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Covello C, Becherucci G, Di Vincenzo F, Del Gaudio A, Pizzoferrato M, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini A, Scaldaferri F, Mentella MC. Parenteral Nutrition, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Gut Barrier: An Intricate Plot. Nutrients 2024; 16:2288. [PMID: 39064731 PMCID: PMC11279609 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition poses a critical challenge in inflammatory bowel disease, with the potential to detrimentally impact medical treatment, surgical outcomes, and general well-being. Parenteral nutrition is crucial in certain clinical scenarios, such as with patients suffering from short bowel syndrome, intestinal insufficiency, high-yielding gastrointestinal fistula, or complete small bowel obstruction, to effectively manage malnutrition. Nevertheless, research over the years has attempted to define the potential effects of parenteral nutrition on the intestinal barrier and the composition of the gut microbiota. In this narrative review, we have gathered and analyzed findings from both preclinical and clinical studies on this topic. Based on existing evidence, there is a clear correlation between short- and long-term parenteral nutrition and negative effects on the intestinal system. These include mucosal atrophic damage and immunological and neuroendocrine dysregulation, as well as alterations in gut barrier permeability and microbiota composition. However, the mechanistic role of these changes in inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. Therefore, further research is necessary to effectively address the numerous gaps and unanswered questions pertaining to these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Covello
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Guia Becherucci
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Di Vincenzo
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Angelo Del Gaudio
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Marco Pizzoferrato
- UOC Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- UOC Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.C.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.V.); (A.D.G.); (A.G.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.S.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mentella
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Addominali ed Endocrino-Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Bar-Yoseph H, Metcalfe-Roach A, Cirstea M, Finlay BB. Microbiome changes under enteral deprivation are dynamic and dependent on intestinal location. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2024; 48:502-511. [PMID: 38522020 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome has a pivotal role in intestinal health, and nutrition has a major role shaping its structure. Enteral deprivation, in which no oral/enteral nutrition is administered, is common in hospitalized/gastrointestinal patients. The dynamics that enteral deprivation exerts on the microbial community, specifically in the small intestine, are not well understood. METHODS Enteral deprivation was modeled with exclusive parenteral nutrition (EPN) mice. Mice were allocated to receive either EPN or saline and chow (control) and euthanized after 0, 2, 4, or 6 days. DNA was extracted from jejunum, ileum, and colon content. 16S sequencing was used to compare changes in microbial communities between groups. Functional pathways were predicted using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. RESULTS EPN-treated mice showed community changes throughout the intestine. Beta diversity in colon showed clear separation between the groups (Bray-Curtis, P < 0.001). Time-dependent dynamics were seen in ileal but not jejunal samples. Alpha diversity was lower in the colon of EPN mice compared with control/baseline mice (Chao1, P < 0.01) but not in ileum/jejunum. Progressive loss of single-taxon domination was seen, most notably in the small intestine. This was accompanied by increases/decreases in specific taxa. A clear separation was seen in the functional capacity of the community between fed and enterally deprived mice at the ileum and colon, which was observed early on. CONCLUSIONS Enteral deprivation disturbs the microbial community in a spatial and dynamic manner. There should be further focus on studying the effect of these changes on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggai Bar-Yoseph
- Gastroenterology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avril Metcalfe-Roach
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mihai Cirstea
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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张 婷, 江 米. [Advances in nutritional support for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:308-314. [PMID: 38557385 PMCID: PMC10986370 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2310014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a therapeutic option for various potentially life-threatening malignant and non-malignant diseases in children, such as malignancies, immunodeficiency syndromes, severe aplastic anemia, and inherited metabolic disorders. During transplantation, many factors can affect the nutritional status of the children, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, gastrointestinal disorders, graft-versus-host disease, and medications. Malnutrition has been associated with decreased overall survival and increased complications in children undergoing HSCT, making nutritional support a crucial component of their management. However, currently, there is a lack of guidelines or consensus on nutritional support for children undergoing HSCT in China. Therefore, this review summarizes the progress in nutritional support for children undergoing HSCT, aiming to provide clinical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - 米足 江
- 浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院消化科和儿童内镜中心/ 国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/国家儿童区域医疗中心,浙江杭州310052
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Trivedi A, Teo E, Walker KS. Probiotics for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 1:CD012265. [PMID: 38258877 PMCID: PMC10804440 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012265.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microflora has an essential role in providing a barrier against colonisation of pathogens, facilitating important metabolic functions, stimulating the development of the immune system, and maintaining intestinal motility. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be administered to supplement the gut flora. Neonates who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery are particularly susceptible to infectious complications in the postoperative period. This may be partly due to a disruption of the integrity of the gut and its intestinal microflora. There may be a role for probiotics in reducing the incidence of sepsis and improving intestinal motility, thus reducing morbidity and mortality and improving enteral feeding in neonates in the postoperative period. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of administering probiotics after gastrointestinal surgery for the postoperative management of neonates born from 35 weeks of gestation. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and trial registries in August 2023. We checked reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews for additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the postoperative administration of oral probiotics versus placebo or no treatment in neonates born from 35 weeks of gestation who had one or more gastrointestinal surgical procedures. We applied no restrictions regarding the type or dosage of probiotics or the duration of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods, and we used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We identified one RCT that recruited 61 neonates with a gestational age of 35 weeks or more. All infants were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit and had surgery for gastrointestinal pathologies. There may be little or no difference in proven sepsis (positive bacterial culture, local or systemic) between infants who receive probiotics compared with those who receive placebo (odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 2.55; 61 infants; low-certainty evidence). Probiotics compared to placebo may have little or no effect on time to full enteral feeds (mean difference (MD) 0.63 days, 95% CI -4.02 to 5.28; 61 infants; low-certainty evidence). There were no reported deaths prior to discharge from hospital in either study arm. Two weeks after supplementation, the infants who received probiotics had a substantially higher relative abundance of non-pathogenic intestinal microflora (Bifidobacteriaceae) than those who received placebo (MD 38.22, 95% CI 28.40 to 48.04; 39 infants; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review provides low-certainty evidence from one small RCT that probiotics compared to placebo have little or no effect on the risk of proven sepsis (positive bacterial culture, local or systemic) or time to full-enteral feeds in neonates who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery. Probiotics may substantially increase the abundance of beneficial bacterial in the intestine of these neonates, but the clinical implications of this finding are unknown. There is a need for adequately powered RCTs to assess the role of probiotics in this population. We identified two ongoing studies. As neither reported the gestational age of prospective study participants, we are unsure if they will be eligible for inclusion in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Trivedi
- Grace Centre for Newborn Intensive Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward Teo
- Emergency Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen S Walker
- Neonatal intensive Care Unit, Royal Prince Alfred hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Talathi S, Wilkinson L, Meloni K, Shroyer M, Zhang L, Ding Z, Eipers P, Van Der Pol W, Martin C, Dimmitt R, Yi N, Morrow C, Galloway D. Factors Affecting the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Intestinal Failure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 77:426-432. [PMID: 37184493 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little data on gut microbiome and various factors that lead to dysbiosis in pediatric intestinal failure (PIF). This study aimed to characterize gut microbiome in PIF and determine factors that may affect microbial composition in these patients. METHODS This is a single-center, prospective cohort study of children with PIF followed at our intestinal rehabilitation program. Stool samples were collected longitudinally at regular intervals over a 1-year period. Medical records were reviewed, and demographic and clinical data were collected. Medication history including the use of acid blockers, scheduled prophylactic antibiotics, and bile acid sequestrants was obtained. Gut microbial diversity among patients was assessed and compared according to various host characteristics of interest. RESULTS The final analysis included 74 specimens from 12 subjects. Scheduled prophylactic antibiotics, presence of central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) at the time of specimen collection, use of acid blockers, and ≥50% calories delivered via parenteral nutrition (PN) was associated with reduced alpha diversity, whereas increasing age was associated with improved alpha diversity at various microbial levels ( P value <0.05). Beta diversity differed with age, presence of CLABSI, use of scheduled antibiotics, acid blockers, percent calories via PN, and presence of oral feeds at various microbial levels ( P value <0.05). Single taxon analysis identified several taxa at several microbial levels, which were significantly associated with various host characteristics. CONCLUSION Gut microbial diversity in PIF subjects is influenced by various factors involved in the rehabilitation process including medications, percent calories received parenterally, CLABSI events, the degree of oral feeding, and age. Additional investigation performed across multiple centers is needed to further understand the impact of these findings on important clinical outcomes in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Talathi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Linda Wilkinson
- the Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Katie Meloni
- the Department of Clinical Nutrition, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michelle Shroyer
- the Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Li Zhang
- the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Zhenying Ding
- the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Peter Eipers
- the Department of Cell, Developmental, & Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - William Van Der Pol
- the Biomedical Informatics Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Colin Martin
- the Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Reed Dimmitt
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nengjun Yi
- the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Casey Morrow
- the Department of Cell, Developmental, & Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David Galloway
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Lucchinetti E, Lou PH, Holtzhauer G, Noureddine N, Wawrzyniak P, Hartling I, Lee M, Strachan E, Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S, Rogler G, Krämer SD, Hersberger M, Zaugg M. Novel lipid emulsion for total parenteral nutrition based on 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids elicits a superior immunometabolic phenotype in a murine model compared with standard lipid emulsions. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1805-1819. [PMID: 36166844 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While lipid emulsions in modern formulations for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provide essential fatty acids and dense calories, they also promote inflammation and immunometabolic disruptions. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop a novel lipid emulsion for TPN use with superior immunometabolic actions compared with available standard lipid emulsions. METHODS A novel lipid emulsion [Vegaven (VV)] containing 30% of 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid) was developed for TPN (VV-TPN) and compared with TPN containing soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (IL-TPN) and fish-oil-based lipid emulsion (OV-TPN). In vivo studies were performed in instrumented male C57BL/6 mice subjected to 7-d TPN prior to analysis of cytokines, indices of whole-body and hepatic glucose metabolism, immune cells, lipid mediators, and mucosal bowel microbiome. RESULTS IL-6 to IL-10 ratios were significantly lower in liver and skeletal muscle of VV-TPN mice when compared with IL-TPN or OV-TPN mice. VV-TPN and OV-TPN each increased hepatic insulin receptor abundance and resulted in similar HOMA-IR values, whereas only VV-TPN increased hepatic insulin receptor substrate 2 and maintained normal hepatic glycogen content, effects that were IL-10-dependent and mediated by glucokinase activation. The percentages of IFN-γ- and IL-17-expressing CD4+ T cells were increased in livers of VV-TPN mice, and liver macrophages exhibited primed phenotypes when compared with IL-TPN. This immunomodulation was associated with successful elimination of the microinvasive bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila from the bowel mucosa by VV-TPN as opposed to standard lipid emulsions. Assay of hepatic lipid mediators revealed a distinct profile with VV-TPN, including increases in 9(S)-hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acid. When co-administered with IL-TPN, hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acids mimicked the VV-TPN immunometabolic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We here report the unique anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and immunity-enhancing properties of a newly developed lipid emulsion designed for TPN use based on 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Phing-How Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Nazek Noureddine
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Hartling
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Megan Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Erin Strachan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Zaytsoff SJM, Montina T, Boras VF, Brassard J, Moote PE, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. Microbiota Transplantation in Day-Old Broiler Chickens Ameliorates Necrotic Enteritis via Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune Responses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090972. [PMID: 36145404 PMCID: PMC9503007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A microbiota transplant (MT) originating from mature adult chicken ceca and propagated in bioreactors was administered to day-old broiler chicks to ascertain the degree to which, and how, the MT affects Clostridium perfringens (Cp)-incited necrotic enteritis (NE). Using a stress predisposition model of NE, birds administered the MT and challenged with Cp showed fewer necrotic lesions, and exhibited a substantially higher α- and β-diversity of bacteria in their jejunum and ceca. Birds challenged with Cp and not administered the MT showed decreased Lactobacillus and increased Clostridium sensu strico 1 in the jejunum. In ceca, Megamonas, a genus containing butyrate-producing bacteria, was only present in birds administered the MT, and densities of this genus were increased in birds challenged with Cp. Metabolite profiles in cecal digesta were altered in birds administered the MT and challenged with the pathogen; 59 metabolites were differentially abundant following MT treatment, and the relative levels of short chain fatty acids, butyrate, valerate, and propionate, were decreased in birds with NE. Birds administered the MT and challenged with Cp showed evidence of enhanced restoration of intestinal barrier functions, including elevated mRNA of MUC2B, MUC13, and TJP1. Likewise, birds administered the MT exhibited higher mRNA of IL2, IL17A, and IL22 at 2-days post-inoculation with Cp, indicating that these birds were better immunologically equipped to respond to pathogen challenge. Collectively, study findings demonstrated that administering a MT containing a diverse mixture of microorganisms to day-old birds ameliorated NE in broilers by increasing bacterial diversity and promoting positive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. M. Zaytsoff
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Valerie F. Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB T1J 1W5, Canada
| | - Julie Brassard
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Paul E. Moote
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Jiang Z, Su W, Wen C, Li W, Zhang Y, Gong T, Du S, Wang X, Lu Z, Jin M, Wang Y. Effect of Porcine Clostridium perfringens on Intestinal Barrier, Immunity, and Quantitative Analysis of Intestinal Bacterial Communities in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:881878. [PMID: 35769317 PMCID: PMC9234579 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.881878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is one of the main pathogens which can cause a range of histotoxic and enteric diseases in humans or animals (pigs, or broilers). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates these bacteria cause nearly 1 million illnesses in the United States every year. For animal husbandry, necrotizing enteritis caused by C. perfringens can cost the global livestock industry between $2 billion and $6 billion per year. C. perfringens-infected animals can be isolated for its identification and pathology. A suitable animal model is one of the essential conditions for studying the disease pathogenesis. In previous studies, mice have been used as subjects for a variety of Clostridium perfringens toxicity tests. Thus, this study was designed to build a mouse model infected porcine C. perfringens which was isolated from the C.perfringens-infected pigs. A total of 32 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups. Control group was orally administrated with PBS (200 μL) on day 0. Low group, Medium group, and High group were gavaged with 200 ul of PBS resuspension containing 8.0 × 107 CFU, 4.0 × 108 CFU, and 2.0 × 109 CFU, respectively. We examined growth performance, immune status, intestinal barrier integrity, apoptosis-related genes expression, and copies of C. perfringens in mice. The results showed that the growth performance declined and intestinal structure was seriously damaged in High group. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in High group compared to other groups. The tight junctions and pro-apoptosis related genes' expression significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in High group, and high dose caused a disruption of intestinal villi integrity and tissue injury in the jejunum of mice. In addition, the enumerations of C. perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus explained why the gut of High group mice was seriously damaged, because the C. perfringens and Escherichia coli significantly enriched (P < 0.05), and Lactobacillus dramatically decreased (P < 0.05). Overall, our results provide an experimental and theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis and exploring the effects of porcine C. perfringens on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifa Su
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Du
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zeqing Lu
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Yizhen Wang
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9
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Lucchinetti E, Lou PH, Lemal P, Bestmann L, Hersberger M, Rogler G, Krämer SD, Zaugg M. Gut microbiome and circulating bacterial DNA (“blood microbiome”) in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition: Evidence of two distinct separate microbiotic compartments. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 49:278-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Wei Y, Peng S, Lian C, Kang Q, Chen J. Anorexia nervosa and gut microbiome: implications for weight change and novel treatments. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:321-332. [PMID: 35303781 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2056017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Host-microbiota interactions may be involved in many physical and psychological functions ranging from the digestion of food, maintenance of immune homeostasis, to the regulation of mood and cognition. Microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in many diseases. The pathogenesis and weight regulation mechanism in anorexia nervosa (AN) also seem to be implicated in the dynamic bidirectional adjustment of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review aims at elucidating this relationship. AREA COVERED This review starts with a description of pathogenic gut-brain pathways. Next, we focus on the latest research on the associations between gut microbiota and weight change in the condition of AN. The strategies to alter the intestinal microbiome for the treatment of this disorder are discussed, including dietary, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. EXPERT OPINION Gut microbiome is inextricably linked to AN. It may regulate weight gain in the process of refeeding via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, while the specific mechanism has yet to be clearly established. In the future, a better understanding of gut microbiome could have implications for developing microbiome-based prevention, diagnostics and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sufang Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Lian
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Kang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Gomez-Osorio LM, Yepes-Medina V, Ballou A, Parini M, Angel R. Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as a Natural Strategy in the Control of Necrotic Enteritis and Microbial Homeostasis in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:773372. [PMID: 34970616 PMCID: PMC8712453 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has historically been the most important prophylactic strategy for the control of Necrotic Enteritis (NE) caused by some Clostridium perfringens toxin types in poultry. During the last five decades, AGPs have also been supplemented in feed to improve body weight gain and feed efficiency as well as to modulate the microbiome (consisting of microbes and their genes both beneficial and potentially harmful) and reduce enteric pathogens, among other benefits. New regulatory requirements and consumer preferences have led to strong interest in natural alternatives to the AGPs for the prevention and control of illnesses caused by enteric pathogens. This interest is not just focused on the direct removal or inhibition of the causative microorganisms but also the improvement of intestinal health and homeostasis using a range of feed additives. A group of promising feed additives is short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFA and MCFA, respectively) and their derivatives. The use of SCFA and MCFA, including butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids, has shown strong effects against NE in broilers both at experimental and commercial levels. These fatty acids also benefit intestinal health integrity and homeostasis. Other effects have also been documented, including increases in intestinal angiogenesis and gene expression of tight junctions. Chemical modifications to improve stability and point of release in the intestine have been shown to improve the efficacy of SCFA and MCFA and their derivatives. The aim of this review is to give an overview of SCFA, MCFA and their derivatives, as an alternative to replace AGPs to control the incidence and severity of NE in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Ballou
- Iluma Innovation Labs, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Roselina Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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12
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He Y, Jinno C, Li C, Johnston SL, Xue H, Liu Y, Ji P. Effects of a blend of essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids and a toxin-adsorbing mineral on diarrhea and gut microbiome of weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6468858. [PMID: 34919701 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A proprietary antimicrobial feed additive comprised of essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids, and a toxin-adsorbing mineral showed promising bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in vitro. This study investigated the impacts of supplementing this blend on growth, gut microbiome, and enteric disease resilience in weaned pigs experimentally challenged with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty-six weanling pigs (6.88 ± 0.30 kg body weight (BW)) blocked by weight and gender were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: control or dietary supplementation with 0.25% or 0.50% of the antimicrobial blend. This study lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first ETEC inoculation (d 0). All pigs were orally inoculated with 10 10 cfu F18+ ETEC/3-mL dose for 3 consecutive days. Growth performance data and diarrhea scores were recorded throughout the experiment. Fecal samples collected on d -7, 0, 7 and 21 post first inoculation (PI), and ileal digesta and mucosal tissue collected on d 21 PI were further analyzed for gut microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing. All data, except for frequency of diarrhea and gut microbiome, were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The Chi-square test was used for analyzing frequency of diarrhea. Gut microbiome data were analyzed using QIIME2 and visualized using the R program. Dietary supplementation of 0.25% or 0.5% of the antimicrobial blend increased (P < 0.05) feed efficiency on d 14 to 21 PI of ETEC and reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea during the study. Compared to the control group, adding 0.5% dietary antimicrobial blend increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes but reduced (P < 0.05) Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in feces on d 7 PI. Pigs that received the antimicrobial blend also had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae, but lower (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in feces on d 7 PI than pigs in control. In conclusion, supplementation of this antimicrobial blend at 0.5% reduced incidence of severe diarrhea in weaned pigs challenged with F18 ETEC and enhanced feed efficiency of weaned pigs at the last week of the experiment. Supplementation of this antimicrobial blend also modified the microbiota diversity in feces and ileal mucosa of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie He
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cynthia Jinno
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
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13
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Xu X, Yang S, Olajide JS, Qu Z, Gong Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Xiong L, Zhang K, Zhou E, Cai J. Clostridium butyricum Supplement Can Ameliorate the Intestinal Barrier Roles in Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Clostridium perfringens. Front Physiol 2021; 12:737481. [PMID: 34630156 PMCID: PMC8499529 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, is an economically important disease in the broiler. Among normal flora in the broiler intestinal region, Clostridium butyricum has been identified as a probiotic agent that reduces the susceptibility of broilers to C. perfringens. However, the effects of C. butyricum supplement on broiler intestinal integrity during NE are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of C. butyricum on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier function, and the functions of immune-related cytokines under NE in broilers. Chickens were divided into five groups: control group (NC), supplement C. butyricum only group (CB), NE-infected group (PC), supplement C. butyricum from Day 14 (NECB1) to Day 22 NE-infected group, and supplement C. butyricum from Day 1 (NECB2) to Day 22 NE-infected group. The results showed that there were significantly decreased average daily weight gain and increased feed conversion rate in the infected group (PC) compared with the C. butyricum-supplemented groups (NECB1 and NECB2) through the diet. Histopathological observation on the Hematoxylin–Eosin staining avian small intestine sections revealed that supplementation of C. butyricum (NECB1 and NECB2) could increase the intestinal villus height/crypt depth and lessen the intestinal damage under NE. ELISA and Limulus test showed that broilers infected with NE (PC) had higher serum IgA and lipopolysaccharide content; however, after C. butyricum supplementation (NECB1 and NECB2), they returned to a normal level. Furthermore, real-time PCR and Western blot results indicated that compared with PC, supplementing C. butyricum (NECB1 and NECB2) could initialize the expressions of genes related to the intestinal barrier-associated molecules (such as CLDN-1, CLDN-3, OCLN, MUC2, ZO-1, and CLDN5), cytokines (such as IL-10, IL-6, and TGFB1), and C. perfringens plc gene expression. Moreover, the results detected by the Ussing chamber suggested that C. butyricum (NECB1 and NECB2) could amend the decrease in conductivity value and short-circuit current value caused by NE. In addition, NECB2 significantly reduced the upregulation of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran flux caused by the NE disease. In conclusion, these findings suggest that dietary supplementation of C. butyricum in broilers with NE improved chicken growth performance, intestinal integrity and barrier function, and immunological status. Notably, no statistical difference was observed with the addition of C. butyricum on day 1 or day 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Enmin Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Fan L, Lee JH. Enteral feeding and the microbiome in critically ill children: a narrative review. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2778-2791. [PMID: 34765500 PMCID: PMC8578772 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes our current knowledge on the interplay between enteral nutrition (EN) and gut microbiota in critically ill children, using examples from two commonly encountered diagnoses in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU): severe sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review will also highlight potential areas of therapeutic interventions that should be explored in future studies. BACKGROUND Critically ill children display extreme dysbiosis in their gut microbiome. Factors within the PICU that are often associated with dysbiosis include the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), intravenous morphine, and fasting. Dysbiosis can potentially lead to adverse clinical outcomes (e.g., nosocomial infection, and prolonged hospitalization). EN may modulate dysbiosis. The gut microbiota is involved in the breaking down of macronutrients, mainly carbohydrates and proteins. Fermentation of undigestible carbohydrate (e.g., inulin and oligosaccharides), and amino acids by large intestine microbiota produces short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs serve as the main fuel source for enterocytes and help to maintain healthy gut lining. Changes to selected components of macronutrients can result in alterations in gut microbiome and have potentially beneficial effects in patients in the PICU. METHODS A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases was conducted using appropriate MESH terms and keywords. In this narrative review, we provide a summary of current knowledge on effect of EN on gut microbiota in pediatric studies, but also describes animal- and lab-based, as well as adult studies where relevant. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiome can be altered by dietary modifications and common PICU practices and treatment. Although there are strong associations in restoring eubiosis and improvement in clinical outcomes, proving causality remains challenging. Further microbiome research is needed to provide mechanistic insights into the impact of the ever changing gut microbiome. In the future, new microbiota targeted therapies could potentially be the treatment of challenging PICU conditions and restore homeostasis in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Fan
- Division of Paediatric Critical Care, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Hau Lee
- Children's Intensive Care Unit, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Chen S, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Tian X, Wang W, Jiang L, Wu W, Zhang T, Cai W, Wang Y. Fish oil-based lipid emulsion alleviates parenteral nutrition-associated liver diseases and intestinal injury in piglets. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 46:709-720. [PMID: 34291472 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thisstudy aimed to investigate the impact of fish oil-based lipid emulsion (FO) on enterohepatic injuries and intestinal microbiota in piglets of parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS Newborn piglets were divided into three groups, including enteral diet (the controls), PN with 100% FO and PN with medium-chain triglyceride/long-chain triglyceride-based lipid emulsion (MCT/LCT) for 14 days. Serum biochemical indicators, hepatic and intestinal histology, and expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism were measured. The bile acid (BA) profiles in serum and the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome in different intestinal segments were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with MCT/LCT-piglets, FO reduced inflammation, promoted fatty acid oxidation, and decreased oxidative stress in the liver. In the intestine, FO decreased intestinal inflammation and intestinal permeability, leading to reduced lipopolysaccharide entry into the blood circulation relative to MCT/LCT-piglets. PN groups have dominant contents of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides, whereas the control group have Firmicutes at the phylum level. FO altered the taxonomic compositions of the gut microbiome in different segments, increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae in ileum, and Rikenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae in the colon. FO treatment shifted BA composition ratio in serum and had a lower ratio of secondary BAs to primary BAs. CONCLUSION FO alleviates PNLAD and intestinal injury by regulating the homeostasis of BAs' enterohepatic circulation and altering microbiota composition in different intestinal segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbei Tian
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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16
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Alterations of gut microbiota and serum bile acids are associated with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:738-744. [PMID: 32732165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is a major complication of long-term parenteral nutrition (PN). The pathogenesis of PNALD remains unclear. We investigated the changes in taxonomic and functional composition of gut microbiota and serum bile acid levels in a rat model of PNALD. METHODS Male 4-week-old Sprague Dawley rats received either total parenteral nutrition or standard chow with 0.9% saline for 7 days. The taxonomic composition of cecal microbiota and its functional composition associated with bile acid metabolism were measured. RESULTS There were differences in taxonomic composition between the two groups. The abundance of the secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathway was higher in the TPN group (p < 0.05) with an increase in the percentage of bacteria expressing 7-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (p < 0.05). The abundance of enzymes associated with bile salt hydrolase was also higher (p < 0.05) in the TPN group. The TPN group showed a distinct bile acid profile characterized by a higher ratio of secondary bile acids to primary bile acids. CONCLUSIONS The alteration of bile acid-associated microbiota may lead to increased secondary bile acid production in a rat model of PNALD.
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17
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Low KE, Xing X, Moote PE, Inglis GD, Venketachalam S, Hahn MG, King ML, Tétard-Jones CY, Jones DR, Willats WGT, Slominski BA, Abbott DW. Combinatorial Glycomic Analyses to Direct CAZyme Discovery for the Tailored Degradation of Canola Meal Non-Starch Dietary Polysaccharides. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121888. [PMID: 33260318 PMCID: PMC7761036 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canola meal (CM), the protein-rich by-product of canola oil extraction, has shown promise as an alternative feedstuff and protein supplement in poultry diets, yet its use has been limited due to the abundance of plant cell wall fibre, specifically non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin. The addition of exogenous enzymes to promote the digestion of CM NSP in chickens has potential to increase the metabolizable energy of CM. We isolated chicken cecal bacteria from a continuous-flow mini-bioreactor system and selected for those with the ability to metabolize CM NSP. Of 100 isolates identified, Bacteroides spp. and Enterococcus spp. were the most common species with these capabilities. To identify enzymes specifically for the digestion of CM NSP, we used a combination of glycomics techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay characterization of the plant cell wall fractions, glycosidic linkage analysis (methylation-GC-MS analysis) of CM NSP and their fractions, bacterial growth profiles using minimal media supplemented with CM NSP, and the sequencing and de novo annotation of bacterial genomes of high-efficiency CM NSP utilizing bacteria. The SACCHARIS pipeline was used to select plant cell wall active enzymes for recombinant production and characterization. This approach represents a multidisciplinary innovation platform to bioprospect endogenous CAZymes from the intestinal microbiota of herbivorous and omnivorous animals which is adaptable to a variety of applications and dietary polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Paul E. Moote
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Sivasankari Venketachalam
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.V.); (M.G.H.)
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.V.); (M.G.H.)
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Marissa L. King
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Catherine Y. Tétard-Jones
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (C.Y.T.-J.); (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Darryl R. Jones
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
| | - William G. T. Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (C.Y.T.-J.); (W.G.T.W.)
| | - Bogdan A. Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - D. Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (K.E.L.); (X.X.); (P.E.M.); (G.D.I.); (M.L.K.); (D.R.J.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Zaher S. Nutrition and the gut microbiome during critical illness: A new insight of nutritional therapy. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:300487. [PMID: 33208559 PMCID: PMC8019138 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_352_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the microbiome in response to environmental influences can affect the overall health. Critical illness is considered one of the major environmental factors that can potentially influence the normal gut homeostasis. It is associated with pathophysiological effects causing damage to the intestinal microbiome. Alteration of intestinal microbial composition during critical illness may subsequently compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and intestinal mucosa absorptive function. Many factors can impact the microbiome of critically ill patients including ischemia, hypoxia and hypotension along with the iatrogenic effects of therapeutic agents and the lack of enteral feeds. Factors related to disease state and medication are inevitable and they are part of the intensive care unit (ICU) exposure. However, a nutritional intervention targeting gut microbiota might have the potential to improve clinical outcomes in the critically ill population given the extensive vascular and lymphatic links between the intestines and other organs. Although nutrition is considered an integral part of the treatment plan of critically ill patients, still the role of nutritional intervention is restricted to improve nitrogen balance. What is dismissed is whether the nutrients we provide are adequate and how they are processed and utilised by the host and the microbiota. Therefore, the goal of nutrition therapy during critical illness should be extended to provide good quality feeds with balanced macronutrient content to feed up the entire body including the microbiota and host cells. The main aim of this review is to examine the current literature on the effect of critical illness on the gut microbiome and to highlight the role of nutrition as a factor affecting the intestinal microbiome-host relationship during critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zaher
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
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Hartl K, Sigal M. Microbe-Driven Genotoxicity in Gastrointestinal Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7439. [PMID: 33050171 PMCID: PMC7587957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier to discriminate the outside from the inside and is in constant exchange with the luminal contents, including nutrients and the microbiota. Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome the multiple ways of defense in the mucosa, while several members of the microbiota can exhibit pathogenic features once the healthy barrier integrity of the epithelium is disrupted. This not only leads to symptoms accompanying the acute infection but may also contribute to long-term injuries such as genomic instability, which is linked to mutations and cancer. While for Helicobacter pylori a link between infection and cancer is well established, many other bacteria and their virulence factors have only recently been linked to gastrointestinal malignancies through epidemiological as well as mechanistic studies. This review will focus on those pathogens and members of the microbiota that have been linked to genotoxicity in the context of gastric or colorectal cancer. We will address the mechanisms by which such bacteria establish contact with the gastrointestinal epithelium-either via an existing breach in the barrier or via their own virulence factors as well as the mechanisms by which they interfere with host genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Hartl
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Physiological Stress Mediated by Corticosterone Administration Alters Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Increases the Relative Abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the Small Intestine of Chickens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101518. [PMID: 33019786 PMCID: PMC7650536 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A model of physiological stress mediated by the administration of corticosterone (CORT) was used to investigate the impact of stress on the intestinal microbiota of chickens. Birds were administered CORT in their drinking water at 0, 10 (low dose CORT; LDC), and 30 (high dose CORT; HDC) mg/L. Digesta from the small intestine and ceca were examined after 1, 5, and 12 days post-initiation of CORT administration by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A decrease in phylogenetic diversity and altered composition of bacteria were observed for HDC in the small intestine. Analysis by ANOVA-Like Differential Expression 2 (ALDEx2) showed that densities of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 bacteria were increased in the small intestine for LDC and HDC. Quantitative PCR confirmed that CORT administration increased densities of Clostridium perfringens in the small intestine, but only HDC was associated with increased densities of the bacterium in ceca. Predictive functional analysis by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2 (PICRUSt2) showed pathways of carbohydrate metabolism to be enriched with CORT, and amino acid synthesis to be enriched in control birds in the small intestine. In conclusion, physiological stress mediated by CORT modulated bacterial communities in the small intestine and increased densities of C. perfringens. This implicates stress as an important mediator of this important enteric pathogen in poultry.
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21
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Qattan SYA, Batiha GE, Khafaga AF, Abdel-Moneim AME, Alagawany M. Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1835-1850. [PMID: 32996177 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics to maintain animal well-being, promote growth and improve efficiency has been practised for more than 50 years. However, as early as the 1950s, researchers identified concern on the development of resistant bacteria for the antibiotics streptomycin and tetracycline used in turkeys and broilers respectively. These findings laid the groundwork for agricultural officials to impose stricter regulatory parameters on the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds. Probiotics are live micro-organisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Commonly known as a direct-fed microbial, probiotics provide beneficial properties to the host, primarily through action in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the animal. Supplementation of probiotics in the diet can improve animal health and performance, through contributions to gut health and nutrient use. For instance, supplementation of probiotics has been demonstrated to benefit farm animals in immune modulation, structural modulation and increased cytokine production, which positively affect the intestinal mucosal lining against pathogens. Bacillus subtilis has been a popular bacterium used within the industry and was shown to improve intestinal villus height. Increasing the villus height and structure of the crypts in the GIT allows for the improvement of nutrient digestion and absorption. Tight junctions maintain important defences against pathogenic bacteria and cellular homeostasis. Heat stress can be a major environmental challenge in the poultry industry. Heat stress causes the bird to fluctuate its internal core temperature beyond their comfort zone. To overcome such challenges, poultry will attempt to balance its heat production and dissipation through behavioural and physiological adaptation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaza Y A Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures Isolated from a Traditional Fermented Sorghum-Millet Beverage. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:7825943. [PMID: 32831844 PMCID: PMC7424372 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7825943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures, Lb. plantarum MNC 21, L. lactis MNC 24, and W. confusa MNC 20, isolated from a traditionally fermented sorghum-millet beverage from Uganda. The cultures were examined for tolerance to acid and bile salts, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antibiotic susceptibility, biogenic amine production, mucin degradation, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, adherence to the ileum, coaggregation, and antimicrobial properties against selected pathogenic species. Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012, a known probiotic, was the reference. The isolates were tolerant to acid (pH = 3) and bile (1%). W. confusa MNC 20 and Lb. plantarum MNC 21 exhibited medium BSH activity (11-15 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone) while L. lactis and Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 exhibited low BSH activity (<10 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone). All isolates lacked mucolytic activity. Lb. plantarum MNC 21 and W. confusa MNC 20 produced agmatine. The candidate and reference microorganisms were resistant to 10 of 21 and 5 of 21 antibiotics, respectively. The isolates exhibited hydrophobic, auto-aggregation and coaggregation properties. These three properties were exhibited more (p < 0.05) by the reference than the potential probiotics. The ability of the potential probiotics to attach onto the goat ileum (7.3-8.0 log cfu/cm2) was comparable to that of Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 (7.6 log cfu/cm2). The four LAB inhibited E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enterica to the same extent (p < 0.05). The findings indicated potential probiotic activity of the starter cultures. However, further in vivo examination of these isolates is required to confirm their probiotic capabilities.
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Burrin D, Sangild PT, Stoll B, Thymann T, Buddington R, Marini J, Olutoye O, Shulman RJ. Translational Advances in Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology: New Insights from Pig Models. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 8:321-354. [PMID: 32069436 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are increasingly important animals for modeling human pediatric nutrition and gastroenterology and complementing mechanistic studies in rodents. The comparative advantages in size and physiology of the neonatal pig have led to new translational and clinically relevant models of important diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in premature infants. Studies in pigs have established the essential roles of prematurity, microbial colonization, and enteral nutrition in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Studies in neonatal pigs have demonstrated the intestinal trophic effects of akey gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), and its role in the intestinal adaptation process and efficacy in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Further, pigs have been instrumental in elucidating the physiology of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and the means by which phytosterols, fibroblast growth factor 19, and a new generation of lipid emulsions may modify disease. The premature pig will continue to be a valuable model in the development of optimal infant diets (donor human milk, colostrum), specific milk bioactives (arginine, growth factors), gut microbiota modifiers (pre-, pro-, and antibiotics), pharmaceutical drugs (GLP-2 analogs, FXR agonists), and novel diagnostic tools (near-infrared spectroscopy) to prevent and treat these pediatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Stoll
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Randal Buddington
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Juan Marini
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Oluyinka Olutoye
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Robert J Shulman
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
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24
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Gut microbiota alteration in a mouse model of Anorexia Nervosa. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:181-189. [PMID: 32460959 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Anorexia Nervosa is a severe disease depending on both biological, psychological and environmental factors. The gut microbiota has recently been proposed as one of the biological factors potentially involved in the onset or maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa. To unravel the potential role of the gut microbiota in this disease, we characterized the dysbiosis occurring in a mouse model of Anorexia and correlated bacteria level changes with different physiological parameters such as body weight, food intake or levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides. METHODS We used the Activity-Based Anorexia (ABA) mouse model, which combines food restriction and physical activity, and which mimics core features of Anorexia Nervosa. We characterized the gut microbiota alteration in ABA mice by combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses of targeted genera or species. RESULTS We identified 68 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with decreased levels and 8 ASVs with increased levels in the cecal content of ABA mice compared to control mice. We observed in particular in ABA mice increases in the abundance of Clostridium cocleatum and several Lactobacillus species and a decrease in the abundance of Burkholderiales compared to control mice. Interestingly, we show that most of the observed gut microbiota alterations are due to food restriction and are not affected by physical activity. In addition, we identified several bacterial groups that correlate with mice body weight, food intake, lean and fat masses as well as with hypothalamic mRNA levels of NPY (Neuropeptide Y) and POMC (Pro-opiomelanocortin). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiota dysbiosis occurring in the Activity-Based Anorexia mouse model. These data constitute a valuable resource to further decipher the role of the gut microbiota in the different facets of anorexia pathophysiology, such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, appetite regulation and mood disorders.
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25
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Zaytsoff SJM, Lyons SM, Garner AM, Uwiera RRE, Zandberg WF, Abbott DW, Inglis GD. Host responses to Clostridium perfringens challenge in a chicken model of chronic stress. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:24. [PMID: 32391086 PMCID: PMC7203818 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study utilized a chicken model of chronic physiological stress mediated by corticosterone (CORT) administration to ascertain how various host metrics are altered upon challenge with Clostridium perfringens. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease of the small intestine of chickens incited by C. perfringens, which can result in elevated morbidity and mortality. The objective of the current study was to investigate how physiological stress alters host responses and predisposes birds to subclinical NE. Results Birds administered CORT exhibited higher densities of C. perfringens in their intestine, and this corresponded to altered production of intestinal mucus. Characterization of mucus showed that C. perfringens treatment altered the relative abundance of five glycans. Birds inoculated with C. perfringens did not exhibit evidence of acute morbidity. However, histopathologic changes were observed in the small intestine of infected birds. Birds administered CORT showed altered gene expression of tight junction proteins (i.e. CLDN3 and CLDN5) and toll-like receptors (i.e. TLR2 and TLR15) in the small intestine. Moreover, birds administered CORT exhibited increased expression of IL2 and G-CSF in the spleen, and IL1β, IL2, IL18, IFNγ, and IL6 in the thymus. Body weight gain was impaired only in birds that were administered CORT and challenged with C. perfringens. Conclusion CORT administration modulated a number of host functions, which corresponded to increased densities of C. perfringens in the small intestine and weight gain impairment in chickens. Importantly, results implicate physiological stress as an important predisposing factor to NE, which emphasizes the importance of managing stress to optimize chicken health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J M Zaytsoff
- 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB Canada.,2Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Sarah M Lyons
- 3Department of Biology, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Alexander M Garner
- 4Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- 2Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- 3Department of Biology, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada.,5Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 3247 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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Zama D, Muratore E, Biagi E, Forchielli ML, Rondelli R, Candela M, Prete A, Pession A, Masetti R. Enteral nutrition protects children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from blood stream infections. Nutr J 2020; 19:29. [PMID: 32276595 PMCID: PMC7149876 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteral Nutrition (EN) is recommended as first line nutritional support for patients undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (allo-HSCT), but only few studies exist in the literature which compare EN to Parenteral Nutrition (PN) in the paediatric population. Forty-two consecutive paediatric patients undergoing allo-HSCT at our referral centre between January 2016 and July 2019 were evaluated. Post-transplant and nutritional outcomes of patients receiving EN for more than 7 days (EN group, n = 14) were compared with those of patients receiving EN for fewer than 7 days or receiving only PN (PN group, n = 28). In the EN group, a reduced incidence of Blood Stream Infections (BSI) was observed (p = 0.02) (n = 2 vs. n = 15; 14.3% vs. 53.6%). The type of nutritional support was also the only variable independently associated with BSI in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.03). Platelet engraftment was shorter in the PN group than in the EN group for a threshold of > 20*109/L (p = 0.04) (23.1 vs 35.7 days), but this correlation was not confirmed with a threshold of > 50*109/L. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and the BMI Z-score were no different in the two groups from admission to discharge. Our results highlight that EN is a feasible and nutritionally adequate method of nutritional support for children undergoing allo-HSCT in line with the present literature. Future functional studies are needed to better address the hypothesis that greater intestinal eubyosis maintained with EN may explain the observed reduction in BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zama
- Paediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit 'Lalla Seràgnoli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Muratore
- Paediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit 'Lalla Seràgnoli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rondelli
- Paediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit 'Lalla Seràgnoli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Prete
- Paediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit 'Lalla Seràgnoli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Paediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit 'Lalla Seràgnoli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Paediatric Oncology and Haematology Unit 'Lalla Seràgnoli', Department of Paediatrics, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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Moron R, Galvez J, Colmenero M, Anderson P, Cabeza J, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME. The Importance of the Microbiome in Critically Ill Patients: Role of Nutrition. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3002. [PMID: 31817895 PMCID: PMC6950228 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients have an alteration in the microbiome in which it becomes a disease-promoting pathobiome. It is characterized by lower bacterial diversity, loss of commensal phyla, like Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and a domination of pathogens belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum. Although these alterations are multicausal, many of the treatments administered to these patients, like antibiotics, play a significant role. Critically ill patients also have a hyperpermeable gut barrier and dysregulation of the inflammatory response that favor the development of the pathobiome, translocation of pathogens, and facilitate the emergence of sepsis. In order to restore the homeostasis of the microbiome, several nutritional strategies have been evaluated with the aim to improve the management of critically ill patients. Importantly, enteral nutrition has proven to be more efficient in promoting the homeostasis of the gut microbiome compared to parenteral nutrition. Several nutritional therapies, including prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are currently being used, showing variable results, possibly due to the unevenness of clinical trial conditions and the fact that the beneficial effects of probiotics are specific to particular species or even strains. Thus, it is of great importance to better understand the mechanisms by which nutrition and supplement therapies can heal the microbiome in critically ill patients in order to finally implement them in clinical practice with optimal safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Moron
- Servicio Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016-Granada, Spain; (R.M.); (J.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (M.C.); (P.A.); (M.E.R.-C.)
| | - Julio Galvez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (M.C.); (P.A.); (M.E.R.-C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBER-ehd, Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Colmenero
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (M.C.); (P.A.); (M.E.R.-C.)
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitaro Clinico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Per Anderson
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (M.C.); (P.A.); (M.E.R.-C.)
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunologia, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - José Cabeza
- Servicio Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, 18016-Granada, Spain; (R.M.); (J.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (M.C.); (P.A.); (M.E.R.-C.)
| | - Maria Elena Rodriguez-Cabezas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; (M.C.); (P.A.); (M.E.R.-C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBER-ehd, Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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MacMillan JL, Vicaretti SD, Noyovitz B, Xing X, Low KE, Inglis GD, Zaytsoff SJ, Boraston AB, Smith SP, Uwiera RR, Selinger LB, Zandberg WF, Abbott DW. Structural analysis of broiler chicken small intestinal mucin O-glycan modification by Clostridium perfringens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5074-5088. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Longitudinal changes in the gut microbiome of infants on total parenteral nutrition. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:107-114. [PMID: 30965357 PMCID: PMC6594895 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may alter bacterial colonization of the intestinal tract and contribute to complications. Progressive changes in gut microbiome of infants receiving TPN are not well understood. METHODS Infants with and without TPN/soy lipid were enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal study. Weekly fecal samples were obtained for the first 4 weeks of life. High throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA was used for compositional analysis of the gut microbiome. RESULTS 47 infants were eligible for analyses, 25 infants received TPN, and 22 infants did not (control). Although similar between TPN and control groups in the first week, fecal bacterial alpha diversity was significantly lower in the TPN group compared to controls at week 4 (Shannon index 1.0 vs 1.5, P-value = 0.03). The TPN group had significantly lower Bacteroidetes and higher Verrucomicrobia abundance compared to controls (P-values < 0.05), and these differences became more pronounced over time. At the genus level, TPN was associated with lower abundance of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium in all weeks. CONCLUSIONS TPN is associated with significant loss of biodiversity and alterations in the pattern of gut microbial colonization of infants over time. TPN-associated dysbiosis may predispose infants to adverse NICU outcomes.
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Feeding Rapidly Alters Microbiome Composition and Gene Transcription in the Clownfish Gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02479-18. [PMID: 30446559 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02479-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is a major determinant of intestinal microbiome composition. While studies have evaluated microbiome responses to diet variation, less is understood about how the act of feeding influences the microbiome, independent of diet type. Here, we use the clownfish Premnas biaculeatus, a species reared commonly in ornamental marine aquaculture, to test how the diversity, predicted gene content, and gene transcription of the microbiome vary over a 2-day diurnal period with a single daily feeding event. This study used fish fed four times daily, once daily, or every 3 days prior to the diurnal period, allowing us also to test how feeding frequency affected microbiome diversity. The amount of time between feedings had no effect on baseline diversity of the microbiome. In contrast, the act of feeding itself caused a significant short-term change in the microbiome, with microbiome diversity, predicted gene content, and gene transcription varying significantly between time points immediately before and 1.5 hours postfeeding. Variation was driven by abundance shifts involving exact sequence variants (ESVs), with one ESV identified as Photobacterium sp. increasing from <0.5% of sequences immediately prefeeding to 34% at 1.5 h postfeeding. Other ESVs from a range of microbial groups also increased dramatically after feeding, with the majority also detected in the food. One ESV identified as Clostridium perfringens represented up to 55% of sequences but did not vary significantly over the diurnal period and was not detected in the food. Postfeeding samples were enriched in transcripts and predicted genes for social interactions, cell motility, and coping with foreign DNA, whereas time points farther from feeding were enriched in genes of diverse catabolic and biosynthetic functions. These results confirm feeding as a significant destabilizing force in clownfish intestinal microbiomes, likely due to both input of cells attached to food and stimulation of resident microbes. Microbes such as Photobacterium may episodically transition from environmental reservoirs to growth in the gut, likely in association with food particles. This transition may be facilitated by functions for navigating a new environment and interacting with neighboring microbes and host cells. Other taxa, such as Clostridium, are comparatively stable intestinal members and less likely to be affected by passing food. Conclusions about microbiome ecology may therefore differ based on when samples were collected relative to the last feeding.IMPORTANCE Despite extensive study of intestinal microbiome diversity and the role of diet type in structuring gut microbial communities, we know very little about short-term changes in the intestinal microbiome as a result of feeding alone. Sampling microbiomes over a feeding cycle will allow us to differentiate opportunistic, feeding-responsive microbes from resident, potentially commensal members of the gut community. Also, since feeding has the potential to alter microbiome structure, sampling at different points relative to the last feeding event will likely yield different conclusions about microbiome composition and function. This variation should be addressed in comparative microbiome studies. Our study contributes to knowledge of short-term changes in the gut microbiome associated with feeding events.
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Karl JP, Hatch AM, Arcidiacono SM, Pearce SC, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Doherty LA, Soares JW. Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2013. [PMID: 30258412 PMCID: PMC6143810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation of commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota influences the host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating the gut microbiota as an important mediator of host health. This narrative review aims to summarize evidence concerning the impact of psychological, environmental, and physical stressors on gut microbiota composition and function. The stressors reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, and cold), environmental pathogens, toxicants, pollutants, and noise, physical activity, and diet (nutrient composition and food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance to military personnel, a population that is commonly exposed to these stressors, often at extremes, and in combination. However, the selected stressors are also common, alone or in combination, in some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates that the reviewed stressors alter the composition, function and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, but that effects vary across stressors, and can include effects that may be beneficial or detrimental to host health. Translation of these findings to humans is largely lacking at present. This gap precludes concluding with certainty that transient or cumulative exposures to psychological, environmental, and physical stressors have any consistent, meaningful impact on the human gut microbiota. However, provocative preclinical evidence highlights a need for translational research aiming to elucidate the impact of stressors on the human gut microbiota, and how the gut microbiota can be manipulated, for example by using nutrition, to mitigate adverse stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne M. Hatch
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Steven M. Arcidiacono
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Pearce
- Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G. Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Laurel A. Doherty
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jason W. Soares
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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Duan Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, Zhang J, Xiong D. Impairment of the intestine barrier function in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to ammonia and nitrite stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:279-288. [PMID: 29709590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestine barrier serves as the front-line of shrimp defense, which rely on its structural integrity, microbial composition, and mucus immune compounds. Mucins are the major organic components of the intestine mucus layer that contribute to the immunity of intestine mucus. In this study, we examined the histological structure, microbial composition, and mucin genes expression in the intestines of Litopenaeus vanmei under three different conditions: control, ammonia stress, and nitrite stress for 72 h. H&E stain showed that ammonia and nitrite stress exposure both damaged the intestine mucosal tissue. High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that two stresses exposure decreased the bacterial diversity, and altered the composition of intestine microbial. Specifically, the dominant bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes abundance was increased, while Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes were decreased; at the genus level, Formosa abundance was increased and Photobacterium was decreased, opportunistic pathogens including Nautella and Pseudoalteromonas was also increased. Intestine mucus immune genes including mucin-2 and mucin-19 were up-regulated, while mucin-1, mucin-5AC, and mucin-5B were down-regulated in two stress exposure groups. These results revealed that ammonia and nitrite stress harmed the intestine barrier function of L. vannamei by damaging the mucosal tissue, disrupting the composition of intestine microbial, and suppressing the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Jiasong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China.
| | - Dalin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
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The crosstalk of gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: role of inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1453-1466. [PMID: 29728993 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to result in profound changes in the composition and functions of the gut microbial flora which by disrupting intestinal epithelial barrier and generating toxic by-products contributes to systemic inflammation and the associated complications. On the other hand, emerging evidence points to the role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CKD by provoking inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes. These observations demonstrate the causal interconnection between the gut microbial dysbiosis and CKD. The gut microbiota closely interacts with the inflammatory, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems via metabolic, humoral, and neural signaling pathways, events which can lead to chronic systemic inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease. Given the established role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CKD and its complications, favorable modification of the composition and function of the gut microbiome represents an appealing therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of CKD. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of the common causes of CKD including hypertension, diabetes, and proteinuria as well as progression of CKD.
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Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:25. [PMID: 29599973 PMCID: PMC5870167 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens is the main etiological agent of necrotic enteritis. Lactobacilli show beneficial effects on intestinal health in infectious disease, but the protective functions of lactobacilli in C. perfringens-infected chickens are scarcely described. This study examined the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) over a 28-day period. Using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, a total of 308 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were included to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) during a 28-day trial. Results During infection (d 14-21), C. perfringens challenge decreased the average daily gain (P < 0.05), and increased feed conversion ratio and the mortality rate (P < 0.05). However, dietary supplementation with L. acidophilus increased the body weight of C. perfringens-infected broilers on d 21 (P < 0.05), and tended to decrease the mortality (P = 0.061). C. perfringens challenge decreased the villus height (P < 0.05), the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.05) and OCLN (occludin) mRNA expression (P < 0.05), and increased the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the spleen and jejunum, the intestinal populations of C. perfringens and Escherichia (P < 0.05), and the serum content of endotoxin (P < 0.05), regardless of L. acidophilus supplementation. In contrast, dietary L. acidophilus reducedthe intestinal lesion score of challenged broilers (P < 0.05), the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ileal populations of Escherichia and serum endotoxin content (P < 0.05), but increased the intestinal Lactobacillus populations (P < 0.05), irrespective of C. perfringens challenge. Conclusion Dietary addition of L. acidophilus could improve the intestinal health and reduce the mortality of broilers suffering from necrotic enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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Li Z, Wang W, Lv Z, Liu D, Guo Y. Bacillus subtilis and yeast cell wall improve the intestinal health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:635-643. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1370697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - W. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Z. Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Y. Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Mugarab-Samedi V, Howlett A, Hicks M, Arrieta MC, Beaudry P, Dersch-Mills D, Alshaikh B. Probiotics supplementation and length of hospital stay in neonates with gastrointestinal surgery. Int J Surg Protoc 2017; 6:13-16. [PMID: 31851737 PMCID: PMC6913565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isjp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Any manipulation on open bowel causes interventional impact on gut microbiome, and surgical stress triggers bacterial translocation; thus, it will be fundamental to determine gut microbiome after surgery. Monitoring dynamic changes in microbiome of post-surgical infants who received probiotics and placebo could provide with important information about gut colonization and potential bacterial overgrowth. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of probiotics supplementation on length of hospital stay, duration of parenteral nutrition, and feed tolerance in neonates after gastrointestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alixe Howlett
- Department of pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mattew Hicks
- Department of pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Paul Beaudry
- Department of pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Belal Alshaikh
- Department of pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Safety assessment of antibiotic and probiotic feed additives for Gallus gallus domesticus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12767. [PMID: 29038560 PMCID: PMC5643334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics in feed select for resistant strains and is thus a threat to human health. In this study, the effect of a multi-strain probiotic and antibiotics on the growth and health of broilers was studied. Equal numbers of broilers received on a daily basis either a multi-strain probiotic or a combination of sulphadiazine, colistin and trimethoprim, whereas the control group received standard feed. The villi of immature broilers (19 days old) administered antibiotics had a larger surface area and their lymphocyte and basophil counts were higher compared to broilers from the probiotic and control groups. The cecal microbiomes of mature broilers (29 days old) that received probiotics had higher levels of Enterobacteriaceae, but lower numbers of Clostridiales, Brucellaceae, Synergistaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Coriobacteriaceae compared to the antibiotic-treated group. A decline in the bioluminescence of Listeria monocytogenes observed for broilers on probiotics suggested that the probiotic may be used to control bacterial infections. No significant differences in total red blood cell, haemoglobin and haematocrit content, and mean values for corpuscular volume, corpuscular haemoglobin and corpuscular haemoglobin numbers were recorded amongst broilers from the different treatment groups. This study provides valuable information on the health and performance of broilers when administered probiotics and antibiotics as additives.
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Dietary l-arginine inhibits intestinal Clostridium perfringens colonisation and attenuates intestinal mucosal injury in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:321-332. [PMID: 28901890 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dietary l-arginine level and feeding duration on the intestinal damage of broilers induced by Clostridium perfringens (CP) in vivo, and the antimicrobial effect of its metabolite nitric oxide (NO) in vitro. The in vivo experiment was designed as a factorial arrangement of three dietary treatments×two challenge statuses. Broilers were fed a basal diet (CON) or a high-arginine diet (ARG) containing 1·87 % l-arginine, or CON for the first 8 d and ARG from days 9 to 28 (CON/ARG). Birds were co-infected with or without Eimeria and CP (EM/CP). EM/CP challenge led to intestinal injury, as evidenced by lower plasma d-xylose concentration (P<0·01), higher paracellular permeability in the ileum (P<0·05) and higher numbers of Escherichia coli (P<0·05) and CP (P<0·001) in caecal digesta; however, this situation could be alleviated by l-arginine supplementation (P<0·05). The intestinal claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression levels were decreased (P<0·05) following EM/CP challenge; this was reversed by l-arginine supplementation (P<0·05). Moreover, EM/CP challenge up-regulated (P<0·05) claudin-2, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain 1 (NOD1) mRNA expression, and l-arginine supplementation elevated (P<0·05) IFN-γ, IL-10 and NOD1 mRNA expression. In vitro study showed that NO had bacteriostatic activity against CP (P<0·001). In conclusion, l-arginine supplementation could inhibit CP overgrowth and alleviate intestinal mucosal injury by modulating innate immune responses, enhancing barrier function and producing NO.
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Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090987. [PMID: 28880224 PMCID: PMC5622747 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) provides life-saving nutritional support in situations where caloric supply via the enteral route cannot cover the necessary needs of the organism. However, it does have serious adverse effects, including parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). The development of liver injury associated with PN is multifactorial, including non-specific intestine inflammation, compromised intestinal permeability, and barrier function associated with increased bacterial translocation, primary and secondary cholangitis, cholelithiasis, short bowel syndrome, disturbance of hepatobiliary circulation, lack of enteral nutrition, shortage of some nutrients (proteins, essential fatty acids, choline, glycine, taurine, carnitine, etc.), and toxicity of components within the nutrition mixture itself (glucose, phytosterols, manganese, aluminium, etc.). Recently, an increasing number of studies have provided evidence that some of these factors are directly or indirectly associated with microbial dysbiosis in the intestine. In this review, we focus on PN-induced changes in the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiome. We also discuss immune cell and microbial crosstalk during parenteral nutrition, and the implications for the onset and progression of PNALD. Finally, we provide an overview of recent advances in the therapeutic utilisation of pro- and prebiotics for the mitigation of PN-associated liver complications.
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Yin D, Du E, Yuan J, Gao J, Wang Y, Aggrey SE, Guo Y. Supplemental thymol and carvacrol increases ileum Lactobacillus population and reduces effect of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringes in chickens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7334. [PMID: 28779076 PMCID: PMC5544757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is one of the most detrimental infectious diseases in poultry. This study examined the effect of blends of essential oils (BEOs) (25% thymol and 25% carvacrol) on NE and bacterial dynamics and functions in chicks challenged with C. perfringens. Chicks were assigned to a Control diet and BEOs diet (Control diet + 120 mg/kg BEOs), were challenged with C. perfringens from days 14 to 20 and were killed on day 21 for assessment. Supplementation with BEOs decreased the mortality, alleviated gut lesions, and decreased the virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria (VF 0073-ClpE, VF0124-LPS, and VF0350-BSH). Lack of supplementation also changed the nutrient and immunological dynamics of host microbiota in responding to C. perfringens infection. Adding BEOs changed the host ileum microbial population by increasing the numbers of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus agilis, and decreasing Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus johnsonii. The functional roles of these changing host bacterial populations coupled with the putative reduced pathogenicity of C. perfringens by BEOs contributed to the reduction in gut lesions and mortality in infected chickens. It suggests that dietary supplementation with BEOs could significantly reduce the impact of NE caused by C. perfringens on broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - YouLi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 20602, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Grondin JM, Duan D, Kirlin AC, Abe KT, Chitayat S, Spencer HL, Spencer C, Campigotto A, Houliston S, Arrowsmith CH, Allingham JS, Boraston AB, Smith SP. Diverse modes of galacto-specific carbohydrate recognition by a family 31 glycoside hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171606. [PMID: 28158290 PMCID: PMC5291390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a commensal member of the human gut microbiome and an opportunistic pathogen whose genome encodes a suite of putative large, multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes that appears to play a role in the interaction of the bacterium with mucin-based carbohydrates. Among the most complex of these is an enzyme that contains a presumed catalytic module belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31). This large enzyme, which based on its possession of a GH31 module is a predicted α-glucosidase, contains a variety of non-catalytic ancillary modules, including three CBM32 modules that to date have not been characterized. NMR-based experiments demonstrated a preference of each module for galacto-configured sugars, including the ability of all three CBM32s to recognize the common mucin monosaccharide GalNAc. X-ray crystal structures of the CpGH31 CBM32s, both in apo form and bound to GalNAc, revealed the finely-tuned molecular strategies employed by these sequentially variable CBM32s in coordinating a common ligand. The data highlight that sequence similarities to previously characterized CBMs alone are insufficient for identifying the molecular mechanism of ligand binding by individual CBMs. Furthermore, the overlapping ligand binding profiles of the three CBMs provide a fail-safe mechanism for the recognition of GalNAc among the dense eukaryotic carbohydrate networks of the colonic mucosa. These findings expand our understanding of ligand targeting by large, multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes, and offer unique insights into of the expanding ligand-binding preferences and binding site topologies observed in CBM32s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Grondin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Da Duan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa C. Kirlin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kento T. Abe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly L. Spencer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Spencer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisha Campigotto
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Houliston
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S. Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven P. Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Chourashi R, Mondal M, Sinha R, Debnath A, Das S, Koley H, Chatterjee NS. Role of a sensor histidine kinase ChiS of Vibrio cholerae in pathogenesis. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:657-665. [PMID: 27670078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholera survival in an aquatic environment depends on chitin utilization pathway that requires two factors, chitin binding protein and chitinases. The chitinases and the chitin utilization pathway are regulated by a two-component sensor histidine kinase ChiS in V. cholerae. In recent studies these two factors are also shown to be involved in V. cholerae pathogenesis. However, the role played by their upstream regulator ChiS in pathogenesis is yet to be known. In this study, we investigated the activation of ChiS in presence of mucin and its functional role in pathogenesis. We found ChiS is activated in mucin supplemented media. The isogenic chiS mutant (ChiS-) showed less growth compared to the wild type strain (ChiS+) in the presence of mucin supplemented media. The ChiS- strain also showed highly retarded motility as well as mucin layer penetration in vitro. Our result also showed that ChiS was important for adherence and survival in HT-29 cell. These observations indicate that ChiS is activated in presence of intestinal mucin and subsequently switch on the chitin utilization pathway. In animal models, our results also supported the in vitro observation. We found reduced fluid accumulation and colonization during infection with ChiS- strain. We also found ChiS- mutant with reduced expression of ctxA, toxT and tcpA. The cumulative effect of these events made V. cholerae ChiS- strain hypovirulent. Hence, we propose that ChiS plays a vital role in V. cholerae pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhishita Chourashi
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Moumita Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Ritam Sinha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Anusuya Debnath
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Suman Das
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India.
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Xie Q, Pan M, Huang R, Tian X, Tao X, Shah NP, Wei H, Wan C. Short communication: Modulation of the small intestinal microbial community composition over short-term or long-term administration with Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY2013. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6913-6921. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nghiem-Rao TH. Potential Hepatotoxicities of Intravenous Fat Emulsions in Infants and Children. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 31:619-28. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533616663487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Hang Nghiem-Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Lavallee CM, MacPherson JAR, Zhou M, Gao Y, Wizzard PR, Wales PW, Turner JM, Willing BP. Lipid Emulsion Formulation of Parenteral Nutrition Affects Intestinal Microbiota and Host Responses in Neonatal Piglets. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1301-1309. [PMID: 27495286 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116662972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a cause of intestinal microbial dysbiosis and impaired gut barrier function. This may contribute to life-threatening parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and sepsis in infants. We compared the effects of a lipid emulsion containing long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; SMOFlipid) and a predominantly ω-6 PUFA emulsion (Intralipid) on microbial composition and host response at the mucosal surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neonatal piglets were provided isocaloric, isonitrogenous TPN for 14 days versus sow-fed (SF) controls. Equivalent lipid doses (10 g/kg/d) were given of either SMOFlipid (ML; n = 10) or Intralipid (SO; n = 9). Ileal segments and mucosal scrapings were used to characterize microbial composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative gene expression of tight junction proteins, mucins, antimicrobial peptides, and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS The microbial composition of TPN piglets differed from SF, while ML and SO differed from each other (analysis of molecular variance; P < .05); ML piglets were more similar to SF, as indicated by UniFrac distance ( P < .05). SO piglets showed a specific and dramatic increase in Parabacteroides ( P < .05), while ML showed an increase in Enterobacteriaceae ( P < .05). Gene expression of mucin, claudin 1, β-defensin 2, and interleukin 8 were higher in TPN; overall increases were significantly less in ML versus SO ( P < .05). CONCLUSION The formulation of parenteral lipid is associated with differences in the gut microbiota and host response of TPN-fed neonatal piglets. Inclusion of ω-3 long-chain PUFAs appears to improve host-microbial interactions at the mucosal surface, although mechanisms are yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Lavallee
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jayden A R MacPherson
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mi Zhou
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yanhua Gao
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,3 Southwest University for Nationalities, College of Life Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Pamela R Wizzard
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paul W Wales
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,4 Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justine M Turner
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Etxeberria U, Hijona E, Aguirre L, Milagro FI, Bujanda L, Rimando AM, Martínez JA, Portillo MP. Pterostilbene-induced changes in gut microbiota composition in relation to obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27377854 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Usune Etxeberria
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, and Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - Elizabeth Hijona
- Department of Gastroenterology, Donostia Hospital and Biodonostia Institute; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); San Sebastián Spain
- CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Pathologies (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Leixuri Aguirre
- CIBER Obesity and Physiopathology of Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre; Vitoria Spain
| | - Fermin I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, and Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Physiopathology of Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Donostia Hospital and Biodonostia Institute; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); San Sebastián Spain
- CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Pathologies (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Agnes M. Rimando
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University; MS USA
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, and Centre for Nutrition Research University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Obesity and Physiopathology of Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - María P. Portillo
- CIBER Obesity and Physiopathology of Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre; Vitoria Spain
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Trivedi A, Chan W, Teo E, Tarnow-Mordi WO. Probiotics for the post-operative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Trivedi
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Grace Centre for Newborn Care; Westmead NSW Australia 2145
| | - Wendy Chan
- Gold Coast Hospital & Health Service; 1 Hospital Boulevard Gold Coast Queensland Australia 4215
| | - Edward Teo
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Emergency Department; Hospital Road Concord Sydney New South Wales Australia 2137
| | - William O Tarnow-Mordi
- Westmead Hospital; Department of Neonatal Medicine; Corner of Hawksberry and Darcy Road Westmead NSW Australia 2145
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Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS. Shigella Diversity and Changing Landscape: Insights for the Twenty-First Century. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:45. [PMID: 27148494 PMCID: PMC4835486 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of S.sonnei, comprising several serotypes. Shigella accounts for the majority of dysentery causing infections occurring world-wide each year. Recent advancements in the Shigella field have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell invasion and immune cell function manipulation, mainly using S. flexneri as a model. Host-cell invasion is the final step of the infection process, as Shigella's virulence strategy relies also on its ability to survive hostile conditions during its journey through the gastro-intestinal tract, to compete with the host microbiota and to cross the intestinal mucus layer. Hence, the diversity of the virulence strategies among the different Shigella species has not yet been deeply investigated, which might be an important step to understand the epidemiological spreading of Shigella species worldwide and a key aspect for the validation of novel vaccine candidates. The recent development of high-throughput screening and sequencing methods will facilitate these complex comparison studies. In this review we discuss several of the major avenues that the Shigella research field has taken over the past few years and hopefully gain some insights into the questions that remain surrounding this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anderson
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France; Collège de FranceParis, France
| | - Benoit S Marteyn
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France
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49
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Chen MH, Swanson KS, Fahey GC, Dien BS, Beloshapka AN, Bauer LL, Rausch KD, Tumbleson ME, Singh V. In Vitro Fermentation of Xylooligosaccharides Produced from Miscanthus × giganteus by Human Fecal Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:262-267. [PMID: 26648520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Purified xylooligosaccharides from Miscanthus × giganteus (M×G XOS) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. A commercial XOS product and pectin were used as controls. Decreases in pH by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetic acid, 7764.2, 6664.1, and 6387.9 μmol/g; propionic acid, 1006.7, 1089.5, and 661.5 μmol/g; and butyric acid, 955.5, 1252.9, and 917.7 μmol/g) were observed in M×G XOS, commercial XOS, and pectin medium after 12 h of fermentation, respectively. Titers of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Escherichia coli increased when fed all three substrates as monitored by qPCR. There was no significant trend for Clostridium perfringens. During fermentation, M×G XOS was statistically equivalent in performance to the commercial XOS sample as measured by culture acidification and growth of health-promoting bacteria and resulted in the highest SCFA production among the three substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsu Chen
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bruce S Dien
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Alison N Beloshapka
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kent D Rausch
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - M E Tumbleson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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50
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Du E, Gan L, Li Z, Wang W, Liu D, Guo Y. In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 26705471 PMCID: PMC4690362 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the post-antibiotic era, essential oils (EO) are promising alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of an EO product and its components thymol and carvacrol in vitro, and the efficacy of EO to control Clostridium perfringens challenge in broiler chickens. Results The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed strong antibacterial activity of the EO product, thymol, and carvacrol against pathogenic Escherichia coli, C. perfringens, and Salmonella strains, and weak activity towards beneficial Lactobacillus strains. Besides, an additive effect was observed between thymol and carvacrol. The in vivo study was carried out with 448 male broiler chicks following a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement to test the effects of EO supplementation (0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg EO in wheat-based diet), pathogen challenge (with or without oral gavage of C. perfringens from day 14 to day 20) and their interactions. Each treatment consisted of eight replicate pens (seven birds/pen). The challenge led to macroscopic gut lesions, and resulted in a significant increase in ileal populations of C. perfringens and Escherichia subgroup (P ≤ 0.05) on day 21. Dietary EO supplementation did not influence C. perfringens numbers, but linearly alleviated intestinal lesions on day 21 and 28 (P = 0.010 and 0.036, respectively), and decreased Escherichia populations in ileum with increased EO dosages (P = 0.027 and 0.071 for day 21 and 28, respectively). For caecum, EO quadratically influenced Lactobacillus populations on day 21 (P = 0.002), and linearly decreased the numbers of total bacteria and Escherichia on day 28 (P = 0.026 and 0.060, respectively). Mean thymol and carvacrol concentrations in the small intestine were 0.21 and 0.20 μg/g in intestinal digesta (wet weight), respectively, for birds fed 60 mg/kg EO, and 0.80 and 0.71 μg/g, respectively, for birds fed 240 mg/kg EO. Conclusions These results indicated that dietary EO supplementation could affect intestinal microbiota and alleviate intestinal lesions in broilers, which may contribute in controlling C. perfringens infection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Liping Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
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