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Zhan W, Peng H, Xie S, Deng Y, Zhu T, Cui Y, Cao H, Tang Z, Jin M, Zhou Q. Dietary lauric acid promoted antioxidant and immune capacity by improving intestinal structure and microbial population of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109739. [PMID: 38960108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Lauric acid (LA), a saturated fatty acid with 12 carbon atoms, is widely regarded as a healthy fatty acid that plays an important role in disease resistance and improving immune physiological function. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary lauric acid on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and intestinal microbiology, and evaluate the potential of lauric acids an environmentally friendly additive in swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) culture. A total of 192 swimming crabs with an initial body weight of 11.68 ± 0.02 g were fed six different dietary lauric acid levels, the analytical values of lauric acid were 0.09, 0.44, 0.80, 1.00, 1.53, 2.91 mg/g, respectively. There were four replicates per treatment and 8 juvenile swimming crabs per replicate. The results indicated that final weight, percent weight gain, specific growth rate, survival and feed intake were not significantly affected by dietary lauric acid levels; however, crabs fed diets with 0.80 and 1.00 mg/g lauric acid showed the lowest feed efficiency among all treatments. Proximate composition in hepatopancreas and muscle were not significantly affected by dietary lauric acid levels. The highest activities of amylase and lipase in hepatopancreas and intestine were found at crabs fed diet with 0.80 mg/g lauric acid (P < 0.05), the activity of carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT) in hepatopancreas and intestine significantly decreased with dietary lauric acid levels increasing from 0.09 to 2.91 mg/g (P < 0.05). The lowest concentration of glucose and total protein and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in hemolymph were observed at crabs fed diets with 0.80 and 1.00 mg/g lauric acid among all treatments. The activity of GSH-Px in hepatopancreas significantly increased with dietary lauric acid increasing from 0.09 to 1.53 mg/g, MDA in hepatopancreas and hemolymph was not significantly influenced by dietary lauric acid levels. The highest expression of cat and gpx in hepatopancreas were exhibited in crabs fed diet with 1.00 mg/g lauric acid, however, the expression of genes related to the inflammatory signaling pathway (relish, myd88, traf6, nf-κB) were up-regulated in the hepatopancreas with dietary lauric acid levels increasing from 0.09 to 1.00 mg/g, moreover, the expression of genes related to intestinal inflammatory, immune and antioxidant were significantly affected by dietary lauric acid levels (P < 0.05). Crabs fed diet without lauric acid supplementation exhibited higher lipid drop area in hepatopancreas than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). The expression of genes related to lipid catabolism was up-regulated, however, and the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis was down-regulated in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed with 0.80 mg/g lauric acid. Lauric acid improved hepatic tubular integrity, and enhanced intestinal barrier function by increasing peritrophic membrane (PM) thickness and upregulating the expression of structural factors (per44, zo-1) and intestinal immunity-related genes. In addition, dietary 1.00 mg/g lauric acid significantly improved the microbiota composition of the intestinal, increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and Rhodobacteraceae, and decreased the abundance of Vibrio, thus maintaining the microbiota balance of the intestine. The correlation analysis showed that there was a relationship between intestinal microbiota and immune-antioxidant function. In conclusion, the dietary 1.00 mg/g lauric acid is beneficial to improve the antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of swimming crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhan
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongyu Peng
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shichao Xie
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yao Deng
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuhui Cui
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haiqing Cao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Aktar R, Rondinelli S, Peiris M. GPR84 in physiology-Many functions in many tissues. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1524-1535. [PMID: 37533166 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the GPCR superfamily have a wide variety of physiological roles and are therefore valuable targets for developing effective medicines. However, within this superfamily are receptors that are less well characterized and remain orphans, including GPR84. This receptor is stimulated by ligands derived from dietary nutrients, specifically medium chain fatty acids (C9-14), and novel synthetic agonists. There are data demonstrating the role of GPR84 in inflammatory pathways, in addition to emerging data suggesting a key role for GPR84 as a nutrient-sensing GPCR involved in metabolism by sensing energy load via nutrient exposure and subsequent signalling leading to modulation of food intake. Exploring GPR84 pharmacology, its localization and what drives its expression has revealed multiple roles for this receptor. Here, we will reflect on these various roles of GRP84 demonstrated thus far, primarily by exploring data from pre-clinical and clinical studies in various physiological systems, with a specific focus on the gastrointestinal tract. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Rondinelli
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Guldemir HH, Buyukuslu N, Yigit P, Cakici C, Ozdemir EM. Effects of omega fatty acids on the short-term postprandial satiety related peptides in rats. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2023; 93:401-409. [PMID: 34986656 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of omega fatty acids on time depending on responses of satiety hormones. Sixty adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) groups. For each fatty acid, the dose of 400 mg/kg was applied by oral gavage. Blood samples were taken after the 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), leptin and insulin hormones were analyzed by ELISA. We observed the significant increases (p<0.05) of the levels of CCK between n-3 (ALA, at 60th min; EPA, at 30th and 60th min and DHA, at 60 min) and n-6 (LA) supplemented rats. The highest GLP-1 levels were in ALA (0.70 ng/mL) and DHA (0.67 ng/mL) supplemented groups at 60th and 120th min indicating n-3 fatty acids efficiency on satiety compared to LA. It seems that ALA at 60th min and EPA at 120th min could provide the highest satiety effect with the highest insulin response, while the efficiency of LA supplementation on insulin-induced satiety diminished. The only significant change in AUC values among all hormones was in the CCK of the ALA group (p=0.004). The level of leptin increased in DHA and EPA supplemented rats (p=0.140). Our results showed that dietary omega fatty acids influenced the releasing of hormones in different ways possibly depending on chain length or saturation degree. Comprehensive studies need to be addressed for each fatty acid on satiety-related peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Hizli Guldemir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nihal Buyukuslu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pakize Yigit
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Cakici
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Musa Ozdemir
- Medical Research Center (MEDITAM), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Prater MC, Scheurell AR, Paton CM, Cooper JA. Hunger and satiety responses to diets enriched with cottonseed oil vs. olive oil. Physiol Behav 2023; 259:114041. [PMID: 36427543 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that the type of dietary fat consumed habitually may modulate appetite and further influence weight management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an 8-week diet intervention enriched with either cottonseed oil (CSO; polyunsaturated fat-rich) or olive oil (OO; monounsaturated fat-rich) on appetite responses in adults with high cholesterol. This was a parallel design, randomized partial outpatient feeding trial designed to provide approximately 60% of participants daily energy needs with ∼30% of energy needs as CSO (n = 21, BMI 27.3 ± 0.92 kg/m2, age 53 ± 2y) or OO (n = 21, BMI 27.6 ± 1.20 kg/m2, age 54 ± 2y). A high saturated fat meal challenge was completed at pre- and post-intervention visits with 5 h postprandial blood draws and visual analog scales (VAS) for cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, and subjective appetite, respectively. Participants also completed VAS questionnaires hourly and recorded dietary intake after leaving the lab for the remainder of the day. There was a greater increase in fasting CCK (CSO: 0.54 ± 0.03 to 0.56 ± 0.04; OO: 0.63 ± 0.07 to 0.60 ± 0.06 ng/ml p = 0.05), a greater suppression of postprandial ghrelin (p < 0.01), and a greater increase in postprandial VAS fullness (p = 0.04) in CSO compared to OO. Additionally, there was a greater decrease in self-reported energy intake in CSO compared to OO (CSO: 2464 ± 123 to 2115 ± 123; OO: 2263 ± 147 to 2,434 ± 184 kcal/d p = 0.02). Only postprandial VAS prospective consumption showed greater suppression (p = 0.03) in OO vs. CSO. Altogether, these data show that CSO has a greater effect on appetite suppression than OO diet enrichment and may be beneficial for weight maintenance, especially in a population at-risk for chronic disease. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04397055.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catherine Prater
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Alexis R Scheurell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Chad M Paton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America.
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Guarneiri LL, Paton CM, Cooper JA. Appetite responses to pecan-enriched diets. Appetite 2022; 173:106003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sheashea M, Xiao J, Farag MA. MUFA in metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors: is MUFA the opposite side of the PUFA coin? Food Funct 2021; 12:12221-12234. [PMID: 34779464 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-9 fatty acids represent some of the main mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) found in plant and animal sources. They can be synthesized endogenously in the human body, but they do not fully provide all the body's requirements. Consequently, they are considered as partially essential fatty acids. MUFA represent a healthier alternative to saturated animal fats and have several health benefits, including the prevention of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications. This review concentrates on the major MUFA pharmacological activities in the context of MetS management, including alleviating cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dyslipidemia, central obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The beneficial effects of MUFA for CVD were found to be consistent with those of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for the alleviation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and triacylglcerol (TAG) levels, albeit MUFA had a more favorable effect on decreasing night systolic blood pressure (SBP). To reduce the obesity profile, the use of MUFA was found to induce a higher oxidation rate with a higher energy expenditure, compared with PUFA. For NAFLD, PUFA was found to be a better potential drug candidate for the improvement of liver steatosis in children than MUFA. Any advantageous outcomes from using MUFA for diabetes and insulin resistance (IR) compared to using PUFA were found to be either non-significant or resulted from a small number of meta-analyses. Such an increase in the number of studies of the mechanisms of action require more clinical and epidemiological studies to confirm the beneficial outcomes, especially over a long-term treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sheashea
- Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. .,College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt. .,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Wilbrink J, Masclee G, Klaassen T, van Avesaat M, Keszthelyi D, Masclee A. Review on the Regional Effects of Gastrointestinal Luminal Stimulation on Appetite and Energy Intake: (Pre)clinical Observations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051601. [PMID: 34064724 PMCID: PMC8151500 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macronutrients in the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen are able to activate “intestinal brakes”, feedback mechanisms on proximal GI motility and secretion including appetite and energy intake. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the current evidence with respect to four questions: (1) are regional differences (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) present in the intestinal luminal nutrient modulation of appetite and energy intake? (2) is this “intestinal brake” effect macronutrient specific? (3) is this “intestinal brake” effect maintained during repetitive activation? (4) can the “intestinal brake” effect be activated via non-caloric tastants? Recent evidence indicates that: (1) regional differences exist in the intestinal modulation of appetite and energy intake with a proximal to distal gradient for inhibition of energy intake: ileum and jejunum > duodenum at low but not at high caloric infusion rates. (2) the “intestinal brake” effect on appetite and energy appears not to be macronutrient specific. At equi-caloric amounts, the inhibition on energy intake and appetite is in the same range for fat, protein and carbohydrate. (3) data on repetitive ileal brake activation are scarce because of the need for prolonged intestinal intubation. During repetitive activation of the ileal brake for up to 4 days, no adaptation was observed but overall the inhibitory effect on energy intake was small. (4) the concept of influencing energy intake by intra-intestinal delivery of non-caloric tastants is intriguing. Among tastants, the bitter compounds appear to be more effective in influencing energy intake. Energy intake decreases modestly after post-oral delivery of bitter tastants or a combination of tastants (bitter, sweet and umami). Intestinal brake activation provides an interesting concept for preventive and therapeutic approaches in weight management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wilbrink
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Gwen Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tim Klaassen
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.W.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (M.v.A.); (D.K.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3875021
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Macronutrient Sensing in the Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract: Alimentary Tastes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020667. [PMID: 33669584 PMCID: PMC7922037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous and diverse factors enabling the overconsumption of foods, with the sense of taste being one of these factors. There are four well established basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter; all with perceptual independence, salience, and hedonic responses to encourage or discourage consumption. More recently, additional tastes have been added to the basic taste list including umami and fat, but they lack the perceptual independence and salience of the basics. There is also emerging evidence of taste responses to kokumi and carbohydrate. One interesting aspect is the link with the new and emerging tastes to macronutrients, with each macronutrient having two distinct perceptual qualities that, perhaps in combination, provide a holistic perception for each macronutrient: fat has fat taste and mouthfeel; protein has umami and kokumi; carbohydrate has sweet and carbohydrate tastes. These new tastes can be sensed in the oral cavity, but they have more influence post- than pre-ingestion. Umami, fat, kokumi, and carbohydrate tastes have been suggested as an independent category named alimentary. This narrative review will present and discuss evidence for macronutrient sensing throughout the alimentary canal and evidence of how each of the alimentary tastes may influence the consumption of foods.
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Smitka K, Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Papezova H, Hill M, Pokorny J, Kittnar O, Bilej M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Current Aspects of the Role of Autoantibodies Directed Against Appetite-Regulating Hormones and the Gut Microbiome in Eating Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613983. [PMID: 33953692 PMCID: PMC8092392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka,
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Eating Disorder Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Pokorny
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Otomar Kittnar
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Graybeal AJ, Meena Shah, Willis JL. Manipulation of fatty acid composition in a high-fat meal does not result in differential alterations in appetite or food intake in normal weight females: A single-blind randomized crossover study. Appetite 2020; 160:105085. [PMID: 33387588 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A behavioral concept that generates a path to obesity is eating in the absence of hunger (EAH). One strategy that may be effective in preventing EAH is the manipulation of dietary fatty acid (FA) composition. However, it remains unclear which FA has the greatest impact on both appetite and EAH. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different dietary FA compositions (monounsaturated, MUFA; polyunsaturated, PUFA; saturated, SFA) on subjective ratings of appetite and subsequent ad libitum eating after a 3 h postprandial period. Sixteen apparently healthy normal weight females between ages 18-40 completed this randomized, single-blind, crossover study. Participants consumed a HF meal (65% energy from fat) rich in SFA, MUFA, and PUFA with an energy content corresponding to 35% of their measured resting metabolic rate on three separate occasions. Visual analog scales were collected while fasted and every 30 min for 3 h during a postprandial period to measure feelings of hunger, fullness, and desire to eat (DTE). Participants were provided an ad libitum buffet meal 3 h after the HF meal. There were no statistically significant differences for ratings of hunger, fullness, or DTE across conditions. Further, there was no significant difference in energy intake during the ad libitum lunch. We conclude that the manipulation of FA composition in a HF meal does not differentially affect appetite sensations or subsequent energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Graybeal
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Jada L Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
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Abstract
The enteroendocrine system is located in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and makes up the largest endocrine system in the human body. Despite that, its roles and functions remain incompletely understood. Gut regulatory peptides are the main products of enteroendocrine cells, and play an integral role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients through their effect on intestinal secretions and gut motility. Several peptides, such as cholecystokinin, polypeptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1, have traditionally been reported to suppress appetite following food intake, so-called satiety hormones. In this review, we propose that, in the healthy individual, this system to regulate appetite does not play a dominant role in normal food intake regulation, and that there is insufficient evidence to wholly link postprandial endogenous gut peptides with appetite-related behaviours. Instead, or additionally, top-down, hedonic drive and neurocognitive factors may have more of an impact on food intake. In GI disease however, supraphysiological levels of these hormones may have more of an impact on appetite regulation as well as contributing to other unpleasant abdominal symptoms, potentially as part of an innate response to injury. Further work is required to better understand the mechanisms involved in appetite control and unlock the therapeutic potential offered by the enteroendocrine system in GI disease and obesity.
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12
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McVeay C, Steinert RE, Fitzgerald PCE, Ullrich SS, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal coadministration of lauric acid and leucine on gut motility, plasma cholecystokinin, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R790-R798. [PMID: 32160019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00352.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid, lauric acid (C12), and the amino acid, leucine (Leu) stimulate gut hormones, including CCK, associated with suppression of energy intake. In our recent study, intraduodenal infusion of a combination of C12 and l-tryptophan, at loads that individually did not affect energy intake, reduced energy intake substantially, associated with much greater stimulation of CCK. We have now investigated whether combined administration of C12 and Leu would enhance the intake-suppressant effects of each nutrient, when given at loads that each suppress energy intake individually. Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 23 ± 2 yr) received, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 90-min intraduodenal infusions of control (saline), C12 (0.4 kcal/min), Leu (0.45 kcal/min), or C12+Leu (0.85 kcal/min). Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously and plasma CCK at 15-min intervals, and energy intake from a standardized buffet-meal, consumed immediately postinfusion, was quantified. All nutrient infusions stimulated plasma CCK compared with control (P < 0.05). Moreover, C12 and C12+Leu stimulated CCK compared with Leu (P < 0.05) (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 2.3 ± 0.3, C12: 3.8 ± 0.3, Leu: 2.7 ± 0.3, and C12+Leu: 4.0 ± 0.4). C12+Leu, but not C12 or Leu, stimulated pyloric pressures (P < 0.05). C12+Leu and C12 reduced energy intake (P < 0.05), and there was a trend for Leu to reduce (P = 0.06) energy intake compared with control, with no differences between the three nutrient treatments (kcal; control: 1398 ± 84, C12: 1226 ± 80, Leu: 1260 ± 92, and C12+Leu: 1208 ± 83). In conclusion, combination of C12 and Leu, at the loads given, did not reduce energy intake beyond their individual effects, possibly because maximal effects had been evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Maher T, Clegg ME. A systematic review and meta-analysis of medium-chain triglycerides effects on acute satiety and food intake. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:636-648. [PMID: 32212947 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1742654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has indicated that consuming medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may be more satiating than consuming long-chain triglycerides (LCT) potentially causing a reduction in energy intake. However not all studies have demonstrated this acute reduction in energy intake and it has yet to be systematically reviewed. Our main objective was to examine how ingestion of MCT influences energy intake, subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormones compared to LCT. Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINHAL, and Embase were searched for publications comparing the effect of MCT on appetite (commonly hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption), appetite-related hormones (pancreatic polypeptide (PP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neurotensin, leptin, total ghrelin and active ghrelin) and energy intake to LCT. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on studies which examined energy intake. Seventeen studies (291 participants) were included in the systematic review, of which 11 were included in the energy intake meta-analysis. Synthesis of combined data showed evidence of a statistically significant moderate decrease in ad libitum energy intake after both acute and chronic ingestion of MCT compared to LCT when assessed under laboratory conditions (mean effect size: -0.444, 95% CI -0.808, -0.080, p < 0.017), despite little evidence of any effect of MCT on subjective appetite ratings or circulating hormones. The current evidence supports the notion that MCT decreases subsequent energy intake, but does not appear to affect appetite. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which MCT reduce energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Diet and Cardiometabolic Health Research Group, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Miriam E Clegg
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Chain length of dietary fatty acids determines gastrointestinal motility and visceromotor function in mice in a fatty acid binding protein 4-dependent manner. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2481-2496. [PMID: 31562532 PMCID: PMC7413912 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We hypothesize that different types of dietary fatty acids (FAs) affect gastrointestinal (GI) motility and visceromotor function and that this effect can be regulated by the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Methods Mice were fed for 60 days with standard diet (STD), STD with 7% (by weight) coconut oil, rich in medium-chain FAs (MCFAs) (COCO), or with 7% evening primrose oil, rich in long-chain FAs (LCFAs) (EPO). In each group, half of the mice received FABP4 inhibitor, BMS309403 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) twice a week. Body weight (BW) and food intake were measured; well-established tests were performed to characterize the changes in GI motility and visceral pain. White adipose tissue and colonic samples were collected for cell culturing and molecular studies. Results COCO significantly increased GI transit, but not colonic motility. COCO and EPO delayed the onset of diarrhea, but none affected the effect of loperamide. EPO reduced BW and increased the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD). COCO and EPO reduced differentiation of preadipocytes. Treatment with BMS309403: (1) reversed the effects induced by COCO in physiological conditions and in mouse models of diarrhea; (2) prevented the effects of EPO on BW, VMR to CRD and castor oil-induced diarrhea; (3) affected proliferation of preadipocytes; (4) changed the expression of Fabp4 in colonic and adipocyte samples from COCO and EPO. Conclusion Modifying dietary intake of MCFAs and LCFAs may be used to control GI motility or visceral pain and thus modulate the symptoms of functional GI disorders. The effect is dependent on the expression of FABP4. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-019-02094-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gastrointestinal Sensing of Meal-Related Signals in Humans, and Dysregulations in Eating-Related Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061298. [PMID: 31181734 PMCID: PMC6627312 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in sensing the arrival of a meal, including its volume as well as nutrient and non-nutrient contents. The presence of the meal in the stomach generates a mechanical distension signal, and, as gastric emptying progresses, nutrients increasingly interact with receptors on enteroendocrine cells, triggering the release of gut hormones, with lipid and protein being particularly potent. Collectively, these signals are transmitted to the brain to regulate appetite and energy intake, or in a feedback loop relayed back to the upper GI tract to further adjust GI functions, including gastric emptying. The research in this area to date has provided important insights into how sensing of intraluminal meal-related stimuli acutely regulates appetite and energy intake in humans. However, disturbances in the detection of these stimuli have been described in a number of eating-related disorders. This paper will review the GI sensing of meal-related stimuli and the relationship with appetite and energy intake, and examine changes in GI responses to luminal stimuli in obesity, functional dyspepsia and anorexia of ageing, as examples of eating-related disorders. A much better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulations is still required to assist in the development of effective management and treatment strategies in the future.
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Polley KR, Kamal F, Paton CM, Cooper JA. Appetite responses to high-fat diets rich in mono-unsaturated versus poly-unsaturated fats. Appetite 2019; 134:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the hormonal regulation of gastric emptying, a topic of increasing relevance, given the fact that medications that are analogs of some of these hormones or act as agonists at the hormonal receptors, are used in clinical practice for optimizing metabolic control in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS The major effects on gastric emptying result from actions of incretins, particularly gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, the duodenal and pancreatic hormones, motilin, glucagon, and amylin, and the gastric orexigenic hormones, ghrelin and motilin. All of these hormones delay gastric emptying, except for ghrelin and motilin which accelerate gastric emptying. These effects on gastric emptying parallel the effects of the hormones on satiation (by those retarding emptying) and increase appetite by those that accelerate emptying. Indeed, in addition to the effects of these hormones on hypothalamic appetite centers and glycemic control, there is evidence that some of their biological effects are mediated through actions on the stomach, particularly with the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs or agonists used in treating obesity. SUMMARY Effects of gastrointestinal hormones on gastric emptying are increasingly recognized as important mediators of satiation and postprandial glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Gribble FM, Meek CL, Reimann F. Targeted intestinal delivery of incretin secretagogues-towards new diabetes and obesity therapies. Peptides 2018; 100:68-74. [PMID: 29412834 PMCID: PMC5805852 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy under development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity is to mimic some of the effects of bariatric surgery by delivering food-related stimuli to the distal gastrointestinal tract where they should enhance the release of gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptideYY (PYY). Methods include inhibition of food digestion and absorption in the upper GI tract, or oral delivery of stimuli in capsules or pelleted form to protect them against gastric degradation. A variety of agents have been tested in humans using capsules, microcapsules or pellets, delivering nutrients, bile acids, fatty acids and bitter compounds. This review examines the outcomes of these different approaches and supporting evidence from intestinal perfusion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire L Meek
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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19
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Appetite responses to high-fat meals or diets of varying fatty acid composition: a comprehensive review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1154-1165. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Schober G, Lange K, Steinert RE, Hutchison AT, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Landrock MF, Horowitz M, Seimon RV, Feinle-Bisset C. Contributions of upper gut hormones and motility to the energy intake-suppressant effects of intraduodenal nutrients in healthy, lean men - a pooled-data analysis. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12943. [PMID: 27613824 PMCID: PMC5027351 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified pyloric pressures and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations as independent determinants of energy intake following administration of intraduodenal lipid and intravenous CCK. We evaluated in healthy men whether these parameters also determine energy intake in response to intraduodenal protein, and whether, across the nutrients, any predominant gastrointestinal (GI) factors exist, or many factors make small contributions. Data from nine published studies, in which antropyloroduodenal pressures, GI hormones, and GI /appetite perceptions were measured during intraduodenal lipid or protein infusions, were pooled. In all studies energy intake was quantified immediately after the infusions. Specific variables for inclusion in a mixed-effects multivariable model for determination of independent predictors of energy intake were chosen following assessment for collinearity, and within-subject correlations between energy intake and these variables were determined using bivariate analyses adjusted for repeated measures. In models based on all studies, or lipid studies, there were significant effects for amplitude of antral pressure waves, premeal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and time-to-peak GLP-1 concentrations, GLP-1 AUC and bloating scores (P < 0.05), and trends for basal pyloric pressure (BPP), amplitude of duodenal pressure waves, peak CCK concentrations, and hunger and nausea scores (0.05 < P ≤ 0.094), to be independent determinants of subsequent energy intake. In the model including the protein studies, only BPP was identified as an independent determinant of energy intake (P < 0.05). No single parameter was identified across all models, and effects of the variables identified were relatively small. Taken together, while GI mechanisms contribute to the regulation of acute energy intake by lipid and protein, their contribution to the latter is much less. Moreover, the effects are likely to reflect small, cumulative contributions from a range of interrelated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schober
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia NHMRC Centre of Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia NHMRC Centre of Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia NHMRC Centre of Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- NHMRC Centre of Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maria F Landrock
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia NHMRC Centre of Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Radhika V Seimon
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia NHMRC Centre of Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Rizzo G, Masic U, Harrold JA, Norton JE, Halford JCG. Coconut and sunflower oil ratios in ice cream influence subsequent food selection and intake. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:40-6. [PMID: 27235735 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of coconut oil (CO, containing mainly medium chain triglycerides - MCTs) and sunflower oil (SO, containing mainly long chain triglycerides - LCTs) used as fat source (10% fat ice cream) in different ratios (25% CO and 75% SO - 25CO:75SO, 50% CO and 50% SO - 50CO:50SO, 75% CO and 25% SO - 75CO:25SO) was investigated to assess differences in appetite and ad-libitum (evening and snack) food intake using a single blind design. 36 healthy female participants consumed a fixed portion (150g) of ice cream 45min before an ad-libitum dinner and snacks. Appetite sensations were tracked across the day. Participants ate significantly less fat after 75CO:25SO than 25CO:75SO (p=0.007) and there was also a trend for lower fat intake in this condition as compared to 50CO:50SO (p=0.068). High fat savoury snack intake significantly decreased after 75CO:25SO in comparison with both 25CO:75SO (p=0.038) and 50CO:50SO (p=0.008). Calorie intake from snacks was also found to be significantly lower after 25CO:75SO and 50CO:50SO than 75CO:25SO (p=0.021 and 0.030 respectively). There was no effect of condition on appetite or desire ratings over the day. Eating a standard portion of ice cream containing different ratios of MCTs and LCTs can modestly influence acute food selection and intake, with MCTs manifesting their effect earlier and LCTs later due to differences in the absorption and metabolism of these lipids. However, the differences evident in the present study were small, and require further research before firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rizzo
- Centre for Formulation Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - U Masic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - J A Harrold
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - J E Norton
- Centre for Formulation Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - J C G Halford
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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Alleleyn AME, van Avesaat M, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM. Gastrointestinal Nutrient Infusion Site and Eating Behavior: Evidence for A Proximal to Distal Gradient within the Small Intestine? Nutrients 2016; 8:117. [PMID: 26927170 PMCID: PMC4808847 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity demands new strategies focusing on prevention and treatment of this significant health care problem. In the search for new and effective therapeutic modalities for overweight subjects, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is increasingly considered as an attractive target for medical and food-based strategies. The entry of nutrients into the small intestine activates so-called intestinal "brakes", negative feedback mechanisms that influence not only functions of more proximal parts of the GI tract but also satiety and food intake. Recent evidence suggests that all three macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates) are able to activate the intestinal brake, although to a different extent and by different mechanisms of action. This review provides a detailed overview of the current evidence for intestinal brake activation of the three macronutrients and their effects on GI function, satiety, and food intake. In addition, these effects appear to depend on region and length of infusion in the small intestine. A recommendation for a therapeutic approach is provided, based on the observed differences between intestinal brake activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick M E Alleleyn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Freddy J Troost
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Adrian A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Cvijanovic N, Isaacs NJ, Rayner CK, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Little TJ. Duodenal fatty acid sensor and transporter expression following acute fat exposure in healthy lean humans. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:564-569. [PMID: 26926575 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Free fatty acids (FFAs) and their derivatives are detected by G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) on enteroendocrine cells, with specific transporters on enterocytes. It is unknown whether acute fat exposure affects FFA sensors/transporters, and whether this relates to hormone secretion and habitual fat intake. METHODS We studied 20 healthy participants (10M, 10F; BMI: 22 ± 1 kg/m2; age: 28 ± 2 years), after an overnight fast, on 2 separate days. On the first day, duodenal biopsies were collected endoscopically before, and after, a 30-min intraduodenal (ID) infusion of 10% Intralipid®, and relative transcript expression of FFA receptor 1 (FFAR1), FFA receptor 4 (FFAR4), GPR119 and the FFA transporter, cluster of differentiation-36 (CD36) was quantified from biopsies. On the second day, ID Intralipid® was infused for 120-min, and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) evaluated. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). RESULTS ID Intralipid® increased expression of GPR119, but not FFAR1, FFAR4 and CD36, and stimulated CCK and GLP-1 secretion. Habitual polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption was negatively associated with basal GPR119 expression. CONCLUSIONS GPR119 is an early transcriptional responder to duodenal lipid in lean humans, although this response appeared reduced in individuals with high PUFA intake. These observations may have implications for downstream regulation of gut hormone secretion and appetite. This study was registered as a clinical trial with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial number: ACTRN12612000376842).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Cvijanovic
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole J Isaacs
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tanya J Little
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Steinert RE, Landrock MF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Intraduodenal Infusions of L-phenylalanine and L-glutamine on Antropyloroduodenal Motility and Plasma Cholecystokinin in Healthy Men. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:404-13. [PMID: 26130636 PMCID: PMC4496893 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dietary proteins have potent eating-inhibitory and glucose-lowering effects, which may be mediated via effects of amino acids on gastrointestinal hormone and motor function, although little information is available. We have now evaluated the effects of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) and L-glutamine (L-Gln) on antropyloroduodenal motility and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concen-trations. METHODS Two double-blind, 3-way cross-over studies were performed, each including 10 healthy, normal-weight men. We determined the antropyloroduodenal motor and plasma CCK responses to 90-minute intraduodenal infusions of L-Phe (study A) or L-Gln (study B), each at 0.15 kcal/min (total 13.5 kcal), or 0.45 kcal/min (total 40.5 kcal), or saline (control), in randomized fashion. RESULTS Intraduodenal L-Phe at 0.45 kcal/min, but not at 0.15 kcal/min, suppressed antral (P < 0.01), and stimulated phasic (P < 0.01), but not tonic, pyloric, or duodenal pressures, while L-Phe at both 0.15 kcal/min and 0.45 kcal/min stimulated plasma CCK. In contrast, L-Gln had no effect on antral, duodenal or pyloric pressures, or plasma CCK. CONCLUSIONS Intraduodenal infusions of L-Phe and L-Gln, in doses of 0.15 kcal/min and 0.45 kcal/min for 90 minutes, have different effects on antropyloroduodenal motility and CCK in normal-weight men. The modulation of antral and pyloric pressures and CCK may contribute to the eating-inhibitory effects of oral L-Phe, possibly through the slowing of gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
- Correspondence: Robert E Steinert, PhD, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5005, Australia, Tel: +61-8-8222-5247, Fax: +61-8-8223-3870, E-mail:
| | - Maria F Landrock
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
- NHMRC Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide,
Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia
- NHMRC Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide,
Australia
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Cvijanovic N, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Little TJ. Oral and intestinal sweet and fat tasting: impact of receptor polymorphisms and dietary modulation for metabolic disease. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:318-334. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Symonds EL, Peiris M, Page AJ, Chia B, Dogra H, Masding A, Galanakis V, Atiba M, Bulmer D, Young RL, Blackshaw LA. Mechanisms of activation of mouse and human enteroendocrine cells by nutrients. Gut 2015; 64:618-26. [PMID: 25015642 PMCID: PMC4392230 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibition of food intake and glucose homeostasis are both promoted when nutrients stimulate enteroendocrine cells (EEC) to release gut hormones. Several specific nutrient receptors may be located on EEC that respond to dietary sugars, amino acids and fatty acids. Bypass surgery for obesity and type II diabetes works by shunting nutrients to the distal gut, where it increases activation of nutrient receptors and mediator release, but cellular mechanisms of activation are largely unknown. We determined which nutrient receptors are expressed in which gut regions and in which cells in mouse and human, how they are associated with different types of EEC, how they are activated leading to hormone and 5-HT release. DESIGN AND RESULTS mRNA expression of 17 nutrient receptors and EEC mediators was assessed by quantitative PCR and found throughout mouse and human gut epithelium. Many species similarities emerged, in particular the dense expression of several receptors in the distal gut. Immunolabelling showed specific colocalisation of receptors with EEC mediators PYY and GLP-1 (L-cells) or 5-HT (enterochromaffin cells). We exposed isolated proximal colonic mucosa to specific nutrients, which recruited signalling pathways within specific EEC extracellular receptor-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and calmodulin kinase II (pCAMKII), as shown by subsequent immunolabelling, and activated release of these mediators. Aromatic amino acids activated both pathways in mouse, but in humans they induced only pCAMKII, which was colocalised mainly with 5-HT expression. Activation was pertussis toxin-sensitive. Fatty acid (C12) potently activated p-ERK in human in all EEC types and evoked potent release of all three mediators. CONCLUSIONS Specific nutrient receptors associate with distinct activation pathways within EEC. These may provide discrete, complementary pharmacological targets for intervention in obesity and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Symonds
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Amanda J Page
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette Chia
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Harween Dogra
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Masding
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Vasileios Galanakis
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Atiba
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - David Bulmer
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard L Young
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Yin J, Chen JDZ. Gastrointestinal Electrical Neuromodulation for Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases, Obesity and Diabetes. Bioelectron Med 2015. [DOI: 10.15424/bioelectronmed.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
As obesity continues to be a global epidemic, research into the mechanisms of hunger and satiety and how those signals act to regulate energy homeostasis persists. Peptide YY (PYY) is an acute satiety signal released upon nutrient ingestion and has been shown to decrease food intake when administered exogenously. More recently, investigators have studied how different factors influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Some of these factors include exercise, macronutrient composition of the diet, body-weight status, adiposity levels, sex, race and ageing. The present article provides a succinct and comprehensive review of the recent literature published on the different factors that influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Where human data are insufficient, evidence in animal or cell models is summarised. Additionally, the present review explores the recent findings on PYY responses to different dietary fatty acids and how this new line of research will make an impact on future studies on PYY. Human demographics, such as sex and age, do not appear to influence PYY levels. Conversely, adiposity or BMI, race and acute exercise all influence circulating PYY levels. Both dietary fat and protein strongly stimulate PYY release. Furthermore, MUFA appear to result in a smaller PYY response compared with SFA and PUFA. PYY levels appear to be affected by acute exercise, macronutrient composition, adiposity, race and the composition of fatty acids from dietary fat.
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Feltrin KL, Brennan IM, Rades T, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Acute oral administration of lauric acid reduces energy intake in healthy males. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnme.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shin HS, Ingram JR, McGill AT, Poppitt SD. Lipids, CHOs, proteins: can all macronutrients put a 'brake' on eating? Physiol Behav 2013; 120:114-23. [PMID: 23911804 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and specifically the most distal part of the small intestine, the ileum, has become a renewed focus of interest for mechanisms targeting appetite suppression. The 'ileal brake' is stimulated when energy-containing nutrients are delivered beyond the duodenum and jejunum and into the ileum, and is named for the feedback loop which slows or 'brakes' gastric emptying and duodeno-jejunal motility. More recently it has been hypothesized that the ileal brake also promotes secretion of satiety-enhancing GI peptides and suppresses hunger, placing a 'brake' on food intake. Postprandial delivery of macronutrients to the ileum, other than unavailable carbohydrates (CHO) which bypass absorption in the small intestine en route to fermentation in the large bowel, is an uncommon event and hence this brake mechanism is rarely activated following a meal. However the ability to place a 'brake' on food intake through delivery of protected nutrients to the ileum is both intriguing and challenging. This review summarizes the current clinical and experimental evidence for activation of the ileal brake by the three food macronutrients, with emphasis on eating behavior and satiety as well as GI function. While clinical studies have shown that exposure of the ileum to lipids, CHOs and proteins may activate GI components of the ileal brake, such as decreased gut motility, gastric emptying and secretion of GI peptides, there is less evidence as yet to support a causal relationship between activation of the GI brake by these macronutrients and the suppression of food intake. The predominance of evidence for an ileal brake on eating comes from lipid studies, where direct lipid infusion into the ileum suppresses both hunger and food intake. Outcomes from oral feeding studies are less conclusive with no evidence that 'protected' lipids have been successfully delivered into the ileum in order to trigger the brake. Whether CHO or protein may induce the ileal brake and suppress food intake has to date been little investigated, although both clearly have GI mediated effects. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms and mediators of activation of the ileal brake and assesses whether it may play an important role in appetite suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shin
- Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Chandra R, Wang Y, Shahid RA, Vigna SR, Freedman NJ, Liddle RA. Immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 1 mediates fat-stimulated cholecystokinin secretion. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3343-52. [PMID: 23863714 DOI: 10.1172/jci68587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiety hormone produced by discrete enteroendocrine cells scattered among absorptive cells of the small intestine. CCK is released into blood following a meal; however, the mechanisms inducing hormone secretion are largely unknown. Ingested fat is the major stimulant of CCK secretion. We recently identified a novel member of the lipoprotein remnant receptor family known as immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) in intestinal CCK cells and postulated that this receptor conveyed the signal for fat-stimulated CCK secretion. In the intestine, ILDR1 is expressed exclusively in CCK cells. Orogastric administration of fatty acids elevated blood levels of CCK in wild-type mice but not Ildr1-deficient mice, although the CCK secretory response to trypsin inhibitor was retained. The uptake of fluorescently labeled lipoproteins in ILDR1-transfected CHO cells and release of CCK from isolated intestinal cells required a unique combination of fatty acid plus HDL. CCK secretion secondary to ILDR1 activation was associated with increased [Ca2+]i, consistent with regulated hormone release. These findings demonstrate that ILDR1 regulates CCK release through a mechanism dependent on fatty acids and lipoproteins and that absorbed fatty acids regulate gastrointestinal hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Kozimor A, Chang H, Cooper JA. Effects of dietary fatty acid composition from a high fat meal on satiety. Appetite 2013; 69:39-45. [PMID: 23688821 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The composition of fats within a high-fat (HF) meal may differentially affect hunger and satiety. PURPOSE Compare HF meals rich in either monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), or saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on the satiety hormone, peptide YY (PYY), and subjective feelings of hunger and fullness. METHODS Fifteen normal weight women (18-45 year) were randomized in a crossover design to complete three study visits. The three treatments (three visits) were HF meals (70% of energy from fat) rich in MUFAs (42% of total energy), PUFAs (42% of total energy), or SFAs (45% of total energy). At each visit, subjects consumed a HF meal and eight blood draws were collected over a 5 h period. A visual analog scale (VAS) was completed at the same time as each blood draw for subjective feelings of hunger and fullness. RESULTS The postprandial PYY response (area under the curve) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the MUFA-rich meal (MUFA: 534.5±27.2 pg/mL/5 h) vs. the SFA-rich or PUFA-rich meals (SFA: 607.3±51.6 pg/mL/5h, PUFA: 633.1±35.8 pg/mL/5 h). The SFA-rich meal elicited greater subjective feelings of fullness compared to MUFA- and PUFA-rich meals (288.1±9.6 vs. 236.8±7.9 and 220.9±7.4 mm/5 h; p=0.04, for 5h AUC for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, respectively). The only significant correlations between PYY levels and VAS measures were found with the SFA-rich meal. CONCLUSION Our data shows that liquid meals rich in MUFAs may elicit a weaker satiety response based on PYY levels compared to liquid meals rich in PUFAs or SFAs in normal weight women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kozimor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, PO Box 41240 Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Seimon RV, Brennan IM, Russo A, Little TJ, Jones KL, Standfield S, Wishart JM, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Gastric emptying, mouth-to-cecum transit, and glycemic, insulin, incretin, and energy intake responses to a mixed-nutrient liquid in lean, overweight, and obese males. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E294-300. [PMID: 23211514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00533.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Observations relating to the impact of obesity on gastric emptying (GE) and the secretion of gut hormones are inconsistent, probably because of a lack of studies in which GE, gastrointestinal hormone release, and energy intake (EI) have been evaluated concurrently with previous patterns of nutrient intake. GE is known to be a major determinant of postprandial glycemia and incretin secretion in health and type 2 diabetes. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of a mixed-nutrient drink on GE, oro-cecal transit, blood glucose, insulin and incretin concentrations and EI, and the relationship between the glycemic response to the drink with GE in lean, overweight, and obese subjects. Twenty lean, 20 overweight, and 20 obese males had measurements of GE, oro-cecal transit, and blood glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP concentrations for 5 h after ingestion of a mixed-nutrient drink (500 ml, 532 kcal); EI at a subsequent buffet lunch was determined. Habitual EI was also quantified. Glycemic and insulinemic responses to the drink were greater in the obese (both P < 0.05) when compared with both lean and overweight, with no significant differences in GE, intragastric distribution, oro-cecal transit, incretins, or EI (buffet lunch or habitual) between groups. The magnitude of the rise in blood glucose after the drink was greater when GE was relatively more rapid (r = -0.55, P < 0.05). In conclusion, in the absence of differences in habitual EI, both GE and incretin hormones are unaffected in the obese despite greater glucose and insulin responses, and GE is a determinant of postprandial glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika V Seimon
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Australia Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interactions and Outcomes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Naughton SS, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. Fatty Acid modulation of the endocannabinoid system and the effect on food intake and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:361895. [PMID: 23762050 PMCID: PMC3677644 DOI: 10.1155/2013/361895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and their G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are a current research focus in the area of obesity due to the system's role in food intake and glucose and lipid metabolism. Importantly, overweight and obese individuals often have higher circulating levels of the arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and an altered pattern of receptor expression. Consequently, this leads to an increase in orexigenic stimuli, changes in fatty acid synthesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose utilisation, with preferential energy storage in adipose tissue. As endocannabinoids are products of dietary fats, modification of dietary intake may modulate their levels, with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid based endocannabinoids being able to displace arachidonic acid from cell membranes, reducing AEA and 2-AG production. Similarly, oleoyl ethanolamide, a product of oleic acid, induces satiety, decreases circulating fatty acid concentrations, increases the capacity for β -oxidation, and is capable of inhibiting the action of AEA and 2-AG in adipose tissue. Thus, understanding how dietary fats alter endocannabinoid system activity is a pertinent area of research due to public health messages promoting a shift towards plant-derived fats, which are rich sources of AEA and 2-AG precursor fatty acids, possibly encouraging excessive energy intake and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan S. Naughton
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- *Andrew J. McAinch:
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Hand KV, Bruen CM, O'Halloran F, Panwar H, Calderwood D, Giblin L, Green BD. Examining acute and chronic effects of short- and long-chain fatty acids on peptide YY (PYY) gene expression, cellular storage and secretion in STC-1 cells. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1303-13. [PMID: 22926626 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptide YY (PYY) is a gastrointestinal hormone with physiological actions regulating appetite and energy homoeostasis. The cellular mechanisms by which nutrients stimulate PYY secretion from intestinal enteroendocrine cells are still being elucidated. METHODS This study comprehensively evaluated the suitability of intestinal STC-1 cells as an in vitro model of PYY secretion. PYY concentrations (both intracellular and in culture media) with other intestinal peptides (CCK, GLP-1 and GIP) demonstrated that PYY is a prominent product of STC-1 cells. Furthermore, acute and chronic PYY responses to 15 short (SCFAs)- and long-chain (LCFAs) dietary fatty acids were measured alongside parameters for DNA synthesis, cell viability and cytotoxicity. RESULTS We found STC-1 cells to be reliable secretors of PYY constitutively releasing PYY into cell culture media (but not into non-stimulatory buffer). We demonstrate for the first time that STC-1 cells produce PYY mRNA transcripts; that STC-1 cells produce specific time- and concentration-dependent PYY secretory responses to valeric acid; that linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid 9,11 (CLA 9,11) are potent PYY secretagogues; and that chronic exposure of SCFAs and LCFAs can be detrimental to STC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate the potential usefulness of STC-1 cells as an in vitro model for investigating nutrient-stimulated PYY secretion in an acute setting. Furthermore, our discovery that CLA directly stimulates L-cells to secrete PYY indicates another possible mechanism contributing to the observed effects of dietary CLA on weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine V Hand
- Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK.
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Maljaars PJ, van der Wal RJ, Wiersma T, Peters HP, Haddeman E, Masclee AA. The effect of lipid droplet size on satiety and peptide secretion is intestinal site-specific. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:535-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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The modifying effects of fish oil on fasting ghrelin mRNA expression in weaned rats. Gene 2012; 507:44-9. [PMID: 22842192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin expression and secretion seem to be influenced by the fat content of the diet. However, data on the probable adverse effect of high fat diet (HFD) with different dietary fats and saturation level of fatty acids is inconclusive. This study aimed at investigating the effects of HFDs on fasting total and acyl-ghrelin plasma levels, gastric fundus and duodenum ghrelin mRNA expressions. Weaned Wistar rats (n=50) were randomly divided to five groups of HFDs with fish oil (HF-F), olive oil (HF-O), soy oil (HF-S), butter (HF-B) and the controls. After 8 weeks, blood samples were collected. While the animals were fasting for 24h, their blood and tissue samples were obtained. Plasma parameters of total and acyl ghrelin and ghrelin mRNA expression level in stomach and duodenum were measured. The HF-B fed group had lower fasting plasma acyl ghrelin level than the control, HF-F and HF-O groups (P<0.05); furthermore, the HF-F group had significantly higher acyl ghrelin level than the HF-S one (P<0.05). After feeding, all the groups, except for the HF-B one, had a significantly lower plasma acyl ghrelin levels (P<0.05), compared with the fasting state. Ghrelin mRNA expression levels in the gastric fundus and duodenum were significantly lower in the HF-B as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the HF-F group had significantly higher mRNA level in the duodenum, in comparison with the HF-B and HF-S groups. As HF-F and HF-O diets had the highest stimulatory effect on fasting ghrelin expression and plasma level, consumption of these dietary oils can play an important role in ghrelin regulation, which might affect feeding behavior and energy intake.
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Abstract
Recent advances highlight that nutrient receptors (such as T1R1/T1R3 heterodimer, Ca sensing receptor and GPR93 for amino acids and protein, GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR120 for fatty acids, T1R2/T1R3 heterodimer for monosaccharides) are expressed in the apical face of the gut and sense nutrients in the lumen. They transduce signals for the regulation of nutrient transporter expressions in the apical face. Interestingly, they are also localised in enteroendocrine cells (EEC) and mainly exert a direct control on the secretion in the lamina propria of gastro-intestinal peptides such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY in response to energy nutrient transit and absorption in the gut. This informs central nuclei involved in the control of feeding such as the hypothalamus and nucleus of the solitary tract of the availability of these nutrients and thus triggers adaptive responses to maintain energy homoeostasis. These nutrient receptors then have a prominent position since they manage nutrient absorption and are principally the generator of the first signal of satiation mechanisms mainly transmitted to the brain by vagal afferents. Moreover, tastants are also able to elicit gut peptides secretion via chemosensory receptors expressed in EEC. Targeting these nutrient and tastant receptors in EEC may thus be helpful to promote satiation and so to fight overfeeding and its consequences.
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Link between lipid metabolism and voluntary food intake in rainbow trout fed coconut oil rich in medium-chain TAG. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1714-25. [PMID: 22018667 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the long-term effect of feeding coconut oil (CO; rich in lauric acid, C12) on voluntary food intake and nutrient utilisation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with particular attention to the metabolic use (storage or oxidation) of ingested medium-chain TAG. Trout were fed for 15 weeks one of the four isoproteic diets containing fish oil (FO) or CO as fat source (FS), incorporated at 5% (low fat, LF) or 15% (high fat, HF). Fat level or FS did not modify food intake (g/kg(0·8) per d), despite higher intestinal cholecystokinin-T mRNA in trout fed the HF-FO diet. The HF diets relative to the LF ones induced higher growth and adiposity, whereas the replacements of FO by CO resulted in similar growth and adiposity. This, together with the substantial retention of C12 (57% of intake), suggests the relatively low oxidation of ingested C12. The down-regulation of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 (CPT-1) confirms the minor dependency of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) on CPT-1 to enter the mitochondria. However, MCFA did not up-regulate mitochondrial oxidation evaluated using hepatic hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as a marker, in line with their high retention in body lipids. At a low lipid level, MCFA increased mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, elongase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase in liver, showing the hepatic activation of fatty acid synthesis pathways by MCFA, reflected by increased 16 : 0, 18 : 0, 16 : 1, 18 : 1 body levels. The high capacity of trout to incorporate and transform C12, rather than to readily oxidise C12, contrasts with data in mammals and may explain the absence of a satiating effect of CO in rainbow trout.
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Yang ZH, Miyahara H, Hatanaka A. Chronic administration of palmitoleic acid reduces insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation in KK-Ay Mice with genetic type 2 diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:120. [PMID: 21774832 PMCID: PMC3155149 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) on reducing muscle insulin resistance and preventing beta-cell apoptosis. However, the effect of palmitoleic acid on diabetes remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the antidiabetic effect of palmitoleic acid in KK-Ay mice, a spontaneous model for studies of obese type 2 diabetes with low insulin sensitivity. METHODS KK-Ay mice were orally administered vehicle, 300 mg/kg of palmitoleic acid, or 300 mg/kg of palmitic acid (C16:0) on a daily basis for 4 weeks. RESULTS Palmitoleic acid reduced body weight increase, ameliorated the development of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and improved insulin sensitivity. In addition, hepatic characteristics were significantly affected, as weight of the liver and hepatic triglyceride levels were lower in the palmitoleic acid group when compared to the control (vehicle and palmitic acid groups). Oil red O staining clearly indicated reduced hepatic lipid accumulation in response to palmitoleic acid. Furthermore, palmitoleic acid down-regulated mRNA expressions of proinflammatory adipocytokine genes (TNFα and resistin) in white adipose tissue and lipogenic genes (SREBP-1, FAS, and SCD-1) in liver. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that palmitoleic acid improves hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia by increasing insulin sensitivity, in part owing to suppressing proinflammatory gene expressions and improving hepatic lipid metabolism in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yang
- Central Research Laboratory, Tokyo Innovation Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd,, 32-3 Nanakuni 1 Chome Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0991, Japan.
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Stewart JE, Seimon RV, Otto B, Keast RSJ, Clifton PM, Feinle-Bisset C. Marked differences in gustatory and gastrointestinal sensitivity to oleic acid between lean and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:703-11. [PMID: 21310831 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both orosensory stimulation and feedback from the gastrointestinal tract contribute to energy intake regulation. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the hypothesis that overweight or obese subjects would be less sensitive to both oral and intraduodenal oleic acid exposure than would lean subjects. DESIGN Eleven overweight or obese and 8 lean men were studied on 2 occasions, during which antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY, and appetite were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline or oleic acid (18:1 load: 0.78 kcal/min); energy intake (buffet lunch) was determined immediately afterward. Oral detection thresholds for 18:1 and recent dietary intake (2-d recall) were also quantified. RESULTS In lean subjects, the number of isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) was greater during 18:1 infusion than during saline infusion (P < 0.05); no significant differences were observed between the 18:1 and saline infusions in the overweight or obese subjects. In both groups, 18:1 stimulated plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY and suppressed energy intake compared with saline (P < 0.05), with trends for reduced cholecystokinin and energy intake responses in the overweight or obese subjects. Detection thresholds for 18:1 were greater in overweight or obese (7.9 ± 0.1 mmol/L) than in lean (4.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L) subjects (P < 0.05). Overweight or obese subjects had greater recent energy (P < 0.05) and fat (P = 0.07) intakes than did lean subjects. There was a direct relation (r = 0.669) of body mass index with 18:1 detection thresholds and inverse relations (r < -0.51) of IPPWs with body mass index and 18:1 detection thresholds (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The ability to detect oleic acid both orally and within the gastrointestinal tract is compromised in obese men, and oral and gastrointestinal responses to oleic acid are related. This trial was registered at www.actr.org.au (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry) as 12609000557235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Stewart
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
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Stewart JE, Feinle-Bisset C, Keast RSJ. Fatty acid detection during food consumption and digestion: Associations with ingestive behavior and obesity. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:225-33. [PMID: 21356242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The inability of humans to adequately regulate fat consumption is a salient contributor to the development of obesity. The macronutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, within foods are detected at various stages of consumption, during which their digestive products, fatty acids, amino acids and sugars, interact with chemosensory cells within the oral epithelium (taste receptor cells) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract (enteroendocrine cells). This chemoreception initiates functional responses, including taste perception, peptide secretion and alterations in GI motility, that play an important role in liking of food, appetite regulation and satiety. This review will summarize the available evidence relating to the oral and GI regulation of fat intake and how chemoreception at both locations is associated with digestive behavior, satiety and weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Stewart
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Sensory Science Group, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Li J, Zhou C, Wang R, Liu R, Huang Z, Tang C. Irreversible exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in alcoholic rats without chronic pancreatitis after alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 34:1843-8. [PMID: 20662806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term alcohol consumption alone did not cause chronic pancreatitis (CP) but impaired exocrine pancreatic function. This study is to explore the reversibility of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the abstinent rats and its mechanism. METHODS Forty-eight healthy male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: 6-month control, 6-month ethanol, 9-month control, and 9-month ethanol + withdrawal. Morphological changes of pancreatic acinar cells were observed. Pancreatic amylase and lipase were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Free fatty acid (FFA) in rat intestinal chyme was measured. Cholecystokinin (CCK) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. The expression of CCK-A receptors was quantitatively analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Alcohol-induced ultramicrostructure changes of pancreatic acinar cells, including lipid droplets, myelinoid inclusion bodies, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulums, and diminished zymogen granules, were not attenuated after alcohol abstinence. The outputs of amylase and lipase, FFA content in intestinal chyme, and the intestinal and the pancreatic CCK levels in rats were reduced after chronic alcohol intake and were still lower than the control after cessation of alcohol use. Chronic ethanol intake or abstinence did not induce any change in the expression of CCK-A receptors. CONCLUSIONS Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was irreversible in alcoholic rats without CP after alcohol withdrawal. It may be attributed to reduced pancreatic CCK, long-standing fatty infiltration, ultramicrostructure injuries in pancreatic acinar cells, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Little TJ, Feinle-Bisset C. Oral and gastrointestinal sensing of dietary fat and appetite regulation in humans: modification by diet and obesity. Front Neurosci 2010; 4:178. [PMID: 21088697 PMCID: PMC2981385 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat interacts with receptors in both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to regulate fat and energy intake. This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of fat, through its digestive products, fatty acids (FAs), on GI function and energy intake, the role of oral and intestinal FA receptors, and the implications that changes in oral and small intestinal sensitivity in response to ingested fat may have for the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J. Little
- Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interactions and Outcomes, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interactions and Outcomes, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
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Seimon RV, Lange K, Little TJ, Brennan IM, Pilichiewicz AN, Feltrin KL, Smeets AJ, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Pooled-data analysis identifies pyloric pressures and plasma cholecystokinin concentrations as major determinants of acute energy intake in healthy, lean men. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:61-8. [PMID: 20484444 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of nutrients with the small intestine modulates gastropyloroduodenal motility, stimulates the release of gut hormones, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. OBJECTIVE We evaluated which, if any, of these variables are independent determinants of acute energy intake in healthy, lean men. DESIGN We pooled data from 8 published studies that involved a total of 67 healthy, lean men in whom antropyloroduodenal pressures, gastrointestinal hormones, and perceptions were measured during intraduodenal nutrient or intravenous hormone infusions. In all of the studies, the energy intake at a buffet lunch was quantified immediately after the infusions. To select specific motor, hormone, or perception variables for inclusion in a multivariable mixed-effects model for determination of independent predictors of energy intake, we assessed all variables for collinearity and determined within-subject correlations between energy intake and these variables by using bivariate analyses adjusted for repeated measures. RESULTS Although correlations were shown between energy intake and antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma hormone concentrations, and gastrointestinal perceptions, only the peak number of isolated pyloric-pressure waves, peak plasma cholecystokinin concentration, and area under the curve of nausea were identified as independent predictors of energy intake (all P < 0.05), so that increases of 1 pressure wave, 1 pmol/L, and 1 mm . min were associated with reductions in energy intake of approximately 36, approximately 88, and approximately 0.4, respectively. CONCLUSION We identified specific changes in gastrointestinal motor and hormone functions (ie, stimulation of pyloric pressures and plasma cholecystokinin) and nausea that are associated with the suppression of acute energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika V Seimon
- University of Adelaide, Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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No evidence of differential effects of SFA, MUFA or PUFA on post-ingestive satiety and energy intake: a randomised trial of fatty acid saturation. Nutr J 2010; 9:24. [PMID: 20492735 PMCID: PMC2893079 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fat diets have long been associated with weight gain and obesity, and the weak satiety response elicited in response to dietary lipids is likely to play a role. Suppression of appetite and food intake has consistently been shown to be diminished with high fat relative to either high protein or carbohydrate meals. There is however some evidence that the satiating capacity of lipids may be modulated when physicochemical properties are altered, but studies investigating the effect of lipid saturation on appetite have generated inconsistent findings. This study investigated the effects of changes in fatty acid saturation on post-ingestive satiety and energy intake. METHODS High-fat (HF) test breakfasts (2.0 MJ) containing 26 g lipid were given to 18 healthy, lean men in a 3 treatment randomised cross-over design, each treatment separated by a washout of at least 3 days. The breakfasts were high in saturated (SFA, 65% of total fat), polyunsaturated (PUFA, 76%) or monounsaturated (MUFA, 76%) fatty acids, and comprised 2 savoury muffins. Participants rated appetite sensations using visual analogue scales (VAS) to assess palatability immediately following the meals, and hunger and fullness prior to the HF breakfast and throughout the day. Energy intake was measured by covert weighing of a lunch meal which was served 3.5 h after the breakfast, and from which the participants ate ad libitum. RESULTS There was no difference in VAS ratings of pleasantness, visual appearance, smell, taste, aftertaste and overall palatability between the 3 high-fat test breakfasts. However, there was also no differential effect of the 3 treatments on ratings of hunger, fullness, satisfaction or prospective food consumption during the 3.5 h following the breakfast meal and over the full 6 h experiment. Energy and macronutrient intake at lunch also did not differ between treatments (mean, sem; SFA: 5275.9 +/- 286.5 kJ; PUFA: 5227.7 +/- 403.9 kJ; MUFA: 5215.6 +/- 329.5 kJ; P > 0.05). The maximum difference in energy intake between treatments was less than 2%. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of a difference in post-ingestion satiety between high fat meals which differed in saturation profile in this group of lean, healthy men.
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Soares MJ. The Effect of Olive Oil on Postprandial Thermogenesis, Fat Oxidation and Satiety. OLIVES AND OLIVE OIL IN HEALTH AND DISEASE PREVENTION 2010:863-870. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374420-3.00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Smilowitz J, German J, Zivkovic A. Food Intake and Obesity. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Dietary modulation of the response of gut satiety hormones, which partly regulate food intake, provides a promising treatment for overweight and obesity. Gut-derived cell lines such as STC-1 are widely used to investigate these hormonal responses to nutrients. To date, no peptide-YY (PYY) secreting cell line has been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether STC-1 cells are able to secrete PYY and if so, whether dietary compounds can modulate PYY secretion. The effects of fatty acid types C4:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 on PYY release were investigated by measuring PYY in the supernatant after 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation, respectively, using RIA assays. The STC-1 cells were able to secrete PYY in a time-dependent manner. It was shown that after 30 min, C4:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C18:0 caused increased PYY levels compared to the control. At time points 60 and 90 min, C4:0 and C18:0 induced elevated PYY levels compared to the control. After 120 min, C4:0, C14:0, and C18:0 caused elevated levels compared to the control. We are the first to show that the STC-1 cells are also able to secrete PYY next to cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Addition of fatty acids resulted in increased levels of PYY, which is consistent with the literature describing human studies. We conclude that the STC-1 cell line provides an appropriate cell line for screening the effects of ingredients on the release of the satiety-related gut hormones CCK, GLP-1, and PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C P Geraedts
- Dept of Human Biology, Div of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, All Nutrition and Toxicology Research Inst Maastricht, Maastricht Univ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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