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Srivastava P, Trinh TA, Hallam KT, Karimi L, Hollingsworth B. The links between parental smoking and childhood obesity: data of the longitudinal study of Australian children. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:68. [PMID: 38166719 PMCID: PMC10762820 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is one of the most concerning public health issues globally and its implications in mortality and morbidity in adulthood are increasingly important. This study uses a unique dataset of Australian children aged 4-16 to examine the impact of parental smoking on childhood obesity. It confirms a significant link between parental smoking (stronger for mothers) and higher obesity risk in children, regardless of income, age, family size, or birth order. Importantly, we explore whether heightened preference for unhealthy foods can mediate the effect of parental smoking. Our findings suggest that increased consumption of unhealthy foods among children can be associated with parental smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Srivastava
- School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trong-Anh Trinh
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen T Hallam
- Division of Psychology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leila Karimi
- Division of Psychology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Tohi M, Bay JL, Tu’akoi S, Vickers MH. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Adolescence as a Critical Lifecourse Period to Break the Transgenerational Cycle of NCDs-A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106024. [PMID: 35627561 PMCID: PMC9141771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, represent a significant and growing global health burden. To date, a primary focus has been on treatment approaches to NCDs once manifested rather than strategies aimed at prevention. In this context, there is clear evidence that a range of adverse early life exposures can predispose individuals towards a greater risk of developing NCDs across the lifecourse. These risk factors can be passed to future generations, thus perpetuating a cycle of disease. This concept, preferentially termed “developmental programming”, forms the basis of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework. To date, DOHaD has focused on preconception, pregnancy, lactation and, more recently, paternal health at the time of conception. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that investment in the window of adolescence is perhaps the most critical developmental window. Adolescence is a period where lifestyle behaviours become entrained. Therefore, a focus on adolescent behaviours, health literacy and emotional development may afford the best opportunity to break the cycle of NCDs. As the next generation of parents, adolescents should therefore be considered a priority group in advancing appropriate and informed actions aimed at reducing NCD risk factors across the lifecourse. This advancement requires a more comprehensive community understanding and uptake of DOHaD knowledge and concepts. NCD prevention strategies have typically entailed siloed (and often disease-specific) approaches with limited efficacy in curbing NCD prevalence and breaking the transgenerational transmission of disease traits. Recent findings across various disciplines have highlighted that a lifecourse systems approach is required to establish a comprehensive and sustainable framework for NCD intervention. A whole community approach with a particular focus on adolescents as potential agents of change is necessary to break the disease cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melenaite Tohi
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (M.T.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Jacquie Lindsay Bay
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (M.T.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Siobhan Tu’akoi
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Hedley Vickers
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (M.T.); (J.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-99-236-687
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Triceps skinfold thickness and body mass index and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: Evidence from a multigenerational cohort study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2021; 16:44-49. [PMID: 34973921 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-pregnancy obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). There is a continuity of obesity from childhood to adolescence and then adulthood. However, it is unknown whether early childhood obesity predicts GDM. METHODS We investigated the prospective association of childhood triceps skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) with GDM risk among women from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a multigenerational cohort study. A multiple logistic regression model was applied to estimate the odds of experiencing GDM by childhood skinfold thickness and BMI. RESULTS Out of 552 women in the study for whom data were available on triceps skinfold thickness and BMI at average age 5 (range 3-7) years old, 52 (9.42%) developed GDM by average age 30 (range 28-33) years. We found that the risk of developing GDM was greater among women who had greater skinfold thickness but not greater BMI at age 5 years. Women who were classified as overweight or obese based on skinfold thickness at age 5 years had an increased odds ratio of GDM compared to women who had normal skinfold thickness. This association remained significant after adjustment for the potential confounders (OR 2.74; 95% confidence interval=1.28-5.86). CONCLUSION The risk of developing GDM was associated with higher skinfold thickness at age 5 years.
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Li W, Liang J, Shao W, Xu C, Xu J, Jiang Z, Gu A. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is risk factor for gallbladder disease in offspring during adulthood: a prospective study from UK Biobank. Ann Hepatol 2021; 26:100558. [PMID: 34653688 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Gallbladder disease is a common disease with high prevalence. Majority of gallbladder disease is due to gallstone. Though genetics are believed to play a role in its pathogenesis, the contribution of environmental pressures in early life to the development of this disease in adulthood has not been ever investigated. This study aimed to clarify the risk of maternal smoking exposure in association with gallbladder disease in adulthood. The interaction of maternal smoking and own smoking during adulthood on this association was studied as well. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 286,731 eligible participants from the UK Biobank population-based cohort were included. Multivariable Cox regression analysis were used to examine the HR and 95% CI with adjustment for covariates. RESULT During a median of 8.8 years follow-up, 7110 incident cases of gallbladder disease including 6800 (95.6%) gallstone were identified. Maternal smoking was associated with increased risk of incident total gallbladder disease (HR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.06 - 1.21; P = 0.0002) as well as gallstones (HR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.06 -1.21; P = 0.0003) in adulthood. Compared with those who were neither exposed to maternal smoking nor own smoking, subjects adherence to no smoking during adulthood but having maternal smoking exposure still had increased risk of total gallbladder disease (HR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.1-1.34, P=0.0001) and gallstones (HR = 1.21; 95%CI: 1.1-1.35, P=0.0001). CONCLUSION The present study using large prospective cohort data from UK Biobank, for the first time, demonstrated maternal smoking exposure bringing elevated risk of incident total gallbladder disease/gallstone in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Wei LC. Smoking by pregnant mothers and risk of future tobacco use by offspring: a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1967477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Chung Wei
- Department of Addiction Psychiatry, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Counseling and Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, California, USA
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Zeng Y, Huang T, Wang N, Xu Y, Sun C, Huang M, Chen C, Oliver BG, Yi C, Chen H. L-Leucine Improves Metabolic Disorders in Mice With in-utero Cigarette Smoke Exposure. Front Physiol 2021; 12:700246. [PMID: 34276421 PMCID: PMC8281970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Maternal cigarette smoke exposure (SE) causes intrauterine undernutrition, resulting in increased risk for metabolic disorders and type 2 diabetes in the offspring without sex differences. L-leucine supplementation has been shown to reduce body weight and improve glucose metabolism in both obese animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to determine whether postnatal L-leucine supplementation in female offspring can ameliorate the detrimental impact of maternal SE. Methods: Female Balb/c mice (6-week) were exposed to cigarette smoke (SE, 2 cigarettes/day) prior to mating for 5 weeks until the pups weaned. Sham dams were exposed to air during the same period. Half of the female offspring from the SE and SHAM dams were supplied with L-leucine via drinking water (1.5% w/w) after weaning (21-day) for 10 weeks and sacrificed at 13 weeks (adulthood). Results: Maternal SE during pregnancy resulted in smaller body weight and glucose intolerance in the offspring. L-leucine supplement in Sham offspring reduced body weight, fat mass, and fasting blood glucose levels compared with their untreated littermates; however somatic growth was not changed. L-leucine supplement in SE offspring improved glucose tolerance and reduced fat mass compared with untreated littermates. Conclusions: Postnatal L-leucine supplement could reduce fat accumulation and ameliorate glucose metabolic disorder caused by maternal SE. The application of leucine may provide a potential strategy for reducing metabolic disorders in offspring from mothers who continued to smoke during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Zeng
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Taida Huang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Huang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020486. [PMID: 33540672 PMCID: PMC7913039 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant's health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring's health outcome.
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Nemoto T, Ando H, Nagao M, Kakinuma Y, Sugihara H. Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Induces Low Birthweight and Hyperinsulinemia in Male Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:694336. [PMID: 34177815 PMCID: PMC8220205 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is one of the causes of low birthweight. Ingestion of nicotine during pregnancy has various metabolic impacts on the fetus and offspring. According to the developmental origins of health and disease theory, low birthweight is a risk factor for developing various non-communicable diseases, including diabetes. We hypothesized that when nicotine-induced low-birthweight rats, when exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) after growth, are predisposed to glucose intolerance as a result of a mismatch between the eutrophic environment and small body size. Therefore, we investigated whether hyperinsulinemia was caused by exposure of nicotine-induced low-birthweight rats to HFD, including whether this phenomenon exhibited possible sex differences. The average birthweight and body weight at weaning day of offspring from nicotine-administered dams was lower than those of controls. The offspring from nicotine-administered dams did not show rapid fat accumulation after exposure to HFD, and weight and body fat ratio of these animals did not differ from those of the controls. Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups, but insulin levels increased only in male HFD-exposed offspring from nicotine-administered dams. Similarly, only in HFD-exposed male from nicotine-administered dams showed decreases in the insulin receptor expression in the liver. We conclude that male rats subjected to prenatal nicotine exposure develop hyperinsulinemia when exposed to HFD after growth. Our results suggest that decreased expression of insulin receptors in the liver may be involved in the mechanism underlying hyperinsulinemia in low-birthweight offspring, a phenomenon that appeared to exhibit a sex-specific bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takahiro Nemoto,
| | - Hisae Ando
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Nagao
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Hernandez-Trejo M, Sámano R, Chico-Barba G, Pizano-Zarate ML, Herrera-González NE. Neonatal adiposity may increase plasmatic cytokines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238370. [PMID: 32886687 PMCID: PMC7473588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal health and nutritional status before and during gestation may affect neonates' immune system and energy balance as they develop. The objective of this study was to associate certain clinical markers of maternal adiposity (body mass index and gestational weight gain) and neonatal adiposity (birth weight, abdominal circumference, and waist/height index) with the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in umbilical cord blood at birth: IL-1β, IL-1Rα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of women from one hospital recruited shortly before giving birth through scheduled cesarean section. Of 31 the pregnant women who agreed to participate and met the inclusion criteria, twenty-nine newborns from these women were analyzed. Three cases of tobacco smoking during pregnancy were identified as an unexpected maternal risk factor and were included in the analysis. Typical of the population treated at this hospital, ten of our participants had diabetes during pregnancy, and nine of them had a pre-pregnancy BMI> 25. Non-parametric statistical analyses and a generalized linear model with gamma scale response with a log link were performed. Results: Correlation analyses, differences in medians, and a prediction model all showed positive and significant results between cytokine levels in cord blood and neonatal abdominal circumference, birth weight, and waist-height index. For maternal variables, smoking during pregnancy showed significant associations with cytokine levels in cord blood. Conclusion: This study found a variety of associations suggesting that increased neonatal adiposity increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hernandez-Trejo
- Neurobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Reyna Sámano
- Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maria Luisa Pizano-Zarate
- Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Estela Herrera-González
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
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10
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Mammel B, Kvárik T, Szabó Z, Gyarmati J, Ertl T, Farkas J, Helyes Z, Atlasz T, Reglődi D, Kiss P. Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure slightly alters neurobehavioral development in neonatal rats: Implications for developmental origins of health and disease (DoHAD). Physiol Int 2020; 107:55-66. [PMID: 32598332 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that smoking during pregnancy exerts harmful effects on fetal brain development. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the early physical and neurobehavioral development of newborn rats. Wistar rats were subjected to whole-body smoke exposure for 2 × 40 min daily from the day of mating until day of delivery. For this treatment, a manual closed-chamber smoking system and 4 research cigarettes per occasion were used. After delivery the offspring were tested daily for somatic growth, maturation of facial characteristics and neurobehavioral development until three weeks of age. Motor coordination tests were performed at 3 and 4 weeks of age. We found that prenatal cigarette smoke exposure did not alter weight gain or motor coordination. Critical physical reflexes indicative of neurobehavioral development (eyelid reflex, ear unfolding) appeared significantly later in pups prenatally exposed to smoke as compared to the control group. Prenatal smoke exposure also resulted in a delayed appearance of reflexes indicating neural maturity, including hind limb grasping and forelimb placing reflexes. In conclusion, clinically relevant prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke results in slightly altered neurobehavioral development in rat pups. These findings suggest that chronic exposure of pregnant mothers to cigarette smoke (including passive smoking) results in persisting alterations in the developing brain, which may have long-lasting consequences supporting the concept of developmental origins of health and disease (DoHAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mammel
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Neonatology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - T Kvárik
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Neonatology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zs Szabó
- 2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - J Gyarmati
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Neonatology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - T Ertl
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Neonatology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - J Farkas
- 2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zs Helyes
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,5Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - T Atlasz
- 2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary.,4Department of Sportbiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - D Reglődi
- 2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- 2Department of Anatomy,University of Pécs Clinical Centre, Pécs, Hungary
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11
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Weinheimer C, Wang H, Comstock JM, Singh P, Wang Z, Locklear BA, Goodwin KL, Maschek JA, Cox JE, Baack ML, Joss-Moore LA. Maternal Tobacco Smoke Exposure Causes Sex-Divergent Changes in Placental Lipid Metabolism in the Rat. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:631-643. [PMID: 32046449 PMCID: PMC7539808 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal tobacco smoke exposure (MTS) affects fetal acquisition of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and increases the risk of obesity and cardio-metabolic disease in the offspring. Alterations in fetal LCPUFA acquisition in maternal smoking are mediated by the placenta. The handling of LCPUFA by the placenta involves protein-mediated transfer and storage. Molecular mediators of placental LCPUFA handling include PPARγ and the fatty acid transport proteins. We previously demonstrated, in a rat model, that MTS results in programming of adult-onset obesity and metabolic disease in male, but not female, offspring. In this study, we test the hypothesis that in utero MTS exposure alters placental structure, placental LCPUFA handling, and fetal fatty acid levels, in a sex-divergent manner. We exposed pregnant rats to tobacco smoke from embryonic day 11 to term gestation. We measured placental and fetal fatty acid profiles, the systolic/diastolic ratio (SD ratio), placental histology, and expression of molecular mediators in the placenta. Our primary finding is that MTS alters fatty acid profiles in male, but not female fetuses and placenta, including increasing the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. MTS also increased SD ratio in male, but not female placenta. In contrast, the expression of PPARγ and FATPs was upregulated in female, but not male placenta. We conclude that MTS causes sex-divergent changes in placental handling of LCPUFA in the rat. We speculate that our results demonstrate an adaptive response to MTS by the female placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Weinheimer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Haimei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | | | - Purneet Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Zhengming Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Brent A Locklear
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Kasi L Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Health Science Center Cores, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Health Science Center Cores, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Joss-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
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12
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Jackson MA, Brown AL, Baker AL, Gould GS, Dunlop AJ. The Incentives to Quit tobacco in Pregnancy (IQuiP) protocol: piloting a financial incentive-based smoking treatment for women attending substance use in pregnancy antenatal services. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032330. [PMID: 31753890 PMCID: PMC6886985 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While tobacco smoking prevalence is falling in many western societies, it remains elevated among high-priority cohorts. Rates up to 95% have been reported in women whose pregnancy is complicated by other substance use. In this group, the potential for poor pregnancy outcomes and adverse physical and neurobiological fetal development are elevated by tobacco smoking. Unfortunately, few targeted and effective tobacco dependence treatments exist to assist cessation in this population. The study will trial an evidence-based, multicomponent tobacco smoking treatment tailored to pregnant women who use other substances. The intervention comprises financial incentives for biochemically verified abstinence, psychotherapy delivered by drug and alcohol counsellors, and nicotine replacement therapy. It will be piloted at three government-based, primary healthcare facilities in New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria, Australia. The study will assess the feasibility and acceptability of the treatment when integrated into routine antenatal care offered by substance use in pregnancy antenatal services. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will use a single-arm design with pre-post comparisons. One hundred clients will be recruited from antenatal clinics with a substance use in pregnancy service. Women must be <33 weeks' gestation, ≥16 years old and a current tobacco smoker. The primary outcomes are feasibility, assessed by recruitment and retention and the acceptability of addressing smoking among this population. Secondary outcomes include changes in smoking behaviours, the comparison of adverse maternal outcomes and neonatal characteristics to those of a historical control group, and a cost-consequence analysis of the intervention implementation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Protocol approval was granted by Hunter New England Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference 17/04/12/4.05), with additional ethical approval sought from the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW (Reference 1249/17). Findings will be disseminated via academic conferences, peer-reviewed publications and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Ref: ACTRN12618000576224).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Jackson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda L Brown
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda L Baker
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gillian S Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian J Dunlop
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug & Alcohol Clinical Research & Improvement Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Jackson MA, Baker AL, McCarter KL, Brown AL, Gould GS, Dunlop AJ. Interventions for pregnant women who use tobacco and other substances: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e032449. [PMID: 31719091 PMCID: PMC6858244 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of tobacco smoking in pregnancy remains elevated in some disadvantaged populations of women. One group is those who use alcohol and/or other psychoactive substances during pregnancy, with tobacco use prevalence estimates ranging from 71% to 95%. Although effective evidence-based cessation treatments exist, few women with co-occurring substance use problems successfully stop smoking during pregnancy. There is limited information about treatments that specifically target this group and a summary of the available research is required to assist and enhance the development of innovative cessation interventions. This article describes a protocol for a comprehensive review of studies that have trialled behavioural and/or pharmacological tobacco cessation interventions in populations of pregnant women who are nicotine dependent and use alcohol and/or other psychoactive substances. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The review will undertake literature searches in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE and ProQuest databases, as well as the grey literature. Studies of any design methodology will be included if they describe changes to tobacco smoking behaviours in quantitative terms. No restriction on year of publication or published language will apply. Participants include pregnant women of any age, who smoke tobacco, who are seeking or having treatment, or in post-treatment recovery for the use of psychoactive substances. Interventions are any psychological, behavioural or pharmacological treatments used to treat tobacco use. Outcome measures are any that quantitatively report abstinence or reductions in participant tobacco consumption. Key details and tobacco-related outcomes from included studies will be extracted and tabulated before being narratively synthesised. The systematic review protocol has been developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed literature, conference presentations, media and social media. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018108777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Jackson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda L Baker
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristen L McCarter
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda L Brown
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gillian S Gould
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian J Dunlop
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Drug & Alcohol Clinical Research & Improvement Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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De Silva AP, Moreno-Betancur M, De Livera AM, Lee KJ, Simpson JA. Multiple imputation methods for handling missing values in a longitudinal categorical variable with restrictions on transitions over time: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:14. [PMID: 30630434 PMCID: PMC6329074 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal categorical variables are sometimes restricted in terms of how individuals transition between categories over time. For example, with a time-dependent measure of smoking categorised as never-smoker, ex-smoker, and current-smoker, current-smokers or ex-smokers cannot transition to a never-smoker at a subsequent wave. These longitudinal variables often contain missing values, however, there is little guidance on whether these restrictions need to be accommodated when using multiple imputation methods. Multiply imputing such missing values, ignoring the restrictions, could lead to implausible transitions. Methods We designed a simulation study based on the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, where the target analysis was the association between (incomplete) maternal smoking and childhood obesity. We set varying proportions of data on maternal smoking to missing completely at random or missing at random. We compared the performance of fully conditional specification with multinomial and ordinal logistic imputation, and predictive mean matching, two-fold fully conditional specification, indicator based imputation under multivariate normal imputation with projected distance-based rounding, and continuous imputation under multivariate normal imputation with calibration, where each of these multiple imputation methods were applied, accounting for the restrictions using a semi-deterministic imputation procedure. Results Overall, we observed reduced bias when applying multiple imputation methods with restrictions, and fully conditional specification with predictive mean matching performed the best. Applying fully conditional specification and two-fold fully conditional specification for imputing nominal variables based on multinomial logistic regression had severe convergence issues. Both imputation methods under multivariate normal imputation produced biased estimates when restrictions were not accommodated, however, we observed substantial reductions in bias when restrictions were applied with continuous imputation under multivariate normal imputation with calibration. Conclusion In a similar longitudinal setting we recommend the use of fully conditional specification with predictive mean matching, with restrictions applied during the imputation stage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12874-018-0653-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurika Priyanjali De Silva
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alysha Madhu De Livera
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Jane Lee
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Anne Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Maternal smoking and low family income during pregnancy as predictors of the relationship between depression and adiposity in young adults. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:552-560. [PMID: 30111386 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing incidence of overweight/obesity and mental health disorders in young adults and the two conditions often coexist. We aimed to investigate the influence of antenatal and postnatal factors that may underlie this association with a focus on maternal prenatal smoking, socio-economic status and gender. Data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (women enrolled 1989-1991) including 1056 offspring aged 20 years (cohort recalled 2010-2012) were analyzed (2015-2016) using multivariable models for associations between offspring depression scores (DASS-21 Depression-scale) and body mass index (BMI), adjusting for pregnancy and early life factors and offspring behaviours. There was a significant positive relationship between offspring depression-score and BMI independent of gender and other psychosocial covariates. There was a significant interaction between maternal prenatal smoking and depression-score (interaction coefficient=0.096; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.19, P=0.037), indicating the relationship between depression-score and BMI differed according to maternal prenatal smoking status. In offspring of maternal prenatal smokers, a positive association between BMI and depression-score (coefficient=0.133; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.21, P=0.001) equated to 1.1 kg/m2 increase in BMI for every 1standard deviation (8 units) increase in depression-score. Substituting low family income during pregnancy for maternal prenatal smoking in the interaction (interaction coefficient=0.091; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.17, P=0.027) showed a positive association between BMI and depression score only among offspring of mothers with a low family income during pregnancy (coefficient=0.118; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.18, P<0.001). There were no significant effects of gender on these associations. Whilst further studies are needed to determine whether these associations are supported in other populations, they suggest potentially important maternal behavioural and socio-economic factors that identify individuals vulnerable to the coexistence of obesity and depression in early adulthood.
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16
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Li G, Saad S, Oliver BG, Chen H. Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome. TOXICS 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 30071638 PMCID: PMC6160993 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to gestational complications and organ disorders in the offspring. As nicotine replacement therapy is often ineffective for smoking cessation, pregnant women turn to alternatives such as heat-not-burn tobacco and e-cigarettes. Recently, the popularly of e-cigarettes has been increasing especially among the youth and pregnant women, mainly due to the advertisements claiming their safety. This has even led to some clinicians recommending their use during pregnancy. E-cigarettes heat e-liquid to produce an aerosol (e-vapor), delivering flavorings and nicotine to the user. However, e-vapor also contains toxins such as formaldehyde along with heavy metals and carcinogenic nitrosamines. In addition, specific flavoring compounds such as diacetyl can be toxic themselves or decompose into toxic compounds such as benzaldehydes. These compounds can induce toxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress in the mothers and can accumulate in the developing fetus, affecting intrauterine development. Recent animal studies suggest that maternal e-vapor exposure during pregnancy could cause respiratory and neurological disorders in the offspring. This review will examine the available literature to shed light on the current understanding of this problem-to-be from lessons learned in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Renal Group, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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17
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Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Braithwaite I, Murphy R, Hancox RJ, Wall C, Beasley R. Factors associated with body mass index in children and adolescents: An international cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196221. [PMID: 29718950 PMCID: PMC5931641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood has implications for their future health. There are many potential contributors to overweight and obesity in childhood. The aim was to investigate the association between postulated risk factors and body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed a questionnaire about their child's current height and weight, and the postulated risk factors. Adolescents aged 13-14 years reported their own height and weight and answered questions about the postulated risk factors. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and the postulated risk factors. Imputation was used if there were missing responses for 3 or fewer explanatory variables. RESULTS 65,721 children (27 centres, 15 countries) and 189,282 adolescents (70 centres, 35 countries) were included in the final analyses. Many statistically significant associations were identified, although for most variables the effect sizes were small. In children birth weight (for each kg increase in birth weight the BMI increased by +0.43 kg/m2, p<0.001), television viewing (5+ hours/day +0.33 kg/m2 vs. <1 hour/day, p<0.001), fast food (≥3 times/week +0.16 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001) vigorous physical activity (3+ hours/week 0.071 kg/m2 vs. never, p = 0.023) and maternal smoking in the first year of life (+0.13 kg/m2, p<0.001) were associated with a higher BMI in the adjusted model. Nut consumption (≥3 times/week -0.11 kg/m2 vs. never, p = 0.002) was associated with a lower BMI. Early life exposures (antibiotics, paracetamol and breast feeding) were also associated with BMI. For adolescents statistically significant associations with BMI and were seen with maternal smoking (+0.25 kg/m2, p<0.001), television viewing (5+ hours/day +0.23 kg/m2 vs. <1 hour/day, p<0.001), fast food (≥3 times/week -0.19 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001), vigorous physical activity (3+ hours/week 0.047 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001) and nuts (≥3 times/week -0.22 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although several early life exposures were associated with small differences in BMI, most effect sizes were small. Larger effect sizes were seen with current maternal smoking, television viewing (both with higher BMI) and frequent nut consumption (lower BMI) in both children and adolescents, suggesting that current behaviours are more important than early exposures. Although many variables may influence BMI in childhood, the putative factors studied are not of sufficient magnitude to support major public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair W. Stewart
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Hancox
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Clare Wall
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Beasley
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
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Fioravanti S, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Michelozzi P, Forastiere F, Porta D. Traffic-related air pollution and childhood obesity in an Italian birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:479-486. [PMID: 29078141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is associated with several adverse health outcomes in children, such as respiratory illnesses and cognitive development impairment. There are suggestions of an effect of traffic-related air pollution on the occurrence of childhood obesity, but the results are not consistent. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to analyse whether air pollution and vehicular traffic exposure, during the first four years of life, influence obesity- related measures among 4 and 8-year-old children from a prospective birth cohort in Rome. METHODS A cohort of newborns, enrolled in 2003-2004 within the GASPII project, was followed at 4 and 8 years of age with parental interviews and clinical examinations. Air pollution was assessed at residential address using Land Use Regression models (for NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, PMcoarse, PM2.5 absorbance and one traffic variable (Total traffic load of all roads in a 100m buffer)). The outcomes under study were body mass index (BMI Z-scores according to WHO recommendations, considered both categorical and continuous) measured at 4 and 8 years, and, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, total and HDL cholesterol measured at 8 years. The associations were evaluated through both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, using logistic regression models, Generalized Estimating Equation models (GEE) and linear regression models, as appropriate. Moreover, Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) methodology was used to account for selection bias at enrolment and at follow-up. RESULTS A total of 719 infants were enrolled and 581 (80.8%) and 499 (69.4%) were followed at 4 and 8 years, respectively. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 9.3% and 36.9% at 4 and 8 years. No evidence of an association was found between vehicular traffic and being overweight/obese. Similarly, there was no evidence of an association between exposure to air pollutants and all other ponderal excess parameters. CONCLUSIONS The study shows no association between exposure to vehicular traffic and exposure to pollutants on obesity related parameters such as BMI, blood lipids and abdominal adiposity during childhood. Overall evidence of air pollution being obesogenic remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fioravanti
- Department of Statistical Science University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cesaroni
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Badaloni
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Porta
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00147 Rome, Italy.
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Magriplis E, Farajian P, Panagiotakos DB, Risvas G, Zampelas A. Maternal smoking and risk of obesity in school children: Investigating early life theory from the GRECO study. Prev Med Rep 2017; 8:177-182. [PMID: 29071203 PMCID: PMC5650646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the Early Life Theory, maternal smoking may be a factor affecting child weight status, adiposity level and blood pressure later in life. The purpose of this study was primarily to examine the risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy with overweight and obesity, central and total adiposity in school children. Secondarily, to assess the effect of maternal smoking, with children's blood pressure (BP). Data from the Greek Childhood Obesity cross sectional study (GRECO), conducted from October 2008 to May 2009, were used. A total of 2400 questionnaires gathered from children and their parents were analysed. Maternal and gestational data were gathered by a self-administered questionnaire. Women were categorized as non-smokers or smokers if they smoked ≥ 1 cigarettes/day during pregnancy. Children's body weight, height, waist circumference and BP were measured. Multiple logistic and linear regression analysis was conducted, adjusting for covariates. Four models were used in the process. The study found that children of maternal-smokers were more likely to be overweight or obese (OR: 1.6 to 1.82) and to have a larger waist circumference (OR: 1.73 to 1.85), compared to children of non-smokers in all models used. Total fat percentage was not significantly associated with maternal smoking when adjusted. Systolic and diastolic BP was not associated with maternal smoking. Results of this study strengthen the need for smoking cessation during pregnancy in order to possibly reduce the childhood obesity epidemic. Creating public health awareness of the potential risk of maternal-smoking on children's weight status later in life is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Magriplis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Farajian
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Grigoris Risvas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Zampelas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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20
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Rauschert S, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Jacoby P, Uhl O, Koletzko B, Oddy WH, Hellmuth C. Early Life Factors, Obesity Risk, and the Metabolome of Young Adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1549-1555. [PMID: 28758369 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noncommunicable diseases such as obesity have become a serious global public health epidemic. This study aimed to examine whether there was an association between early life factors (with a special focus on breastfeeding) BMI, waist circumference, and the metabolome in offspring at 20 years. METHODS Data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study were analyzed using 1,024 plasma samples from the 20-year follow-up. A liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics approach was used to measure metabolites. Multiple linear regression models were performed and adjusted for relevant confounders. Inverse probability weighting was used to adjust the 20-year data for differences in socioeconomic variables between participants and nonparticipants since the commencement of the study. RESULTS An inverse association between breastfeeding and BMI or waist circumference at 20 years was lost after adjusting for parental prepregnancy BMI and maternal smoking during pregnancy. There was no significant effect of breastfeeding on metabolite concentrations at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS Although other studies have shown associations between breastfeeding, obesity, and metabolite concentrations at younger ages, this was not evident in our study in young adults. We found no association of metabolites previously associated with waist circumference at 20 years and breastfeeding in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rauschert
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olaf Uhl
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christian Hellmuth
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
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21
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Niemelä S, Räisänen A, Koskela J, Taanila A, Miettunen J, Ramsay H, Veijola J. The effect of prenatal smoking exposure on daily smoking among teenage offspring. Addiction 2017; 112:134-143. [PMID: 27444807 DOI: 10.1111/add.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To study the predictive associations between maternal smoking and the impact of quitting smoking during pregnancy and offspring daily smoking at age 15-16 years. DESIGN The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC86) includes 99% of all births in the region and has an ongoing follow-up. Data were collected using questionnaires at 24th gestational week during pregnancy and after delivery, and at follow-up in 2001-02, when the offspring were aged 15-16 years. SETTING Northern Finland. PARTICIPANTS NFBC86 included 9432 live born children. Data regarding maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking at age 15-16 years were available for 4462 subjects (47.3% of the original sample). MEASUREMENTS The outcome was offspring's self-reported daily smoking. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was considered using a four-class variable: (1) no smoking, (2) mother had smoked, but had quit smoking before becoming pregnant, (3) mother quit smoking during the 1st trimester and (4) mother quit smoking after the 1st trimester or continued smoking throughout the pregnancy. Information regarding paternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal and paternal smoking and education level, family structure and dwelling at offspring's age 15-16 years were considered potential confounding variables. FINDINGS Continuing smoking after the 1st trimester increased the odds of daily smoking among offspring, independently of confounding factors [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-2.5]. Continuing to smoke after the 1st trimester was associated with higher odds compared with quitting smoking during the 1st trimester. Also, parental smoking at offspring age 15-16 years increased the odds of offspring daily smoking, independently of prenatal smoking exposure. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal smoking exposure increases the risk for offspring adolescent daily smoking. Quitting smoking during the early stages of pregnancy may decrease the odds for offspring smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solja Niemelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Aleksi Räisänen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Koskela
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anja Taanila
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hugh Ramsay
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,St Michael's House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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22
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Rayfield S, Plugge E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and childhood overweight and obesity. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:162-173. [PMID: 27480843 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By 2020, it is predicted that 60 million children worldwide will be overweight. Maternal smoking in pregnancy has been suggested as a contributing factor. Our objective was to systematically review studies on this, thereby expanding the evidence base for this association. METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis, Prospero Registration number CRD42012002859. We searched PubMed, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science and the Grey literature. We included prevalence, cohort and cross-sectional studies involving full-term, singleton pregnancies. Published and unpublished studies through to 1 January 2015 in all languages, demonstrating an objective overweight outcome up until 18 years of age and data presented as an OR, were included. Quality assessment was undertaken using an adaption of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager V.5.3. FINDINGS The meta-analysis included 39 studies of 236 687 children from Europe, Australia, North America and South America and Asia. Maternal smoking in pregnancy ranged from 5.5% to 38.7%, with the prevalence of overweight from 6.3% to 32.1% and obesity from 2.6% to 17%. Pooled adjusted ORs demonstrated an elevated odds of maternal smoking in pregnancy for childhood overweight (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.46, I2 45%) and childhood obesity (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.73, I2 24%). INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate an association between maternal prenatal smoking and childhood overweight. This contributes to the growing evidence for the aetiology of childhood overweight, providing important information for policymakers and health professionals alike in planning cessation programmes or antismoking interventions for pregnant female smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rayfield
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
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Woo Baidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity in the First 1,000 Days: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:761-779. [PMID: 26916261 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mounting evidence suggests that the origins of childhood obesity and related disparities can be found as early as the "first 1,000 days"-the period from conception to age 2 years. The main goal of this study is to systematically review existing evidence for modifiable childhood obesity risk factors present from conception to age 2 years. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between January 1, 1980, and December 12, 2014, of childhood obesity risk factors present during the first 1,000 days. Prospective, original human subject, English-language research with exposure occurrence during the first 1,000 days and with the outcome of childhood overweight or obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile for age and sex) collected between age 6 months and 18 years were analyzed between December 13, 2014, and March 15, 2015. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 5,952 identified citations, 282 studies met inclusion criteria. Several risk factors during the first 1,000 days were consistently associated with later childhood obesity. These included higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal excess gestational weight gain, high infant birth weight, and accelerated infant weight gain. Fewer studies also supported gestational diabetes, child care attendance, low strength of maternal-infant relationship, low SES, curtailed infant sleep, inappropriate bottle use, introduction of solid food intake before age 4 months, and infant antibiotic exposure as risk factors for childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable risk factors in the first 1,000 days can inform future research and policy priorities and intervention efforts to prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Lindsey M Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erika R Cheng
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany L Blake-Lamb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Kraft Center for Community Health Leadership, Partners Healthcare, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E Perkins
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elsie M Taveras
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Kuntz B, Lampert T. Social Disparities in Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy: Comparison of Two Birth Cohorts (1996-2002 and 2003-2012) Based on Data from the German KiGGS Study. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2016; 76:239-247. [PMID: 27065485 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy represents a significant developmental risk for the unborn child. This study investigated social differences in maternal smoking behavior during pregnancy in mothers living in Germany. The study focused on maternal age at delivery, social status and migration background. Method: The evaluation of data was based on two surveys carried out as part of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) carried out in 2003-2006 and in 2009-2012. The study compared the information given by parents of children aged between 0 and 6 years who were born either in the period from 1996 to 2002 (KiGGS baseline study, n = 4818) or in the period from 2003 to 2012 (KiGGS Wave 1, n = 4434). Determination of social status was based on parental educational levels, occupational position and income. Children classified as having a two-sided migration background either had parents, both of whom had immigrated to Germany, or were born abroad and had one parent who had immigrated to Germany; children classified as having a one-sided migration background had been born in Germany but had one parent who had immigrated to Germany. Results: The percentage of children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy was 19.9 % for the older birth cohort and 12.1 % for the younger birth cohort. In both birth cohorts, the probability of being exposed to tobacco smoke was twice as high for children whose mothers were aged < 25 years at delivery compared to the children of older mothers. Children from socially deprived families were most affected by smoking behavior, and the relative social differences were found to have even increased over time (KiGGS baseline study: OR = 6.34; 95 % CI = 4.53-8.86; KiGGS Wave 1: OR = 13.88; 95 % CI = 6.85-28.13). A two-sided migration background was associated with a lower risk of exposure to smoking. Conclusions: The KiGGS results are in accordance with the results of other national and international studies which have shown that the percentage of mothers who smoke during pregnancy is declining. Because of a change in the method how data are collected for the KiGGS survey (written questionnaire vs. telephone interview) the trend results must be interpreted with caution. Measures aimed at preventing smoking and weaning women off smoking should focus particularly on younger and socially deprived mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kuntz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Unit "Social Determinants of Health", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin
| | - T Lampert
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Unit "Social Determinants of Health", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin
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Banderali G, Martelli A, Landi M, Moretti F, Betti F, Radaelli G, Lassandro C, Verduci E. Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review. J Transl Med 2015; 13:327. [PMID: 26472248 PMCID: PMC4608184 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A great deal of attention has been focused on adverse effects of tobacco smoking on conception, pregnancy, fetal, and child health. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current evidence regarding short and long-term health effects on child health of parental smoking during pregnancy and lactation and the potential underlying mechanisms. Studies were searched on MEDLINE(®) and Cochrane database inserting, individually and using the Boolean ANDs and ORs, 'pregnancy', 'human lactation', 'fetal growth', 'metabolic outcomes', 'obesity', 'cardiovascular outcomes', 'blood pressure', 'brain development', 'respiratory outcomes', 'maternal or paternal or parental tobacco smoking', 'nicotine'. Publications coming from the reference list of studies were also considered from MEDLINE. All sources were retrieved between 2015-01-03 and 2015-31-05. There is overall consistency in literature about negative effects of fetal and postnatal exposure to parental tobacco smoking on several outcomes: preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, impaired lung function, asthma and wheezing. While maternal smoking during pregnancy plays a major role on adverse postnatal outcomes, it may also cumulate negatively with smoking during lactation and with second-hand smoking exposure. Although this review was not strictly designed as a systematic review and the PRISMA Statement was not fully applied it may benefit the reader with a promptly and friendly readable update of the matter. This review strengthens the need to plan population health policies aimed to implement educational programs to hopefully minimize tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Banderali
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| | - A Martelli
- U.O.C. Pediatria Presidio Ospedaliero Garbagnate Milanese Azienda Ospedaliera G. Salvini, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Landi
- Pediatrician Primary Care, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, CNR, Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Moretti
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - F Betti
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Radaelli
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Lassandro
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via A Di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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Maternal nicotine exposure during lactation alters food preference, anxiety-like behavior and the brain dopaminergic reward system in the adult rat offspring. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Al Mamun A, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Najman JM, Callaway L, McIntyre HD. Breastfeeding is protective to diabetes risk in young adults: a longitudinal study. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:837-44. [PMID: 25539880 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM It is unclear whether any breastfeeding or a certain duration of breastfeeding is protective against the development of diabetes in adult offspring. METHODS We followed a sub-sample of 3,595 offspring born in the Mater Hospital in Brisbane, Australia between 1981 and 1983 and for whom we had doctor diagnosed self-reported diabetes at age 21 years and maternal reported duration of breastfeeding at 6-month post-natal follow-up. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the independent associations of duration of breastfeeding (never breastfeed, breastfed <4 months and breastfed ≥4 months) with offspring diabetes by age 21 years. RESULTS Of 3,595 young adults, 45 (1.25 %) developed diabetes by age 21 years. The odds ratio of experiencing diabetes was 0.58 (95 % CI 0.29, 1.16) for offspring who were breastfed <4 months, and it was 0.29 (95 % CI 0.13, 0.63), for offspring who were breastfed at least 4 months compared to the never breastfed offspring. Adjusting for potential confounding and mediating factors including maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking, offspring sports, TV and their BMI at 21 years did not substantially alter this association. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that infants who are breastfed for longer than 4 months have a substantial protective effect against the development of diabetes in young adulthood, which is independent of current BMI. Promoting breastfeeding for a minimum of 4 months may be a useful strategy for the prevention of diabetes among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | | | - Gail M Williams
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Jake M Najman
- School of Population Health and School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Leonie Callaway
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Harold D McIntyre
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Muraro AP, Gonçalves-Silva RMV, Ferreira MG, Silva GAE, Sichieri R. Effect of the exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood on the body mass index until adolescence. Rev Saude Publica 2015; 49:41. [PMID: 26247384 PMCID: PMC4544362 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on changes in the body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence. METHODS A population-based cohort of children (0-5 years old) from Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil, was assessed in 1999-2000 (n = 2,405). Between 2009 and 2011, the cohort was re-evaluated. Information about birth weight was obtained from medical records, and exposure to smoking during pregnancy and childhood was assessed at the first interview. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and preschool age, and the body mass index of children at birth, childhood and adolescence. RESULTS Only 11.3% of the mothers reported smoking during pregnancy, but most of them (78.2%) also smoked during early childhood. Among mothers who smoked only during pregnancy (n = 59), 97.7% had smoked only in the first trimester. The changes in body mass index at birth and in childhood were similar for children exposed and those not exposed to maternal smoking. However, from childhood to adolescence the rate of change in the body mass index was higher among those exposed only during pregnancy than among those who were not exposed. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking only during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, seems to affect changes in the body mass index until adolescence, supporting guidelines that recommend women of childbearing age to stop smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Muraro
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | | | | | - Gulnar Azevedo E Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Pinheiro C, Moura E, Manhães A, Fraga M, Claudio-Neto S, Abreu-Villaça Y, Oliveira E, Lisboa P. Concurrent maternal and pup postnatal tobacco smoke exposure in Wistar rats changes food preference and dopaminergic reward system parameters in the adult male offspring. Neuroscience 2015; 301:178-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Suresh S, O'Callaghan M, Sly PD, Mamun AA. Impact of childhood anthropometry trends on adult lung function. Chest 2015; 147:1118-1126. [PMID: 25340561 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor fetal growth rate is associated with lower respiratory function; however, there is limited understanding of the impact of growth trends and BMI during childhood on adult respiratory function. METHODS The current study data are from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy birth cohort. Prospective data were available from 1,740 young adults who performed standard spirometry at 21 years of age and whose birth weight and weight, height, and BMI at 5, 14, and 21 years of age were available. Catch-up growth was defined as an increase of 0.67 Z score in weight between measurements. The impact of catch-up growth on adult lung function and the relationship between childhood BMI trends and adult lung function were assessed using regression analyses. RESULTS Lung function was higher at 21 years in those demonstrating catch-up growth from birth to 5 years (FVC, men: 5.33 L vs 5.54 L; women: 3.78 L vs 4.03 L; and FEV1, men: 4.52 L/s vs 4.64 L/s; women: 3.31 L/s vs 3.45 L/s). Subjects in the lowest quintile of birth (intrauterine growth retardation) also showed improved lung function if they had catch-up growth in the first 5 years of life. There was a positive correlation between increasing BMI and lung function at 5 years of age. However, in the later measurements when BMI increased into the obese category, a drop in lung function was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data show evidence for a positive contribution of catch-up growth in early life to adult lung function. However, if weight gain or onset of obesity occurs after 5 years of age, an adverse impact on adult lung function is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadasivam Suresh
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mater Children's Hospital, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael O'Callaghan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Thurber KA, Dobbins T, Kirk M, Dance P, Banwell C. Early Life Predictors of Increased Body Mass Index among Indigenous Australian Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130039. [PMID: 26075400 PMCID: PMC4468174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are more likely than non-Indigenous Australians to be obese and experience chronic disease in adulthood--conditions linked to being overweight in childhood. Birthweight and prenatal exposures are associated with increased Body Mass Index (BMI) in other populations, but the relationship is unclear for Indigenous children. The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children is an ongoing cohort study of up to 1,759 children across Australia. We used a multilevel model to examine the association between children's birthweight and BMI z-score in 2011, at age 3-9 years, adjusted for sociodemographic and maternal factors. Complete data were available for 682 of the 1,264 children participating in the 2011 survey; we repeated the analyses in the full sample with BMI recorded (n=1,152) after multilevel multiple imputation. One in ten children were born large for gestational age, and 17% were born small for gestational age. Increasing birthweight predicted increasing BMI; a 1-unit increase in birthweight z-score was associated with a 0.22-unit (95% CI:0.13, 0.31) increase in childhood BMI z-score. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a significant increase (0.25; 95% CI:0.05, 0.45) in BMI z-score. The multiple imputation analysis indicated that our findings were not distorted by biases in the missing data. High birthweight may be a risk indicator for overweight and obesity among Indigenous children. National targets to reduce the incidence of low birthweight which measure progress by an increase in the population's average birthweight may be ignoring a significant health risk; both ends of the spectrum must be considered. Interventions to improve maternal health during pregnancy are the first step to decreasing the prevalence of high BMI among the next generation of Indigenous children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Thurber
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Timothy Dobbins
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Martyn Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Phyll Dance
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- National Centre for Indigenous Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cathy Banwell
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Mourtakos SP, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Antonogeorgos G, Arnaoutis G, Karteroliotis K, Sidossis LS. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and the risk of obesity in the offspring: a study of 5,125 children. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:66. [PMID: 25885759 PMCID: PMC4373521 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between gestational weight gain, maternal age and lifestyle habits (e.g., physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption) during pregnancy, with Body Mass Index of the offspring at the age of 8. METHODS Α random sample of 5,125 children was extracted from a national database and matched with their mothers. With the use of a standardised questionnaire, telephone interviews were carried out for the collection of information like: maternal age at pregnancy, gestational weight gain (GWG), exercise levels, smoking and alcohol consumption. The Body Mass Index (BMI) status of the offspring at the age of 8 was calculated from data retrieved from the national database (e.g., height and weight). RESULTS The odds for being overweight/obese at the age of 8 for 1 kg GWG, for smoking, and for mild exercise during pregnancy compared to sedentary was 1.01 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.02), 1.23 (95%CI: 1.03, 1.47) and 0.77 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.91), respectively. Further analysis revealed that offspring of women who exceeded the Institute of Medicine (IOM) maternal weight gain recommendations were at an increased risk of obesity (OR: 1.45; 95%CI, 1.26, 1.67) compared with offspring of women with GWG within the recommended range. Maternal age and alcohol consumption were not associated with the outcome (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION GWG, physical activity and smoking status during pregnancy were significantly associated with obesity for the offspring at the age of 8. Health care professionals should strongly advise women to not smoke and to perform moderate exercise during pregnancy to prevent obesity in the offspring in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis P Mourtakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos D Tambalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. .,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Antonogeorgos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Jasoni CL, Sanders TR, Kim DW. Do all roads lead to Rome? The role of neuro-immune interactions before birth in the programming of offspring obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:455. [PMID: 25691854 PMCID: PMC4315034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the nervous system can be powerfully modulated by the immune system. Although traditionally considered to be quite separate, neuro-immune interactions are increasingly recognized as critical for both normal and pathological nervous system function in the adult. However, a growing body of information supports a critical role for neuro-immune interactions before birth, particularly in the prenatal programming of later-life neurobehavioral disease risk. This review will focus on maternal obesity, as it represents an environment of pathological immune system function during pregnancy that elevates offspring neurobehavioral disease risk. We will first delineate the normal role of the immune system during pregnancy, including the role of the placenta as both a barrier and relayer of inflammatory information between the maternal and fetal environments. This will be followed by the current exciting findings of how immuno-modulatory molecules may elevate offspring risk of neurobehavioral disease by altering brain development and, consequently, later life function. Finally, by drawing parallels with pregnancy complications other than obesity, we will suggest that aberrant immune activation, irrespective of its origin, may lead to neuro-immune interactions that otherwise would not exist in the developing brain. These interactions could conceivably derail normal brain development and/or later life function, and thereby elevate risk for obesity and other neurobehavioral disorders later in the offspring's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tessa R Sanders
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Paus T, Pausova Z, Abrahamowicz M, Gaudet D, Leonard G, Pike GB, Richer L. Saguenay Youth Study: a multi-generational approach to studying virtual trajectories of the brain and cardio-metabolic health. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 11:129-44. [PMID: 25454417 PMCID: PMC6989769 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Saguenay Youth Study (SYS) and its parental arm. The overarching goal of this effort is to develop trans-generational models of developmental cascades contributing to the emergence of common chronic disorders, such as depression, addictions, dementia and cardio-metabolic diseases. Over the past 10 years, we have acquired detailed brain and cardio-metabolic phenotypes, and genome-wide genotypes, in 1029 adolescents recruited in a population with a known genetic founder effect. At present, we are extending this dataset to acquire comparable phenotypes and genotypes in the biological parents of these individuals. After providing conceptual background for this work (transactions across time, systems and organs), we describe briefly the tools employed in the adolescent arm of this cohort and highlight some of the initial accomplishments. We then outline in detail the phenotyping protocol used to acquire comparable data in the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Z Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - M Abrahamowicz
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - D Gaudet
- Community Genomic Medicine Centre, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - G Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - G B Pike
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Richer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
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Benton PM, Skouteris H, Hayden M. Does maternal psychopathology increase the risk of pre-schooler obesity? A systematic review. Appetite 2015; 87:259-82. [PMID: 25572134 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preschool years may be a critical period for child obesity onset; however, literature examining obesity risk factors to date has largely focused on school-aged children. Several links have been made between maternal depression and childhood obesity risks; however, other types of maternal psychopathology have been widely neglected. The aim of the present review was to systematically identify articles that examined relationships between maternal psychopathology variables, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-esteem and body dissatisfaction, and risks for pre-schooler obesity, including weight outcomes, physical activity and sedentary behaviour levels, and nutrition/diet variables. Twenty articles meeting review criteria were identified. Results showed positive associations between maternal depressive symptoms and increased risks for pre-schooler obesity in the majority of studies. Results were inconsistent depending on the time at which depression was measured (i.e., antenatal, postnatal, in isolation or longitudinally). Anxiety and body dissatisfaction were only measured in single studies; however, both were linked to pre-schooler obesity risks; self-esteem was not measured by any studies. We concluded that maternal depressive symptoms are important to consider when assessing risks for obesity in preschool-aged children; however, more research is needed examining the impact of other facets of maternal psychopathology on obesity risk in pre-schoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pree M Benton
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Hayden
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Lee KW, Abrahamowicz M, Leonard GT, Richer L, Perron M, Veillette S, Reischl E, Bouchard L, Gaudet D, Paus T, Pausova Z. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke interacts with OPRM1 to modulate dietary preference for fat. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:38-45. [PMID: 25266401 PMCID: PMC4275330 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.130263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preference for fatty foods is a risk factor for obesity. It is a complex behaviour that involves the brain reward system and is regulated by genetic and environmental factors, such as the opioid receptor mu-1 gene (OPRM1) and prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking (PEMCS). We examined whether OPRM1 and PEMCS interact in influencing fat intake and whether exposure-associated epigenetic modifications of OPRM1 may mediate this gene-environment interaction. METHODS We studied adolescents from a French Canadian genetic founder population, half of whom were exposed prenatally to maternal cigarette smoking. Fat intake was assessed with a 24-hour food recall in the form of a structured interview conducted by a trained nutritionist. The OPRM1 variant rs2281617 was genotyped for the whole sample with the Illumina Human610-Quad and HumanOmniExpress BeadChips. Methylation of blood DNA was assessed at 21 CpGs across OPRM1 in a subset of the sample using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. RESULTS We included 956 adolescents in our study. In the whole sample, OPRM1 (T carrier in rs2281617) was associated with lower fat intake (-1.6%, p = 0.017), and PEMCS was associated with higher fat intake (+1.6%, p = 0.005). OPRM1 and PEMCS interacted with each other (p = 0.003); the "protective" (fat intake-lowering) allele of OPRM1 was associated with lower fat intake in nonexposed (-3.2%, p < 0.001) but not in exposed individuals (+0.8%, p = 0.42). Further, PEMCS was associated with lower DNA methylation across multiple CpGs across OPRM1 in exposed versus nonexposed individuals (p = 0.031). LIMITATIONS A limitation of our study was its cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that PEMCS may interact with OPRM1 in increasing fat preference. Silencing of the protective OPRM1 allele in exposed adolescents might be related to epigenetic modification of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- Correspondence to: Z. Pausova, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., 10–9705, Toronto ON M5G 0A4;
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Harrod CS, Fingerlin TE, Chasan-Taber L, Reynolds RM, Glueck DH, Dabelea D. Exposure to prenatal smoking and early-life body composition: the healthy start study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:234-41. [PMID: 25385660 PMCID: PMC4276469 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine associations between exposure to prenatal smoking and early-life changes in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and anthropometrics. METHODS About 670 mother-offspring pairs were analyzed in the longitudinal Healthy Start study. Maternal smoking data were collected during prenatal research visits. Offspring body composition and size were measured by air displacement plethysmography at delivery and postnatal follow-up (5 months) visits. RESULTS Comparing exposed and unexposed offspring, exposure to prenatal smoking was significantly associated with reduced neonatal FM (P = 0.007) and FFM (P = 0.02). In contrast, at 5 months, exposed offspring had comparable FM (P = 0.61) and FFM (P = 0.41). After subsequent adjustment for birth weight, offspring exposed to prenatal smoking had significantly greater FFM (154.7 g, 0.5, 309.0; P = 0.049) and sum of skinfolds (2.7 mm, 0.06, 5.3; P = 0.04). From delivery to follow-up, exposed offspring had significantly greater increases in FFM (156.4 g, 2.8, 310.1; P = 0.046) and sum of skinfolds (2.7 mm, 0.06, 5.3; P = 0.04), even after adjustment for respective delivery measures. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to prenatal smoking was significantly associated with rapid postnatal growth, which may increase the offspring's risk of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis S Harrod
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Lisa Chasan-Taber
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Regina M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Department of Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
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Najman JM, Alati R, Bor W, Clavarino A, Mamun A, McGrath JJ, McIntyre D, O'Callaghan M, Scott J, Shuttlewood G, Williams GM, Wray N. Cohort Profile Update: The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:78-78f. [PMID: 25519422 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes began in 1981 with data collected on 7223 pregnant woman-child pairs (6753 mothers, of whom 520 had 2 study children, less 50 who had multiple births). These women, and their children, were initially followed for up to 21 years. Since then there have been additional follow-ups of the mothers (27 years) and their children (30 years). There has also been a substantial increase in the breadth of topics addressed, with the collection of biological samples, the administration of structured clinical assessments of mental health and cognitive capacity, and markers of physical health such as lung function and blood pressure. MUSP was originally developed as a birth cohort study. It has become a longitudinal study of growth, development and ageing with an emphasis on the generational transmission of a wide range of factors impacting on adult health outcomes. We welcome interest in our study; for study background and publications visit [www.socialscience.uq.edu.au/musp] or contact [j.najman@uq.edu.au].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Najman
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William Bor
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexandra Clavarino
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Abdullah Mamun
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John J McGrath
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David McIntyre
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael O'Callaghan
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James Scott
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Greg Shuttlewood
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Naomi Wray
- Schools of Population Health and Social Science, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Queensland Brain Institute, Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre of Clinical Research and Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Shankardass K, McConnell R, Jerrett M, Lam C, Wolch J, Milam J, Gilliland F, Berhane K. Parental stress increases body mass index trajectory in pre-adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:435-42. [PMID: 24311567 PMCID: PMC4334321 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Rates of childhood obesity have increased since the mid-1970s. Research into behavioural determinants has focused on physical inactivity and unhealthy diets. Cross-sectional studies indicate an association between psychological stress experienced by parents and obesity in pre-adolescents. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS We provide evidence of a prospective association between parental psychological stress and increased weight gain in pre-adolescents. Family-level support for those experiencing chronic stress might help promote healthy diet and exercise behaviours in children. OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of parental psychological stress on body mass index (BMI) in pre-adolescent children over 4 years of follow-up. METHODS We included 4078 children aged 5-10 years (90% were between 5.5 and 7.5 years) at study entry (2002-2003) in the Children's Health Study, a prospective cohort study in southern California. A multi-level linear model simultaneously examined the effect of parental stress at study entry on the attained BMI at age 10 and the slope of change across annual measures of BMI during follow-up, controlled for the child's age and sex. BMI was calculated based on objective measurements of height and weight by trained technicians following a standardized procedure. RESULTS A two standard deviation increase in parental stress at study entry was associated with an increase in predicted BMI attained by age 10 of 0.287 kg m(-2) (95% confidence interval 0.016-0.558; a 2% increase at this age for a participant of average attained BMI). The same increase in parental stress was also associated with an increased trajectory of weight gain over follow-up, with the slope of change in BMI increased by 0.054 kg m(-2) (95% confidence interval 0.007-0.100; a 7% increase in the slope of change for a participant of average BMI trajectory). CONCLUSIONS We prospectively demonstrated a small effect of parental stress on BMI at age 10 and weight gain earlier in life than reported previously. Interventions to address the burden of childhood obesity should address the role of parental stress in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Shankardass
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada, Centre for Research on Inner City Health in the Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Claudia Lam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jennifer Wolch
- College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Joel Milam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Chacko A, Carpenter DO, Callaway L, Sly PD. Early-life risk factors for chronic nonrespiratory diseases. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:244-59. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have witnessed a change in disease patterns contributing to the global burden of disease, with a shift from early childhood deaths due to the classic infectious communicable diseases to years lived with disability from chronic noncommunicable diseases. In both developing and developed countries, the years lived with disability attributable to chronic disease have increased: cardiovascular diseases by 17.7%; chronic respiratory disease by 8.5%; neurological conditions by 12.2%; diabetes by 30.0%; and mental and behavioural disorders by 5.0% over the past 20 years. Recognition of the contribution made by adverse environmental exposures in early life to noncommunicable diseases in later life is increasing. These early-life exposures appear to contribute to both chronic respiratory and chronic nonrespiratory diseases. In this State of the Art article, we aim to examine early-life environmental exposures that have an epidemiological association with chronic nonrespiratory diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive and behavioural problems. We will highlight the potential overlap in environmental risks with respiratory diseases, and point out knowledge gaps and research opportunities.
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Wang L, Mamudu HM, Alamian A, Anderson JL, Brooks B. Independent and joint effects of prenatal maternal smoking and maternal exposure to second-hand smoke on the development of adolescent obesity: a longitudinal study. J Paediatr Child Health 2014; 50:908-15. [PMID: 24920104 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine associations of prenatal maternal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure with the development of adolescent obesity. METHODS Longitudinal data (1991-2007) from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development involving mothers that smoked and or exposed to SHS during the year before birth were analysed. Adolescent obesity in ages 12.0-15.9 years was defined as a BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used for the analyses. RESULTS Obesity was more prevalent among adolescents whose mothers smoked or had SHS exposure than those that did not smoke or exposed to SHS. After adjusting for maternal and child factors, GEE models showed that odds of adolescent obesity increased with prenatal maternal smoking (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.03-2.39) and SHS exposure (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04-2.27). The odds for obesity increased more than two times among adolescents exposed to both maternal smoking and SHS (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.56) compared with those without exposure. Additionally, not breastfeeding, maternal obesity, and longer screen viewing hours per day were associated with increased odds of obesity. CONCLUSIONS There is possibly a long-term joint effect of prenatal maternal smoke (smoking and SHS) exposure on obesity among adolescent offspring, and the effect is independent of birthweight. These findings suggest that adolescent obesity could possibly be curtailed with the development and promotion of smoking cessation programmes for families during the year before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States
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Ziyab AH, Karmaus W, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Zhang H, Arshad SH. Developmental trajectories of Body Mass Index from infancy to 18 years of age: prenatal determinants and health consequences. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68:934-41. [PMID: 24895184 PMCID: PMC4174013 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-203808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on the long-term development of adiposity throughout childhood/adolescence and its prenatal determinants and health sequelae is lacking. We sought to (1) identify trajectories of Body Mass Index (BMI) from 1 to 18 years of age, (2) examine associations of maternal gestational smoking and early pregnancy overweight with offspring BMI trajectories and (3) determine whether BMI trajectories predict health outcomes: asthma, lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio), and blood pressure, at 18 years. METHODS The Isle of Wight birth cohort, a population-based sample of 1456 infants born between January 1989 and February 1990, was prospectively assessed at ages 1, 2, 4, 10 and 18 years. Group-based trajectory modelling was applied to test for the presence of latent BMI trajectories. Associations were assessed using log-binomial and linear regression models. RESULTS Four trajectories of BMI were identified: 'normal', 'early persistent obesity', 'delayed overweight', and 'early transient overweight'. Risk factors for being in the early persistent obesity trajectory included maternal smoking during pregnancy (RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 4.68) and early pregnancy overweight (3.16, 1.52 to 6.58). When comparing the early persistent obesity to the normal trajectory, a 2.15-fold (1.33 to 3.49) increased risk of asthma, 3.2% (0.4% to 6.0%) deficit in FEV1/FVC ratio, and elevated systolic 11.3 mm Hg (7.1 to 15.4) and diastolic 12.0 mm Hg (8.9 to 15.1) blood pressure were observed at age 18 years. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prenatal exposures show prolonged effects on offspring's propensity towards overweight-obesity. Distinct morbid BMI trajectories are evident during the first 18 years of life that are associated with higher risk of asthma, reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, and elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Ziyab
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Wilfried Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Syed Hasan Arshad
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Harrod CS, Reynolds RM, Chasan-Taber L, Fingerlin TE, Glueck DH, Brinton JT, Dabelea D. Quantity and timing of maternal prenatal smoking on neonatal body composition: the Healthy Start study. J Pediatr 2014; 165:707-12. [PMID: 25063722 PMCID: PMC4177331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the dose-dependent and time-specific relationships of prenatal smoking with neonatal body mass, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and FM-to-FFM ratio, as measured by air-displacement plethysmography (PEA POD system). STUDY DESIGN We analyzed 916 mother-neonate pairs participating in the longitudinal prebirth cohort Healthy Start study. Maternal prenatal smoking information was collected in early, middle, and late pregnancy by self-report. Neonatal body composition was measured with the PEA POD system after delivery. Multiple general linear regression models were adjusted for maternal and neonatal characteristics. RESULTS Each additional pack of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy was associated with significant decreases in neonatal body mass (adjusted mean difference, -2.8 g; 95% CI, -3.9 to -1.8 g; P < .001), FM (-0.7 g; 95% CI, -1.1 to -0.3 g; P < .001), and FFM (-2.1 g; 95% CI, -2.9 to -1.3 g; P < .001). Neonates exposed to prenatal smoking throughout pregnancy had significantly lower body mass (P < .001), FM (P < .001), and FFM (P < .001) compared with those not exposed to smoking. However, neonates of mothers who smoked only before late pregnancy had no significant differences in body mass (P = .47), FM (P = .43), or FFM (P = .59) compared with unexposed offspring. CONCLUSION Exposure to prenatal smoking leads to systematic growth restriction. Smoking cessation before late pregnancy may reduce the consequences of exposure to prenatal smoking on body composition. Follow-up of this cohort is needed to determine the influence of catch-up growth on early-life body composition and the risk of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis S Harrod
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Regina M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO,Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, Aurora, CO
| | - Lisa Chasan-Taber
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Department of Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - John T Brinton
- Department of Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO.
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Limaye S, Salvi S. Obesity and asthma: the role of environmental pollutants. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:839-55. [PMID: 25282295 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a well-known risk for lung diseases, including asthma. Growing evidences suggesting air pollution as a novel risk factor for the development of obesity. Several Epidemiological studies have ascertained an association between various ambient and indoor air pollutants and obesity by medium of endocrine disruptive chemicals that can disrupt the normal development and homeostatic controls over adipogenesis and energy balance and induce obesity. Several obesity-induced mechanisms have been proposed that increases this vulnerability of obese individuals to harmful effects of air pollution rendering them more susceptible to developing air-pollution driven incident asthma or worsening of already existing asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Limaye
- Chest Research Foundation, Marigold Premises, Survey No 15, Vadgaonsheri, Kalyaninagar, Pune 411 014, India.
| | - Sundeep Salvi
- Chest Research Foundation, Marigold Premises, Survey No 15, Vadgaonsheri, Kalyaninagar, Pune 411 014, India
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Zinkhan EK, Lang BY, Yu B, Wang Y, Jiang C, Fitzhugh M, Dahl M, Campbell MS, Fung C, Malleske D, Albertine KH, Joss-Moore L, Lane RH. Maternal tobacco smoke increased visceral adiposity and serum corticosterone levels in adult male rat offspring. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:17-23. [PMID: 24727947 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal tobacco smoke (MTS) predisposes human and rat offspring to visceral obesity in early adulthood. Glucocorticoid excess also causes visceral obesity. We hypothesized that in utero MTS would increase visceral adiposity and alter the glucocorticoid pathway in young adult rats. METHODS We developed a novel model of in utero MTS exposure in pregnant rats by exposing them to cigarette smoke from E11.5 to term. Neonatal rats were cross-fostered to control dams and weaned to standard rat chow through young adulthood (postnatal day 60). RESULTS We demonstrated increased visceral adiposity (193%)*, increased visceral adipose 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 mRNA (204%)*, increased serum corticosterone (147%)*, and no change in glucocorticoid receptor protein in adult male MTS rat offspring. Female rats exposed to MTS in utero demonstrated no change in visceral or subcutaneous adiposity, decreased serum corticosterone (60%)*, and decreased adipose glucocorticoid receptor protein (66%)*. *P < 0.05. CONCLUSION We conclude that in utero MTS exposure increased visceral adiposity and altered in the glucocorticoid pathway in a sex-specific manner. We speculate that in utero MTS exposure programs adipose dysfunction in adult male rat offspring via alteration in the glucocorticoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Zinkhan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brook Y Lang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Baifeng Yu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chengshe Jiang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Melanie Fitzhugh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Marjanna Dahl
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael S Campbell
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Camille Fung
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel Malleske
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kurt H Albertine
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa Joss-Moore
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert H Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Dior UP, Lawrence GM, Sitlani C, Enquobahrie D, Manor O, Siscovick DS, Friedlander Y, Hochner H. Parental smoking during pregnancy and offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors at ages 17 and 32. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:430-7. [PMID: 24937467 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of maternal and/or paternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) factors at adolescence and early adulthood, taking into account socio-demographic, medical and lifestyle characteristics of parents and offspring, as well as offspring common genetic variation. METHODS We used a population-based cohort of all 17 003 births in Jerusalem during 1974-76, with available archival data on parental and birth characteristics. Measurements at age 17 were assessed at military induction examinations for 11 530 offspring. 1440 offspring from the original 1974-1976 birth cohort were sampled using a stratified sampling approach, and were interviewed and examined at age 32. Parental smoking during pregnancy (i.e. maternal, paternal and any parent) was primarily defined dichotomously (any number of cigarettes smoked daily by mother or father during pregnancy vs. non-smokers). Additionally, smoking was assessed by quantity of cigarettes smoked daily. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations of parental smoking during pregnancy with various offspring CMR factors, after controlling for potential confounders and for genetic variation in candidate genes. RESULTS Prevalence of exposure to parental smoking in-utero (i.e. smoking of any parent) was 53.2% and 48.4% among the 17 years old and 32 years old samples, respectively. At age 17, smoking of at least one parent during pregnancy was significantly associated with weight (B = 1.39), height (B = 0.59), BMI (B = 0.32) and pulse rate (B = -0.78) (p-values < 0.001). At age 32, parental smoking, adjusted for covariates, was associated with 2.22 kg higher mean offspring weight, 0.95 cm higher mean offspring height, 0.57 kg/m(2) higher BMI, and 1.46 cm higher waist-circumference (p-values ≤ 0.02). Similar results, reflecting a dose response, were observed when maternal and paternal smokings were assessed by number of cigarettes smoked daily. CONCLUSIONS This prospective study demonstrates a potential long-term adverse effect of parental smoking during pregnancy on offspring health and calls for increasing efforts to promote smoking cessation of both parents before pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri P Dior
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Gabriella M Lawrence
- Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Colleen Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Daniel Enquobahrie
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Orly Manor
- Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Hochner
- Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Florath I, Kohler M, Weck MN, Brandt S, Rothenbacher D, Schöttker B, Moß A, Gottmann P, Wabitsch M, Brenner H. Association of pre- and post-natal parental smoking with offspring body mass index: an 8-year follow-up of a birth cohort. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:121-34. [PMID: 23420701 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overweight, it is still under debate whether intrauterine tobacco smoke exposure directly affects offspring obesity or if the association is rather due to confounding by lifestyle factors. OBJECTIVES The association of parental smoking habits at pre- and post-natal periods with offspring body mass index (BMI) was investigated, whereas maternal smoking during pregnancy was validated by cord serum cotinine measurements. METHODS Multivariable linear regression analysis, based on the German Ulm Birth Cohort Study of 1045 children born in 2000 with annual/biennial follow-up until the age of 8 years (n = 609), was conducted. RESULTS BMI of offspring from mothers who smoked during pregnancy and non-smoking mothers differed significantly at 8 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increase in BMI of 0.73 kg m(-2) [95% confidence interval: 0.21-1.25] in 8-year-old children after adjustment for multiple potential confounding variables. Both pre- and post-natal smoking of fathers (0.34 [0.01-0.66]/0.45 [0.08-0.81]) and of both parents (1.03 [0.43-1.63]/0.56 [0.14-0.98]) were likewise significantly associated with offspring BMI. CONCLUSIONS The observed patterns suggest that residual confounding by living conditions in smoking families rather than specific intrauterine exposure to tobacco smoke may account for the increased risk of offspring overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Florath
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ambient air pollution and the prevalence of obesity in chinese children: The seven northeastern cities study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The obesogen hypothesis postulates the role of environmental chemical pollutants that disrupt homeostatic controls and adaptive mechanisms to promote adipose-dependent weight gain leading to obesity and metabolic syndrome complications. One of the most direct molecular mechanisms for coupling environmental chemical exposures to perturbed physiology invokes pollutants mimicking endogenous endocrine hormones or bioactive dietary signaling metabolites that serve as nuclear receptor ligands. The organotin pollutant tributyltin can exert toxicity through multiple mechanisms but most recently has been shown to bind, activate, and mediate RXR-PPARγ transcriptional regulation central to lipid metabolism and adipocyte biology. Data in support of long-term obesogenic effects on whole body adipose tissue are also reported. Organotins represent an important model test system for evaluating the impact and epidemiological significance of chemical insults as contributing factors for obesity and human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grün
- The Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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50
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Nicotinic Cholinergic Signaling in Adipose Tissue and Pancreatic Islets Biology: Revisited Function and Therapeutic Perspectives. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:87-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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