1
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Short SP, Brown RE, Chen Z, Pilat JM, McElligott BA, Meenderink LM, Bickart AC, Blunt KM, Jacobse J, Wang J, Simmons AJ, Xu Y, Yang Y, Parang B, Choksi YA, Goettel JA, Lau KS, Hiebert SW, Williams CS. MTGR1 is required to maintain small intestinal stem cell populations. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01346-x. [PMID: 39048708 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and resolving injury. Lgr5+ cells in the crypt base constantly divide, pushing daughter cells upward along the crypt axis where they differentiate into specialized cell types. Coordinated execution of complex transcriptional programs is necessary to allow for the maintenance of undifferentiated stem cells while permitting differentiation of the wide array of intestinal cells necessary for homeostasis. Previously, members of the myeloid translocation gene (MTG) family have been identified as transcriptional co-repressors that regulate stem cell maintenance and differentiation programs in multiple organ systems, including the intestine. One MTG family member, myeloid translocation gene related 1 (MTGR1), has been recognized as a crucial regulator of secretory cell differentiation and response to injury. However, whether MTGR1 contributes to the function of ISCs has not yet been examined. Here, using Mtgr1-/- mice, we have assessed the effects of MTGR1 loss specifically in ISC biology. Interestingly, loss of MTGR1 increased the total number of cells expressing Lgr5, the canonical marker of cycling ISCs, suggesting higher overall stem cell numbers. However, expanded transcriptomic and functional analyses revealed deficiencies in Mtgr1-null ISCs, including deregulated ISC-associated transcriptional programs. Ex vivo, intestinal organoids established from Mtgr1-null mice were unable to survive and expand due to aberrant differentiation and loss of stem and proliferative cells. Together, these results indicate that the role of MTGR1 in intestinal differentiation is likely stem cell intrinsic and identify a novel role for MTGR1 in maintaining ISC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Pilat
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Leslie M Meenderink
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Alexander C Bickart
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Koral M Blunt
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Justin Jacobse
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yilin Yang
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bobak Parang
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Yash A Choksi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goettel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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2
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Chinthalapudi K, Heissler SM. Structure, regulation, and mechanisms of nonmuscle myosin-2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:263. [PMID: 38878079 PMCID: PMC11335295 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Members of the myosin superfamily of molecular motors are large mechanochemical ATPases that are implicated in an ever-expanding array of cellular functions. This review focuses on mammalian nonmuscle myosin-2 (NM2) paralogs, ubiquitous members of the myosin-2 family of filament-forming motors. Through the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work, NM2 paralogs remodel and shape cells and tissues. This process is tightly controlled in time and space by numerous synergetic regulation mechanisms to meet cellular demands. We review how recent advances in structural biology together with elegant biophysical and cell biological approaches have contributed to our understanding of the shared and unique mechanisms of NM2 paralogs as they relate to their kinetics, regulation, assembly, and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sarah M Heissler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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3
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Cacho-Navas C, López-Pujante C, Reglero-Real N, Colás-Algora N, Cuervo A, Conesa JJ, Barroso S, de Rivas G, Ciordia S, Paradela A, D'Agostino G, Manzo C, Feito J, Andrés G, Molina-Jiménez F, Majano P, Correas I, Carazo JM, Nourshargh S, Huch M, Millán J. ICAM-1 nanoclusters regulate hepatic epithelial cell polarity by leukocyte adhesion-independent control of apical actomyosin. eLife 2024; 12:RP89261. [PMID: 38597186 PMCID: PMC11006420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 is apically polarized, interacts with, and guides leukocytes across epithelial barriers. Polarized hepatic epithelia organize their apical membrane domain into bile canaliculi and ducts, which are not accessible to circulating immune cells but that nevertheless confine most of ICAM-1. Here, by analyzing ICAM-1_KO human hepatic cells, liver organoids from ICAM-1_KO mice and rescue-of-function experiments, we show that ICAM-1 regulates epithelial apicobasal polarity in a leukocyte adhesion-independent manner. ICAM-1 signals to an actomyosin network at the base of canalicular microvilli, thereby controlling the dynamics and size of bile canalicular-like structures. We identified the scaffolding protein EBP50/NHERF1/SLC9A3R1, which connects membrane proteins with the underlying actin cytoskeleton, in the proximity interactome of ICAM-1. EBP50 and ICAM-1 form nano-scale domains that overlap in microvilli, from which ICAM-1 regulates EBP50 nano-organization. Indeed, EBP50 expression is required for ICAM-1-mediated control of BC morphogenesis and actomyosin. Our findings indicate that ICAM-1 regulates the dynamics of epithelial apical membrane domains beyond its role as a heterotypic cell-cell adhesion molecule and reveal potential therapeutic strategies for preserving epithelial architecture during inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia Reglero-Real
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Ana Cuervo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | | | - Susana Barroso
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAMMadridSpain
| | - Gema de Rivas
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAMMadridSpain
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Manzo
- Facultat de Ciències, Tecnologia i Enginyeries, Universitat de Vic – Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC)VicSpain
| | - Jorge Feito
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Germán Andrés
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAMMadridSpain
| | - Francisca Molina-Jiménez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la PrincesaMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-Princesa)MadridSpain
| | - Pedro Majano
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la PrincesaMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAMMadridSpain
| | | | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Jaime Millán
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAMMadridSpain
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4
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Silverman JB, Krystofiak EE, Caplan LR, Lau KS, Tyska MJ. Intestinal tuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure composed of co-aligned actin bundles and microtubules. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585757. [PMID: 38562898 PMCID: PMC10983963 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background & Aims All tissues consist of a distinct set of cell types, which collectively support organ function and homeostasis. Tuft cells are a rare epithelial cell type found in diverse epithelia, where they play important roles in sensing antigens and stimulating downstream immune responses. Exhibiting a unique polarized morphology, tuft cells are defined by an array of giant actin filament bundles that support ∼2 μm of apical membrane protrusion and extend over 7 μm towards the cell's perinuclear region. Despite their established roles in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis, tuft cells remain understudied due to their rarity (e.g. ∼ 1% in the small intestinal epithelium). Details regarding the ultrastructural organization of the tuft cell cytoskeleton, the molecular components involved in building the array of giant actin bundles, and how these cytoskeletal structures support tuft cell biology remain unclear. Methods To begin to answer these questions, we used advanced light and electron microscopy to perform quantitative morphometry of the small intestinal tuft cell cytoskeleton. Results We found that tuft cell core bundles consist of actin filaments that are crosslinked in a parallel "barbed-end out" configuration. These polarized structures are also supported by a unique group of tuft cell enriched actin-binding proteins that are differentially localized along the giant core bundles. Furthermore, we found that tuft cell actin bundles are co-aligned with a highly ordered network of microtubules. Conclusions Tuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure that is well positioned to serve as a track for subcellular transport along the apical-basolateral axis and in turn, support the dynamic sensing functions that are critical for intestinal epithelial homeostasis. SYNOPSIS This research leveraged advanced light and electron microscopy to perform quantitative morphometry of the intestinal tuft cell cytoskeleton. Three-dimensional reconstructions of segmented image data revealed a co-aligned actin-microtubule superstructure that may play a fundamental role in tuft cell function.
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5
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Cencer CS, Robinson KL, Tyska MJ. Loss of intermicrovillar adhesion impairs basolateral junctional complexes in transporting epithelia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585733. [PMID: 38562895 PMCID: PMC10983982 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells in the gut and kidney rely on protocadherin-based apical adhesion complexes to organize microvilli that extend into the luminal space. In these systems, CDHR2 and CDHR5 localize to the distal ends of microvilli, where they form an intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) that links the tips of these structures, promotes the formation of a well-ordered array of protrusions, and in turn maximizes apical membrane surface area. Recently, we discovered that IMACs can also form between microvilli that extend from neighboring cells, across cell-cell junctions. As an additional point of physical contact between cells, transjunctional IMACs are well positioned to impact the integrity of canonical tight and adherens junctions that form more basolaterally. Here, we sought to test this idea using cell culture and mouse models that lacked CDHR2 expression and were unable to form IMACs. CDHR2 knockout perturbed cell and junction morphology, led to loss of key components from tight and adherens junctions, and impaired barrier function and wound healing. These results indicate that, in addition to organizing apical microvilli, IMACs provide a layer of cell-cell contact that functions in parallel with canonical tight and adherens junctions to support the physiological functions of transporting epithelia.
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6
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Lombardo AT, Mitchell CAR, Zaman R, McDermitt DJ, Bretscher A. ARHGAP18-ezrin functions as an autoregulatory module for RhoA in the assembly of distinct actin-based structures. eLife 2024; 13:e83526. [PMID: 38193818 PMCID: PMC10830128 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The location of different actin-based structures is largely regulated by Rho GTPases through specific effectors. We use the apical aspect of epithelial cells as a model system to investigate how RhoA is locally regulated to contribute to two distinct adjacent actin-based structures. Assembly of the non-muscle myosin-2 filaments in the terminal web is dependent on RhoA activity, and assembly of the microvilli also requires active RhoA for phosphorylation and activation of ezrin. We show that the RhoGAP, ARHGAP18, is localized by binding active microvillar ezrin, and this interaction enhances ARHGAP18's RhoGAP activity. We present a model where ezrin-ARHGAP18 acts as a negative autoregulatory module to locally reduce RhoA activity in microvilli. Consistent with this model, loss of ARHGAP18 results in disruption of the distinction between microvilli and the terminal web including aberrant assembly of myosin-2 filaments forming inside microvilli. Thus, ARHGAP18, through its recruitment and activation by ezrin, fine-tunes the local level of RhoA to allow for the appropriate distribution of actin-based structures between the microvilli and terminal web. As RhoGAPs vastly outnumber Rho GTPases, this may represent a general mechanism whereby individual Rho effectors drive specific actin-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Lombardo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Cameron AR Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Riasat Zaman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - David J McDermitt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Anthony Bretscher
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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7
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Henderson JM, Ljubojevic N, Belian S, Chaze T, Castaneda D, Battistella A, Giai Gianetto Q, Matondo M, Descroix S, Bassereau P, Zurzolo C. Tunnelling nanotube formation is driven by Eps8/IRSp53-dependent linear actin polymerization. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113761. [PMID: 38009333 PMCID: PMC10711657 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) connect distant cells and mediate cargo transfer for intercellular communication in physiological and pathological contexts. How cells generate these actin-mediated protrusions to span lengths beyond those attainable by canonical filopodia remains unknown. Through a combination of micropatterning, microscopy, and optical tweezer-based approaches, we demonstrate that TNTs formed through the outward extension of actin achieve distances greater than the mean length of filopodia and that branched Arp2/3-dependent pathways attenuate the extent to which actin polymerizes in nanotubes, thus limiting their occurrence. Proteomic analysis using epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 (Eps8) as a positive effector of TNTs showed that, upon Arp2/3 inhibition, proteins enhancing filament turnover and depolymerization were reduced and Eps8 instead exhibited heightened interactions with the inverted Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (I-BAR) domain protein IRSp53 that provides a direct connection with linear actin polymerases. Our data reveals how common protrusion players (Eps8 and IRSp53) form tunnelling nanotubes, and that when competing pathways overutilizing such proteins and monomeric actin in Arp2/3 networks are inhibited, processes promoting linear actin growth dominate to favour tunnelling nanotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Henderson
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and InfectionCNRS UMR 3691, Université de Paris, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie CurieParisFrance
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryBowdoin CollegeBrunswickMEUSA
| | - Nina Ljubojevic
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and InfectionCNRS UMR 3691, Université de Paris, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Sevan Belian
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and InfectionCNRS UMR 3691, Université de Paris, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, CNRS USR 2000, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Daryl Castaneda
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and InfectionCNRS UMR 3691, Université de Paris, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Keele UniversityKeeleUK
| | - Aude Battistella
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie CurieParisFrance
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, CNRS USR 2000, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Computational Biology DepartmentCNRS USR 3756, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, CNRS USR 2000, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie CurieParisFrance
- Institut Pierre‐Gilles de GennesParisFrance
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie CurieParisFrance
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and InfectionCNRS UMR 3691, Université de Paris, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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8
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Cencer CS, Silverman JB, Meenderink LM, Krystofiak ES, Millis BA, Tyska MJ. Adhesion-based capture stabilizes nascent microvilli at epithelial cell junctions. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2048-2062.e7. [PMID: 37832537 PMCID: PMC10615885 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
To maximize solute transport, epithelial cells build an apical "brush border," where thousands of microvilli are linked to their neighbors by protocadherin-containing intermicrovillar adhesion complexes (IMACs). Previous studies established that the IMAC is needed to build a mature brush border, but how this complex contributes to the accumulation of new microvilli during differentiation remains unclear. We found that early in differentiation, mouse, human, and porcine epithelial cells exhibit a marginal accumulation of microvilli, which span junctions and interact with protrusions on neighboring cells using IMAC protocadherins. These transjunctional IMACs are highly stable and reinforced by tension across junctions. Finally, long-term live imaging showed that the accumulation of microvilli at cell margins consistently leads to accumulation in medial regions. Thus, nascent microvilli are stabilized by a marginal capture mechanism that depends on the formation of transjunctional IMACs. These results may offer insights into how apical specializations are assembled in diverse epithelial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Cencer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer B Silverman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie M Meenderink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan A Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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9
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJ, Goo CE, Rasmussen JP. Rho-associated kinase regulates Langerhans cell morphology and responsiveness to tissue damage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.550974. [PMID: 37546841 PMCID: PMC10402157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin is often the first physical barrier to encounter invading pathogens and physical damage. Damage to the skin must be resolved quickly and efficiently to maintain organ homeostasis. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to dynamically surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains epithelial keratinocytes and somatosensory peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are not well understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance activity following axonal degeneration and use their dynamic dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are richly populated with actin and sensitive to a broad spectrum actin inhibitor. We further show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to tissue-scale wounds. Altogether, our work describes the unique dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses to damage of varying magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Camille E.A. Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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10
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Gaeta IM, Tyska MJ. BioID2 screening identifies KIAA1671 as an EPS8 proximal factor that marks sites of microvillus growth. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar31. [PMID: 36790915 PMCID: PMC10092648 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-11-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are defining morphological features of the apical surfaces in diverse epithelial tissues. To develop our understanding of microvillus biogenesis, we used a biotin proximity-labeling approach to uncover new molecules enriched near EPS8, a well-studied marker of the microvillus distal tip compartment. Mass spectrometry of biotinylated hits identified KIAA1671, a large (∼200 kDa), disordered, and previously uncharacterized protein. Based on immunofluorescent staining and expression of fluorescent protein-tagged constructs, we found that KIAA1671 localizes to the base of the brush border in native intestinal tissue and polarized epithelial-cell culture models, as well as dynamic actin-rich structures in unpolarized, nonepithelial cell types. Live imaging also revealed that during the early stages of microvillar growth, KIAA1671 colocalizes with EPS8 in diffraction-limited puncta. However, once elongation of the core bundle begins, these two factors separate, with EPS8 tracking the distal end and KIAA1671 remaining behind at the base of the structure. These results suggest that KIAA1671 cooperates with EPS8 and potentially other assembly factors to initiate growth of microvilli on the apical surface. These findings offer new details on how transporting epithelial cells builds the brush border and may inform our understanding of how apical specializations are assembled in other epithelial contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Gaeta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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11
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Morales EA, Gaeta I, Tyska MJ. Building the brush border, one microvillus at a time. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102153. [PMID: 36827850 PMCID: PMC10033394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are actin bundle-supported surface protrusions assembled by diverse cell types to mediate biochemical and physical interactions with the external environment. Found on the surface of some of the earliest animal cells, primordial microvilli likely contributed to bacterial entrapment and feeding. Although millions of years of evolution have repurposed these protrusions to fulfill diverse roles such as detection of mechanical or visual stimuli in inner ear hair cells or retinal pigmented epithelial cells, respectively, solute uptake remains a key essential function linked to these structures. In this mini review, we offer a brief overview of the composition and structure of epithelial microvilli, highlight recent discoveries on the growth of these protrusions early in differentiation, and point to fundamental questions surrounding microvilli biogenesis that remain open for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angelo Morales
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Isabella Gaeta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Chen P, Levy DL. Regulation of organelle size and organization during development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:53-64. [PMID: 35148938 PMCID: PMC9357868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, as cells divide in the developing embryo, the size of intracellular organelles generally decreases to scale with the decrease in overall cell size. Organelle size scaling is thought to be important to establish and maintain proper cellular function, and defective scaling may lead to impaired development and disease. However, how the cell regulates organelle size and organization are largely unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the process of size scaling at both the cell and organelle levels and discuss recently discovered mechanisms that regulate this process during early embryogenesis. In addition, we describe how some recently developed techniques and Xenopus as an animal model can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of size regulation and to uncover the significance of proper organelle size scaling and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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13
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Fitz GN, Weck ML, Bodnya C, Perkins OL, Tyska MJ. Protrusion growth driven by myosin-generated force. Dev Cell 2023; 58:18-33.e6. [PMID: 36626869 PMCID: PMC9940483 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions extend from the surface of all eukaryotic cells, where they support diverse activities essential for life. Models of protrusion growth hypothesize that actin filament assembly exerts force for pushing the plasma membrane outward. However, membrane-associated myosin motors are also abundant in protrusions, although their potential for contributing, growth-promoting force remains unexplored. Using an inducible system that docks myosin motor domains to membrane-binding modules with temporal control, we found that application of myosin-generated force to the membrane is sufficient for driving robust protrusion elongation in human, mouse, and pig cell culture models. Protrusion growth scaled with motor accumulation, required barbed-end-directed force, and was independent of cargo delivery or recruitment of canonical elongation factors. Application of growth-promoting force was also supported by structurally distinct myosin motors and membrane-binding modules. Thus, myosin-generated force can drive protrusion growth, and this mechanism is likely active in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian N Fitz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caroline Bodnya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Olivia L Perkins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, Cheng R, Lee IT, Nakayama T, Jiang S, He W, Demeter J, Knight MG, Turn RE, Rojas-Hernandez LS, Ye C, Chiem K, Shon J, Martinez-Sobrido L, Bertozzi CR, Nolan GP, Nayak JV, Milla C, Andino R, Jackson PK. SARS-CoV-2 replication in airway epithelia requires motile cilia and microvillar reprogramming. Cell 2023; 186:112-130.e20. [PMID: 36580912 PMCID: PMC9715480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
How SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the airway barrier of mucus and periciliary mucins to infect nasal epithelium remains unclear. Using primary nasal epithelial organoid cultures, we found that the virus attaches to motile cilia via the ACE2 receptor. SARS-CoV-2 traverses the mucus layer, using motile cilia as tracks to access the cell body. Depleting cilia blocks infection for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV-2 progeny attach to airway microvilli 24 h post-infection and trigger formation of apically extended and highly branched microvilli that organize viral egress from the microvilli back into the mucus layer, supporting a model of virus dispersion throughout airway tissue via mucociliary transport. Phosphoproteomics and kinase inhibition reveal that microvillar remodeling is regulated by p21-activated kinases (PAK). Importantly, Omicron variants bind with higher affinity to motile cilia and show accelerated viral entry. Our work suggests that motile cilia, microvilli, and mucociliary-dependent mucus flow are critical for efficient virus replication in nasal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ting Wu
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ivan T Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei He
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miguel G Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E Turn
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Rojas-Hernandez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Disease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Disease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Judy Shon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jayakar V Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Milla
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Ivanov AI, Lechuga S, Marino‐Melendez A, Naydenov NG. Unique and redundant functions of cytoplasmic actins and nonmuscle myosin II isoforms at epithelial junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:61-74. [PMID: 35673768 PMCID: PMC9489603 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and functions of epithelial barriers depend on the formation of adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs). A characteristic feature of AJs and TJs is their association with the cortical cytoskeleton composed of actin filaments and nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II) motors. Mechanical forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton are essential for junctional assembly, stability, and remodeling. Epithelial cells express two different actin proteins and three NM-II isoforms, all known to be associated with AJs and TJs. Despite their structural similarity, different actin and NM-II isoforms have distinct biochemical properties, cellular distribution, and functions. The diversity of epithelial actins and myosin motors could be essential for the regulation of different steps of junctional formation, maturation, and disassembly. This review focuses on the roles of actin and NM-II isoforms in controlling the integrity and barrier properties of various epithelia. We discuss the effects of the depletion of individual actin isoforms and NM-II motors on the assembly and barrier function of AJs and TJs in model epithelial monolayers in vitro. We also describe the functional consequences of either total or tissue-specific gene knockout of different actins and NM-II motors, with a focus on the development and integrity of different epithelia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Armando Marino‐Melendez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Nayden G. Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
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16
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Engevik MA, Engevik AC. Myosins and membrane trafficking in intestinal brush border assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102117. [PMID: 35870341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are a class of motors that participate in a wide variety of cellular functions including organelle transport, cell adhesion, endocytosis and exocytosis, movement of RNA, and cell motility. Among the emerging roles for myosins is regulation of the assembly, morphology, and function of actin protrusions such as microvilli. The intestine harbors an elaborate apical membrane composed of highly organized microvilli. Microvilli assembly and function are intricately tied to several myosins including Myosin 1a, non-muscle Myosin 2c, Myosin 5b, Myosin 6, and Myosin 7b. Here, we review the research progress made in our understanding of myosin mediated apical assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina.
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17
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Kage F, Vicente-Manzanares M, McEwan BC, Kettenbach AN, Higgs HN. Myosin II proteins are required for organization of calcium-induced actin networks upstream of mitochondrial division. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar63. [PMID: 35427150 PMCID: PMC9561854 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-01-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formin INF2 polymerizes a calcium-activated cytoplasmic network of actin filaments, which we refer to as calcium-induced actin polymerization (CIA). CIA plays important roles in multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial dynamics and vesicle transport. Here, we show that nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is activated within 60 s of calcium stimulation and rapidly recruited to the CIA network. Knockout of any individual NMII in U2OS cells affects the organization of the CIA network, as well as three downstream effects: endoplasmic-reticulum-to-mitochondrial calcium transfer, mitochondrial Drp1 recruitment, and mitochondrial division. Interestingly, while NMIIC is the least abundant NMII in U2OS cells (>200-fold less than NMIIA and >10-fold less than NMIIB), its knockout is equally deleterious to CIA. On the basis of these results, we propose that myosin II filaments containing all three NMII heavy chains exert organizational and contractile roles in the CIA network. In addition, NMIIA knockout causes a significant decrease in myosin regulatory light chain levels, which might have additional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Centro de Investigacion del Cancer/Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Centro Mixto Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Brennan C. McEwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Arminja N. Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N. Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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18
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Yu-Kemp HC, Szymanski RA, Cortes DB, Gadda NC, Lillich ML, Maddox AS, Peifer M. Micron-scale supramolecular myosin arrays help mediate cytoskeletal assembly at mature adherens junctions. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212872. [PMID: 34812842 PMCID: PMC8614156 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells assemble specialized actomyosin structures at E-Cadherin–based cell–cell junctions, and the force exerted drives cell shape change during morphogenesis. The mechanisms that build this supramolecular actomyosin structure remain unclear. We used ZO-knockdown MDCK cells, which assemble a robust, polarized, and highly organized actomyosin cytoskeleton at the zonula adherens, combining genetic and pharmacologic approaches with superresolution microscopy to define molecular machines required. To our surprise, inhibiting individual actin assembly pathways (Arp2/3, formins, or Ena/VASP) did not prevent or delay assembly of this polarized actomyosin structure. Instead, as junctions matured, micron-scale supramolecular myosin arrays assembled, with aligned stacks of myosin filaments adjacent to the apical membrane, overlying disorganized actin filaments. This suggested that myosin arrays might bundle actin at mature junctions. Consistent with this idea, inhibiting ROCK or myosin ATPase disrupted myosin localization/organization and prevented actin bundling and polarization. We obtained similar results in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest a novel role for myosin self-assembly, helping drive actin organization to facilitate cell shape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chia Yu-Kemp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rachel A Szymanski
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nicole C Gadda
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Madeline L Lillich
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amy S Maddox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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19
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Bidaud-Meynard A, Demouchy F, Nicolle O, Pacquelet A, Suman SK, Plancke CN, Robin FB, Michaux G. High-resolution dynamic mapping of the C. elegans intestinal brush border. Development 2021; 148:dev200029. [PMID: 34704594 PMCID: PMC10659032 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal brush border is made of an array of microvilli that increases the membrane surface area for nutrient processing, absorption and host defense. Studies on mammalian cultured epithelial cells have uncovered some of the molecular players and physical constraints required to establish this apical specialized membrane. However, the building and maintenance of a brush border in vivo has not yet been investigated in detail. Here, we combined super-resolution imaging, transmission electron microscopy and genome editing in the developing nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to build a high-resolution and dynamic localization map of known and new brush border markers. Notably, we show that microvilli components are dynamically enriched at the apical membrane during microvilli outgrowth and maturation, but become highly stable once microvilli are built. This new toolbox will be instrumental for understanding the molecular processes of microvilli growth and maintenance in vivo, as well as the effect of genetic perturbations, notably in the context of disorders affecting brush border integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bidaud-Meynard
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Flora Demouchy
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ophélie Nicolle
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Pacquelet
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille N Plancke
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - François B Robin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris Seine, CNRS UMR7622, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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20
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Weißenbruch K, Grewe J, Hippler M, Fladung M, Tremmel M, Stricker K, Schwarz US, Bastmeyer M. Distinct roles of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms for establishing tension and elasticity during cell morphodynamics. eLife 2021; 10:71888. [PMID: 34374341 PMCID: PMC8391736 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is an integral part of essential cellular processes, including adhesion and migration. Mammalian cells express up to three isoforms termed NM IIA, B, and C. We used U2OS cells to create CRISPR/Cas9-based knockouts of all three isoforms and analyzed the phenotypes on homogenously coated surfaces, in collagen gels, and on micropatterned substrates. In contrast to homogenously coated surfaces, a structured environment supports a cellular phenotype with invaginated actin arcs even in the absence of NM IIA-induced contractility. A quantitative shape analysis of cells on micropatterns combined with a scale-bridging mathematical model reveals that NM IIA is essential to build up cellular tension during initial stages of force generation, while NM IIB is necessary to elastically stabilize NM IIA-generated tension. A dynamic cell stretch/release experiment in a three-dimensional scaffold confirms these conclusions and in addition reveals a novel role for NM IIC, namely the ability to establish tensional homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Weißenbruch
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Justin Grewe
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Hippler
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Magdalena Fladung
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz Tremmel
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kathrin Stricker
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sebastian Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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van Loon AP, Erofeev IS, Goryachev AB, Sagasti A. Stochastic contraction of myosin minifilaments drives evolution of microridge protrusion patterns in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1501-1513. [PMID: 34081537 PMCID: PMC8351741 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions vary in morphology, stability, and arrangement on cell surfaces. Microridges are laterally elongated protrusions on mucosal epithelial cells, where they form evenly spaced, mazelike patterns that dynamically remodel by fission and fusion. To characterize how microridges form their highly ordered, subcellular patterns and investigate the mechanisms driving fission and fusion, we imaged microridges in the maturing skin of zebrafish larvae. After their initial development, microridge spacing and alignment became increasingly well ordered. Imaging F-actin and non-muscle myosin II (NMII) revealed that microridge fission and fusion were associated with local NMII activity in the apical cortex. Inhibiting NMII blocked fission and fusion rearrangements, reduced microridge density, and altered microridge spacing. High-resolution imaging allowed us to image individual NMII minifilaments in the apical cortex of cells in live animals, revealing that minifilaments are tethered to protrusions and often connect adjacent microridges. NMII minifilaments connecting the ends of two microridges fused them together, whereas minifilaments oriented perpendicular to microridges severed them or pulled them closer together. These findings demonstrate that as cells mature, cortical NMII activity orchestrates a remodeling process that creates an increasingly orderly microridge arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. van Loon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ivan S. Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew B. Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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22
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Abstract
Filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia represent an important group of plasma membrane protrusions. These specialized projections are supported by parallel bundles of actin filaments and have critical roles in sensing the external environment, increasing cell surface area, and acting as mechanosensors. While actin-associated proteins are essential for actin-filament elongation and bundling in these protrusions, myosin motors have a surprising role in the formation and extension of filopodia and stereocilia and in the organization of microvilli. Actin regulators and specific myosins collaborate in controlling the length of these structures. Myosins can transport cargoes along the length of these protrusions, and, in the case of stereocilia and microvilli, interactions with adaptors and cargoes can also serve to anchor adhesion receptors to the actin-rich core via functionally conserved motor-adaptor complexes. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the diverse roles myosins play in filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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