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Mondal S, Sabbir MHR, Islam MR, Ferdous MF, Hassan Mondol MM, Hossain MJ. Qualitative assessment of regular and premium gasoline available in Bangladesh markets. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29089. [PMID: 38601578 PMCID: PMC11004202 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessing the quality of fuel is essential to comprehend its impact on the environment and human health. In this study, the evaluation of fuel quality standards at the consumer level was conducted by analyzing the motor fuels in Khulna, Bangladesh. A total of 32 samples of petrol (regular gasoline), and octane (premium gasoline) were collected from the fuel stations in the Khulna City Corporation area and analyzed with an FTIR-Fuel Analyzer. Fuel properties, such as research octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), ethanol content, olefins content, and oxygen content were analyzed. For petrol, the average RON, MON, olefins, and oxygen content were 95.34, 85.70, 8.23 %v/v, and 0.78 %m/m, respectively, and for octane, they were 96.96, 85.39, 1.25 %v/v, and 0.09 %m/m, respectively. Almost all of these parameters complied with both Bangladesh standard and Euro 5 fuel specifications, and those that did not comply were very close to their standard values. However, benzene concentration, which was not specified in Bangladesh Standard, was the most alarming metric for octane since none of the samples matched the Euro 5 fuel specifications of the maximum concentration of 1 %v/v benzene; on average it was 3.70 %v/v. Although petrol benzene content (average 1.50 %v/v) was not as bad as it was for octane, it was still nowhere near good enough, with only 25% of the samples within the recommended level among the studied sample. This information holds significance in establishing the fuel profile and facilitating the identification of distinct samples linked to adulteration. Therefore, the analysis of motor fuel qualities is essential for maintaining the environment, human health, and the economy of a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvashish Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hafijur Rahman Sabbir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Faisal Ferdous
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmudul Hassan Mondol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahangir Hossain
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
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Meng Q, Mitra S, Del Rosario I, Jerrett M, Janzen C, Devaskar SU, Ritz B. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and their association with oxidative stress among pregnant women in Los Angeles. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4119505. [PMID: 38562764 PMCID: PMC10984082 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4119505/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to adverse birth outcomes, but few epidemiological studies to date have evaluated associations between urinary PAH metabolites and oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnancy. Methods We measured a total of 7 PAH metabolites and 2 oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)) in urine samples collected up to three times during pregnancy in 159 women enrolled at antenatal clinics at the University of California Los Angeles during 2016-2019. Using multiple linear regression models, we estimated the percentage change (%) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in 8-OHdG and MDA measured at each sample collection time per doubling of PAH metabolite concentrations. Results Most PAH metabolites were positively associated with both urinary oxidative stress biomarkers, MDA and 8-OHdG, with stronger associations in early and late pregnancy. Women pregnant with male fetuses exhibited slightly larger increases in both MDA and 8-OHdG in association with PAH exposures in early and late pregnancy. Conclusion Urinary OH-PAH biomarkers are associated with increases in oxidative stress during pregnancy, especially in early and late pregnancy. Sex differences in associations between PAH exposures and oxidative stress need to be further explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- University of California, Los Angeles
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Dzekem BS, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Olopade CO. Air Pollution and Racial Disparities in Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:535-544. [PMID: 36897527 PMCID: PMC10781802 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollutants and other environmental factors increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is growing evidence that adverse outcomes related to air pollution disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities. The objective of this paper is to explore the importance of race as a risk factor for air pollution-related poor pregnancy outcomes. METHODS Studies investigating the effects of exposure to air pollution on pregnancy outcomes by race were reviewed. A manual search was conducted to identify missing studies. Studies that did not compare pregnancy outcomes among two or more racial groups were excluded. Pregnancy outcomes included preterm births, small for gestational age, low birth weight, and stillbirths. RESULTS A total of 124 articles explored race and air pollution as risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome. Thirteen percent of these (n=16) specifically compared pregnancy outcomes among two or more racial groups. Findings across all reviewed articles showed more adverse pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, and stillbirths) related to exposure to air pollution among Blacks and Hispanics than among non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSION Evidence support our general understanding of the impact of air pollution on birth outcomes and, specifically, of disparities in exposure to air pollution and birth outcomes for infants born to Black and Hispanic mothers. The factors driving these disparities are multifactorial, mostly social, and economic factors. Reducing or eliminating these disparities require interventions at individual, community, state, and national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonaventure S Dzekem
- Biological Sciences Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Center for Global Health, Biological Science Division, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, suite G-120, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Christopher O Olopade
- Biological Sciences Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Global Health, Biological Science Division, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, suite G-120, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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4
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Gong X, Huang Y, Duong J, Leng S, Zhan FB, Guo Y, Lin Y, Luo L. Industrial air pollution and low birth weight in New Mexico, USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119236. [PMID: 37857221 PMCID: PMC10829484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the low birth weight (LBW) rate in New Mexico has consistently exceeded the Unites States average. Maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may be a significant contributor to LBW in offspring. This study investigated the links between maternal residential exposure to air pollution from industrial sources and the risk of LBW in offspring. The analysis included 22,375 LBW cases and 233,340 controls. It focused on 14 common chemicals listed in the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) and monitoring datasets, which have abundant monitoring samples. The Emission Weighted Proximity Model (EWPM) was used to calculate maternal air pollution exposure intensity. Adjusted odds ratios (adjORs) were calculated using binary logistic regressions to examine the association between maternal residential air pollution exposure and LBW, while controlling for potential confounders, such as the maternal age, race/ethnicity, gestational age, prenatal care, education level, consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, public health regions, child's sex, and the year of birth. Multiple comparison correction was applied using the False Discovery Rate approach. The results showed that maternal residential exposure to 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, benzene, chlorine, ethylbenzene, and styrene had significant positive associations with LBW in offspring, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.10 to 1.13. These five chemicals remained as significant risk factors after dividing the estimated exposure intensities into four categories. In addition, significant linear trends were found between LBW and maternal exposure to each of the five identified chemicals. Furthermore, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was identified as a risk factor to LBW for the first time. The findings of this study should be confirmed through additional epidemiological, biological, and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gong
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Jenny Duong
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA.
| | - Shuguang Leng
- School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA.
| | - F Benjamin Zhan
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Texas Center for Geographic Information Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Public Health and Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, UNM Center for the Advancement of Spatial Informatics Research and Education (ASPIRE), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Li Luo
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Ling X. The effect of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes in Norway. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2248. [PMID: 37964290 PMCID: PMC10647155 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution can be harmful to the fetus even in countries with relatively low levels of pollution. Most of the established literature estimates the association between air pollution and health rather than causality. In this paper, I examine the causal effects of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes in Norway. METHODS With the large sample size and geographic division of sub-postal codes in Norway, I can control for a rich set of spatio-temporal fixed effects to overcome most of the endogeneity problems caused by the choice of residential area and date of delivery. After controlling for a rich set of spatio-temporal fixed effects, my paper uses the variance in ambient air pollutant concentrations over narrow time intervals and in a small geographic area of Norway to determine how prenatal air pollution exposure affects birth outcomes. My data contain extensive information about parents as well as meteorological conditions that can be used to control for potential confounding factors. RESULTS I find that prenatal exposure to ambient nitric oxide in the last trimester causes significant birth weight and birth length loss under the same sub-postcode fixed effects and calendar month fixed effects, whereas other ambient air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide appear to be at safe levels for the fetus in Norway. In addition, the marginal adverse effect of ambient nitric oxide is larger for newborns with disadvantaged parents. Both average concentrations of nitric oxide and occasional high concentration events can adversely affect birth outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to NO pollution has an adverse effect on birth outcomes. This suggests that government and researchers should pay more attention to examining NO pollution and that health care providers need to advise pregnant women about the risks of air pollution during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Ling
- Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Li L, Du Z, Liang J, Mo X, Xu G, Zhu J, Li H. Homogenization characteristics and regional effects in the diversity pattern of woody plants in 101 cities in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118665. [PMID: 37579603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenced by the interplay of global climate change and urbanization, urban plants have become increasingly homogenized in China. However, regional effects of biotic homogenization cannot be clearly explained due to the lack of continuous large-scale data. Thus, we explored the characteristics and regional effects of biotic homogenization, which not only contributes to the improvement of urban biodiversity, but also has important value for human well-being. Here, we analyzed the woody plants of 101 cities in 8 major urban agglomerations in China. The diversity patterns and influencing factors were explored using generalized additive, geographically weighted regression, and structural equation models. The main results were as follows: (1) The issue of woody plant homogenization is primarily manifested in urban greening species in China. (2) The characteristics of woody plant homogenization exhibit notable regional effects at a large scale. (3) Latitude, urban area, altitude and climatic factors all impact the woody plant homogenization. Thus, we found that the homogenization characteristics of urban greening species exhibit regional variations, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Finally, we suggested that urban biodiversity management should be considered specific regional environmental, both to meet the needs of residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhibo Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jiaan Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Xunqiang Mo
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Guangyao Xu
- Department of Resource Management, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jiyou Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Hongyuan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Meng Q, Liu J, Shen J, Del Rosario I, Lakey PS, Shiraiwa M, Su J, Weichenthal S, Zhu Y, Oroumiyeh F, Paulson SE, Jerrett M, Ritz B. Fine Particulate Matter Metal Composition, Oxidative Potential, and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:107012. [PMID: 37878796 PMCID: PMC10599636 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have linked prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 to adverse birth outcomes, little is known about the effects of exposure to specific constituents of PM 2.5 or mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to investigate effects of oxidative potential and PM 2.5 metal components from non-exhaust traffic emissions, such as brake and tire wear, on the risk of preterm birth (PTB) and term low birth weight (TLBW). METHODS For a birth cohort of 285,614 singletons born in Los Angeles County, California, in the period 2017-2019, we estimated speciated PM 2.5 exposures modeled from land use regression with cokriging, including brake and tire wear related metals (barium and zinc), black carbon, and three markers of oxidative potential (OP), including modeled reactive oxygen species based on measured iron and copper (ROS), OH formation (OP OH ), and dithiothreitol (DTT) loss (OP DTT ). Using logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PTB and TLBW with speciated PM 2.5 exposures and PM 2.5 mass as continuous variables scaled by their interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS For both metals and oxidative potential metrics, we estimated increased risks for PTB (ORs ranging from 1.01 to 1.03) and TLBW (ORs ranging from 1.02 to 1.05) per IQR exposure increment that were robust to adjustment for PM 2.5 mass. Associations for PM 2.5 mass, black carbon, metal components, and oxidative potential (especially ROS and OP OH ) with adverse birth outcomes were stronger in Hispanic, Black, and mixed-race or Native American women. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that exposure to PM 2.5 metals from brake and tire wear and particle components that contribute to oxidative potential were associated with an increased risk of PTB and TLBW in Los Angeles County, particularly among Hispanic, Black, and mixed-race or Native American women. Thus, reduction of PM 2.5 mass only may not be sufficient to protect the most vulnerable pregnant women and children from adverse effects due to traffic source exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pascale S.J. Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jason Su
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Farzan Oroumiyeh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lv Z, Wu L, Ma C, Sun L, Peng J, Yang L, Wei N, Zhang Q, Mao H. Comparison of CO 2, NO x, and VOCs emissions between CNG and E10 fueled light-duty vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159966. [PMID: 36347281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In China, natural gas (NG) is the main vehicle fuel after gasoline and diesel, and the number of NG vehicles ranks first in the world. At present, there are many studies on the conventional gaseous pollutants and particulate matter of NG vehicles, but very few studies on their VOCs. In this study, the chassis dynamometer is used to test CNG/E10 bi-fuel light-duty vehicles, analyze the advantages of CNG in CO2, fuel thermal efficiency, and cost, and discuss its disadvantages in NOx emission. Most importantly, the emission characteristics and ozone formation potential of VOCs in the exhaust of CNG vehicles were analyzed in the study. Compared with E10, CNG fuel can reduce CO2 emission by about 20 %, improve thermal efficiency by about 13 %, and save fuel costs by about 50 %. However, it will increase NOx and NO2 emissions by about 10 % and 13 % respectively. As for VOCs, the emission factor of VOCs from CNG fuel is about 54 % of E10 fuel. The VOCs group with the highest proportion in the exhaust of CNG-fueled vehicles is alkanes, >80 %. while the alkanes and alkenes with the highest proportion in E10 fuel are 30 % and 23 % respectively. C2 VOCs emitted by CNG account for >70 %, while C2 VOCs emitted by E10 are <60 %, followed by C4 VOCs, about 10 % - 30 %. The OFPs of VOCs in CNG exhaust is about 13.7 % of E10. Alkenes contribute the most to ozone, and the OFPs of alkenes in CNG and E10 vehicle exhaust accounts for about 55.3 % and 78.8 % of TVOCs respectively. The results of this study are helpful to improve people's understanding of the environmental value of using NG vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Resource Management, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063002, China
| | - Luna Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhou K. The spatial stress of urban land expansion on the water environment of the Yangtze River Delta in China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17011. [PMID: 36220859 PMCID: PMC9554182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In highly urbanized and industrialized areas, the demand for construction land is expanding, which should have an impact on the water environment. Taking the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and considering chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) as characteristic pollutants, this study investigated the spatial-temporal characteristics of water pollutant emissions at the county level, optimized the spatial lag model (SLM) to estimate the spatial interaction of urban expansion and water pollutant emissions through direct and indirect effects. The results show that from 2011 to 2015, water pollutant emissions in the YRD decreased significantly and that the high-emissions pattern changed from a contiguous to a scattered distribution. The emissions of COD and NH3-N in counties at various distances from the Yangtze River and coastline show a logarithmic curve relationship. The association between urban expansion and water pollutant emissions was significant and stable. In 2015, every 1% increase in the scale of urban expansion resulted in 0.299% and 0.340% increases in local COD and NH3-N emissions, respectively, and emissions in the adjacent counties synchronously increased by 0.068% and 0.084%, respectively. The results show that to break the association and spatial interaction between urban expansion and water pollutant emissions and alleviate the environmental stress on the YRD, in addition to delimiting an urban expansion boundary and strictly restraining the scale of expansion, improvement in the regional environmental carrying capacity through urban water pollutant treatment facilities and pipe network construction is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Chen
- grid.424975.90000 0000 8615 8685Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yong Xu
- grid.424975.90000 0000 8615 8685Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kan Zhou
- grid.424975.90000 0000 8615 8685Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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10
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Toxicological Effects of Technical Xylene Mixtures on the Female Reproductive System: A Systematic Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050235. [PMID: 35622648 PMCID: PMC9144477 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Technical xylene is a compound of massive production that is used in applications such as petrochemical and healthcare laboratories. Exposure to xylene can cause acute and chronic effects in humans and animals. Currently available studies regarding xylene’s adverse effects with credible designs were dated almost twenty years ago. This systematic review summarizes the findings regarding the detrimental effects of technical xylene from human, animal, and in vitro studies. It recapitulated available studies with respect to the effects of xylene on the female reproductive system to stress the need for updating the current data and guidelines. Based on pre-specified criteria, 22 studies from journal databases exploring the toxic effects of xylene on menstruation, endocrine endpoints, fetal development, and reproductive functions were included for the review. It was found that related studies with a specific focus on the effects of technical xylene on the female reproductive system were insufficient. Therefore, further studies are necessary to update the existing data, thus improving the quality and reliability of risk assessment of exposure to xylene in pregnant women
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Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Health effects of exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds from 1980 to 2017: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13038. [PMID: 35622720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors is thought to be associated with several adverse health effects. However, we still lack concentration-response (C-R) relationships between VOC levels in civil buildings and various health outcomes. For this paper, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize related associations and C-R relationships. Four databases were searched to collect all relevant studies published between January 1980 and December 2017. A total of 39 studies were identified in the systematic review, and 32 of these were included in the meta-analysis. We found that the pooled relative risk (RR) for leukemia was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.05) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.14-1.37) per 0.1 μg/m3 increase of butadiene. The pooled RRs for asthma were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00-1.04), and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.06) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene, respectively. The pooled RR for low birth weight was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.19) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene. Our findings provide robust evidence for associations between benzene and leukemia, asthma, and low birth weight, as well as for health effects of some other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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Helmig D, Fangmeyer J, Fuchs J, Hueber J, Smith K. Evaluation of selected solid adsorbents for passive sampling of atmospheric oil and natural gas non-methane hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:235-255. [PMID: 34738882 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.2000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This project investigated passive adsorbent sampling of light (C2-C5) hydrocarbons which are sensitive tracers of fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas (O&NG) sources. Stronger adsorbent materials, i.e. Carboxen 1000 and Carboxen 1016, than those typically used in adsorbent sampling were considered. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field settings using thermal desorption - gas chromatography analysis. Uptake of water vapor and system blanks were challenges inherent to the increased affinity of these adsorbents. Carboxen 1000 exhibited the best signal-to-noise ratio for the target compounds after optimizing conditioning parameters to reduce blanks, and by reducing the adsorbent mass loaded in the cartridge. This strategy reduced blanks to equivalent ambient air mole fractions of <0.05 nmol mol-1 (ppb), and allowed determination of these O&NG tracers over three-day sampling intervals with a lower detection limit of ≥0.5-1 ppb. Linear VOCs uptake was observed in dry air. Water uptake was as high as 0.65 gH2O g-1adsorbent at relative humidity (RH) above ≈ 75%. The water collection passivates adsorbent sites and competes with the uptake rates of VOCs; under the worst case relative humidity level of 95% RH, VOCs uptake rates dropped to 27-39% of those in dry air. This effect potentially causes results to be biased low when cartridges are deployed at high relative humidity (RH), including overnight, when RH is often elevated over daytime levels. Nonetheless, representative sampling results were obtained under ambient conditions during three field studies where cartridges were evaluated alongside whole air sample collection in canisters. Agreement varied by compound: Ethane and alkenes correlated poorly and could not be analyzed with satisfactory results; results for C3-C5 alkanes were much better: i-butane correlated with R2 > 0.5, and propane, n-butane, i-pentane, and n-pentane with R2 > 0.75, which demonstrates the feasibility of the passive sampling of these latter O&NG tracers. Implications: Oil and natural gas development has been associated with emissions of petroleum hydrocarbons that impact air quality and human health. This research characterizes and defines the application possibilities of solid adsorbent sampling for atmospheric passive sampling monitoring of low molecular weight volatile organic compounds (i.e. ethane through pentane isomers) that are most commonly emitted from natural gas drilling and well sites. The passive sampling of these pollutants offers a simple, low cost, and readily applicable monitoring method for assessing emissions and air quality impacts in the surroundings of oil and gas operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Boulder A.I.R. LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Joshua Fuchs
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jacques Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kate Smith
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
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Thompson LK, Langholz B, Goldberg DW, Wilson JP, Ritz B, Tayour C, Cockburn M. Area-Based Geocoding: An Approach to Exposure Assessment Incorporating Positional Uncertainty. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000430. [PMID: 34859166 PMCID: PMC8612311 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the spatial resolution of exposure surfaces has greatly improved, our ability to locate people in space remains a limiting factor in accurate exposure assessment. In this case-control study, two approaches to geocoding participant locations were used to study the impact of geocoding uncertainty on the estimation of ambient pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk among women living in California's Central Valley. Residential and occupational histories were collected and geocoded using a traditional point-based method along with a novel area-based method. The standard approach to geocoding uses centroid points to represent all geocoded locations, and is unable to adapt exposure areas based on geocode quality, except through the exclusion of low-certainty locations. In contrast, area-based geocoding retains the complete area to which an address matched (the same area from which the centroid is returned), and therefore maintains the appropriate level of precision when it comes to assessing exposure by geography. Incorporating the total potential exposure area for each geocoded location resulted in different exposure classifications and resulting odds ratio estimates than estimates derived from the centroids of those same areas (using a traditional point-based geocoder). The direction and magnitude of these differences varied by pesticide, but in all cases odds ratios differed by at least 6% and up to 35%. These findings demonstrate the importance of geocoding in exposure estimation and suggest it is important to consider geocode certainty and quality throughout exposure assessment, rather than simply using the best available point geocodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Thompson
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Bryan Langholz
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Daniel W. Goldberg
- Department of GeographyCollege of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringCollege of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - John P. Wilson
- Spatial Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental SciencesFielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Carrie Tayour
- Los Angeles County Department of Public HealthLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Spatial Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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Air pollution and pregnancy outcomes based on exposure evaluation using a land use regression model: A systematic review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:193-215. [PMID: 33678317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review systematically assessed those studies investigating the association between air pollution and birth outcomes using land use regression (LUR) models for exposure assessment. Fifty-four studies were identified which were published between 2007 and 2019. Most of these were conducted in America, Spain and Canada, while only five were conducted in China. One hundred and ninety-seven LUR models were developed for different pollutants. The main pollutants that these studies assessed were NO2 and PM2.5, and the main pregnancy outcomes investigated were preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA) and birth weight. Studies consistently found that NO2 exposure during pregnancy was associated with reduced fetal growth and development. The effect of NO2 on other adverse pregnancy outcomes is unclear. In addition, it was found that increased PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 2.5 um) exposure during pregnancy reduced birth weight. The effect of PM2.5 on other adverse pregnancy outcomes is also unclear. The relationship between other pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes is uncertain based on the existing research. Exposure assessment with LUR modeling has been widely used in Europe and North America, but used less in China. Future studies are recommended to use LUR modeling for individual exposure evaluation in China to better characterize the relationship between air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In addition, further research is required given that a lot of the associations looked at in the review were inconclusive.
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Chen Y, Hodgson S, Gulliver J, Granell R, Henderson AJ, Cai Y, Hansell AL. Trimester effects of source-specific PM 10 on birth weight outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Environ Health 2021; 20:4. [PMID: 33413476 PMCID: PMC7788701 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) is associated with reduced birth weight, but information is limited on the sources of PM10 and exposure misclassification from assigning exposures to place of residence at birth. METHODS Trimester and source-specific PM10 exposures (PM10 from road source, local non-road source, and total source) in pregnancy were estimated using dispersion models and a full maternal residential history for 12,020 births from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC) cohort in 1990-1992 in the Bristol area. Information on birth outcomes were obtained from birth records. Maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were obtained from questionnaires. We used linear regression models for continuous outcomes (birth weight, head circumference (HC), and birth length (BL) and logistic regression models for binary outcomes (preterm birth (PTB), term low birth weight (TLBW) and small for gestational age (SGA)). Sensitivity analysis was performed using multiple imputation for missing covariate data. RESULTS After adjustment, interquartile range increases in source specific PM10 from traffic were associated with 17 to 18% increased odds of TLBW in all pregnancy periods. We also found odds of TLBW increased by 40% (OR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.12, 1.75) and odds of SGA increased by 18% (OR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.32) per IQR (6.54 μg/m3) increase of total PM10 exposure in the third trimester. CONCLUSION This study adds to evidence that maternal PM10 exposures affect birth weight, with particular concern in relation to exposures to PM10 from road transport sources; results for total PM10 suggest greatest effect in the third trimester. Effect size estimates relate to exposures in the 1990s and are higher than those for recent studies - this may relate to reduced exposure misclassification through use of full residential history information, changes in air pollution toxicity over time and/or residual confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Chen
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Susan Hodgson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Gulliver
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Raquel Granell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. John Henderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yutong Cai
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Deep Medicine Programme, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L. Hansell
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, George Davies Centre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Laine JE, Bodinier B, Robinson O, Plusquin M, Scalbert A, Keski-Rahkonen P, Robinot N, Vermeulen R, Pizzi C, Asta F, Nawrot T, Gulliver J, Chatzi L, Kogevinas M, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M, Chadeau-Hyam M, Vineis P. Prenatal Exposure to Multiple Air Pollutants, Mediating Molecular Mechanisms, and Shifts in Birthweight. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14502-14513. [PMID: 33124810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying adverse birth and later in life health effects from exposure to air pollution during the prenatal period have not been not fully elucidated, especially in the context of mixtures. We assessed the effects of prenatal exposure to mixtures of air pollutants of particulate matter (PM), PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen oxides, NO2, NOx, ultrafine particles (UFP), and oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 on infant birthweight in four European birth cohorts and the mechanistic underpinnings through cross-omics of metabolites and inflammatory proteins. The association between mixtures of air pollutants and birthweight z-scores (standardized for gestational age) was assessed for three different mixture models, using Bayesian machine kernel regression (BKMR). We determined the direct effect for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and mediation by cross-omic signatures (identified using sparse partial least-squares regression) using causal mediation BKMR models. There was a negative association with birthweight z-scores and exposure to mixtures of air pollutants, where up to -0.21 or approximately a 96 g decrease in birthweight, comparing the 75th percentile to the median level of exposure to the air pollutant mixture could occur. Shifts in birthweight z-scores from prenatal exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were mediated by molecular mechanisms, represented by cross-omics scores. Interleukin-17 and epidermal growth factor were identified as important inflammatory responses underlyingair pollution-associated shifts in birthweight. Our results signify that by identifying mechanisms through which mixtures of air pollutants operate, the causality of air pollution-associated shifts in birthweight is better supported, substantiating the need for reducing exposure in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Laine
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | - Nivonirina Robinot
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Environmental Epidemiology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands
| | - Costanza Pizzi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Federica Asta
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome 00147, Italy
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, Environment and Health Unit, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - John Gulliver
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 700 13, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
- Italian Institute of Technology, Genova 16163, Italy
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17
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Li C, Yang M, Zhu Z, Sun S, Zhang Q, Cao J, Ding R. Maternal exposure to air pollution and the risk of low birth weight: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109970. [PMID: 32763280 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have evaluated the relationship between prenatal air pollution exposure and low birth weight, but the results are inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to quantitatively analyze the relationship between maternal air pollutant exposure and low birth weight (LBW). PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to obtain the studies on the relationship between the prenatal exposure of air pollutants and LBW that published as of June 2020. The pooled effects of air pollutant exposure and LBW were calculated using random-effect model (for studies with significant heterogeneity) or fixed-effect model (for studies without significant heterogeneity). Totally, 54 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled effect of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 exposure on LBW were 1.081 (95% CI: 1.043, 1.120), 1.053 (95% CI: 1.030, 1.076), 1.030 (95% CI: 1.008, 1.053), 1.007 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.014), 1.125 (95% CI: 1.017, 1.244), and 1.045 (95% CI: 1.005, 1.086), respectively. NO2 (per 10 ppb increase) and CO (per 100 ppb increase) exposure in the first trimester were positively correlated with LBW, of which the pooled effect was 1.022 (95% CI: 1.009, 1. 035) and 1.008 (95% CI: 1.004, 1.012), respectively. PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m3 increase) exposure in the third trimester significantly affected the LBW, of which the pooled effect was 1.053 (95% CI: 1.010, 1.097). In addition, PM10 (per 10 μg/m3 increase) exposure in the second trimester also significantly affected the LBW, with the pooled effect of 1.011 (95% CI: 1.005, 1.017). Prenatal exposure of the major air pollutants during the entire pregnancy could increase the risk of LBW, while the susceptible window of the pollutants varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlian Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Zijian Zhu
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Shu Sun
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Jiyu Cao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China; Department of Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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18
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Li HZ, Reeder MD, Pekney NJ. Quantifying source contributions of volatile organic compounds under hydraulic fracking moratorium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139322. [PMID: 32438153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are precursors for ozone (O3) and secondary particulate matter, which contribute to asthma and cardiovascular diseases. With the technology development of hydraulic fracking, the United States experienced a shale gas boom in the last decade while the public raised concerns about the potential health impacts of co-emitted VOCs and other airborne pollutants. National Energy Technology Laboratory conducted stationary trailer-based ambient monitoring to study the sources of VOCs in Maryland, where the state enacted a moratorium on unconventional natural gas extraction. The campaign had two periods, May to August 2014 (summer) and November 2014 to February 2015 (winter). Ethane was the most abundant VOC, averaging 12.3 ppb (SD = 15.7 ppb) in summer and 21.7 ppb (SD = 21.6 ppb) in winter. The seasonal variation of VOCs indicated different source strengths. The sampling region was in the nitrogen oxides (NOx) limited regime for O3 production, and the O3 concentrations were sensitive to VOC/NOx ratios in the early mornings. We derived a six-factor profile using positive matrix factorization: motor vehicles, industrial, biogenics, coal burning, fugitive and evaporative, and ozone secondary. The fugitive and evaporative factor explained 44.5% of total VOCs, and the motor vehicles factor followed second with 15.5%. Oil and gas activities had a considerable impact on the abundance of VOCs in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Z Li
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA.
| | - Matthew D Reeder
- Leidos, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Natalie J Pekney
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
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19
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Zhang X, Fan C, Ren Z, Feng H, Zuo S, Hao J, Liao J, Zou Y, Ma L. Maternal PM 2.5 exposure triggers preterm birth: a cross-sectional study in Wuhan, China. Glob Health Res Policy 2020; 5:17. [PMID: 32377568 PMCID: PMC7193342 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-020-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the studies regarding air pollution and preterm birth (PTB) in highly polluted areas have estimated the exposure level based on fixed-site monitoring. However, exposure assessment methods relying on monitors have the potential to cause exposure misclassification due to a lack of spatial variation. In this study, we utilized a land use regression (LUR) model to assess individual exposure, and explored the association between PM2.5 exposure during each time window and the risk of preterm birth in Wuhan city, China. Methods Information on 2101 singleton births, which were ≥ 20 weeks of gestation and born between November 1, 2013 and May 31, 2014; between January 1, 2015 and August 31, 2015, was obtained from the Obstetrics Department in one 3A hospital in Wuhan. Air quality index (AQI) data were accessed from the Wuhan Environmental Protection Bureau website. Individual exposure during pregnancy was assessed by LUR models and Kriging interpolation. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between women exposure to PM2.5 and the risk of different subtypes of PTB. Results During the study period, the average individual exposure concentration of PM2.5 during the entire pregnancy was 84.54 μg/m3. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 exposure in the first trimester (OR: 1.169; 95% CI: 1.077, 1.262), the second trimester (OR: 1.056; 95% CI: 1.015, 1.097), the third trimester (OR: 1.052; 95% CI: 1.002, 1.101), and the entire pregnancy (OR: 1.263; 95% CI: 1.158, 1.368) was significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB. For the PTB subgroup, the hazard of PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy was stronger for very preterm births (VPTB) than moderate preterm births (MPTB). The first trimester was the most susceptible exposure window. Moreover, women who had less than 9 years of education or who conceived during the cold season tended to be more susceptible to the PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy. Conclusions Maternal exposure to PM2.5 increased the risk of PTB, and this risk was stronger for VPTB than for MPTB, especially during the first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhang
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Cuifang Fan
- 2Department of Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Zhan Ren
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Huan Feng
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Shanshan Zuo
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jiayuan Hao
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jingling Liao
- 3Department of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430081 China
| | - Yuliang Zou
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China.,4Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Lu Ma
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China.,4Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
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20
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Estimating Spatio-Temporal Variations of PM2.5 Concentrations Using VIIRS-Derived AOD in the Guanzhong Basin, China. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11222679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) derived from satellite remote sensing is widely used to estimate surface PM2.5 (dry mass concentration of particles with an in situ aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm) concentrations. In this research, a two-stage spatio-temporal statistical model for estimating daily surface PM2.5 concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin of China is proposed, using 6 km × 6 km AOD data available from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument as the main variable and meteorological factors, land-cover, and population data as auxiliary variables. The model is validated using a cross-validation method. The linear mixed effects (LME) model used in the first stage could be improved by using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model or the generalized additive model (GAM) in the second stage, and the predictive capability of the GWR model is better than that of GAM. The two-stage spatio-temporal statistical model of LME and GWR successfully captures the temporal and spatial variations. The coefficient of determination (R2), the bias and the root-mean-squared prediction errors (RMSEs) of the model fitting to the two-stage spatio-temporal models of LME and GWR were 0.802, −0.378 µg/m3, and 12.746 µg/m3, respectively, and the model cross-validation results were 0.703, 1.451 µg/m3, and 15.731 µg/m3, respectively. The model prediction maps show that the topography has a strong influence on the spatial distribution of the PM2.5 concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin, and PM2.5 concentrations vary with the seasons. This method can provide reliable PM2.5 predictions to reduce the bias of exposure assessment in air pollution and health research.
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McKenzie LM, Allshouse W, Daniels S. Congenital heart defects and intensity of oil and gas well site activities in early pregnancy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104949. [PMID: 31327466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary studies suggest that offspring to mothers living near oil and natural gas (O&G) well sites are at higher risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). OBJECTIVES Our objective was to address the limitations of previous studies in a new and more robust evaluation of the relationship between maternal proximity to O&G well site activities and births with CHDs. METHODS We employed a nested case-control study of 3324 infants born in Colorado between 2005 and 2011. 187, 179, 132, and 38 singleton births with an aortic artery and valve (AAVD), pulmonary artery and valve (PAVD), conotruncal (CTD), or tricuspid valve (TVD) defect, respectively, were frequency matched 1:5 to controls on sex, maternal smoking, and race and ethnicity yielding 2860 controls. We estimated monthly intensities of O&G activity at maternal residences from three months prior to conception through the second gestational month with our intensity adjusted inverse distance weighted model. We used logistic regression models adjusted for O&G facilities other than wells, intensity of air pollution sources not associated with O&G activities, maternal age and socioeconomic status index, and infant sex and parity, to evaluate associations between CHDs and O&G activity intensity groups (low, medium, and high). RESULTS Overall, CHDs were 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) and 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) times more likely than controls in the medium and high intensity groups, respectively, compared to the low intensity group. PAVDs were 1.7 (0.93, 3.0) and 2.5 (1.1, 5.3) times more likely in the medium and high intensity groups for mothers with an address found in the second gestational month. In rural areas, AAVDs, CTDs, and TVDs were 1.8 (0.97, 3.3) and 2.6 (1.1, 6.1); 2.1 (0.96, 4.5) and 4.0 (1.4, 12); and 3.4 (0.95, 12) and 4.6 (0.81, 26) times more likely than controls in the medium and high intensity groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence of a positive association between maternal proximity to O&G well site activities and several types of CHDs, particularly in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McKenzie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - William Allshouse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Daniels
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Garcia-Gonzales DA, Popoola O, Bright VB, Paulson SE, Wang Y, Jones RL, Jerrett M. Associations among particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants and methane emissions from the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility during the 2015 blowout. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104855. [PMID: 31255256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In October of 2015, a large underground storage well at the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility experienced a massive methane leak (also referred to as "natural gas blowout"), which resulted in the largest ever anthropogenic release of methane from a single point source in the United States. Additional sampling conducted during the event revealed unique gas and particle concentrations in ambient air and a characteristic "fingerprint" of metals in the indoor dust samples similar to samples taken at the blowout site. We further investigated the association between the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage site and several measured air pollutants by: (a) conducting additional emission source studies using meteorological data and correlations between particulate matter, methane, and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) collected during the natural gas blowout at distances ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 km due south of well SS25, (b) identifying the unique i/n-pentane ratio signature associated with emissions from the blowout event, and (c) identifying characteristics unique to the homes that tested positive for air pollutants using data collected from extensive indoor environmental assessment surveys. Results of air quality samples collected near Aliso Canyon during the final weeks of the event revealed that elevated levels of several HAP compounds were likely influenced by the active natural gas blowout. Furthermore, the final attempts to plug the well during the days preceding the well kill were associated with particle emissions likely from the well site. Together, this investigation suggests uncontrolled leaks or blowout events at natural gas storage facilities have the potential to release harmful pollutants with adverse health and environmental consequences into proximate communities. With this evidence, our recommendations include facility-specific meteorological and air quality data-collection equipment installed at natural gas storage facilities and support of environmental surveillance after severe off-normal operation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Garcia-Gonzales
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California at Berkeley, 50 University Hall, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America.
| | - Olalekan Popoola
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Vivien B Bright
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Yanwen Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan South Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Roderic L Jones
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California at Berkeley, 50 University Hall, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America; Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, 56-070 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, 56-070B CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
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Skrivankova V, Zwahlen M, Adams M, Low N, Kuehni C, Egger M. Spatial epidemiology of gestational age and birth weight in Switzerland: census-based linkage study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027834. [PMID: 31666260 PMCID: PMC6830696 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational age and birth weight are strong predictors of infant morbidity and mortality. Understanding spatial variation can inform policies to reduce health inequalities. We examined small-area variation in gestational age and birth weight in Switzerland. METHODS All singleton live births recorded in the Swiss Live Birth Register 2011 to 2014 were eligible. We deterministically linked the Live Birth Register with census and survey data to create data sets including neonatal and pregnancy-related variables, parental characteristics and geographical variables. We produced maps of 705 areas and fitted linear mixed-effect models to assess to what extent spatial variation was explained by these variables. RESULTS We analysed all 315 177 eligible live births. Area-level averages of gestational age varied between 272 and 279 days, and between 3138 and 3467 g for birth weight. The fully adjusted models explained 31% and 87% of spatial variation of gestational age and birth weight, respectively. Language region accounted for most of the explained variation (23% in gestational age and 62% in birth weight), with shorter gestational age (-0.6 days and -0.9 days) and lower birth weight (-1.1% and -1.8%) in French-speaking and Italian-speaking areas, respectively, compared with German-speaking areas. Other variables explaining variation were, for gestational age, the level of urbanisation (10%) and parental nationality (3%). For birth weight, they were gestational age (27%), parental nationality (27%), civil status (10%) and altitude (10%). In a random sample of 81 968 live births with data on parental education, levels of education were only weakly associated with gestational age (-0.9 days for compulsory vs tertiary maternal education) or birth weight (-0.7% for compulsory vs tertiary maternal education). CONCLUSIONS In Switzerland, small area variation in birth weight is largely explained, and variation in gestational age partially explained, by geocultural, sociodemographic and pregnancy factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skrivankova
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Adams
- Department of Neonatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Serrano-Lomelin J, Nielsen CC, Jabbar MSM, Wine O, Bellinger C, Villeneuve PJ, Stieb D, Aelicks N, Aziz K, Buka I, Chandra S, Crawford S, Demers P, Erickson AC, Hystad P, Kumar M, Phipps E, Shah PS, Yuan Y, Zaiane OR, Osornio-Vargas AR. Interdisciplinary-driven hypotheses on spatial associations of mixtures of industrial air pollutants with adverse birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104972. [PMID: 31299602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse birth outcomes (ABO) such as prematurity and small for gestational age confer a high risk of mortality and morbidity. ABO have been linked to air pollution; however, relationships with mixtures of industrial emissions are poorly understood. The exploration of relationships between ABO and mixtures is complex when hundreds of chemicals are analyzed simultaneously, requiring the use of novel approaches. OBJECTIVE We aimed to generate robust hypotheses spatially linking mixtures and the occurrence of ABO using a spatial data mining algorithm and subsequent geographical and statistical analysis. The spatial data mining approach aimed to reduce data dimensionality and efficiently identify spatial associations between multiple chemicals and ABO. METHODS We discovered co-location patterns of mixtures and ABO in Alberta, Canada (2006-2012). An ad-hoc spatial data mining algorithm allowed the extraction of primary co-location patterns of 136 chemicals released into the air by 6279 industrial facilities (National Pollutant Release Inventory), wind-patterns from 182 stations, and 333,247 singleton live births at the maternal postal code at delivery (Alberta Perinatal Health Program), from which we identified cases of preterm birth, small for gestational age, and low birth weight at term. We selected secondary patterns using a lift ratio metric from ABO and non-ABO impacted by the same mixture. The relevance of the secondary patterns was estimated using logistic models (adjusted by socioeconomic status and ABO-related maternal factors) and a geographic-based assignment of maternal exposure to the mixtures as calculated by kernel density. RESULTS From 136 chemicals and three ABO, spatial data mining identified 1700 primary patterns from which five secondary patterns of three-chemical mixtures, including particulate matter, methyl-ethyl-ketone, xylene, carbon monoxide, 2-butoxyethanol, and n-butyl alcohol, were subsequently analyzed. The significance of the associations (odds ratio > 1) between the five mixtures and ABO provided statistical support for a new set of hypotheses. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that, in complex research settings, spatial data mining followed by pattern selection and geographic and statistical analyses can catalyze future research on associations between air pollutant mixtures and adverse birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Serrano-Lomelin
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 10240 Kingsway Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Charlene C Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 1-26 Earth Science Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - M Shazan M Jabbar
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 32 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
| | - Osnat Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Colin Bellinger
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 32 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Herzberg Building, Room 5413, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Dave Stieb
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Nancy Aelicks
- Alberta Health Services, Alberta Perinatal Health Program, Suite 310, 1403-29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Khalid Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Irena Buka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Sue Chandra
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, 10240 Kingsway Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Susan Crawford
- Alberta Health Services, Alberta Perinatal Health Program, Suite 310, 1403-29 Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
| | - Paul Demers
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 105-515 West Hastings St, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada.
| | - Anders C Erickson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Erica Phipps
- Canadian Partnership for Children's Health & Environment, 1500-55 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2H7, Canada.
| | - Prakesh S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-231A, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Osmar R Zaiane
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 32 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada.
| | - Alvaro R Osornio-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Guo LQ, Chen Y, Mi BB, Dang SN, Zhao DD, Liu R, Wang HL, Yan H. Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:238-252. [PMID: 30829011 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several reviews have assessed the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes during pregnancy, but the results remain controversial. The objective of this study was to assess this correlation quantitatively and to explore sources of heterogeneity. We included all published case-control or cohort studies that evaluated the correlation between ambient air pollution and low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), and small for gestational age (SGA). Analytical methods and inclusion criteria were provided on the PROSPERO website (CRD42018085816). We evaluated pooled effects and heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses (grouped by exposure period, study settings, study design, exposure types, data source, Newcastle-Ottawa quality score (NOS), and adjustment for smoking or meteorological factors) were also conducted and publication bias was examined. The risk of bias in systematic reviews (ROBIS) tool was used to evaluate the overall risk of bias in this review. Forty studies met the inclusion criteria. We observed pooled odds ratios (ORs) of 1.03-1.21 for LBW and 0.97-1.06 for PTB when mothers were exposed to CO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM2.5, PM10, or SO2 throughout their pregnancy. For SGA, the pooled estimate was 1.02 in relation to NO2 concentrations. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis decreased the heterogeneity to some extent, such as the subgroups of continuous measures (OR=0.98 (0.97-0.99), I2=0.0%) and NOS>7 (OR=0.98 (0.97-0.99), I2=0.0%) in evaluating the association between PTB and NO2. This review was completed with a low risk of bias. High concentrations of air pollution were significantly related to the higher risk of adverse birth outcomes. However, the sources of heterogeneity among studies should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Qian Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Medical Records Department, the First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 718000, China
| | - Bai-Bing Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shao-Nong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dou-Dou Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
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Noelke C, Chen YH, Osypuk TL, Acevedo-Garcia D. Economic Downturns and Inequities in Birth Outcomes: Evidence From 149 Million US Births. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1092-1100. [PMID: 30989169 PMCID: PMC7476222 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using birth certificate data for nearly all registered US births from 1976 to 2016 and monthly data on state unemployment rates, we reexamined the link between macroeconomic variation and birth outcomes. We hypothesized that economic downturns reduce exposure to work-related stressors and pollution while increasing exposure to socioeconomic stressors like job loss. Because of preexisting inequalities in health and other resources, we expected that less-educated mothers and black mothers would be more exposed to macroeconomic variation. Using fixed-effect regression models, we found that a 1-percentage-point increase in state unemployment during the first trimester of pregnancy increased the probability of preterm birth by 0.1 percentage points, while increases in the state unemployment rate during the second/third trimester reduced the probability of preterm birth by 0.06 percentage points. During the period encompassing the Great Recession, the magnitude of these associations doubled in size. We found substantial variation in the impact of economic conditions across different groups, with highly educated white women least affected and less-educated black women most affected. The results highlight the increased relevance of economic conditions for birth outcomes and population health as well as continuing, large inequities in the exposure and impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Noelke
- Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Theresa L Osypuk
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dolores Acevedo-Garcia
- Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Gu P, Dallmann TR, Li HZ, Tan Y, Presto AA. Quantifying Urban Spatial Variations of Anthropogenic VOC Concentrations and Source Contributions with a Mobile Sampling Platform. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1632. [PMID: 31083299 PMCID: PMC6539943 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important atmospheric constituents because they contribute to formation of ozone and secondary aerosols, and because some VOCs are toxic air pollutants. We measured concentrations of a suite of anthropogenic VOCs during summer and winter at 70 locations representing different microenvironments around Pittsburgh, PA. The sampling sites were classified both by land use (e.g., high versus low traffic) and grouped based on geographic similarity and proximity. There was roughly a factor of two variation in both total VOC and single-ring aromatic VOC concentrations across the site groups. Concentrations were roughly 25% higher in winter than summer. Source apportionment with positive matrix factorization reveals that the major VOC sources are gasoline vehicles, solvent evaporation, diesel vehicles, and two factors attributed to industrial emissions. While we expected to observe significant spatial variability in the source impacts across the sampling domain, we instead found that source impacts were relatively homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishi Gu
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Timothy R Dallmann
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Hugh Z Li
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Yi Tan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Franklin P, Tan M, Hemy N, Hall GL. Maternal Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution and Birth Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1364. [PMID: 30995726 PMCID: PMC6518425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of research on the association between ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes. However, people in high income countries spend most of their time indoors. Pregnant women spend much of that time at home. The aim of this study was to investigate if indoor air pollutants were associated with poor birth outcomes. Pregnant women were recruited prior to 18 weeks gestation. They completed a housing questionnaire and household chemical use survey. Indoor pollutants, formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were monitored in the women's homes at 34 weeks gestation. Gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW) and length (BL) and head circumference (HC) were collected from birth records. The associations between measured pollutants, and pollution surrogates, were analysed using general linear models, controlling for maternal age, parity, maternal health, and season of birth. Only HCHO was associated with any of the birth outcomes. There was a 0.044 decrease in BW z-score (p = 0.033) and 0.05 decrease in HC z-score (p = 0.06) for each unit increase in HCHO. Although HCHO concentrations were very low, this finding is consistent with other studies of formaldehyde and poor birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Franklin
- School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Mark Tan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Naomi Hemy
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Graham L Hall
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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29
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Filippini T, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Heck JE, Park AS, Crippa A, Orsini N, Vinceti M. Association between Outdoor Air Pollution and Childhood Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:46002. [PMID: 31017485 PMCID: PMC6785230 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A causal link between outdoor air pollution and childhood leukemia has been proposed, but some older studies suffer from methodological drawbacks. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic reviews have summarized the most recently published evidence and no analyses have examined the dose-response relation. OBJECTIVE We investigated the extent to which outdoor air pollution, especially as resulting from traffic-related contaminants, affects the risk of childhood leukemia. METHODS We searched all case-control and cohort studies that have investigated the risk of childhood leukemia in relation to exposure either to motorized traffic and related contaminants, based on various traffic-related metrics (number of vehicles in the closest roads, road density, and distance from major roads), or to measured or modeled levels of air contaminants such as benzene, nitrogen dioxide, 1,3-butadiene, and particulate matter. We carried out a meta-analysis of all eligible studies, including nine studies published since the last systematic review and, when possible, we fit a dose-response curve using a restricted cubic spline regression model. RESULTS We found 29 studies eligible to be included in our review. In the dose-response analysis, we found little association between disease risk and traffic indicators near the child's residence for most of the exposure range, with an indication of a possible excess risk only at the highest levels. In contrast, benzene exposure was positively and approximately linearly associated with risk of childhood leukemia, particularly for acute myeloid leukemia, among children under 6 y of age, and when exposure assessment at the time of diagnosis was used. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide showed little association with leukemia risk except at the highest levels. DISCUSSION Overall, the epidemiologic literature appears to support an association between benzene and childhood leukemia risk, with no indication of any threshold effect. A role for other measured and unmeasured pollutants from motorized traffic is also possible. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elizabeth E. Hatch
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Rothman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julia E. Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S. Park
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alessio Crippa
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Garcia-Gonzales DA, Shonkoff SB, Hays J, Jerrett M. Hazardous Air Pollutants Associated with Upstream Oil and Natural Gas Development: A Critical Synthesis of Current Peer-Reviewed Literature. Annu Rev Public Health 2019; 40:283-304. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased energy demands and innovations in upstream oil and natural gas (ONG) extraction technologies have enabled the United States to become one of the world's leading producers of petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists 187 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects. Several of these HAPs have been measured at elevated concentrations around ONG sites, but most have not been studied in the context of upstream development. In this review, we analyzed recent global peer-reviewed articles that investigated HAPs near ONG operations to ( a) identify HAPs associated with upstream ONG development, ( b) identify their specific sources in upstream processes, and ( c) examine the potential for adverse health outcomes from HAPs emitted during these phases of hydrocarbon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A. Garcia-Gonzales
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Seth B.C. Shonkoff
- PSE Healthy Energy, Oakland, California 94612, USA;,
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Environment Energy Technology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jake Hays
- PSE Healthy Energy, Oakland, California 94612, USA;,
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
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Gong X, Lin Y, Bell ML, Zhan FB. Associations between maternal residential proximity to air emissions from industrial facilities and low birth weight in Texas, USA. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:181-198. [PMID: 30096612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most previous studies examining associations between maternal exposures to air pollutants during pregnancy and low birth weight (LBW) in offspring focused on criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, CO, and Pb). The relationship between non-criteria air pollutants and LBW is understudied and requires greater coverage. OBJECTIVES This study investigated associations between maternal residential exposure to industrial air pollutants during pregnancy and LBW in offspring. METHODS This study used a case-control study design that included 94,106 term LBW cases and 376,424 controls. It covered 78 air pollutants common to both the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and ground air quality monitoring databases in Texas during 1996-2008. A modified version of the Emission Weighted Proximity Model (EWPM), calibrated with ground monitoring data, was used to estimate maternal residential exposure to industrial air pollutants during pregnancy. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) reflecting the associations of maternal exposure to industrial air pollutants and LBW in offspring, adjusted for child's sex, gestational weeks, maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, marital status, prenatal care, tobacco use during pregnancy, public health region of maternal residence, and year of birth. In addition, the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied to the results of logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Relative to the non-exposed reference group, maternal residential exposure to benzene (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.08), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.07), cumene (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03, 1.07), cyclohexane (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.07), dichloromethane (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03, 1.07), ethylbenzene (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03, 1.06), ethylene (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03, 1.09), mercury (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.07), naphthalene (aOR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01, 1.05), n-hexane (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04, 1.08), propylene (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03, 1.10), styrene (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04, 1.08), toluene (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03, 1.07), and zinc (fume or dust) (aOR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06, 1.13) was found to have significantly higher odds of LBW in offspring. When the estimated exposures were categorized into four different groups (zero, low, medium, and high) in the analysis, eleven of the fourteen air pollutants, with the exception of benzo(g,h,i)perylene, ethylene, and propylene, remained as significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that maternal residential proximity to industrial facilities emitting any of the fourteen pollutants identified by this study during pregnancy may be associated with LBW in offspring. With the exception of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and zinc, the rest of the fourteen air pollutants are identified as LBW risk factors for the first time by this study. Further epidemiological, biological, and toxicological studies are suggested to verify the findings from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gong
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - F Benjamin Zhan
- Texas Center for Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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Gong X, Lin Y, Zhan FB. Industrial air pollution and low birth weight: a case-control study in Texas, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30375-30389. [PMID: 30159842 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated associations between maternal residential exposures to air pollutants and low birth weight (LBW) in offspring. However, most studies focused on the criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, CO, and Pb), and only a few studies examined the potential impact of other air pollutants on LBW. This study investigated associations between maternal residential exposure to industrial air emissions of 449 toxics release inventory (TRI) chemicals and LBW in offspring using a case-control study design based on a large dataset consisting of 94,106 LBW cases and 376,424 controls in Texas from 1996 to 2008. Maternal residential exposure to chemicals was estimated using a modified version of the emission-weighted proximity model (EWPM). The model takes into account reported quantities of annual air emission from industrial facilities and the distances between the locations of industrial facilities and maternal residence locations. Binary logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios measuring the association between maternal exposure to different TRI chemicals and LBW in offspring. Odds ratios were adjusted for child's sex, birth year, gestational length, maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, and public health region of maternal residence. Among the ten chemicals selected for a complete analysis, maternal residential exposures to five TRI chemicals were positively associated with LBW in offspring. These five chemicals include acetamide (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24, 4.20), p-phenylenediamine (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.18, 2.25), 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.20, 1.66), tributyltin methacrylate (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06, 1.36), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (aOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03, 1.20). These findings suggest that maternal residential proximity to industrial air emissions of some chemicals during pregnancy may be associated with LBW in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gong
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - F Benjamin Zhan
- Texas Center for Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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Kim JS, Alderete TL, Chen Z, Lurmann F, Rappaport E, Habre R, Berhane K, Gilliland FD. Longitudinal associations of in utero and early life near-roadway air pollution with trajectories of childhood body mass index. Environ Health 2018; 17:64. [PMID: 30213262 PMCID: PMC6137930 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that childhood near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) exposures contribute to increased body mass index (BMI); however, effects of NRAP exposure during the vulnerable periods including in utero and first year of life have yet to be established. In this study, we examined whether exposure to elevated concentrations of NRAP during in utero and/or first year of life increase childhood BMI growth. METHODS Participants in the Children's Health Study enrolled from 2002 to 2003 with annual visits over a four-year period and who changed residences before study entry were included (n = 2318). Annual height and weight were measured and lifetime residential NRAP exposures including in utero and first year of life periods were estimated by nitrogen oxides (NOx) using the California line-source dispersion model. Linear mixed effects models assessed in utero or first year near-road freeway and non-freeway NOx exposures and BMI growth after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, Spanish questionnaire, and later childhood near-road NOx exposure. RESULTS A two-standard deviation difference in first year of life near-road freeway NOx exposure was associated with a 0.1 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.2) faster increase in BMI growth per year and a 0.5 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.9) higher attained BMI at age 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Higher exposure to early life NRAP increased the rate of change of childhood BMI and resulted in a higher attained BMI at age 10 years that were independent of later childhood exposures. These findings suggest that elevated early life NRAP exposures contribute to increased obesity risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer S. Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Tanya L. Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Zhanghua Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | | | - Ed Rappaport
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Environmental Health, Keck School of Medicine, Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
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Araki S, Shima M, Yamamoto K. Spatiotemporal land use random forest model for estimating metropolitan NO 2 exposure in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1269-1277. [PMID: 29710628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Adequate spatial and temporal estimates of NO2 concentrations are essential for proper prenatal exposure assessment. Here, we develop a spatiotemporal land use random forest (LURF) model of the monthly mean NO2 over four years in a metropolitan area of Japan. The overall objective is to obtain accurate NO2 estimates for use in prenatal exposure assessments. We use random forests to convey the non-linear relationship between NO2 concentrations and predictor variables, and compare the prediction accuracy with that of a linear regression. In addition, we include the distance decay effect of emission sources on NO2 concentrations for more efficient model construction. The prediction accuracy of the LURF model is evaluated through a leave-one-monitor-out cross validation. We obtain a high R2 value of 0.79, which is better than that of the conventional land use regression model using linear regression (R2 of 0.73). We also evaluate the LURF model via a temporal and overall cross validation and obtain R2 values of 0.84 and 0.92, respectively. We successfully integrate temporal and spatial components into our model, which exhibits higher accuracy than spatial models constructed individually for each month. Our findings illustrate the advantage of using a LURF to model the spatiotemporal variability of NO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Araki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Contreras ZA, Heck JE, Lee PC, Cui X, Hobel CJ, Janzen C, Lurmann F, Ritz B. Prenatal air pollution exposure, smoking, and uterine vascular resistance. Environ Epidemiol 2018; 2:e017. [PMID: 30627692 PMCID: PMC6322670 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to air pollution and smoking increases the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, but pathophysiologic mechanisms are still debated. Few studies to date have examined the influence of air pollution on uterine vascular resistance and no studies have examined the independent impact of these exposures. We aimed to assess the impact of prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance. METHODS Our study included 566 pregnant women recruited between 1993 and 1996 in Los Angeles who completed visits at three gestational ages. Information on smoking was collected and uterine vascular resistance was measured at each visit by Doppler ultrasound. We calculated three resistance indices: the resistance index (RI), the pulsatility index (PI), and the systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio. We estimated exposure to NO2 at the home address of the mother using a land use regression (LUR) model and to NOx using CALINE4 air dispersion modeling. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the effects of air pollution and smoking on uterine vascular resistance indices. RESULTS LUR-derived NO2 and CALINE4-derived NOx exposure increased the risk of high uterine artery resistance in late pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy also increased the risk of higher uterine resistance and contributed to bilateral notching in mid-pregnancy. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that uterine vascular resistance is a mechanism underlying the association between smoking and air pollution, and adverse birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuelma A. Contreras
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia E. Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Chen Lee
- Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin J. Hobel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carla Janzen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cardiovascular and inflammatory mechanisms in healthy humans exposed to air pollution in the vicinity of a steel mill. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:34. [PMID: 30097052 PMCID: PMC6086065 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a paucity of mechanistic information that is central to the understanding of the adverse health effects of source emission exposures. To identify source emission-related effects, blood and saliva samples from healthy volunteers who spent five days near a steel plant (Bayview site, with and without a mask that filtered many criteria pollutants) and at a well-removed College site were tested for oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers. Methods Biomarker analyses were done using multiplexed protein-array, HPLC-Fluorescence, EIA and ELISA methods. Mixed effects models were used to test for associations between exposure, biological markers and physiological outcomes. Heat map with hierarchical clustering and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were used for mechanistic analyses. Results Mean CO, SO2 and ultrafine particles (UFP) levels on the day of biological sampling were higher at the Bayview site compared to College site. Bayview site exposures “without” mask were associated with increased (p < 0.05) pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g IL-4, IL-6) and endothelins (ETs) compared to College site. Plasma IL-1β, IL-2 were increased (p < 0.05) after Bayview site “without” compared to “with” mask exposures. Interquartile range (IQR) increases in CO, UFP and SO2 were associated with increased (p < 0.05) plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6, IL-8) and ET-1(1–21) levels. Plasma/saliva BET-1 levels were positively associated (p < 0.05) with increased systolic BP. C-reactive protein (CRP) was positively associated (p < 0.05) with increased heart rate. Protein network analyses exhibited activation of distinct inflammatory mechanisms after “with” and “without” mask exposures at the Bayview site relative to College site exposures. Conclusions These findings suggest that air pollutants in the proximity of steel mill site can influence inflammatory and vascular mechanisms. Use of mask and multiple biomarker data can be valuable in gaining insight into source emission-related health impacts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0270-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ling C, Liew Z, von Ehrenstein OS, Heck JE, Park AS, Cui X, Cockburn M, Wu J, Ritz B. Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Pesticides and Preterm Birth and Term Low Birthweight in Agricultural Regions of California. TOXICS 2018; 6:E41. [PMID: 30037110 PMCID: PMC6160921 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Findings from studies of prenatal exposure to pesticides and adverse birth outcomes have been equivocal so far. We examined prenatal exposure to agricultural pesticides in relation to preterm birth and term low birthweight, respectively, in children born between 1998 and 2010, randomly selected from California birth records. We estimated residential exposure to agriculturally applied pesticides within 2 km of residential addresses at birth by pregnancy trimester for 17 individual pesticides and three chemical classes (organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates). Among maternal addresses located within 2 km of any agricultural pesticide application, we identified 24,693 preterm and 220,297 term births, and 4412 term low birthweight and 194,732 term normal birthweight infants. First or second trimester exposure to individual pesticides (e.g., glyphosates, paraquat, imidacloprid) or exposure to 2 or more pesticides in the three chemical classes were associated with a small increase (3⁻7%) in risk for preterm birth; associations were stronger for female offspring. We did not find associations between term low birthweight and exposure to pesticides other than myclobutanil (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04⁻1.20) and possibly the pyrethroids class. Our improved exposure assessment revealed that first and second trimester exposure to pesticides is associated with preterm delivery but is rarely linked with term low birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Ling
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ondine S von Ehrenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Julia E Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Andrew S Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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González-Jiménez J, Rocha-Buelvas A. Risk factors associated with low birth weight in the Americas: literature review. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.61577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. El bajo peso al nacer (BPN) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo que afecta la morbimortalidad infantil en todo el mundo; cerca de 1/3 de las muertes neonatales son atribuibles a este.Objetivo. Revisar los artículos más relevantes sobre BPN en las Américas en el periodo de 2010-2016.Materiales y métodos. Revisión narrativa de literatura. La información se obtuvo de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Portal Regional da BVS, con el uso de los descriptores DeCS y MeSH.Resultados. La mayoría de los estudios fueron publicados entre el 2012 y el 2015. De los 27 artículos publicados, 11 (40.7%) fueron atribuidos a factores sociodemográficos, 9 (33.3%) a riesgos ambientales, 3 (11.1%) a factores conductuales, 2 (7.4%) a controles prenatales o por cobertura y 2 (7.4%) se interrelacionaban con otros factores de riesgo.Conclusión. La mayoría de los estudios coinciden en la asociación de factores sociodemográficos, biológicos y conductuales. Los estudios que refieren la asociación de BPN con factores de riesgo ambientales están tomando fuerza.
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Rible R, Aguilar E, Chen A, Bader JL, Goodyear-Moya L, Singh KT, Paulson SE, Friedman J, Izadpanah N, Pregler J. Exploration of spatial patterns of congenital anomalies in Los Angeles County using the vital statistics birth master file. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:184. [PMID: 29500732 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown linkages between environmental exposures and population health metrics such as low birth weight and incidence of congenital anomalies. While the exact causal relationship between specific environmental teratogens and suspected corresponding congenital anomalies has largely not been established, spatial analysis of anomaly incidence can identify potential locations of increased risk. This study uses the Vital Statistics Birth Master File to map and analyze the rates of congenital anomalies of births from non-smoking mothers 15-35 years old within Los Angeles County. Hot spot analysis shows that the distribution of congenital anomalies is not randomly distributed throughout the county and identified the Antelope Valley and San Gabriel Foothills as two areas with elevated incidence rates. These results are not explained by potential confounders such as maternal age, race, smoking status, or socioeconomic status and seem to correlate well with the concentration of atmospheric ozone. This approach demonstrates the value of using spatial techniques to inform future research efforts and the need to establish and maintain a comprehensive reproductive health surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Rible
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Efren Aguilar
- UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua L Bader
- UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Karen Teekadai Singh
- Iris Cantor-UCLA Women's Health Education and Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie Friedman
- Iris Cantor-UCLA Women's Health Education and Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet Pregler
- Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vojtíšek-Lom M, Beránek V, Klír V, Jindra P, Pechout M, Voříšek T. On-road and laboratory emissions of NO, NO 2, NH 3, N 2O and CH 4 from late-model EU light utility vehicles: Comparison of diesel and CNG. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:774-784. [PMID: 29126635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions of eight Euro 6 light duty vehicles - two station wagons and six vans - half powered by diesel fuel and half by compressed natural gas (CNG) were examined using both chassis dynamometer and on-road testing. A portable on-board FTIR analyzer was used to measure concentrations of reactive nitrogen compounds - NO, NO2 and ammonia, of CO, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and greenhouse gases CO2, methane and N2O. Exhaust flow was inferred from engine control unit data. Total emissions per cycle were compared and found to be in good agreement with laboratory measurements of NOX, CO and CO2 during dynamometer tests. On diesel engines, mean NOX emissions were 136-1070mg/km in the laboratory and 537-615mg/km on the road, in many cases nearly an order of magnitude higher compared to the numerical value of the Euro 6 limit. Mean N2O emissions were 3-19mg/km and were equivalent to several g/km CO2. The measurements suggest that NOX and N2O emissions from late-model European light utility vehicles with diesel engines are non-negligible and should be continuously assessed and scrutinized. High variances in NOX emissions among the tested diesel vehicles suggest that large number of vehicles should be tested to offer at least some insights about distribution of fleet emissions among vehicles. CNG engines exhibited relatively low emissions of NOX (12-186mg/km) and NH3 (10-24mg/km), while mean emissions of methane were 18-45mg/km, under 1g/km CO2 equivalent, and N2O, CO, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were negligible. The combination of a relatively clean-burning fuel, modern engine technology and a three-way catalyst has resulted in relatively low emissions under the wide variety of operating conditions encountered during the tests. The on-board FTIR has proven to be a useful instrument capable of covering, with the exception of total hydrocarbons, essentially all gaseous pollutants of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vojtíšek-Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vít Beránek
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Klír
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jindra
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pechout
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Voříšek
- SEVEn Energy Ltd., Americká 17, 120 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Balakrishnan K, Ghosh S, Thangavel G, Sambandam S, Mukhopadhyay K, Puttaswamy N, Sadasivam A, Ramaswamy P, Johnson P, Kuppuswamy R, Natesan D, Maheshwari U, Natarajan A, Rajendran G, Ramasami R, Madhav S, Manivannan S, Nargunanadan S, Natarajan S, Saidam S, Chakraborty M, Balakrishnan L, Thanasekaraan V. Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and birthweight in a rural-urban, mother-child cohort in Tamil Nadu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:524-531. [PMID: 29227900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to PM2.5 (fine particulate matter <less than 2.5µm in aerodynamic diameter) related to ambient and household air pollution has been associated with low birthweight. Few of these studies, however, have been conducted in high exposure settings that are commonly encountered in low and middle income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVES We examined whether PM2.5 exposures during pregnancy were associated with birthweight in an integrated rural-urban, mother-child cohort in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS We recruited 1285 pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy from primary health care centers and urban health posts and followed them until birth to collect antenatal care data and birthweight. We estimated pregnancy period PM 2.5 exposures through direct serial measurements of 24-h household PM2.5 concentrations, performed across each trimester. Mothers also completed detailed questionnaires to provide data on covariates related to household, socio-economic, demographic and maternal health characteristics. The association between PM2.5 exposures and birth weight was assessed using linear and logistic regression models that controlled for potential confounders. RESULTS A 10-μg/m3 increase in pregnancy period PM2.5 exposures was associated with a 4g (95% CI: 1.08g, 6.76g) decrease in birthweight and 2% increase in prevalence of low birthweight [odds ratio(OR) = 1.02; 95%CI:1.005,1.041] after adjusting for gestational age, infant sex, maternal BMI, maternal age, history of a previous low birth weight child, birth order and season of conception. CONCLUSIONS The study provides some of the first quantitative effects estimates for linking rural-urban PM2.5 exposures and birthweight in India, adding important evidence for this association from high exposure settings in LMICs, that also experience dual health burdens from ambient and household air pollution. Study results also point to the need for considering maternal PM2.5 exposures alongside other risk factors for low birthweight in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Balakrishnan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
| | - Santu Ghosh
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Gurusamy Thangavel
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sankar Sambandam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Arulselvan Sadasivam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Padmavathi Ramaswamy
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Priscilla Johnson
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Rajarajeswari Kuppuswamy
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Durairaj Natesan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Uma Maheshwari
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Amudha Natarajan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Gayathri Rajendran
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Rengaraj Ramasami
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sathish Madhav
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Saraswathy Manivannan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Nargunanadan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Natarajan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sudhakar Saidam
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Moumita Chakraborty
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Lingeswari Balakrishnan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Thanasekaraan
- SRU-ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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Minet L, Gehr R, Hatzopoulou M. Capturing the sensitivity of land-use regression models to short-term mobile monitoring campaigns using air pollution micro-sensors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:280-290. [PMID: 28666134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of reliable measures of exposure to traffic-related air pollution is crucial for the evaluation of the health effects of transportation. Land-use regression (LUR) techniques have been widely used for the development of exposure surfaces, however these surfaces are often highly sensitive to the data collected. With the rise of inexpensive air pollution sensors paired with GPS devices, we witness the emergence of mobile data collection protocols. For the same urban area, can we achieve a 'universal' model irrespective of the number of locations and sampling visits? Can we trade the temporal representation of fixed-point sampling for a larger spatial extent afforded by mobile monitoring? This study highlights the challenges of short-term mobile sampling campaigns in terms of the resulting exposure surfaces. A mobile monitoring campaign was conducted in 2015 in Montreal; nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels at 1395 road segments were measured under repeated visits. We developed LUR models based on sub-segments, categorized in terms of the number of visits per road segment. We observe that LUR models were highly sensitive to the number of road segments and to the number of visits per road segment. The associated exposure surfaces were also highly dissimilar.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Minet
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Gehr
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sholts SB, Smith K, Wallin C, Ahmed TM, Wärmländer SKTS. Ancient water bottle use and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure among California Indians: a prehistoric health risk assessment. Environ Health 2017; 16:61. [PMID: 28641573 PMCID: PMC5481889 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the main toxic compounds in natural bitumen, a fossil material used by modern and ancient societies around the world. The adverse health effects of PAHs on modern humans are well established, but their health impacts on past populations are unclear. It has previously been suggested that a prehistoric health decline among the native people living on the California Channel Islands may have been related to PAH exposure. Here, we assess the potential health risks of PAH exposure from the use and manufacture of bitumen-coated water bottles by ancient California Indian societies. METHODS We replicated prehistoric bitumen-coated water bottles with traditional materials and techniques of California Indians, based on ethnographic and archaeological evidence. In order to estimate PAH exposure related to water bottle manufacture and use, we conducted controlled experiments to measure PAH contamination 1) in air during the manufacturing process and 2) in water and olive oil stored in a completed bottle for varying periods of time. Samples were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for concentrations of the 16 PAHs identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority pollutants. RESULTS Eight PAHs were detected in concentrations of 1-10 μg/m3 in air during bottle production and 50-900 ng/L in water after 2 months of storage, ranging from two-ring (naphthalene and methylnaphthalene) to four-ring (fluoranthene) molecules. All 16 PAHs analyzed were detected in olive oil after 2 days (2 to 35 μg/kg), 2 weeks (3 to 66 μg/kg), and 2 months (5 to 140 μg/kg) of storage. CONCLUSIONS For ancient California Indians, water stored in bitumen-coated water bottles was not a significant source of PAH exposure, but production of such bottles could have resulted in harmful airborne PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina B. Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin Smith
- Center for Experimental Archaeology at Davis (CEAD), Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trifa M. Ahmed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian K. T. S. Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCLA/Getty Conservation Programme, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent epidemiologic literature examining health outcomes in communities living close to unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) and identifies areas requiring further study. RECENT FINDINGS To date, these studies have been primarily retrospective in design and used self-report of health symptoms or electronic health databases to obtain outcome information. Proximity to UNGD is often used as a surrogate for exposure. There is preliminary evidence linking respiratory outcomes, including asthma exacerbations, and birth outcomes, such as reduced fetal growth and preterm birth, to UNGD; however, results differ across study populations and regions. SUMMARY Although small, the current body of literature suggests that living near UNGD may have negative health consequences for surrounding communities, but additional work using more granular estimates of exposure or personalized monitoring is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina L. Stacy
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-2, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Abbey M, Oloyede OA, Bassey G, Kejeh BM, Otaigbe BE, Opara PI, Eneh AU, Akani CI. Prevalence and pattern of birth defects in a tertiary health facility in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:115-121. [PMID: 28280393 PMCID: PMC5339003 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of congenital abnormalities that are peculiar to the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Methods This is a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. It involved data from the labor ward and neonatal birth registers of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital on the total number of births and the babies that were delivered with major birth defects between August 2011 and December 2014. We also conducted a statistical comparison of the prevalence of congenital abnormalities in the Niger Delta with that in other regions of Nigeria and the developed world of Europe. Results Out of the 7,670 deliveries that occurred, 159 maternities had babies with major birth defects giving a prevalence of 20.73 cases per 1,000 live births. This figure is far more than that which was obtained in other regions of Nigeria −4.15:cases per 1,000 live births in the South East (P<0.001), 15.84:1,000 in the South West (P<0.01), and 5.51:1,000 in the North East (P<0.001). Eighty-five (53.46%) of the defects occurred in 1,681 unbooked patients, while 74 (46.54%) happened in 5,989 booked maternities (P<0.001). The predominant abnormalities were those of the central nervous system at 27.0%, gastrointestinal system 11.95%, cardiovascular system 10.69%, anterior abdominal wall 8.18%, skeleton 6.29%, and chromosomal abnormalities at 5.66%. Conclusion The prevalence of major birth defects at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital was 20.73 cases per 1,000 live births and it was more in the unbooked than the booked maternities. All body systems were affected with those of the central nervous system predominating at 27.0% of the total diagnosed defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mkpe Abbey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt
| | - Olufemi A Oloyede
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu
| | - Goddy Bassey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt
| | | | - Barbara E Otaigbe
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Peace I Opara
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Austa U Eneh
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Chris I Akani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt
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Childhood hematologic cancer and residential proximity to oil and gas development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170423. [PMID: 28199334 PMCID: PMC5310851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oil and gas development emits known hematological carcinogens, such as benzene, and increasingly occurs in residential areas. We explored whether residential proximity to oil and gas development was associated with risk for hematologic cancers using a registry-based case-control study design. Methods Participants were 0–24 years old, living in rural Colorado, and diagnosed with cancer between 2001–2013. For each child in our study, we calculated inverse distance weighted (IDW) oil and gas well counts within a 16.1-kilometer radius of residence at cancer diagnosis for each year in a 10 year latency period to estimate density of oil and gas development. Logistic regression, adjusted for age, race, gender, income, and elevation was used to estimate associations across IDW well count tertiles for 87 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases and 50 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases, compared to 528 controls with non-hematologic cancers. Findings Overall, ALL cases 0–24 years old were more likely to live in the highest IDW well count tertiles compared to controls, but findings differed substantially by age. For ages 5–24, ALL cases were 4.3 times as likely to live in the highest tertile, compared to controls (95% CI: 1.1 to 16), with a monotonic increase in risk across tertiles (trend p-value = 0.035). Further adjustment for year of diagnosis increased the association. No association was found between ALL for children aged 0–4 years or NHL and IDW well counts. While our study benefited from the ability to select cases and controls from the same population, use of cancer-controls, the limited number of ALL and NHL cases, and aggregation of ages into five year ranges, may have biased our associations toward the null. In addition, absence of information on O&G well activities, meteorology, and topography likely reduced temporal and spatial specificity in IDW well counts. Conclusion Because oil and gas development has potential to expose a large population to known hematologic carcinogens, further study is clearly needed to substantiate both our positive and negative findings. Future studies should incorporate information on oil and gas development activities and production levels, as well as levels of specific pollutants of interest (e.g. benzene) near homes, schools, and day care centers; provide age-specific residential histories; compare cases to controls without cancer; and address other potential confounders, and environmental stressors.
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Díaz J, Arroyo V, Ortiz C, Carmona R, Linares C. Effect of Environmental Factors on Low Weight in Non-Premature Births: A Time Series Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164741. [PMID: 27788159 PMCID: PMC5082809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to pollutants during pregnancy has been related to adverse birth outcomes. LBW can give rise to lifelong impairments. Prematurity is the leading cause of LBW, yet few studies have attempted to analyse how environmental factors can influence LBW in infants who are not premature. This study therefore sought to analyse the influence of air pollution, noise levels and temperature on LBW in non-premature births in Madrid during the period 2001-2009. METHODS Ecological time-series study to assess the impact of PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations, noise levels, and temperatures on LBW among non-premature infants across the period 2001-2009. Our analysis extended to infants having birth weights of 1,500 g to 2,500 g (VLBW) and less than 1,500 g (ELBW). Environmental variables were lagged until 37 weeks with respect to the date of birth, and cross-correlation functions were used to identify explaining lags. Results were quantified using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Across the study period 298,705 births were registered in Madrid, 3,290 of which had LBW; of this latter total, 1,492 were non-premature. PM2.5 was the only pollutant to show an association with the three variables of LBW in non-premature births. This association occurred at around the third month of gestation for LBW and VLBW (LBW: lag 23 and VLBW: lag 25), and at around the eighth month of gestation for ELBW (lag 6). Leqd was linked to LBW at lag zero. The RR of PM2.5 on LBW was 1.01 (1.00 1.03). The RR of Leqd on LBW was 1.09 (0.99 1.19)(p<0.1). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained indicate that PM2.5 had influence on LBW. The adoption of measures aimed at reducing the number of vehicles would serve to lower pregnant women's exposure. In the case of noise should be limited the exposure to high levels during the final weeks of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Díaz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Arroyo
- Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Ortiz
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Carmona
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Maternal Exposure to Air Pollution and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Halifax, Nova Scotia. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 57:1291-8. [PMID: 26641824 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the associations between exposure to air pollution exposure and the outcomes of preterm birth (PTB), term low birth weight (TLBW), and small for gestational age. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study using a perinatal database linked to land-use regression-modeled air pollution data. RESULTS Compared with women in the lowest quartile of toluene exposure, those in the second lowest quartile showed a positive association with PTB (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.63). A piecewise logistic regression breakpoint analysis identified a cut point (identifying a change in the slope) of 0.36 μg/m for toluene and the risk of PTB. There was also some evidence to suggest an association between sulfur dioxide and TLBW. CONCLUSIONS This study provides some evidence to suggest that in an area of relatively low air pollution concentration, maternal exposure to some air pollutants may be associated with adverse birth outcomes.
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McGuinn LA, Voss RW, Laurent CA, Greenspan LC, Kushi LH, Windham GC. Residential proximity to traffic and female pubertal development. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:635-641. [PMID: 27377913 PMCID: PMC4986602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been linked with several adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight, which are both related to onset of puberty. No studies to date have investigated the association between TRAP and altered pubertal timing. OBJECTIVE Determine the association between residential proximity to traffic, as a marker of long-term TRAP exposure, and age at pubertal onset in a longitudinal study of girls. METHODS We analyzed data for 437 girls at the CYGNET study site of the Breast Cancer and Environment Research Program. TRAP exposure was assessed using several measures of residential proximity to traffic based on address at study entry. Using accelerated failure time models, we calculated time ratios (TRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for specified traffic metrics and pubertal onset, defined as stage 2 or higher for breast or pubic hair development (respectively, B2+ and PH2+). Models were adjusted for race/ethnicity, household income, and cotinine levels. RESULTS At baseline, 71% of girls lived within 150m of a major road. The median age of onset was 10.3years for B2+ and 10.9years for PH2+. Living within 150m downwind of a major road was associated with earlier onset of PH2+ (TR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99). Girls in the highest quintile of either distance-weighted traffic density, annual average daily traffic, and/or traffic density also reached PH2+ earlier than girls in the lowest quintiles. CONCLUSIONS In this first study to assess the association between residential proximity to traffic and pubertal onset we found girls with higher exposure reached one pubertal milestone several months earlier than low exposed girls, even after consideration of likely confounders. Results should be expanded in larger epidemiological studies, and with measured levels of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A McGuinn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Robert W Voss
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Dept. of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Cecile A Laurent
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Louise C Greenspan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gayle C Windham
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Dept. of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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von Ehrenstein OS, Heck JE, Park AS, Cockburn M, Escobedo L, Ritz B. In Utero and Early-Life Exposure to Ambient Air Toxics and Childhood Brain Tumors: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1093-9. [PMID: 26505805 PMCID: PMC4937846 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the influence of environmental factors on the etiology of childhood brain tumors. OBJECTIVES We examined risks for brain tumors in children after prenatal and infant exposure to monitored ambient air toxics. METHODS We ascertained all cases of medulloblastoma, central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and astrocytoma before 6 years of age diagnosed in 1990-2007 from the California Cancer Registry and selected controls randomly from birth rolls matched by birth year. Exposures to air toxics during pregnancy/infancy for 43 PNET, 34 medulloblastoma, and 106 astrocytoma cases and 30,569 controls living within 5 mi of a monitor were determined. With factor analysis we assessed the correlational structures of 26 probable carcinogenic toxics, and estimated odds ratios by brain tumor type in logistic regression models. RESULTS PNETs (≤ 38 cases) were positively associated with interquartile range (IQR) increases in prenatal exposure to acetaldehyde [odds ratio (OR) = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.44, 3.67], 1,3-butadiene (OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.28, 3.88), benzene, and toluene; and with IQR increases in exposure during the first year of life to ortho-dichlorobenzene (OR = 3.27; 95% CI: 1.17, 9.14), 1,3-butadiene (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.57, 6.32), and benzene. All exposures except ortho-dichlorobenzene loaded on the same factor. Medulloblastoma (≤ 30 cases) was associated with prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs combined: OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.80). Exposures to lead and some PAHs during the first year of life were positively associated with astrocytoma, but the confidence intervals included the null value (e.g., for lead, OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in utero and infancy exposures to air toxics generated by industrial and road traffic sources may increase the risk of PNET and medulloblastoma, with limited support for increased risks for astrocytoma in children up to age 6. CITATION von Ehrenstein OS, Heck JE, Park AS, Cockburn M, Escobedo L, Ritz B. 2016. In Utero and early-life exposure to ambient air toxics and childhood brain tumors: a population-based case-control study in California, USA. Environ Health Perspect 124:1093-1099; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408582.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia E. Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S. Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Loraine Escobedo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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