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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Volek JS, Kackley ML, Buga A. Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:422-443. [PMID: 38814519 PMCID: PMC11327213 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Considering the high prevalence of obesity and related metabolic impairments in the population, the unique role nutrition has in weight loss, reversing metabolic disorders, and maintaining health cannot be overstated. Normal weight and well-being are compatible with varying dietary patterns, but for the last half century there has been a strong emphasis on low-fat, low-saturated fat, high-carbohydrate based approaches. Whereas low-fat dietary patterns can be effective for a subset of individuals, we now have a population where the vast majority of adults have excess adiposity and some degree of metabolic impairment. We are also entering a new era with greater access to bariatric surgery and approval of anti-obesity medications (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues) that produce substantial weight loss for many people, but there are concerns about disproportionate loss of lean mass and nutritional deficiencies. RECENT FINDINGS No matter the approach used to achieve major weight loss, careful attention to nutritional considerations is necessary. Here, we examine the recent findings regarding the importance of adequate protein to maintain lean mass, the rationale and evidence supporting low-carbohydrate and ketogenic dietary patterns, and the potential benefits of including exercise training in the context of major weight loss. While losing and sustaining weight loss has proven challenging, we are optimistic that application of emerging nutrition science, particularly personalized well-formulated low-carbohydrate dietary patterns that contain adequate protein (1.2 to 2.0 g per kilogram reference weight) and achieve the beneficial metabolic state of euketonemia (circulating ketones 0.5 to 5 mM), is a promising path for many individuals with excess adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Madison L Kackley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alex Buga
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Szwiega S, Pencharz PB, Xu L, Kong D, Tomlinson C, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Leucine requirement determined in healthy young adult males using the indicator amino acid oxidation method. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00719-6. [PMID: 39209155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies proposed varying leucine requirements for adults ranging from 25 to 40 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1, but often these studies did not test intakes exceeding 40 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1. Data using the indicator amino acid (IAAO) method suggest a higher requirement of 55 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1 based on the total BCAA requirement, but not leucine independently. OBJECTIVE The IAAO method was used to determine the leucine requirement in healthy young adult males. METHODS Ten healthy adult males (26.9 ± 1.87 y, mean ± SEM) were studied at 7 leucine intakes; each studied over a 3-d period. Following 2-d of pre-adaptation to adequate protein intake (1.0 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1), subjects received experimental diets containing the randomly assigned test leucine intake (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65, and 75 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1) for 8 h. The rate of release of 13CO2 from the oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (F13CO2) was measured on the 3rd d, and the leucine requirement was determined using mixed-effect change-point regression and the F13CO2 data in R. The 95% CI was calculated using parametric bootstrap. The effect of leucine intake on the concentration of plasma amino acids (AAs), insulin and glucose were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and linear-mixed effects. RESULTS The mean leucine requirement was 33.6 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1 with a lower and upper 95% confidence of 26.16 to 41.04 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1. Higher leucine intakes were associated with increased plasma leucine, and decreased valine, isoleucine, and serine concentrations. CONCLUSION The leucine requirement of young adult males is approximately 34 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1 which aligns with previously published tracer balance experiments. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY # NCT05394155, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05394155?term=leucine%20young%20adult&rank=1 Data described in the manuscript, code book, and analytic code will be made available upon request pending application and approval, and payment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwiega
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8; Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2Z9; Departments of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2Z9
| | - Libai Xu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, 215006
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2Z9
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8; Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2Z9
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8; Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2Z9.
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Tul-Noor Z, Paoletti A, Fakiha A, Pencharz PB, Levesque CL, Ball RO, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Lysine from Whole Wheat Bread Consumed by Healthy Adult Males Has High Metabolic Availability When Assessed Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00462-0. [PMID: 39163973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein quality of wheat is limited by its low content of the indispensable amino acid (AA) lysine and the metabolic availability (MA) of lysine in wheat bread for humans is unknown. OBJECTIVES The study objective was to determine the MA of lysine in whole wheat bread. METHODS Five healthy young males (≤30 y, body mass index <25) were studied in a repeated-measures design using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, with L-[1-13C] phenylalanine as the indicator. Each received 7 levels of lysine intakes in random order; 4 levels of L-lysine; 5, 8, 12, and 15 mg/kg/d (reference diet), and 3 intakes of lysine from whole wheat bread (test diet). The MA of lysine in whole wheat bread was assessed by comparing the IAAO response to the test diet (whole wheat bread) with the IAAO response to the reference diet using the slope ratio method. RESULTS The MA of lysine from whole wheat bread was 90%. CONCLUSIONS Lysine has a high MA but it is still limiting in whole wheat bread due to its low concentration. A combination of wheat with a complementary protein source (that is, lentils which are sufficient in lysine) is recommended to meet the lysine requirement in a wheat-based diet for healthy young males. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03674736 and NCT03200652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujaja Tul-Noor
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Paoletti
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abrar Fakiha
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Moore DR, Gillen JB, West DWD, Kato H, Volterman KA. Protein requirements may be lower on a training compared to rest day but are not influenced by moderate training volumes in endurance trained males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:1124-1128. [PMID: 38603808 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The impact of training volume on protein requirements in endurance trained males was investigated with indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) methodology on a recovery day (REST) or after a 10 or 20 km run while consuming a single suboptimal protein intake (0.93 g/kg/day). Phenylalanine excretion (F13CO2; inverse proxy for whole body protein synthesis) was greatest and phenylalanine net balance was lowest on REST compared to post-exercise recovery with no difference between training volumes. Single point F13CO2 was indistinguishable from past IAAO studies using multiple protein intakes. Our results suggest that protein requirements may be greatest on recovery days but are not influenced by moderate training volumes in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- KITE Research, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly A Volterman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Paoletti A, Courtney-Martin G, Elango R. Determining amino acid requirements in humans. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1400719. [PMID: 39091679 PMCID: PMC11291443 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1400719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acids form the building blocks of body protein. Dietary protein sources provide the amino acids needed, but protein sources vary widely in amio acid composition. To ensure humans can meet body demands for amino acids, amino acid intake recommendations are provided by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU). Current amino acid intake recommendations, however, are based on data collected predominantly from young adult males. The development of the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has permitted the evaluation of amino acid requirements in various vulnerable populations. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent amino acid requirement studies in school-age children, pregnant females and the elderly determined using the IAAO technique. These requirements will help to inform evidence-based recommendations that will help to guide dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Paoletti
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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McKendry J, Lowisz CV, Nanthakumar A, MacDonald M, Lim C, Currier BS, Phillips SM. The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:34-46. [PMID: 38762187 PMCID: PMC11291473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle mass is determined predominantly by feeding-induced and activity-induced fluctuations in muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Older individuals display a diminished MPS response to protein ingestion, referred to as age-related anabolic resistance, which contributes to the progression of age-related muscle loss known as sarcopenia. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the impact of consuming higher-quality compared with lower-quality protein supplements above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) on integrated MPS rates. We hypothesized that increasing total protein intake above the RDA, regardless of the source, would support higher integrated rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis. METHODS Thirty-one healthy older males (72 ± 4 y) consumed a controlled diet with protein intake set at the RDA: control phase (days 1-7). In a double-blind, randomized controlled fashion, participants were assigned to consume an additional 50 g (2 × 25g) of whey (n = 10), pea (n = 11), or collagen (n = 10) protein each day (25 g at breakfast and lunch) during the supplemental phase (days 8-15). Deuterated water ingestion and muscle biopsies assessed integrated MPS and acute anabolic signaling. Postprandial blood samples were collected to determine feeding-induced aminoacidemia. RESULTS Integrated MPS was increased during supplemental with whey (1.59 ± 0.11 %/d; P < 0.001) and pea (1.59 ± 0.14 %/d; P < 0.001) when compared with RDA (1.46 ± 0.09 %/d for the whey group; 1.46 ± 0.10 %/d for the pea group); however, it remained unchanged with collagen. Supplemental protein was sufficient to overcome anabolic signaling deficits (mTORC1 and rpS6), corroborating the greater postprandial aminoacidemia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that supplemental protein provided at breakfast and lunch over the current RDA enhanced anabolic signaling and integrated MPS in older males; however, the source of additional protein may be an important consideration in overcoming age-related anabolic resistance. This trial was registered clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04026607.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline V Lowisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arraksana Nanthakumar
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Millward DJ. Post-prandial tracer studies of protein and amino acid utilisation: what can they tell us about human amino acid and protein requirements? Br J Nutr 2024; 131:2005-2030. [PMID: 38606599 PMCID: PMC11361918 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen balance (NB), the principal methodology used to derive recommendations for human protein and amino acid requirements, has been widely criticised, and calls for increased protein and amino acid requirement recommendations have been made, often on the basis of post-prandial amino acid tracer kinetic studies of muscle protein synthesis, or of amino acid oxidation. This narrative review considers our knowledge of the homeostatic regulation of the FFM throughout the diurnal cycle of feeding and fasting and what can and has been learnt from post-prandial amino acid tracer studies, about amino acid and protein requirements. Within the FFM, muscle mass in well fed weight-stable adults with healthy lifestyles appears fixed at a phenotypic level within a wide range of habitual protein intakes. However homoeostatic regulation occurs in response to variation in habitual protein intake, with adaptive changes in amino acid oxidation which influence the magnitude of diurnal losses and gains of body protein. Post-prandial indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) studies have been introduced as an alternative to NB and to the logistically complex 24 h [13C-1] amino acid balance studies, for assessment of protein and amino acid requirements. However, a detailed examination of IAAO studies shows both a lack of concern for homeostatic regulation of amino acid oxidation and major flaws in their design and analytical interpretation, which seriously constrain their ability to provide reliable values. New ideas and a much more critical approach to existing work is needed if real progress is to be made in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Wu W, Zhang Y, Ma H, Lu J, Chen F, Zhou H, Nie S, Yang Y, Wang R, Yue W, Li M, Yang L. Reevaluation of the protein requirement in Chinese elderly adults without sarcopenia with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1377-1383. [PMID: 38073288 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
It is now generally believed that elderly may have slightly higher dietary protein requirements than those of the young-middle-aged adults. We have previously conducted related studies by the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique, but more research data are needed to revise the protein requirements of the elderly. The main objective was to reevaluate the dietary protein requirements of healthy Chinese adults (65-80 years) without sarcopenia by using the IAAO technique. Nine healthy adult men and seven healthy adult women participated in the study, with protein intakes ranging from 0·1 to 1·8 g/(kg·d). Diets that delivered energy at a 1·5 resting energy expenditure were isocaloric. The amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine needed to remain constant for each protein dosage. By applying a nonlinear mixed-effects model analysis on the F13CO2 data, which revealed a breakpoint in F13CO2 in response to graded protein intakes, the mean protein requirement was calculated. The mean estimated average requirement (EAR) for healthy elderly Chinese adults without sarcopenia was determined to be 0·94 g/(kg·d). The protein recommended nutrient intake (RNI) determined using various derivation approaches ranged from 1·13 to 1·36 g/(kg·d). The EAR for Chinese adults without sarcopenia aged 65-80 years in this study is 6·8 % higher than the current recommended EAR (0·88 g/(kg·d)). The RNI derived using various derivation approaches are all greater than the current RNI (0·98 g/(kg·d)). This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR2200061382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengge Chen
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisong Zhou
- Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiao Yue
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Paoletti A, Pencharz PB, Rafii M, Tomlinson C, Kong D, Xu L, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Protein intake affects erythrocyte glutathione synthesis in healthy adults aged ≥60 years in a repeated-measures trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:917-926. [PMID: 38325765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein recommendations for older adults are based on nitrogen balance data from young adults. Physiological studies using the indicator amino acid oxidation method suggest they need 30% to 50% more protein than current recommendations. We herein present glutathione (GSH) as a physiological estimate of protein adequacy in older adults. OBJECTIVES The objective was to measure GSH kinetics in response to varying protein intakes in a repeated-measures design in healthy adults aged ≥60 y using the precursor-product method. METHODS Sixteen healthy older adults (n = 8 male and n = 8 female; body mass index ≤30 kg/m2) were studied. Each received 4 of 6 protein intakes in random order (0.66, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1). At each intake level, participants underwent isotope infusion studies of 7 h duration following a 3-d adaptation to the test level of protein. On the fourth day, GSH fractional (FSR) and absolute synthesis (ASR) rates were quantified by measuring the incorporation of U-[13C2-15N]glycine into GSH at isotopic steady state. A mixed-effect change-point regression model was used to determine a breakpoint in FSR and ASR. Secondary outcomes included plasma concentrations of oxidative stress markers, homocysteine, 5-L-oxoproline (5-OP), and urinary sulfate. The effect of secondary outcomes on GSH kinetics was analyzed using a joint linear mixed-effect model and Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS A protein intake of 1.08 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83, 1.32; Rm2 = 0.207; Rc2 = 0.671; P < 0.001) maximized GSH FSR. There was no effect of protein intake on concentrations of erythrocyte GSH, plasma homocysteine, oxidative stress markers, or 5-OP (P > 0.05). Protein intake had a positive effect on urinary sulfate excretion (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION A protein intake of 1.08 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 from a high-quality protein maximized GSH synthesis in adults ≥60 y. This lends support to data suggesting a requirement higher than the current recommendation. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02971046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Paoletti
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Libai Xu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Szwiega S, Xu L, Rafii M, Pencharz PB, Kong D, Tomlinson C, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Protein intake affects erythrocyte glutathione synthesis in young healthy adults in a repeated-measures trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:371-383. [PMID: 37992970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2005, the Institute of Medicine advised using methods other than nitrogen balance (NB) for determining protein requirements. Since then, protein requirements using indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) have been published and are higher than NB. Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine, is a principal antioxidant that can be used as a functional indicator of protein adequacy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure changes in erythrocyte GSH kinetics [fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and absolute synthesis rate (ASR)] in healthy adults following a range of protein intakes at and above the current recommendations. METHODS Sixteen healthy adults [8 males and 8 females, aged 25.6 ± 0.9 y (mean ± SEM)] were studied at 4 of 6 protein intakes ranging from 0.6 to 1.5 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1. Erythrocyte GSH kinetics were assessed during a 7-h infusion of [U-13C2-15N]glycine following 2 d of adaptation to each protein intake. Blood and urine tests were performed to measure oxidative stress markers, plasma homocysteine, triglycerides, plasma amino acid concentrations, 5-L-oxoproline (5-OP), and urinary sulfate. The protein intake that maximized GSH synthesis was determined using mixed-effect change-point regression in R. Primary and secondary outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects and repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS The protein intake that maximized GSH FSR at 78%⋅d-1 was 1.0 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (95% confidence interval: 0.63, 1.39). GSH ASR was significantly lower at 0.6 and 0.8 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 than at 1.5 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (2.03 and 2.17, respectively, compared with 3.71 mmol⋅L-1⋅d-1). Increasing the protein intake led to increased urinary sulfate but did not affect erythrocyte GSH concentration, plasma oxidative stress markers, triglycerides, homocysteine, or 5-OP. CONCLUSIONS A protein intake of 1.0 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 maximized GSH synthesis, which is in agreement with earlier IAAO-derived protein requirements of 0.93 to 1.2 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1. These findings suggest that recommendations based on NB (0.66 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1) may underestimate protein needs for adequate health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02971046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwiega
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Libai Xu
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Lambie JG, Pezzali JG, Richards TL, Ellis JL, Verbrugghe A, Shoveller AK. Phenylalanine requirements using the direct amino acid oxidation technique, and the effects of dietary phenylalanine on food intake, gastric emptying, and macronutrient metabolism in adult cats. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae009. [PMID: 38198741 PMCID: PMC10873786 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite Phe being an indispensable amino acid for cats, the minimum Phe requirement for adult cats has not been empirically defined. The objective of study 1 was to determine the minimum Phe requirement, where Tyr is in excess, in adult cats using the direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) technique. Four adult male cats were used in an 8 × 4 Latin rectangle design. Cats were adapted to a basal diet for 7 d, top dressed with Phe to meet 140% of the adequate intake (NRC, 2006. Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press). Cats were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental Phe diets (0.29%, 0.34%, 0.39%, 0.44%, 0.54%, 0.64%, 0.74%, and 0.84% Phe in the diet on a dry matter [DM] basis). Following 1 d of diet adaptation, individual DAAO studies were performed. During each DAAO study, cats were placed into individual indirect calorimetry chambers, and 75% of the cat's daily meal was divided into 13 equal meals supplied with a dose of L-[1-13C]-Phe. Oxidation of L-[1-13C]-Phe (F13CO2) during isotopic steady state was determined from the enrichment of 13CO2 in breath. Competing models were applied using the NLMIXED procedure in SAS to determine the effects of dietary Phe on 13CO2. The mean population minimum requirement for Phe was estimated at 0.32% DM and the upper 95% population confidence limit at 0.59% DM on an energy density of 4,200 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg DM calculated using the modified Atwater factors. In study 2, the effects of a bolus dose of Phe (44 mg kg-1 BW) on food intake, gastric emptying (GE), and macronutrient metabolism were assessed in a crossover design with 12 male cats. For food intake, cats were given Phe 15 min before 120% of their daily food was offered and food intake was measured. Treatment, day, and their interaction were evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not affect any food intake parameters (P > 0.05). For GE and macronutrient metabolism, cats were placed into individual indirect calorimetry chambers, received the same bolus dose of Phe, and 15 min later received 13C-octanoic acid (5 mg kg-1 BW) on 50% of their daily food intake. Breath samples were collected to measure 13CO2. The effect of treatment was evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not affect total GE (P > 0.05), but cats receiving Phe tended to delay time to peak enrichment (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10). Overall, Phe at a bolus dose of 44 mg kg-1 BW had no effect on food intake, GE, or macronutrient metabolism. Together, these results suggest that the bolus dose of Phe used may not be sufficient to elicit a GE response, but a study with a greater number of cats and greater food intake is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G Lambie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Júlia G Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Taylor L Richards
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
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13
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Elango R. Protein Requirements in Humans: A Need for Reassessment. J Nutr 2023; 153:3355-3356. [PMID: 37918672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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14
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Matsumoto M, Narumi-Hyakutake A, Kakutani Y, Tsuji M, Hatamoto Y, Higaki Y, Sasaki S. Evaluation of protein requirements using the indicator amino acid oxidation method: a scoping review. J Nutr 2023; 153:3472-3489. [PMID: 37573015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has been accepted as an approach to evaluate habitual protein requirements under free-living conditions. OBJECTIVES This scoping review reports on literature that evaluated protein requirements in humans using the IAAO methods. METHODS Three databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and ProQuest) were systematically searched to identify studies that evaluated protein requirements using the IAAO method published in English until 5 June, 2023. We evaluated the study quality using previously developed criteria. We extracted the characteristics of the study design and the results of protein requirements. Two reviewers conducted both reviews and quality assessments independently; any differences among them were resolved by consensus or agreement of all team members. RESULTS We extracted 16 articles targeting children, young adults (including pregnant women, resistance training athletes, endurance-training athletes, and team sports), and older adults. In quality assessment, 14 studies were evaluated "strong," but the remaining 2 were "moderate." These studies were conducted in only 3 countries and did not include all sexes or life stages. The range of the estimated average protein requirements of each life stage was 1.30 g/kg body weight/d for children, 0.87 to 2.10 (0.87-0.93 for general young adults, 1.22-1.52 for pregnant women, 1.49-2.00 for resistance-trained athletes, 1.65-2.10 for endurance athletes, and 1.20-1.41 for team sports athletes) g/kg body weight/d for young adults, and 0.85 to 0.96 g/kg body weight/d for older adults. CONCLUSIONS Protein requirements in 14 studies were higher than the current reference for each sex, life stage, and physical activity that are related to protein requirements. In the future, protein requirements of various populations including sex and life stage could be assessed using the IAAO methods worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Matsumoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, Settsu-shi, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Aiko Narumi-Hyakutake
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuya Kakutani
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tsuji
- Department of Lifestyle and Welfare Information, Kindai University Kyushu Junior College, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Settsu-shi, Osaka, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Morgan PT, Witard OC, Højfeldt G, Church DD, Breen L. Dietary protein recommendations to support healthy muscle ageing in the 21st century and beyond: considerations and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37818636 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of dietary protein intake requirements and recommendations, with a focus on skeletal muscle remodelling to support healthy ageing based on presentations at the 2023 Nutrition Society summer conference. In this review, we describe the role of dietary protein for metabolic health and ageing muscle, explain the origins of protein and amino acid (AA) requirements and discuss current recommendations for dietary protein intake, which currently sits at about 0⋅8 g/kg/d. We also critique existing (e.g. nitrogen balance) and contemporary (e.g. indicator AA oxidation) methods to determine protein/AA intake requirements and suggest that existing methods may underestimate requirements, with more contemporary assessments indicating protein recommendations may need to be increased to >1⋅0 g/kg/d. One example of evolution in dietary protein guidance is the transition from protein requirements to recommendations. Hence, we discuss the refinement of protein/AA requirements for skeletal muscle maintenance with advanced age beyond simply the dose (e.g. source, type, quality, timing, pattern, nutrient co-ingestion) and explore the efficacy and sustainability of alternative protein sources beyond animal-based proteins to facilitate skeletal muscle remodelling in older age. We conclude that, whilst a growing body of research has demonstrated that animal-free protein sources can effectively stimulate and support muscle remodelling in a manner that is comparable to animal-based proteins, food systems need to sustainably provide a diversity of both plant and animal source foods, not least for their protein content but other vital nutrients. Finally, we propose some priority research directions for the field of protein nutrition and healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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16
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Williamson E, Fung HJW, Adams C, West DWD, Moore DR. Protein Requirements Are Increased in Endurance-Trained Athletes but Similar between Females and Males during Postexercise Recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1866-1875. [PMID: 37710376 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the daily protein requirements of female and male endurance athletes in a home-based setting using noninvasive stable isotope methodology (i.e., indicator amino acid oxidation). METHODS Eight males (30 ± 3 yr; 78.6 ± 10.5 kg; 75.6 ± 7.5 mL·kgFFM-1·min-1; mean ± SD) and seven females (30 ± 4 yr; 57.7 ± 5.0 kg; 77.5 ± 7.1 mL·kgFFM-1·min-1) during the midluteal phase were studied. After 2 d of controlled diet (1.4 gprotein·kg-1·d-1) and training (10 and 5 km run·d-1, respectively), participants completed a 20-km run before an at-home indicator amino acid oxidation trial testing a suboptimal, a moderate, and an excess (i.e., 0.2, 1.2, and 2.0 g·kg-1·d-1, respectively) protein intake. Protein was consumed as a crystalline amino acid mixture containing [1-13C]phenylalanine to examine whole-body phenylalanine flux and phenylalanine oxidation (PheOx; the reciprocal of whole-body protein synthesis) through breath and urine sample collection. A modified biphasic linear regression determined the breakpoint in PheOx for each participant to generate an estimated average intake that would maximize whole-body protein synthesis for each sex. RESULTS PheOx was different (P < 0.01) between all protein intakes with no effect of sex (P = 0.63). Using a modified three-point curve resulted in a breakpoint that was not different (P = 0.94) between males and females (1.60 and 1.61 g·kg-1·d-1, respectively). The recommended intake (i.e., upper 95% confidence interval) was estimated to be 1.81 and 1.89 g·kg-1·d-1 for males and females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that endurance athletes consuming a daily protein intake toward the upper end of current consensus recommendations (~1.85 g·kg-1·d-1) will maximize whole-body protein synthesis during postexercise recovery regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - Hugo J W Fung
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - Carolyn Adams
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
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17
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Szwiega S, Pencharz PB, Ball RO, Xu L, Kong D, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Length of Adaptation Has No Effect on the Threonine Requirement Determined in Healthy Young Adult Males Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method. J Nutr 2023; 153:2016-2026. [PMID: 37004875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method is minimally invasive; therefore, it is applicable to study the amino acid (AA) requirements of individuals in various age groups. However, the accuracy of this method has been criticized because of the 8 h (1 d) protocol, which has been suggested to be too short an adaptation time for estimating AA requirements. OBJECTIVES The IAAO method was used to determine whether 3 or 7 d of adaptation to each threonine intake alters the threonine requirement in adult men compared to 1 d of adaptation. METHODS Eleven healthy adult men (19-35 y, body mass index (BMI) 23.4 in kg⋅m-2) were studied at 6 threonine intakes; each intake was studied over a 9 d period. Following 2 d of pre-adaptation to adequate protein intake (1.0 g·kg-1⋅d-1), subjects received experimental diets containing the randomly assigned test threonine intake (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 35 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 7 d. IAAO studies were performed on days 1, 3, and 7 of adaptation to the experimental diet. The rate of release of 13CO2 from the oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (F13CO2) was measured, and the threonine requirement was determined by applying mixed-effect change-point regression to the F13CO2 data in R version 4.0.5. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using parametric bootstrap, and the requirement estimates on days 1, 3, and 7 were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The mean threonine requirements (upper, lower 95% CI) for days 1, 3, and 7 were 10.5 (5.7, 15.9), 10.6 (7.5, 13.7), and 12.1 (9.2, 15.0 mg·kg-1·d-1), respectively; and these requirements were not statistically different (P = 0.213). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the short, 8 h IAAO protocol results in a threonine requirement that is not statistically different from that obtained on days 3 or 7 of adaptation in healthy adult males. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov as NCT04585087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwiega
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Libai Xu
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Is It Time to Reconsider the U.S. Recommendations for Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Intake? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040838. [PMID: 36839196 PMCID: PMC9963165 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the U.S. Institute of Medicine's recommendations on protein and amino acid intake in 2005, new information supports the need to re-evaluate these recommendations. New lines of evidence include: (1) re-analysis/re-interpretation of nitrogen balance data; (2) results from indicator amino acid oxidation studies; (3) studies of positive functional outcomes associated with protein intakes higher than recommended; (4) dietary guidance and protein recommendations from some professional nutrition societies; and (5) recognition that the synthesis of certain dispensable amino acids may be insufficient to meet physiological requirements more often than previously understood. The empirical estimates, theoretical calculations and clinical functional outcomes converge on a similar theme, that recommendations for intake of protein and some amino acids may be too low in several populations, including for older adults (≥65 years), pregnant and lactating women, and healthy children older than 3 years. Additional influential factors that should be considered are protein quality that meets operational sufficiency (adequate intake to support healthy functional outcomes), interactions between protein and energy intake, and functional roles of amino acids which could impact the pool of available amino acids for use in protein synthesis. Going forward, the definition of "adequacy" as it pertains to protein and amino acid intake recommendations must take into consideration these critical factors.
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19
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Association between Changes in Protein Intake and Risk of Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010002. [PMID: 36615661 PMCID: PMC9824869 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of change in protein intake in affecting cognitive function among older adults. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations between the change in protein intake from various food groups and cognitive impairment among older adults in a prospective cohort study. A total of 6951 participants without cognitive impairment or dementia were included in this study. The frequency of protein intake from various food groups was measured by a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and follow-up. Multivariable Cox hazard models with time as the underlying time metric applied to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During the 37,535 person-years of follow-up, 1202 (17.3%) participants developed cognitive impairment. The improvement in overall protein intake was negatively associated with cognitive impairment with multivariable-adjusted HR of 0.98 (95% CI = 0.97-0.99). Compared with participants with stable change, those with an extreme decline in animal-based protein intake had a 48% higher risk of cognitive impairment. The associations of changes in protein from six food groups with cognitive impairment were in a similar direction to the main result. Protective associations between improving protein intake and a reduced risk of cognitive impairment were observed.
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20
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Abstract
A recent meta-analysis found low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg of bodyweight/day) (g/kg/day) decreased men's total testosterone (∼5.23 nmol/L) [Whittaker and Harris (2022) Low-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition and Health. DOI: 10.1177/02601060221083079]. This finding has generated substantial discussion, however, it has often lacked clarity and context, with the term 'high-protein' being used unqualified. Firstly, diets < 3.4 g/kg/day are not associated with a consistent decrease in testosterone. Secondly, the average protein intake is ∼1.3 g/kg/day, conventional 'high-protein' diets are ∼1.8-3 g/kg/day and the vast majority of athletes are < 3.4 g/kg/day; meaning very few individuals will ever surpass 3.4 g/kg/day. To avoid such confusion in the future, the following definitions are proposed: very high (> 3.4 g/kg/day), high (1.9-3.4 g/kg/day), moderate (1.25-1.9 g/kg/day) and low (<1.25 g/kg/day). Using these, very high-protein diets (> 3.4 g/kg/day) appear to decrease testosterone, however high- and moderate-protein diets (1.25-3.4 g/kg/day) do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Whittaker
- The School of Allied Health and Community, 8709University of Worcester, UK
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21
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Amino acid oxidation methods to determine amino acid requirements: do we require lengthy adaptation periods? Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1848-1854. [PMID: 36045125 PMCID: PMC10167660 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Determination of indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements necessitates a range of intakes of the test IAA and monitoring of the physiological response. Short-term methods are the most feasible for studying multiple intake levels in the same individual. Carbon oxidation methods measure the excretion of 13CO2 in breath from a labelled amino acid (AA) in response to varying intakes of the test AA following a period of adaptation. However, the length of adaptation to each AA intake level has been a source of debate and disagreement among researchers. The assertion of the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique is that IAA requirements can be estimated after only a few hours (8 h) of adaptation to each test AA intake, suggesting that adaptation occurs rapidly in response to dietary adjustments. On the contrary, the assertion of most other techniques is that 6–7 d of adaptation is required when determining IAA needs. It has even been argued that a minimum of two weeks is needed to achieve complete adaptation. This review explores evidence regarding AA oxidation methods and whether long periods of adaptation to test IAA levels are necessary when estimating IAA requirements. It was found that the consumption of experimental diets containing lower test IAA intake for greater than 7 d violates the terms of a successful adaptive response. While there is some evidence that short-term 8 h IAAO is not different among different test amino acid intakes up to 7 d, it is unclear whether it impacts assessment of IAA requirements.
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22
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Furuta C, Jinzu H, Cao L, Drewnowski A, Okabe Y. Nutrient Profiling of Japanese Dishes: The Development of a Novel Ajinomoto Group Nutrient Profiling System. Front Nutr 2022; 9:912148. [PMID: 35967784 PMCID: PMC9372512 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.912148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Government agencies and private companies have supported the development of nutrient profiling (NP) systems to facilitate the selection of nutrient-dense foods by consumers, promote nutritious food development, and limit excessive advertising of products with low nutritional value. While most NP models were developed to assess individual foods, the Ajinomoto Group Nutrient Profiling System (ANPS) was developed to assess the overall nutritional value of cooked dishes that are culturally specific to Japan. Based on the national dietary recommendations and nutritional surveys, target values were created for 13 dish categories, while considering the combinations of meal units. For the ANPS, the four evaluating elements were protein and vegetables, which should be encouraged, and sodium and saturated fatty acids, which should be limited. The ANPS algorithm for dishes was the sum of the scores of individual elements, with a maximum of 10 points per serving. The sum of scores was then multiplied by 2.5 to convert to the 100-point scale. Convergent validity was tested using the nutrient-rich food index (NRF) score of 6.3. In total, 1,089 popular Japanese dishes were evaluated using the ANPS, and the median score of ANPS was 70.0 points (interquartile range, 55–78.8), and the average score was 67.7 (standard deviation, 16.5) points. Since salt intake is a major health risk in Japan, this tool was designed to evaluate sodium content with high sensitivity, and low-salt dishes significantly improved sodium and ANPS scores compared with regular dishes. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the total score of NRF 6.3 and ANPS in 1,089 dishes was r = 0.452 (p < 0.0001). This newly developed ANPS could be used to evaluate culture-specific cooked dishes per serving size. It can determine the nutritional values of dishes, with a high sensitivity to sodium content, a major Japanese nutritional issue. Further research is needed to determine the accuracy and usefulness of the ANPS as a system that would lead to changes in eating behavior nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Furuta
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Jinzu
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Lili Cao
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yuki Okabe
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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23
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Mazzulla M, Hodson N, West DWD, Kumbhare DA, Moore DR. A non-invasive 13CO2 breath test detects differences in anabolic sensitivity with feeding and heavy resistance exercise in healthy young males: a randomized control trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:860-870. [PMID: 35609328 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are limited tools to measure anabolic sensitivity non-invasively in response to acute physiological stimuli, which represents a challenge for research in free-living settings and vulnerable populations. We tested the ability of a stable isotope breath test to detect changes in leucine oxidation (OX) and leucine retention (intake - OX) across a range of anabolic sensitivities. Healthy males ingested a beverage containing 0.25 g·kg-1 protein and 0.75 g·kg-1 carbohydrate with the leucine content enriched to 5% with L-[1-13C]leucine at rest (FED) or after a bout of resistance exercise (EXFED), with a parallel group consuming only the tracer (FAST). Concurrent primed-constant infusions of L-[5,5,5-2H3]leucine revealed high peripheral bioavailability for FED (~81%), EXFED (~80%), and FAST (~117%). After beverage ingestion, whole-body protein synthesis was greater in FED and EXFED than FAST. OX was greater in FED and EXFED than FAST, with EXFED lower than FED. Leucine retention demonstrated expected physiological differences in anabolic sensitivity (EXFED > FED > FAST). We demonstrated that a non-invasive breath test based on an amino acid (leucine) that is preferentially metabolized in peripheral (muscle) tissues can detect differences in anabolic sensitivity. Future studies could examine this test within a variety of populations experiencing muscle growth or atrophy. Novelty Bullets • An oral L-[1-13C]leucine breath test can detect greater anabolic sensitivity after feeding and resistance exercise. • This tool may be applied in growing (e.g., children) or wasting (e.g. aging) populations where invasive procedures are not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Hodson
- University of Toronto, 7938, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Daniel W D West
- University of Toronto, 7938, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 7961, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Dinesh A Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 7961, Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, 177420, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Daniel R Moore
- CAN, 7641, Department of Exercise Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden;
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24
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Stanzione JR, Boullata JI, Bruneau ML, Volpe SL. Association between protein intake and lean body mass in a group of Masters Athletes. J Nutr Sci 2022; 11:e30. [PMID: 35573464 PMCID: PMC9066312 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recommendations for protein intake are based on total body weight; however, these recommendations do not consider lean body mass (LBM). The purpose of the present study was to identify the average protein intake in g/kg LBM in a group of healthy Masters Athletes (≥26 years of age, exercising ≥2 d/week). Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study. Body weight (kg), height (cm) and LBM via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured. Dietary intake was measured using a 2005 Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. The average energy intake, the percent energy from protein and the average protein intake in g/kg LBM were calculated. Differences between protein intake and the US Recommended Dietary Allowance (US RDA) (0⋅8 g/kg body weight) were determined. Alpha levels were set a priori to P < 0⋅05. A total of 176 participants (94 women, 82 men; 39 ± 11 years of age; body mass index: 24⋅6 ± 3⋅4 kg/m2) were analysed. The average energy intake, the percent protein energy and the average protein intake were 7996⋅9 ± 110⋅9 kilojoules (kJ)/d (1,910⋅4 ± 26⋅5 kcal), 15⋅5 ± 2⋅6 % and 1⋅43 ± 0⋅53 g/kg LBM, respectively. No differences existed between women and men for protein intake/kg LBM. Both sexes had significantly higher protein intakes than the US RDA (P < 0⋅001). We identified the average protein intake (g/kg LBM) in healthy Masters Athletes that may contribute to evolving perspectives on the determination of protein needs. The present study helps establish the relationship between protein intake and LBM so that we may further increase our accuracy when developing future protein recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stella L. Volpe
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 295 West Campus Drive (MC 0430), 338 Wallace Hall, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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25
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Forner F, Volkhardt I, Meier T, Christen O, Stangl GI. The nutriRECIPE-Index - development and validation of a nutrient-weighted index for the evaluation of recipes. BMC Nutr 2021; 7:74. [PMID: 34789329 PMCID: PMC8600763 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our objective was to develop a nutrient-based index for evaluating and improving menus in public catering. The nutriRECIPE-Index comprises 24 nutrients and nutrient groups. In developing the index, the following steps were included: setting the goals of the index, nutrient selection, target metrics and scaling, weighting, proof of concept and validation of the index. Furthermore, a unique database was created to integrate bioactive plant compounds in the assessment. An assessment of standard recipes and supposedly healthy recipes should show a significant difference in the results of the nutriRECIPE-Index. Finally, the nutriRECIPE-Index should generate similar or more specific results than existing indices such as the Nutri-Score and the Healthy Meal Index. Methods A whole meal cycle (comprising 6 weeks, 106 recipes and including different menu lines, partially with different side dishes) at a university canteen was analysed with the Federal Food Code (BLS) and the nutriRECIPE-Index. The Healthy Meal Index (comprising 3 nutritionally relevant items) and the Nutri-Score algorithm (comprising 7 items) were used to validate the nutrient composition and the results of the nutriRECIPE-Index. Results The resulting scores of the recipes and menu lines showed substantial differences, wherein the meals of a health-promoting menu line usually received higher scores than the standard recipes. A correlation between the nutriRECIPE-Index and the Healthy Meal Index (0.604) and the Nutri-Score (0.591) was observed. The nutriRECIPE-Index was better at identifying the worst menus and could better separate mediocre menus from good menus. Conclusion The nutriRECIPE-Index is a useful and comprehensive tool for evaluating the nutritional value of recipes and is the first to consider bioactive plant compounds. Further adjustments to different target populations, settings, and cultural backgrounds are possible. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-021-00483-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Forner
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany. .,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ina Volkhardt
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany.,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toni Meier
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany.,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olaf Christen
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany.,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany.,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Moore DR. Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves. Sports Med 2021; 51:13-30. [PMID: 34515969 PMCID: PMC8566396 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada.
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27
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Wu SY, Yeh NH, Chang HY, Wang CF, Hung SY, Wu SJ, Pan WH. Adequate protein intake in older adults in the context of frailty: cross-sectional results of the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2014-2017. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:649-660. [PMID: 33851197 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that a dietary protein intake higher than the current recommended dietary allowance of 0.8 g/kg body weight (BW)/d may be needed to maintain optimal muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults. However, defining optimal protein intake in this age group remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE In this study we sought to describe the dietary protein intake in frail, prefrail, and robust older Taiwanese adults. METHODS Data for 1920 older adults were collected from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 2014 to 2017. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method. Frailty was determined using the modified Fried's criteria. Body composition was assessed using DXA. Sex-specific dietary protein intakes, measured as values/kg of BW, fat-free mass (FFM), and lean mass (LM), were estimated for the 3 age groups (65-69, 70-79, and ≥80y) and the 3 frailty levels. RESULTS In both males (P for trend = 0.034) and females (P for trend = 0.015), there were significant downward trends for protein intake/kg of BW with the severity of frailty. The age-adjusted protein intake/kg of BW was still significant in males (P for trend = 0.009), but no longer in females. This phenomenon was also seen for protein intake at lunch and dinner but not at breakfast. Age-adjusted trends for protein intake/kg FFM or LM were not significant in either sex. The median protein intake in robust older males and females was 1.21 and 1.19 g/kg BW/d, respectively, and the mean intakes were even higher. CONCLUSION Median protein intake in robust Taiwanese older adults was approximately 1.2 g/kg BW/d, with higher mean values. The protein adequate intake in Taiwanese older adults was higher than the current recommended daily allowance (RDA) level but within the RDA range derived from the state-of art indicator amino acid oxidation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yun Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hua Yeh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fen Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Hung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Moore DR, Sygo J, Morton JP. Fuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and protein recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:684-696. [PMID: 34015236 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1922508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal carbohydrate and protein intakes are vital for modulating training adaptation, recovery, and exercise performance. However, the research base underpinning contemporary sport nutrition guidelines has largely been conducted in male populations with a lack of consensus on whether the menstrual phase and associated changes in sex hormones allow broad application of these principles to female athletes. The present review will summarise our current understanding of carbohydrate and protein requirements in female athletes across the menstrual cycle and provide a critical analysis on how they compare to male athletes. On the basis of current evidence, we consider it premature to conclude that female athletes require sex specific guidelines in relation to CHO or protein requirements provided energy needs are met. However, there is a need for further research using sport-specific competition and training related exercise protocols that rigorously control for prior exercise, CHO/energy intake, contraceptive use and phase of menstrual cycle. Our overarching recommendation is to use current recommendations as a basis for adopting an individualised approach that takes into account athlete specific training and competition goals whilst also considering personal symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Mores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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29
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Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33794937 PMCID: PMC8015182 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J Wohlgemuth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew L Hoselton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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30
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Nutritional Practice and Nitrogen Balance in Elite Japanese Swimmers during a Training Camp. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020017. [PMID: 33494249 PMCID: PMC7909811 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein requirement in athletes increases as a result of exercise-induced changes in protein metabolism. In addition, the frequency, quantity, and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the protein intake modulates the protein metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether nutritional practice (particularly, protein and amino acid intake at each eating occasion) meets the protein needs required to achieve zero nitrogen balance in elite swimmers during a training camp. Eight elite swimmers (age 21.9 ± 2.3 years, body weight 64.2 ± 7.1 kg, sex M:2 F:6) participated in a four-day study. The nitrogen balance was calculated from the dietary nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The amino acid intake was divided over six eating occasions. The nitrogen balance was found to be positive (6.7 ± 3.1 g N/day, p < 0.05) with protein intake of 2.96 ± 0.74 g/kg/day. The frequency and quantity of leucine and the protein intake were met within the recommended range established by the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Thus, a protein intake of 2.96 g/kg/day with a well-designated pattern (i.e., frequency throughout the day, as well as quantity and quality) of protein and amino acid intake may satisfy the increased need for protein in an elite swimmer.
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Abstract
All tissues are in a constant state of turnover, with a tightly controlled regulation of protein synthesis and breakdown rates. Due to the relative ease of sampling skeletal muscle tissue, basal muscle protein synthesis rates and the protein synthetic responses to various anabolic stimuli have been well defined in human subjects. In contrast, only limited data are available on tissue protein synthesis rates in other organs. Several organs such as the brain, liver and pancreas, show substantially higher (basal) protein synthesis rates when compared to skeletal muscle tissue. Such data suggest that these tissues may also possess a high level of plasticity. It remains to be determined whether protein synthesis rates in these tissues can be modulated by external stimuli. Whole-body protein synthesis rates are highly responsive to protein intake. As the contribution of muscle protein synthesis rates to whole-body protein synthesis rates is relatively small considering the large amount of muscle mass, this suggests that other organ tissues may also be responsive to (protein) feeding. Whole-body protein synthesis rates in the fasted or fed state can be quantified by measuring plasma amino acid kinetics, although this requires the production of intrinsically labelled protein. Protein intake requirements to maximise whole-body protein synthesis may also be determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation technique, but the technique does not allow the assessment of actual protein synthesis and breakdown rates. Both approaches have several other methodological and inferential limitations that will be discussed in detail in this paper.
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32
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Hayamizu K, Aoki Y, Izumo N, Nakano M. Estimation of inter-individual variability of protein requirement by indicator amino acid oxidation method. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 68:32-36. [PMID: 33536710 PMCID: PMC7844655 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method is a recently developed method to determine the protein requirement and is particularly useful for analyzing human subjects because of its minimal invasiveness. IAAO study is performed using two-phase regression analysis, with the break-point between these phases being the estimated average requirement. However, this method requires that the break-point lie within a certain range in advance, which is in practice difficult. Recently, the change-point regression model (CPRM) has been proposed to be more effective for two-phase regression analysis. There is also a need to re-evaluate the value corresponding to the recommended dietary allowance. Calculation of the recommended dietary allowance requires data on the average requirement and the inter-individual variability of this requirement. However, no inter-individual variability values have been reported in the IAAO method. The aim of this study was thus to estimate the inter-individual variation in protein requirement using CPRM. From seven IAAO studies, the inter-individual variability was estimated as a coefficient of variation of about 20%. The coefficient of variation of the protein requirement determined by IAAO study was wider than the ordinary coefficient of variation obtained from the nitrogen balance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Matano-cho 601, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuma Aoki
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Matano-cho 601, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Matano-cho 601, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakano
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Matano-cho 601, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
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33
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Szwiega S, Pencharz PB, Rafii M, Lebarron M, Chang J, Ball RO, Kong D, Xu L, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Dietary leucine requirement of older men and women is higher than current recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 113:410-419. [PMID: 33330915 PMCID: PMC7851820 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current national (34 mg . kg-1 . d-1) and international (39 mg kg-1 . d-1) recommendations for leucine in older adults are based on data from young adults. Evidence suggests that the leucine requirements of older adults are higher than those of young adults. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to directly determine the leucine requirements in healthy older adult male and female study participants aged >60 y. METHODS Leucine requirement was determined using the indicator amino acid oxidation method (IAAO) with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine as the indicator. Sixteen older adults (n = 7 male and n = 9 female participants) were randomly assigned to receive 3 to 7 leucine intakes from 20 to 120 mg . kg-1 . d-1. The rate of release of 13CO2 from l-[1-13C]phenylalanine oxidation was measured, and breakpoint analysis was used to estimate the leucine requirement. The 95% CI was calculated using the parametric bootstrap method. RESULTS The mean leucine requirement for male participants was 77.8 mg . kg-1 . d-1 (upper 95% CI: 81.0) and for female participants, it was 78.2 mg . kg-1 . d-1 (upper 95% CI: 82.0) with no sex effect based on body weight. The data were therefore combined to yield a mean of 78.5 mg . kg-1 d-1 (upper 95% CI: 81.0 mg . kg-1 . d-1 ) for both sexes. On the basis of fat-free mass, the mean ± SEM leucine requirements were 115 ± 3.2 and 127 ± 2.4 mg . kg-1 . d-1 for male and female participants, respectively (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The estimated leucine requirement of older adults is more than double the amount in current recommendations. These data suggest that leucine could be a limiting amino acid in the diet of older adults consuming the current RDA for protein and those consuming a plant-based diet. In view of the functional and structural role of leucine, especially its importance in muscle protein synthesis, current leucine recommendations of older adults should be revised. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03506126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szwiega
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Lebarron
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Chang
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Libai Xu
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more? Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:264-277. [PMID: 33050965 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A progressive decrement in muscle mass and muscle function, sarcopoenia, accompanies ageing. The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is the main feature of sarcopoenia. Preventing the loss of muscle mass is relevant since sarcopoenia can have a significant impact on mobility and the quality of life of older people. Dietary protein and physical activity have an essential role in slowing muscle mass loss and helping to maintain muscle function. However, the current recommendations for daily protein ingestion for older persons appear to be too low and are in need of adjustment. In this review, we discuss the skeletal muscle response to protein ingestion, and review the data examining current dietary protein recommendations in the older subjects. Furthermore, we review the concept of protein quality and the important role that nutrient-dense protein (NDP) sources play in meeting overall nutrient requirements and improving dietary quality. Overall, the current evidence endorses an increase in the daily ingestion of protein with emphasis on the ingestion of NDP choices by older adults.
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Fakiha A, Tul-Noor Z, Paoletti A, Pencharz PB, Ball RO, Levesque CL, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Bioavailable Lysine, Assessed in Healthy Young Men Using Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation, is Greater when Cooked Millet and Stewed Canadian Lentils are Combined. J Nutr 2020; 150:2729-2737. [PMID: 32840580 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pearl millet is the chief source of energy in the diet in some developing regions, but has a limited amount of indispensable amino acid lysine. Complementation with pulses like lentils can improve the protein quality of millet diets, but the knowledge of lysine bioavailability (BA) in millet and lentils is lacking. OBJECTIVES The study objectives were to determine the BA of lysine in millet and lentils separately and to assess the effect of complementation of millet and lentils in a mixed meal format. METHODS We studied 9 healthy young men (≤30 y; BMI <25) in a repeated-measure design using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, with L-[1-13C] phenylalanine as the indicator. Each subject completed 7 or 8 experiments in random order. On the reference diet, subjects received 4 graded levels of L-lysine (5, 8, 12, and 15 mg·kg-1.d-1) from a crystalline amino acid mixture patterned after egg protein; on the test diets, they received 3 levels of lysine (10, 12, and 15 mg·kg-1.d-1) from either steamed millet or stewed lentils; and on the complementation diet, they received 1 level of lysine from a mixed meal of steamed millet and stewed lentils. The BA of lysine and the effect of complementation were assessed by comparing the IAAO responses to the test diets and the complementation diet with the IAAO response to L-lysine intakes in the reference protein, using the slope ratio method. RESULTS The BA of lysine was 97% from millet and 80% from lentils. Complementation of steamed millet with stewed lentils decreased the oxidation of L-[1-13C] phenylalanine by 27% (P < 0.05), signifying improved quality of the combined millet and lentil protein. CONCLUSIONS Lysine has high BA but is still limiting in steamed pearl millet. Complementation with lentils in a 2:1 ratio is recommended to meet the lysine and protein requirements for adult men consuming a millet-based diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03674736 and NCT03339167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Fakiha
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zujaja Tul-Noor
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa Paoletti
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Research Institute, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cooper L, Ball RO, Pencharz PB, Sakai R, Elango R. Dispensable Amino Acids, except Glutamine and Proline, Are Ideal Nitrogen Sources for Protein Synthesis in the Presence of Adequate Indispensable Amino Acids in Adult Men. J Nutr 2020; 150:2398-2404. [PMID: 32879983 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritionally, there is a dietary requirement for indispensable amino acids (IAAs) but also a requirement for nitrogen (N) intake for the de novo synthesis of the dispensable amino acids (DAAs). It has been suggested that there might be a dietary requirement for specific DAAs. OBJECTIVES Experiment 1 tested whether 9 of the DAAs (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Gly, Pro, Ser) are ideal N sources using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Experiment 2 examined whether there is a dietary requirement for Glu in adult men. METHODS Seven healthy men (aged 20-24 y) participated in 11 or 2 test diet intakes, in experiment 1 and 2, respectively, in a repeated measures design. In experiment 1, a base diet consisting of the IAA provided at the RDA was compared with test intakes with the base diet plus addition of individual DAAs to meet a 50:50 ratio of IAA:DAA on an N basis. In experiment 2, the diets corresponded to the amino acid pattern present in egg protein, in which all Glu and Gln was present as Glu, or removed, with Ser used to make the diets isonitrogenous. On each study day the IAAO protocol with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine was used to measure whole-body protein synthesis. RESULTS In experiment 1, repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparisons showed that 7 of the 9 DAAs (Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Glu, Gly, Ser) decreased IAAO significantly (P < 0.05) compared with base IAA diet, the exceptions being Gln and Pro. In experiment 2, a paired t test did not find significant (P > 0.05) differences in the IAAO in response to removal and replacement of Glu intake. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that in healthy men most DAAs are ideal N sources for protein synthesis, in the presence of adequate IAAs, and that endogenous synthesis of Glu is sufficient.Registered clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02009917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cooper
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryosei Sakai
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki-Shi, Japan
| | - Rajavel Elango
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Medical nutrition therapy and dietary counseling for patients with diabetes-energy, carbohydrates, protein intake and dietary counseling. Diabetol Int 2020; 11:224-239. [PMID: 32802703 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-020-00437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gao R, Chilibeck PD. Nutritional interventions during bed rest and spaceflight: prevention of muscle mass and strength loss, bone resorption, glucose intolerance, and cardiovascular problems. Nutr Res 2020; 82:11-24. [PMID: 32890860 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bed rest is necessary for many medical conditions but also used as a ground-based model for space flight (along with head-down tilt to simulate fluid shifts in microgravity). The purpose of this review is to examine nutritional interventions during bed rest and spaceflight for prevention of muscle and strength loss, glucose intolerance, bone resorption, and cardiovascular problems. Increased dietary protein intake and supplementation with amino acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, or cofactors with antioxidant properties are effective for ameliorating bed rest-induced loss of muscle mass and strength. Previous literature involving bed rest with dietary protein/amino acid supplementation had mixed findings, likely due to differences in dosage. Although high protein intake in some studies prevents bed rest-induced muscle loss, it also increases bone resorption. High calcium intake and vitamin D supplementation are not beneficial for preventing bone degradation during bed rest or spaceflight. Very few studies investigated countermeasures to prevent glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risks during bed rest/spaceflight. Low-glycemic index diets might be beneficial for the prevention of bed rest-induced glucose intolerance and cardiovascular problems. The present evidence warrants additional studies on the exact threshold of protein/amino acid intake to prevent the loss of muscle mass and strength during bed rest/spaceflight specifically to maintain the beneficial effects of proteins on muscle mass and function without increasing bone resorption. Furthermore, it is suggested to study the effects of vitamin K supplementation on bone health during bed rest/spaceflight and determine the role of long-term low-glycemic index diets on glucose regulation and cardiovascular health during extended bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Gao
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B2
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B2.
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Rafii M, Pencharz PB, Ball RO, Tomlinson C, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. Bioavailable Methionine Assessed Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method Is Greater When Cooked Chickpeas and Steamed Rice Are Combined in Healthy Young Men. J Nutr 2020; 150:1834-1844. [PMID: 32271919 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, pulse protein is limiting in the indispensable amino acid methionine, and antinutritional factors in pulses can affect methionine bioavailability. Complementation with grains such as rice can improve pulse protein quality, but knowledge of methionine bioavailability in pulses and grains is necessary to correct for available methionine when planning and assessing dietary protein intake. OBJECTIVES The study objectives were to determine the bioavailability of methionine in rice and chickpeas separately and to assess the effect of complementation of chickpeas and rice. METHODS Eleven healthy young men (<30 y, BMI <25 kg/m2) were studied in a repeated-measures design using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine as the indicator. Each received 7 or 10 methionine intakes in random order: 4 intakes of l-methionine-0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (reference diet); 3 intakes of methionine from rice and from chickpeas; and 3 intakes from the mixed meal of chickpeas plus rice (test diets). The bioavailability of methionine and the effect of complementation were assessed by comparing the IAAO response to varying intakes of methionine in rice, in cooked Canadian chickpeas, and in rice plus chickpeas combined compared with the IAAO response to l-methionine intakes in the reference protein (crystalline amino acid mixture patterned after egg protein) using the slope ratio method. RESULTS The bioavailability of methionine from rice and from chickpeas was 100% and 63%, respectively. Complementation of cooked chickpeas with rice decreased the oxidation of l-[1-13C]phenylalanine by up to 14% (P < 0.05), suggesting an improved protein quality of the combined chickpeas plus rice protein. CONCLUSIONS When chickpeas are the main protein source in the diet of young adult men, the combination of rice and chickpeas in a 3:1 ratio is recommended to improve dietary protein quality. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03339154 and NCT03674736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Phillips SM, Paddon-Jones D, Layman DK. Optimizing Adult Protein Intake During Catabolic Health Conditions. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:S1058-S1069. [PMID: 32666115 PMCID: PMC7360447 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The DRIs define a range of acceptable dietary intakes for each nutrient. The range is defined from the minimum intake to avoid risk of inadequacy (i.e., the RDA) up to an upper limit (UL) based on a detectable risk of adverse effects. For most nutrients, the minimum RDA is based on alleviating a clear deficiency condition, whereas higher intakes are often recommended to optimize specific health outcomes. Evidence is accumulating that similar logic should be applied to dietary recommendations for protein. Although the RDA for protein of 0.8 g/kg body weight is adequate to avoid obvious inadequacies, multiple studies provide evidence that many adults may benefit from protein quantity, quality, and distribution beyond guidelines currently defined by the RDA. Further, the dietary requirement for protein is a surrogate for the constituent amino acids and, in particular, the 9 considered to be indispensable. Leucine provides an important example of an essential amino acid where the RDA of 42 mg/kg body weight is significantly less than the 100-110 mg/kg required to optimize metabolic regulation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This review will highlight the benefits of higher protein diets to optimize health during aging, inactivity, bed rest, or metabolic dysfunction such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Fernandez MA, Bertolo RF, Duncan AM, Phillips SM, Elango R, Ma DWL, Desroches S, Grantham A, House JD. Translating "protein foods" from the new Canada's Food Guide to consumers: knowledge gaps and recommendations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1311-1323. [PMID: 32459974 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The revised version of Canada's Food Guide, released in January 2019, issued new guidance by combining meat and alternatives with milk and alternatives into a single group called "protein foods" and emphasized selecting plant-based foods from this category more often. Though the changes represent a simple depiction of a healthy plate, the new Food Guide has opened knowledge gaps about protein foods and exposed new concerns about the interpretation and implementation of the Food Guide among vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly. To address key knowledge and research gaps, nutrition leaders need to reach a consensus on key messages to best inform the development of tools and resources to support practitioners in translating messages to consumers, including foodservice standards. Among consumers, families with young children are a primary target for these resources as they develop their life-long habits to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to select, prepare, and consume nutrient-rich protein foods. The new Food Guide provides an opportunity to address the existing knowledge gaps, develop tools and resources to support health professionals, and design interventions that will help Canadian families choose, prepare, and eat nutrient-rich protein foods. Novelty An updated Canadian regulatory framework is needed for protein labelling and content/health claims. There are knowledge gaps about protein foods consumption and food literacy needed to optimize nutritional health. Mandatory nutrition policies are needed to safeguard the provision of high-quality protein foods across institutions that serve children and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fernandez
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sophie Desroches
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - James D House
- Department of Food and Human Nutrition, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Mao D, Chen F, Wang R, Bai P, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Chen J, Yang L, Yang X, Li M. Protein Requirements of Elderly Chinese Adults Are Higher than Current Recommendations. J Nutr 2020; 150:1208-1213. [PMID: 32140711 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a lack of research data on the protein requirements of the elderly in China, the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of protein in the elderly remain the same as those in young and middle-aged people at 0.98 g/(kg·d). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements of healthy Chinese adults >65y old through use of the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method. METHODS Seven healthy adult men and 7 healthy adult women participated in the study, with protein intakes ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 g/(kg·d). The diets were isocaloric and provided energy at a 1.5 resting energy expenditure. Protein was given based on the lactalbumin. Phenylalanine and tyrosine were added to protein doses of 0.3-1.5 g/kg according to the highest dose of protein content [1.8 g/(kg·d)]. Phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations were kept constant at each protein dose. The mean protein requirement was determined by applying a nonlinear mixed-effects model analysis to the F13CO2, which identified a breakpoint in F13CO2 in response to graded amounts of protein. This trial was registered with the Chinese clinical trial registry as ChiCTR-BOC-17010930. RESULTS Protein EAR and RNI for healthy elderly Chinese adults were determined to be 0.91 and 1.17 g/(kg·d), respectively, based on the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. CONCLUSIONS The estimates of protein requirements for Chinese adults >65 y in the present study are 3.4% and 19.4% higher than the current estimated requirements, 0.88 g/(kg·d) for EAR and 0.98 g/(kg·d) for RNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission; National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fengge Chen
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission; National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Bai
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission; National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission; National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission; National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission; National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Tinline-Goodfellow CT, West DWD, Malowany JM, Gillen JB, Moore DR. An Acute Reduction in Habitual Protein Intake Attenuates Post Exercise Anabolism and May Bias Oxidation-Derived Protein Requirements in Resistance Trained Men. Front Nutr 2020; 7:55. [PMID: 32391374 PMCID: PMC7188927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein recommendations for resistance-trained athletes are generally lower than their habitual intakes. Excess protein consumption increases the capacity to oxidize amino acids, which can attenuate post-exercise anabolism and may impact protein requirements determined by stable isotope techniques predicated on amino acid tracer oxidation. We aimed to determine the impact of an acute (5d) reduction in dietary protein intake on post-exercise anabolism in high habitual consumers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Resistance trained men [n = 5; 25 ± 7 y; 73.0 ± 5.7 kg; 9.9 ± 2.9% body fat; 2.69 ± 0.38 g·kg−1·d−1 habitual protein intake) consumed a high (H; 2.2 g·kg−1·d−1) and moderate (M; 1.2 g·kg−1·d−1) protein diet while training every other day. During the High protein phase, participants consumed a 2d controlled diet prior to determining whole body phenylalanine turnover, net balance (NB), and 13CO2 excretion (F13CO2) after exercise via oral [13C]phenylalanine. During the Moderate phase, participants consumed 2.2 g protein·kg−1·d−1 for 2d prior to consuming 1.2 g protein·kg−1·d−1 for 5d. Phenylalanine metabolism was measured on days 1, 3, and 5 (M1, M3, and M5, respectively) of the moderate intake. F13CO2, the primary outcome for IAAO, was ~72 and ~55% greater on the 1st day (M1, P < 0.05) and the third day of the moderate protein diet (M3, P = 0.07), respectively, compared to the High protein trial. Compared to the High protein trial, NB was ~25% lower on the 1st day (M1, P < 0.01) and 15% lower on the third day of the moderate protein diet (M3, P = 0.09). High habitual protein consumption may bias protein requirements determined by traditional IAAO methods that use only a 2d pre-trial controlled diet. Post-exercise whole body anabolism is attenuated following a reduction in protein intake in resistance trained men and may require ~3–5d to adapt. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03845569.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia M Malowany
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Waskiw-Ford M, Hannaian S, Duncan J, Kato H, Abou Sawan S, Locke M, Kumbhare D, Moore D. Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery from Post-Exercise Muscle Damage Independent of Increases in Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Young Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041061. [PMID: 32290521 PMCID: PMC7231404 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) acutely enhance post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), which has been suggested to be important for muscle repair and recovery. However, the ability of LEAAs to concurrently enhance MyoPS and muscle damage recovery in free-living humans has not been studied. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, twenty recreationally active males consuming a controlled diet (1.2 g/kg/d of protein) were supplemented thrice daily with 4 g of LEAAs (containing 1.6 g leucine) or isocaloric placebo for four days following an acute bout of lower-body resistance exercise (RE). MyoPS at rest and integrated over 96 h of recovery was measured by D2O. Isometric and isokinetic torque, muscle soreness, Z-band streaming, muscle heat shock protein (HSP) 25 and 72, plasma creatine kinase (CK), and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured over 96 h post-RE to assess various direct and indirect markers of muscle damage. RESULTS Integrated MyoPS increased ~72% over 96 h after RE (p < 0.05), with no differences between groups (p = 0.98). Isometric, isokinetic, and total peak torque decreased ~21% by 48 h after RE (p < 0.05), whereas total peak torque was ~10% greater overall during recovery in LEAAs compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There were moderate to large effects for peak torque in favour of LEAAs. Muscle soreness increased during recovery with no statistical differences between groups but small to moderate effects in favour of LEAAs that correlated with changes in peak torque. Plasma CK, plasma IL-6, and muscle HSP25 increased after RE (p < 0.05) but were not significantly different between groups (p ≥ 0.13). Consistent with a trend toward attenuated Z-band streaming in LEAAs (p = 0.07), muscle HSP72 expression was lower (p < 0.05) during recovery in LEAAs compared with placebo. There were no correlations between MyoPS and any measures of muscle damage (p ≥ 0.37). CONCLUSION Collectively, our data suggest that LEAAs moderately attenuated muscle damage without concomitant increases in integrated MyoPS in the days following an acute bout of resistance exercise in free-living recreationally active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Waskiw-Ford
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Sarkis Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Justin Duncan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan;
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Marius Locke
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada;
| | - Daniel Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-946-4088
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Yoshikawa M, Morita S, Sonoki H, Iwamoto H, Takeda Y. Evaluation of Protein Requirements Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:54-59. [PMID: 32115454 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method is a novel method for determining protein requirements. Recently, the protein requirement of healthy young men was reevaluated using this method, and the currently recommended protein requirement based on nitrogen balance study was found to be deficient. Similarly, with respect to experimental animals, the protein concentration used widely in the experimental diets was assumed to be deficient. However, only a few studies have tested the IAAO method in experimental animals. In particular, there are no studies on the protein requirement of adult rats measured using this method. Therefore, we applied the IAAO method to adult rats, to determine their casein protein requirement. Male Wistar/ST rats (15-18 wk old, housed in lighting (lights on from 23:00 to 11:00) conditions) were provided with the test diet including graded casein (5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 25%) every 2 h from 11:00 to 17:00. Tracer administration of 13C-phenylalanine was performed hourly from 14:00 to 17:00. Breath 13CO2 was measured every 30 min after the first tracer administration. There were significant differences between the 13CO2 concentration of the 5% and 17% casein groups at 17:00 and 18:00 (p<0.05). The mean casein protein requirement and recommended dietary allowance (RDA) were estimated to be 5.2 g/kg BW/d and 7.0 g/kg BW/d using the mixed-effect change point regression model, respectively. Our results indicated that the recommended casein value may be slightly deficient to satisfy the protein metabolic demand of some adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Yoshikawa
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Shunsuke Morita
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Hirofumi Sonoki
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Iwamoto
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Wellness & Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd
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Mazzulla M, Abou Sawan S, Williamson E, Hannaian SJ, Volterman KA, West DWD, Moore DR. Protein Intake to Maximize Whole-Body Anabolism during Postexercise Recovery in Resistance-Trained Men with High Habitual Intakes is Severalfold Greater than the Current Recommended Dietary Allowance. J Nutr 2020; 150:505-511. [PMID: 31618421 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein supports resistance exercise-induced anabolism primarily via the stimulation of protein synthesis rates. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique provides a noninvasive estimate of the protein intake that maximizes whole-body protein synthesis rates and net protein balance. OBJECTIVE We utilized IAAO to determine the maximal anabolic response to postexercise protein ingestion in resistance-trained men. METHODS Seven resistance-trained men (mean ± SD age 24 ± 3 y; weight 80 ± 9 kg; 11 ± 5% body fat; habitual protein intake 2.3 ± 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1) performed a bout of whole-body resistance exercise prior to ingesting hourly mixed meals, which provided a variable amount of protein (0.20-3.00 g·kg-1·d-1) as crystalline amino acids modeled after egg protein. Steady-state protein kinetics were modeled with oral l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine. Breath and urine samples were taken at isotopic steady state to determine phenylalanine flux (PheRa), phenylalanine excretion (F13CO2; reciprocal of protein synthesis), and net balance (protein synthesis - PheRa). Total amino acid oxidation was estimated from the ratio of urinary urea and creatinine. RESULTS Mixed model biphasic linear regression revealed a plateau in F13CO2 (mean: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.62, 2.38 g protein·kg-1·d-1) (r2 = 0.64; P ˂ 0.01) and in net balance (mean: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.57 g protein·kg-1·d-1) (r2 = 0.63; P ˂ 0.01). Ratios of urinary urea and creatinine concentrations increased linearly (r = 0.84; P ˂ 0.01) across the range of protein intakes. CONCLUSIONS A breakpoint protein intake of ∼2.0 g·kg-1·d-1, which maximized whole-body anabolism in resistance-trained men after exercise, is greater than previous IAAO-derived estimates for nonexercising men and is at the upper range of current general protein recommendations for athletes. The capacity to enhance whole-body net balance may be greater than previously suggested to maximize muscle protein synthesis in resistance-trained athletes accustomed to a high habitual protein intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03696264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Volterman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to Augment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance Adaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020390. [PMID: 32024038 PMCID: PMC7071320 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense activity interspersed by periods of low-intensity exercise or rest. HIIT is a viable alternative to traditional continuous moderate-intensity endurance training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance. Combining nutritional strategies with HIIT may result in more favorable outcomes. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight key dietary interventions that may augment adaptations to HIIT, including creatine monohydrate, caffeine, nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, protein, and essential amino acids, as well as manipulating carbohydrate availability. Nutrient timing and potential sex differences are also discussed. Overall, sodium bicarbonate and nitrates show promise for enhancing HIIT adaptations and performance. Beta-alanine has the potential to increase training volume and intensity and improve HIIT adaptations. Caffeine and creatine have potential benefits, however, longer-term studies are lacking. Presently, there is a lack of evidence supporting high protein diets to augment HIIT. Low carbohydrate training enhances the upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes, however, there does not seem to be a performance advantage, and a periodized approach may be warranted. Lastly, potential sex differences suggest the need for future research to examine sex-specific nutritional strategies in response to HIIT.
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Malowany JM, West DWD, Williamson E, Volterman KA, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Moore DR. Protein to Maximize Whole-Body Anabolism in Resistance-trained Females after Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:798-804. [PMID: 30395050 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current athlete-specific protein recommendations are based almost exclusively on research in males. PURPOSE Using the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation technique, we determined the daily protein intake that maximizes whole-body protein synthesis (PS) and net protein balance (NB) after exercise in strength-trained females. METHODS Eight resistance-trained females (23 ± 3.5 yr, 67.0 ± 7.7 kg, 163.3 ± 3.7 cm, 24.4% ± 6.9% body fat; mean ± SD) completed a 2-d controlled diet during the luteal phase before performing an acute bout of whole-body resistance exercise. During recovery, participants consumed eight hourly meals providing a randomized test protein intake (0.2-2.9 g·kg·d) as crystalline amino acids modeled after egg protein, with constant phenylalanine (30.5 mg·kg·d) and excess tyrosine (40.0 mg·kg·d) intakes. Steady-state whole-body phenylalanine rate of appearance (Ra), oxidation (Ox; the reciprocal of PS), and NB (PS - Ra) were determined from oral [C] phenylalanine ingestion. Total protein oxidation was estimated from the urinary urea-creatinine ratio (U/Cr). RESULTS A mixed model biphase linear regression revealed a break point (i.e., estimated average requirement) of 1.49 ± 0.44 g·kg·d (mean ± 95% confidence interval) in Ox (r = 0.64) and 1.53 ± 0.32 g·kg·d in NB (r = 0.65), indicating a saturation in whole-body anabolism. U/Cr increased linearly with protein intake (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Findings from this investigation indicate that the safe protein intake (upper 95% confidence interval) to maximize anabolism and minimize protein oxidation for strength-trained females during the early ~8-h postexercise recovery period is at the upper end of the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine for athletes (i.e., 1.2-2.0 g·kg·d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Malowany
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, CANADA
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49
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Burd NA, McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Paulussen KJ, Moore DR. Dietary Protein Quantity, Quality, and Exercise Are Key to Healthy Living: A Muscle-Centric Perspective Across the Lifespan. Front Nutr 2019; 6:83. [PMID: 31245378 PMCID: PMC6563776 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy eating pattern, regardless of age, should consist of ingesting high quality protein preferably in adequate amounts across all meals throughout the day. Of particular relevance to overall health is the growth, development, and maintenance of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle not only contributes to physical strength and performance, but also contributes to efficient macronutrient utilization and storage. Achieving an optimal amount of muscle mass begins early in life with transitions to "steady-state" maintenance as an adult, and then safeguarding against ultimate decline of muscle mass with age, all of which are influenced by physical activity and dietary (e.g., protein) factors. Current protein recommendations, as defined by recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for the US population or the population reference intakes (PRI) in Europe, are set to cover basic needs; however, it is thought that a higher protein intake might be necessary for optimizing muscle mass, especially for adults and individuals with an active lifestyle. It is necessary to balance the accurate assessment of protein quality (e.g., digestible indispensable amino acid score; DIAAS) with methods that provide a physiological correlate (e.g., established measures of protein synthesis, substrate oxidation, lean mass retention, or accrual, etc.) in order to accurately define protein requirements for these physiological outcomes. Moreover, current recommendations need to shift from single nutrient guidelines to whole food based guidelines in order to practically acknowledge food matrix interactions and other required nutrients for potentially optimizing the health effects of food. The aim of this paper is to discuss protein quality and amount that should be consumed with consideration to the presence of non-protein constituents within a food matrix and potential interactions with physical activity to maximize muscle mass throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kevin J.M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R. Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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50
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Williamson E, Kato H, Volterman KA, Suzuki K, Moore DR. The Effect of Dietary Protein on Protein Metabolism and Performance in Endurance-trained Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:352-360. [PMID: 30252774 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recommendations for dietary protein are primarily based on intakes that maintain nitrogen (i.e., protein) balance rather than optimize metabolism and/or performance. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine how varying protein intakes, including a new tracer-derived safe intake, alter whole body protein metabolism and exercise performance during training. METHODS Using a double-blind randomized crossover design, 10 male endurance-trained runners (age, 32 ± 8 yr; V˙O2peak, 65.9 ± 7.9 mL O2·kg·min) performed three trials consisting of 4 d of controlled training (20, 5, 10, and 20 km·d, respectively) while consuming diets providing 0.94 (LOW), 1.20 (MOD), and 1.83 (HIGH) g protein·kg·d. Whole body protein synthesis, breakdown, and net balance were determined by oral [N]glycine on the first and last day of the 4-d controlled training period, whereas exercise performance was determined from maximum voluntary isometric contraction, 5-km time trial, and countermovement jump impulse (IMP) and peak force before and immediately after the 4-d intervention. RESULTS Synthesis and breakdown were not affected by protein intake, whereas net balance showed a dose-response (HIGH > MOD > LOW, P < 0.05) with only HIGH being in positive balance (P < 0.05). There was a trend (P = 0.06) toward an interaction in 5-km Time Trial with HIGH having a moderate effect over LOW (effect size = 0.57) and small effect over MOD (effect size = 0.26). IMP decreased with time (P < 0.01) with no effect of protein (P = 0.56). There was no effect of protein intake (P ≥ 0.06) on maximum voluntary isometric contraction, IMP, or peak force performance. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that athletes who consume dietary protein toward the upper end of the current recommendations by the American College of Sports Medicine (1.2-2 g·kg) would better maintain protein metabolism and potentially exercise performance during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA.,Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Kimberly A Volterman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, JAPAN
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CANADA
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