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Luque-Uría Á, Calvo MV, Visioli F, Fontecha J. Milk fat globule membrane and its polar lipids: reviewing preclinical and clinical trials on cognition. Food Funct 2024; 15:6783-6797. [PMID: 38828877 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In most parts of the world, life expectancy is increasing thanks to improved healthcare, public health policies, nutrition, and treatment. This increase in lifespan is often not accompanied by an increase in health span, which severely affects people as they age. One notable consequence of this is the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, dietary and pharmaceutical measures must be taken to reduce the burden of such pathologies. Among the different types of nutrients found in the diet, lipids and especially polar lipids are very important for cognition due to their abundance in the brain. Amid the most studied sources of polar lipids, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) stands out as it is abundant in industrial by-products such as buttermilk. In this narrative review, we discuss the latest, i.e. less than five years old, scientific evidence on the use of MFGM and its polar lipids in cognitive neurodevelopment in early life and their potential effect in preventing neurodegeneration in old age. We conclude that MFGM is an interesting, abundant and exploitable source of relatively inexpensive bioactive molecules that could be properly formulated and utilized in the areas of neurodevelopment and cognitive decline. Sufficiently large randomized controlled trials are required before health-related statements can be made. However, research in this area is progressing rapidly and the evidence gathered points to biological, health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Luque-Uría
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
- IMDEA-Food, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Gould JF, Gibson RA, Yelland LN, Colombo J, McPhee AJ, Gallier S, Roberts RM, Shaddy DJ, Bednarz J, Makrides M. Infant formula supplemented with milk fat globule membrane compared with standard infant formula for the cognitive development of healthy term-born formula-fed infants: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e083399. [PMID: 38951000 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex lipid-protein structure in mammalian milk and human milk that is largely absent from breastmilk substitutes. The objective of this trial is to investigate whether providing infant formula enriched with MFGM versus standard infant formula improves cognitive development at 12 months of age in exclusively formula-fed full-term infants. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a randomised, controlled, clinician-blinded, researcher-blinded and participant-blinded trial of two parallel formula-fed groups and a breastfed reference group that were recruited in the suburban Adelaide (Australia) community by a single study centre (a medical research institute). Healthy, exclusively formula-fed, singleton, term-born infants under 8 weeks of age were randomised to either an MFGM-supplemented formula (intervention) or standard infant formula (control) from enrolment until 12 months of age. The reference group was not provided with formula. The primary outcome is the Cognitive Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Fourth Edition (Bayley-IV) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes are the Bayley-IV Cognitive Scale at 24 months, other Bayley-IV domains (language, motor, emotional and behavioural development) at 12 and 24 months of age, infant attention at 4 and 9 months of age, parent-rated language at 12 and 24 months of age, parent-rated development at 6 and 18 months of age as well as growth, tolerance and safety of the study formula. To ensure at least 80% power to detect a 5-point difference in the mean Bayley-IV cognitive score, >200 infants were recruited in each group. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Women's and Children Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the study (HREC/19/WCHN/140). Caregivers gave written informed consent prior to enrolling in the trial. Findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12620000552987; Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: anzctr.org.au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F Gould
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert A Gibson
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Limited, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa N Yelland
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Colombo
- Department of Psychology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Andrew J McPhee
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Gallier
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Hamilton, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel M Roberts
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D Jill Shaddy
- Department of Dietetics & Nutrition, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jana Bednarz
- SAHMRI Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Limited, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ren Q, Zhu X, Pan J, Li K, Zhou Y, Lyu Y, Xie Q, Xu Y. A combination of phospholipids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supports neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1358651. [PMID: 38938667 PMCID: PMC11208465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1358651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are naturally present in breast milk and play important roles in promoting the growth of the infant. Several studies have investigated the effects of the combination of PLs and LCPUFAs on neurodevelopment. However, data on the effectiveness of infant formula containing both PLs and LCPUFAs on the neurodevelopment of infants is still scarce. This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study was designed to evaluate the effect of an infant formula enriched with PLs and LCPUFAs on growth parameters and neurodevelopmental outcomes in term infants up to 365 days of age. Infants were enrolled within 30 days of birth who were then randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 150) or an investigational group (n = 150). Both groups consist of cow's milk-based formula which were generally identical in terms of composition, except that the investigational formula was additionally supplemented with PLs and LCPUFAs. The infants were followed for the first year of life. Breastfed infants were the reference (n = 150). Bayley Scales of Infant Development [3rd edition (Bayley-III)], Carey Toddler Temperament Scales (TTS), MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), Single Object Attention and Free Play Tasks were used to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes of infant at 365 days of age. In addition, Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were also conducted at 120, 180, and 275 days of age. Compared to breastfeeding, both infant formulas were well-tolerated and provided adequate growth, with no adverse events being reported throughout the study. Infants of the investigational group showed higher mean scores in Bayley-III cognitive performance (104.3 vs. 99.0, p < 0.05), language (106.9 vs. 104.5, p < 0.05), and motor skills (109.2 vs. 103.9, p < 0.05) compared the control group. Similar results were being reported for other developmental scales including TTS and ASQ. Notably, the test scores of infants fed the investigational formula were similar to those who were breastfed. Our results indicate that PL and LCPUFA supplementation may be beneficial for neurodevelopment of infants throughout the first year of life. Further studies are needed to investigation long-term effects PL and LCPUFA on neurodevelopment in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Ren
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiancun Pan
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Zhou
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Lyu
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Xu
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Slykerman R, Davies N, Fuad M, Dekker J. Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Mental Health across the Human Lifespan. Foods 2024; 13:1631. [PMID: 38890860 PMCID: PMC11171857 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Polar lipids found in the MFGM play a critical role in maintaining cell membrane integrity and neuronal signalling capacity, thereby supporting brain health. This review summarises the literature on the MFGM and its phospholipid constituents for improvement of mental health across three key stages of the human lifespan, i.e., infancy, adulthood, and older age. MFGM supplementation may improve mental health by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter synthesis through the gut-brain axis. Fortification of infant formula with MFGMs is designed to mimic the composition of breastmilk and optimise early gut and central nervous system development. Early behavioural and emotional development sets the stage for future mental health. In adults, promising results suggest that MFGMs can reduce the negative consequences of situational stress. Preclinical models of age-related cognitive decline suggest a role for the MFGM in supporting brain health in older age and reducing depressive symptoms. While there is preclinical and clinical evidence to support the use of MFGM supplementation for improved mental health, human studies with mental health as the primary target outcome are sparce. Further high-quality clinical trials examining the potential of the MFGM for psychological health improvement are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Slykerman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Naomi Davies
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Maher Fuad
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Limited, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand; (M.F.); (J.D.)
| | - James Dekker
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Limited, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand; (M.F.); (J.D.)
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Nie C, Zhao Y, Wang X, Li Y, Fang B, Wang R, Wang X, Liao H, Li G, Wang P, Liu R. Structure, Biological Functions, Separation, Properties, and Potential Applications of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM): A Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:587. [PMID: 38474716 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of bioactive components. Recent advancements in MFGM research have sparked a growing interest in its biological characteristics and health-related functions. Thorough exploration and utilization of MFGM as a significant bioactive constituent in milk emulsion can profoundly impact human health in a positive manner. Scope and approach: This review comprehensively examines the current progress in understanding the structure, composition, physicochemical properties, methods of separation and purification, and biological activity of MFGM. Additionally, it underscores the vast potential of MFGM in the development of additives and drug delivery systems, with a particular focus on harnessing the surface activity and stability of proteins and phospholipids present on the MFGM for the production of natural emulsifiers and drug encapsulation materials. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS MFGM harbors numerous active substances that possess diverse physiological functions, including the promotion of digestion, maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and facilitation of nerve development. Typically employed as a dietary supplement in infant formula, MFGM's exceptional surface activity has propelled its advancement toward becoming a natural emulsifier or encapsulation material. This surface activity is primarily derived from the amphiphilicity of polar lipids and the stability exhibited by highly glycosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Yunyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Xifan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Haiping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Gengsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Schipper L, Bartke N, Marintcheva-Petrova M, Schoen S, Vandenplas Y, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Infant formula containing large, milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets and dairy lipids affects cognitive performance at school age. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1215199. [PMID: 37731397 PMCID: PMC10508340 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1215199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding has been positively associated with infant and child neurocognitive development and function. Contributing to this effect may be differences between human milk and infant formula in the milk lipid composition and milk fat globule structure. Objective To evaluate the effects of an infant formula mimicking human milk lipid composition and milk fat globule structure on childhood cognitive performance. Methods In a randomized, controlled trial, healthy term infants received until 4 months of age either a Standard infant formula (n = 108) or a Concept infant formula (n = 115) with large, milk phospholipid coated lipid droplets and containing dairy lipids. A breastfed reference group (n = 88) was included. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition was determined at 3 months of age. Neurocognitive function was assessed as exploratory follow-up outcome at 3, 4, and 5 years of age using the Flanker test, Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) test and Picture Sequence Memory test from the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test were used to compare groups. Results Erythrocyte omega-6 to -3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio appeared to be lower in the Concept compared to the Standard group (P = 0.025). At age 5, only the Concept group was comparable to the Breastfed group in the highest reached levels on the Flanker test, and the DCCS computed score was higher in the Concept compared to the Standard group (P = 0.021). Conclusion These outcomes suggest that exposure to an infant formula mimicking human milk lipid composition and milk fat globule structure positively affects child neurocognitive development. Underlying mechanisms may include a different omega-3 fatty acid status during the first months of life. Clinical trial registration https://onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/28614, identifier NTR3683 and NTR5538.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nana Bartke
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Donovan SM, Aghaeepour N, Andres A, Azad MB, Becker M, Carlson SE, Järvinen KM, Lin W, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM, Steiber AL, Raiten DJ. Evidence for human milk as a biological system and recommendations for study design-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 4. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S61-S86. [PMID: 37173061 PMCID: PMC10356565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains all of the essential nutrients required by the infant within a complex matrix that enhances the bioavailability of many of those nutrients. In addition, human milk is a source of bioactive components, living cells and microbes that facilitate the transition to life outside the womb. Our ability to fully appreciate the importance of this matrix relies on the recognition of short- and long-term health benefits and, as highlighted in previous sections of this supplement, its ecology (i.e., interactions among the lactating parent and breastfed infant as well as within the context of the human milk matrix itself). Designing and interpreting studies to address this complexity depends on the availability of new tools and technologies that account for such complexity. Past efforts have often compared human milk to infant formula, which has provided some insight into the bioactivity of human milk, as a whole, or of individual milk components supplemented with formula. However, this experimental approach cannot capture the contributions of the individual components to the human milk ecology, the interaction between these components within the human milk matrix, or the significance of the matrix itself to enhance human milk bioactivity on outcomes of interest. This paper presents approaches to explore human milk as a biological system and the functional implications of that system and its components. Specifically, we discuss study design and data collection considerations and how emerging analytical technologies, bioinformatics, and systems biology approaches could be applied to advance our understanding of this critical aspect of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health and Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martin Becker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kirsi M Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Macronutrient intake during infancy and neurodevelopment in preschool children from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023:10.1038/s41430-023-01273-z. [PMID: 36806783 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the deleterious effect of micronutrient deficiency at sensitive periods on neurodevelopment is well established, the potential influence of macronutrient intake on early life neurodevelopment of healthy term infants has been seldomly studied. We aimed to explore whether macronutrient intake at 12 months was related to neurodevelopmental scores in preschool children. METHODS Analyses were based on data from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Macronutrient intake was assessed by 3-day food records at 12 months of age. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 3 years using the French version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) (n = 914), and at 5-6 years, using the French version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition (n = 785). An association between macronutrient intake and neurodevelopmental scores were analysed by multivariable linear regression for 3-year Full Score ASQ or 5-6-year intelligence quotient scores and multivariable logistic regression for 3-year ASQ subdomains. RESULTS Macronutrient intake in infancy was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores in preschool children. No association was found between PUFA intake and overall neurodevelopmental scores, after accounting for multiple testing. CONCLUSION In the present study, macronutrient intake at one year did not appear to influence the child's cognitive ability at 3 and 5-6 years. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between early fatty acid intake and neurodevelopment.
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Micronutrient, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Biomarkers through 24 Months of Age in Infants Receiving Formula with Added Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane through the First Year of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:511-522. [PMID: 36894243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) added in infant formula supports typical growth and safety through 24 mo of age in term infants. OBJECTIVES To assess micronutrient (zinc, iron, ferritin, transferrin receptor), metabolic [glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], and inflammatory (leptin, adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein) secondary outcomes through 24 mo of age in infants who received standard cow's milk-based infant formula (SF), similar formula with added bovine MFGM (EF), or human milk (HM) through 1 y. METHODS Infants whose parents agreed to a blood draw at baseline (<120 d of age) (SF = 80; EF = 80; HM = 83) were included. Subsequent collections (2-4 h fasting) occurred at D180, D365, and D730. Biomarker concentrations were analyzed and group changes tested using generalized estimating equations models. RESULTS Only serum iron (+22.1 μg/dL) and HDL-C (+2.5 mg/dL) were significantly higher for EF compared with SF at D730. Prevalence of zinc deficiency for EF (-17.4%) and SF (-16.6%) at D180 and depleted iron stores for SF (+21.4%) at D180 and EF (-34.6%) and SF (-28.0%) at D365 were significantly different compared with HM. IGF-1 (ng/mL) for EF and SF was significantly higher at D180 (+8.9) and for EF (+8.8) at D365, and (+14.5) at D730 compared with HM. Insulin (μUI/mL) for EF (+2.5) and SF (+5.8) and HOMA-IR for EF (+0.5) and SF (+0.6) were significantly higher compared with HM at D180. TGs (mg/dL) for SF (+23.9) at D180, for EF (+19.0) and SF (+17.8) at D365, and EF (+17.3) and SF (+14.5) at D730 were significantly higher compared with HM. Zinc, ferritin, glucose, LDL-C and total cholesterol changes were higher in formula groups compared with HM between various time points. CONCLUSIONS Micronutrient, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers were generally similar through 2 y in infants who received infant formula with or without added bovine MFGM. Over the 2 y, differences were observed between infant formulas and HM reference group. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NTC02626143.
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10
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Maldonado-Pereira L, Barnaba C, Medina-Meza IG. Dietary exposure assessment of infant formula and baby foods' oxidized lipids in the US population. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113552. [PMID: 36502995 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Baby Foods (BFs) and Infant formulas (IFs) are the main sources of nutrition for an infant throughout the 1st year of life. Various enriched products are commercially available for parents seeking to fulfill their baby's nutritional needs. Consequently, different bioactive lipids are present in BFs and IFs, including dietary oxysterols (DOxS), whose known toxicity has been associated with mutagenicity, cancer, and other chronic diseases. In this work, we performed an exposure assessment of 25 bioactive lipids on IFs (n = 30) and BFs (n = 13) commercially available in the US. To determine dietary exposure, we used EPA's SHEDS-HT probabilistic model. Even though β-Sitosterol was the most exposed bioactive lipid with 75,410 μg/day, cholesterol was the most absorbed compound during the entire first year (19.3 mg/day). Additionally, we found 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OH) as a potential DOxS biomarker of the BFs manufacturing process. This is the first time an infant's exposure assessment (including DOxS) after BFs and IFs consumption is performed, enabling much-needed information regarding these hazardous compounds and their potential effects on infants' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisaura Maldonado-Pereira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Carlo Barnaba
- Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Ilce Gabriela Medina-Meza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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11
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Venkat M, Chia LW, Lambers TT. Milk polar lipids composition and functionality: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:31-75. [PMID: 35997253 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyya Venkat
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
| | - Loo Wee Chia
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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12
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Mohamed HJJ, Lee EKH, Woo KCK, Sarvananthan R, Lee YY, Zabidi‐Hussin ZAMH. Brain
–
immune
–
gut
benefits with early life supplementation of milk fat globule membrane. JGH OPEN 2022; 6:454-461. [PMID: 35822117 PMCID: PMC9260205 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) has been recognized as a milk component for more than 60 years, but its exact benefits remain unknown. Research on human MFGM has revealed that the membrane holds a host of bioactive components with potential benefits for the brain–immune–gut (BiG) axis in early life. Gangliosides and sphingomyelin, components within the MFGM, have been included in infant formulas for many years. Recent advancements in dairy milk processing have allowed the successful separation of MFGM from bovine milk, enabling it to be used for supplementing infant formulas. Evidence indicates the potential benefits of MFGM in early life supplementation, including better cognitive development, reduction of infection risks, and modulation of the gut microbiome. However, larger and more robust randomized trials are needed, in addition to long‐term outcome data beyond the infancy period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed
- Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia
| | - ZAMH Zabidi‐Hussin
- School of Medicine International Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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13
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Cerdó T, Ruíz A, Acuña I, Nieto-Ruiz A, Diéguez E, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Escudero-Marín M, García-Santos JA, García-Ricobaraza M, Herrmann F, Moreno JA, De Castellar R, Jiménez J, Suárez A, Campoy C. A synbiotics, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and milk fat globule membranes supplemented formula modulates microbiota maturation and neurodevelopment closer to breastfed infants. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1697-1711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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de Weerth C, Aatsinki AK, Azad MB, Bartol FF, Bode L, Collado MC, Dettmer AM, Field CJ, Guilfoyle M, Hinde K, Korosi A, Lustermans H, Mohd Shukri NH, Moore SE, Pundir S, Rodriguez JM, Slupsky CM, Turner S, van Goudoever JB, Ziomkiewicz A, Beijers R. Human milk: From complex tailored nutrition to bioactive impact on child cognition and behavior. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7945-7982. [PMID: 35352583 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2053058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a highly complex liquid food tailor-made to match an infant's needs. Beyond documented positive effects of breastfeeding on infant and maternal health, there is increasing evidence that milk constituents also impact child neurodevelopment. Non-nutrient milk bioactives would contribute to the (long-term) development of child cognition and behavior, a process termed 'Lactocrine Programming'. In this review we discuss the current state of the field on human milk composition and its links with child cognitive and behavioral development. To promote state-of-the-art methodologies and designs that facilitate data pooling and meta-analytic endeavors, we present detailed recommendations and best practices for future studies. Finally, we determine important scientific gaps that need to be filled to advance the field, and discuss innovative directions for future research. Unveiling the mechanisms underlying the links between human milk and child cognition and behavior will deepen our understanding of the broad functions of this complex liquid food, as well as provide necessary information for designing future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Katariina Aatsinki
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Frank F Bartol
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amanda M Dettmer
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Meagan Guilfoyle
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Lustermans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nurul Husna Mohd Shukri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
- School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Nutrition Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia and the London, Fajara, The GambiaBanjul
| | - Shikha Pundir
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juan Miguel Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sarah Turner
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Ziomkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Social Development, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Jaramillo-Ospina AM, Toro-Campos R, Murguia-Peniche T, Wampler JL, Wu SS, Berseth CL, Uauy R. Added bovine milk fat globule membrane in formula–Growth, body composition and safety through age two: an RCT. Nutrition 2022; 97:111599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Sultan S, Hauser J, Oliveira M, Rytz A, Preitner N, Schneider N. Effects of Post-natal Dietary Milk Fat Globule Membrane Polar Lipid Supplementation on Motor Skills, Anxiety, and Long-Term Memory in Adulthood. Front Nutr 2021; 8:737731. [PMID: 34869518 PMCID: PMC8637295 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.737731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life nutrition critically impacts post-natal brain maturation and cognitive development. Post-natal dietary deficits in specific nutrients, such as lipids, minerals or vitamins are associated with brain maturation and cognitive impairments. Specifically, polar lipids (PL), such as sphingolipids and phospholipids, are important cellular membrane building blocks and are critical for brain connectivity due to their role in neurite outgrowth, synaptic formation, and myelination. In this preclinical study, we assessed the effects of a chronic supplementation with a source of PL extracted from an alpha-lactalbumin enriched whey protein containing 10% lipids from early life (post-natal day (PND) 7) to adulthood (PND 72) on adult motor skills, anxiety, and long-term memory. The motor skills were assessed using open field and rotarod test. Anxiety was assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM). Long-term object and spatial memory were assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM). Our results suggest that chronic PL supplementation improved measures of spatial long-term memory accuracy and cognitive flexibility in the MWM in adulthood, with no change in general mobility, anxiety and exploratory behavior. Our results indicate memory specific functional benefits of long-term dietary PL during post-natal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sultan
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Oliveira
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rytz
- Clinical Research Unit, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Preitner
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nora Schneider
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Influence of Dietary Polar Lipid Supplementation on Memory and Longitudinal Brain Development. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082486. [PMID: 34444644 PMCID: PMC8398977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar lipids, which are found in human milk, serve essential functions within biological membranes, hence their importance in brain development and cognition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects on brain macrostructural and microstructural development and recognition memory of early-life polar lipid supplementation using the translational pig model. Twenty-eight intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were provided either a control diet (n = 14) or the control diet supplemented with polar lipids (n = 14) from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all animals were provided the same nutritionally-adequate diets until postnatal week 24. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 8 longitudinal time-points to model brain macrostructural and microstructural developmental trajectories. The novel object recognition task was implemented at postnatal weeks 4 and 8 to evaluate recognition memory. Subtle differences were observed between groups in hippocampal absolute brain volumes and fractional anisotropy, and no differences in myelin water fraction developmental patterns were noted. Behavioral outcomes did not differ in recognition memory, and only minimal differences were observed in exploratory behaviors. Our findings suggest that early-life dietary supplementation of polar lipids has limited effect on brain developmental patterns, object recognition memory, and exploratory behaviors.
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