DNA. Expression of luciferase reporter constructs in these cells was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), but not by transforming growth factor-beta(2) (TGF-beta(2)). To study the regulation of MMP-13 in cutaneous wound healing, we generated transgenic mouse lines harboring the firefly luciferase reporter gene under control of a 660-bp mouse MMP-13 promoter which showed maximal response. MMP-13 mRNA levels in transgenic lung fibroblasts increased 1.5-2.6-fold after PMA challenge. MMP-13 promoter activity in wounds was visualized and quantified in vivo as luciferase bioluminescence. MMP-13 expression was present at day 1 and maximal at day 18 post-wounding. Luciferase activity progressed from the wound margin towards the center of the wound. In situ hybridization showed the same spatial and temporal patterns for the luciferase and endogenous MMP-13 mRNA. Both signals localized predominantly to dermal fibroblasts at the wound periphery but not to granulation tissue or to keratinocytes. These results suggested that MMP-13 participated in the wound healing of acute wounds, and it was a significant factor in long-term remodeling of wound connective tissue in rodent skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Wu
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C-3321 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2561, USA
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Bhattacharya S, Patel R, Sen N, Quadri S, Parthasarathi K, Bhattacharya J. Dual signaling by the alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin activates cytosolic PLA(2) in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 280:L1049-56. [PMID: 11290530 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.5.l1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitronectin, which ligates the alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin, increases both lung capillary permeability and lung endothelial Ca(2+). In stable monolayers of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs) viewed with confocal microscopy, multimeric vitronectin aggregated the apically located alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin. This caused arachidonate release that was inhibited by pretreating the monolayers with the anti-alpha(v)beta(3) monoclonal antibody (MAb) LM609. No inhibition occurred in the presence of the isotypic MAb PIF6, which recognizes the integrin alpha(v)beta(5). Vitronectin also caused membrane translocation and phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2. The cPLA(2) inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, and the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD-98059 all blocked the induced arachidonate release. PD-98059 did not inhibit the increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) or cPLA(2) translocation, although it blocked tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK2. Moreover, although the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator MAPTAM also inhibited arachidonate release, it did not inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK2. These findings indicate that ligation of apical alpha(v)beta(3) in BPAECs caused ERK2 activation and an increase of intracellular Ca(2+), both conjointly required for cPLA(2) activation and arachidonate release. This is the first instance of a tyrosine phosphorylation-initiated "two-hit" signaling pathway that regulates an integrin-induced proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhattacharya
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons and St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA.
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Ortiz LA, Lasky J, Gozal E, Ruiz V, Lungarella G, Cavarra E, Brody AR, Friedman M, Pardo A, Selman M. Tumor necrosis factor receptor deficiency alters matrix metalloproteinase 13/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 expression in murine silicosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:244-52. [PMID: 11208652 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.2002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine exposure to silica is associated with enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression and matrix deposition. The regulation of TNF is mediated through TNF receptor (TNFR) activation of transcription factors. In the present work we have studied the importance of the individual TNFR in silica-induced lung inflammation and matrix deposition in mice. We studied RNA expression of TNF, alpha1(I) collagen, interstitial collagenase (MMP-13), and its inhibitor (TIMP-1) in the lungs of silica-treated mice. Furthermore, we correlated MMP-13/TIMP-1 RNA abundance with activation of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice, and of mice deficient in one of the two types of TNFR (p55(-/-) or p75(-/-)), exposed to silica (0.2 g/kg) or saline by intratracheal instillation. Animals were killed 28 d after exposure and lung hydroxyproline (HP), TNF, alpha1(I) collagen, MMP-13, and TIMP-1 RNA abundance was measured. AP-1 and NF-kappaB activation was studied by gel-shift assays. Compared with C57BL/6 mice, p55(-/-) and p75(-/-) mice significantly (*p < 0.05) decreased lung HP accumulation in response to silica. All murine strains enhanced TNF and alpha1(I) collagen mRNA in response to silica. Enhanced (p < 0.05) MMP-13 RNA expression was also observed in all murine strains in response to silica. Enhanced (p < 0.05) TIMP-1 RNA expression was observed in C57BL/6 mice, but not in p55(-/-) or p75(-/-) mice, in response to silica. NF-kappaB activation was observed in all murine strains, whereas AP-1 activation was observed only in C57BL/6 mice after silica treatment. These data suggest that TNFR deletion modifies MMP-13/ TIMP-1 expression in favor of matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ortiz
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Pathology, and the Lung Biology Program, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699, USA.
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Mariani TJ, Arikan MC, Pierce RA. Fibroblast tropoelastin and alpha-smooth-muscle actin expression are repressed by particulate-activated macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha in experimental silicosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:185-92. [PMID: 10423400 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.2.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung elastin synthesis is normally confined to periods of development, is maximal during alveolarization, and declines to low levels in mature lung. We have previously described an elastogenic response in the adult rat lung associated with experimental granulomatous disease induced by silica instillation. Reinitiated tropoelastin expression was identified throughout the lung in fibroblasts expressing alpha-smooth-muscle actin, whereas fibroblasts within the granulomatous lesions failed to express both tropoelastin and alpha-smooth- muscle actin (Mariani and colleagues, Am. J. Pathol. 1995;147:988-1000). We hypothesized that inflammatory cells within the granulomatous lesions produce factors that alter fibroblast phenotype. We found that macrophages accumulating within granulomatous lesions of silicotic rat lungs produce and secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine previously appreciated as a repressor of tropoelastin gene expression. In experimental cell systems, macrophages activated by particulates, either in vivo or in vitro, conditioned medium with a tropoelastin-repressing activity. This activity repressed both tropoelastin and alpha-smooth-muscle actin expression in primary cultures of rat lung fibroblasts in a time- dependent, transient manner. The particulate-activated macrophage-conditioned medium was found to contain TNF-alpha, which was both necessary and sufficient to induce these changes in lung fibroblast gene expression. These data indicate that macrophage-derived factors can modulate lung fibroblast tropoelastin expression in the diseased lung. Furthermore, the findings extend the association between expression by lung fibroblasts of tropoelastin and alpha-smooth-muscle actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mariani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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