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Phillips RD, Bohman B, Peakall R, Reiter N. Sexual attraction with pollination during feeding behaviour: implications for transitions between specialized strategies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:273-286. [PMID: 37963103 PMCID: PMC11005785 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding the origin of pollination by sexual deception has proven challenging, as sexually deceptive flowers are often highly modified, making it hard to resolve how any intermediate forms between sexual deception and an ancestral strategy might have functioned. Here, we report the discovery in Caladenia (Orchidaceae) of sexual attraction with pollination during feeding behaviour, which may offer important clues for understanding shifts in pollination strategy. METHODS For Caladenia robinsonii, we observed the behaviour of its male wasp pollinator, Phymatothynnus aff. nitidus (Thynnidae), determined the site of release of the sexual attractant, and experimentally evaluated if the position of the attractant influences rates of attempted copulation and feeding behaviour. We applied GC-MS to test for surface sugar on the labellum. To establish if this pollination strategy is widespread in Caladenia, we conducted similar observations and experiments for four other Caladenia species. KEY RESULTS In C. robinsonii, long-range sexual attraction of the pollinator is via semiochemicals emitted from the glandular sepal tips. Of the wasps landing on the flower, 57 % attempted copulation with the sepal tips, while 27 % attempted to feed from the base of the labellum, the behaviour associated with pollen transfer. A similar proportion of wasps exhibited feeding behaviour when the site of odour release was manipulated. A comparable pollination strategy occurs in another phylogenetically distinct clade of Caladenia. CONCLUSIONS We document a previously overlooked type of sexual deception for orchids involving long-distance sexual attraction, but with pollination occurring during feeding behaviour at the labellum. We show this type of sexual deception operates in other Caladenia species and predict that it is widespread across the genus. Our findings may offer clues about how an intermediate transitional strategy from a food-rewarding or food-deceptive ancestor operated during the evolution of sexual deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Environment and Genetics and the Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
| | - Björn Bohman
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 23422, Sweden
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia Crawley, WA 6009Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
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2
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Peakall R. Pollination by sexual deception. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R489-R496. [PMID: 37279681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The flower is arguably the centrepiece of angiosperm evolution. Its primary function is to secure pollination - the transfer of pollen from the anther (male) to the stigma (female). As plants are sessile organisms, the extraordinary diversity of flowers in large part reflects countless alternative evolutionary solutions to achieve this critical step in the flowering plant life cycle. The majority of flowering plants, some 87% by one estimate, depend on animals for pollination, with most of these paying for the service of pollination via food rewards of nectar or pollen. As in human economic systems, however, some cheating and deception occurs, with the pollination strategy of sexual deception being one such example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Peakall
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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3
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Weinstein AM, Bohman B, Linde CC, Phillips RD. Conservation assessment of the Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae) ecotypes and an evaluation of methods for their identification. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1004177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologically cryptic taxa must be accounted for when quantifying biodiversity and implementing effective conservation measures. Some orchids pollinated by sexual deception of male insects contain morphologically cryptic ecotypes, such as the warty hammer orchid Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae). This species is comprised of three cryptic pollination ecotypes, which can be distinguished based on differences in pollinator species and floral volatiles. The present study aims were: (a) to investigate the geographic range of the three D. livida ecotypes, enabling assessment of their conservation status; and (b) to test the efficacy of different methods of identifying the D. livida ecotypes. Three methods of ecotype identification were assessed: morphometric analysis, genome size comparison, and analysis of chemical volatile composition of labellum extracts from pollinated flowers. MaxEnt species distribution models revealed that each ecotype has a different predicted geographic range, with small areas of overlap at the range margins. One ecotype is known from just ten populations over a limited geographic area, the majority of which has been cleared for agriculture, and urban development. While there was broad overlap between the ecotypes in individual morphological traits, multivariate analysis of morphological traits provided correct assignment to ecotype in 87% of individuals. Using the labellum of pollinated flowers, screening for volatile chemical compounds associated with particular ecotypes returned an even higher correct assignment rate, of 96.5%. As such, we advocate that the use of volatiles from the labellum of recently pollinated flowers is an effective way to determine the ecotype of unknown individuals of D. livida, with minimal impact on the flowering plant.
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4
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Han ZD, Wu Y, Bernhardt P, Wang H, Ren ZX. Observations on the pollination and breeding systems of two Corybas species (Diurideae; Orchidaceae) by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae) in southwestern Yunnan, China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:426. [PMID: 36050636 PMCID: PMC9438300 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modes of floral presentation in some angiosperms attract flies that eat and/or oviposit on seasonal fruiting bodies of fungi. Mushroom mimesis by orchid flowers has been speculated in the geoflorous, Indo-Malaysian-Australasian, genus Corybas s.l. for decades but most studies remain fragmentary and are often inconclusive. Here we report the roles of fungus gnats as pollinators of Corybas geminigibbus and C. shanlinshiensis in southwestern Yunnan, China, combining results of field observations, lab analyses, and manipulative experiments. Hand pollination experiments suggested both species were self-compatible but incapable of mechanical self-pollination, thereby requiring pollinators for fruit production. A female of a Phthinia sp. (Mycetophilidae) carried a pollinarium of C. geminigibbus dorsally on its thorax. Two females and one male of Exechia sp. (Mycetophilidae) visiting flowers of C. shanlinshiensis carried dorsal depositions of pollinaria on their thoraces. Mycetophilid eggs were not found in the flowers of either species. The comparative fragrance analyses of these flowers and three co-fruiting mushroom species did not suggest that either orchid species was a brood-site mimic. This is the first confirmation of the dispersal of pollinaria of Corybas species by fungus gnats in subtropical-temperate Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Dong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - You Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China.
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China.
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5
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The Floral Signals of the Inconspicuous Orchid Malaxis monophyllos: How to Lure Small Pollinators in an Abundant Environment. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050640. [PMID: 35625368 PMCID: PMC9137910 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Malaxis monophyllos is an ephemeral orchid with very small, greenish flowers, whose pollination system remains vague. Therefore, the authors aimed to identify the flower’s features, including its anatomical micro and ultrastructure as well as scent biochemistry, which are involved in attracting pollinators. In this paper, the authors established the variety of emissions of M. monophyllos volatile compounds, with a high proportion of aldehydes and aliphatic alcohols, listed as chemicals that induce a pronounced reaction in Diptera. Second, the entire M. monophyllos labellum exhibits metabolic and secretory activity, which can be related to both emission of volatiles and visual attractants but also to the nutritional reward for pollinators. All these flower features indicated that its pollination system is dedicated to dipterans, with few signaling modalities corresponding to deceptive species (brood site and food decoy) but also referring to rewarding ones (nutritional secretion, fungus/microbe reward). This research reveals a few new issues in M. monophyllos pollination biology that provides new scientific areas for in-depth insights in the future. Abstract Many orchid species have evolved complex floral signals to ensure pollination efficiency. Here, the authors combined analyses of anatomical flower structure with analyses of the volatile composition and flower-visiting insects’ behaviour, as well as characterised features that can attract pollinators of the inconspicuous orchid Malaxis monophyllos. During field observations, the authors found that only small Diptera (e.g., mosquitos, drosophilids, fungus gnats) visit and are interested in the flowers of M. monophyllos, which was reflected in the characterised flower features that combine well with the pollination system, which engages dipterans. Analyses of the M. monophyllos floral scent revealed substantial concentrations of aliphatic compounds, e.g., 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octanol, which condition the mushroom-like scent and a substantial fraction of alkanes, some of which have been previously described as sex mimicry and aggregation pheromones in orchids’ deceptive systems. The labellum anatomical structure exhibits a highly diverse cell cuticle surface and pronounced metabolic and secretory activity of the epidermal and subepidermal cells from all parts of the labellum. Moreover, our study provides evidence for the subsequent decoys of M. monophyllos flowers, including visual signals, such as raphides located on the labellum margin and the rewarding ones connected with lipid secretion limited to the area behind the column. Taking an integrative approach to studying M. monophyllos pollination biology, the authors provide new insight into its previously vague pollination strategies and provide evidence for complex floral signal operation in luring potential pollinators. The synergistic effect of M. monophyllos flowers’ volatile and visual signals, together with additional rewarding for nectar/fungus/microbe-feeding pollinators, requires further detailed investigation that will be invaluable in explaining the evolution of Diptera-specific pollination systems in orchids.
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6
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Lin W, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Ma Z. To cheat or to treat? Fungus gnat pollination in Aspidistra. Ecology 2022; 103:e3729. [PMID: 35419821 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhui Jiang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhonghui Ma
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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7
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Are some species ‘robust’ to exploitation? Explaining persistence in deceptive relationships. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals and plants trick others in an extraordinary diversity of ways to gain fitness benefits. Mimicry and deception can, for example, lure prey, reduce the costs of parental care or aid in pollination–in ways that impose fitness costs on the exploited party. The evolutionary maintenance of such asymmetric relationships often relies on these costs being mitigated through counter-adaptations, low encounter rates, or indirect fitness benefits. However, these mechanisms do not always explain the evolutionary persistence of some classic deceptive interactions.Sexually deceptive pollination (in which plants trick male pollinators into mating with their flowers) has evolved multiple times independently, mainly in the southern hemisphere and especially in Australasia and Central and South America. This trickery imposes considerable costs on the males: they miss out on mating opportunities, and in some cases, waste their limited sperm on the flower. These relationships appear stable, yet in some cases there is little evidence suggesting that their persistence relies on counter-adaptations, low encounter rates, or indirect fitness benefits. So, how might these relationships persist?Here, we introduce and explore an additional hypothesis from systems biology: that some species are robust to exploitation. Robustness arises from a species’ innate traits and means they are robust against costs of exploitation. This allows species to persist where a population without those traits would not, making them ideal candidates for exploitation. We propose that this mechanism may help inform new research approaches and provide insight into how exploited species might persist.
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8
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Rarity up in the mountain: Ecological niche modeling, phenology, and reproductive biology of the most commercialized Masdevallia species. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Brunton‐Martin AL, Gaskett AC, Kokko H. Resilience of haplodiploids to being exploited by sexually deceptive plants. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne. C. Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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10
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Arévalo-Rodrigues G, de Barros F, Davis AR, Cardoso-Gustavson P. Floral glands in myophilous and sapromyophilous species of Pleurothallidinae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)-osmophores, nectaries, and a unique sticky gland. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1061-1076. [PMID: 33619653 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pleurothallidinae orchids have been the focus of many multidisciplinary studies due to their challenging systematics and taxonomy. The synapomorphies already recognized in the group are mostly related to floral characters, the last proposed being the occurrence of alkanes in the floral fragrance. The composition of the floral bouquet varied significantly among the studied species, leading us to hypothesize that the variations in volatiles emitted could be linked to the structure of osmophores, especially when comparing the myophilous and sapromyophilous pollination syndromes. Sepals and labellum at different developmental stages of seven Brazilian Pleurothallidinae species were examined using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Nectar reabsorption was assessed by Lucifer Yellow CH tracer and imaged under confocal microscopy. Nectaries were restricted to the labellum of the myophilous species, whereas osmophores occurred in the dorsal and/or lateral sepals, varying according to species. In the sapromyophilous species, floral nectaries were not detected and osmophores were restricted to the labellum. Osmophore structure was correlated with the volatiles emitted, being the trichome osmophores notably present on the sepals of both myophilous species that possess nectaries. For the first time, we demonstrated reabsorption of the released nectar in Pleurothallidinae and the occurrence of a unique gland named sticky-exudate glands, which occurred in the lateral sepals and labellum of Echinosepala aspasicensis, a sapromyophilous species, that released a heterogeneous exudate composed of polysaccharides and lipids. Similar glands have been reported in Bulbophyllum, highlighting the convergence between both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Arévalo-Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil.
| | - Fábio de Barros
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa Orquidário do Estado, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil
| | - Arthur R Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil
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11
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Fly Pollination of Kettle Trap Flowers of Riocreuxiatorulosa (Ceropegieae-Anisotominae): A Generalized System of Floral Deception. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081564. [PMID: 34451609 PMCID: PMC8398993 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elaborated kettle trap flowers to temporarily detain pollinators evolved independently in several angiosperm lineages. Intensive research on species of Aristolochia and Ceropegia recently illuminated how these specialized trap flowers attract particular pollinators through chemical deception. Morphologically similar trap flowers evolved in Riocreuxia; however, no data about floral rewards, pollinators, and chemical ecology were available for this plant group. Here we provide data on pollination ecology and floral chemistry of R. torulosa. Specifically, we determined flower visitors and pollinators, assessed pollen transfer efficiency, and analysed floral scent chemistry. R. torulosa flowers are myiophilous and predominantly pollinated by Nematocera. Pollinating Diptera included, in order of decreasing abundance, male and female Sciaridae, Ceratopogonidae, Scatopsidae, Chloropidae, and Phoridae. Approximately 16% of pollen removed from flowers was successfully exported to conspecific stigmas. The flowers emitted mainly ubiquitous terpenoids, most abundantly linalool, furanoid (Z)-linalool oxide, and (E)-β-ocimene—compounds typical of rewarding flowers and fruits. R. torulosa can be considered to use generalized food (and possibly also brood-site) deception to lure small nematocerous Diptera into their flowers. These results suggest that R. torulosa has a less specific pollination system than previously reported for other kettle trap flowers but is nevertheless specialized at the level of Diptera suborder Nematocera.
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12
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Brunton Martin AL, Gaskett AC, O'Hanlon JC. Museum records indicate male bias in pollinators of sexually deceptive orchids. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:25. [PMID: 34091791 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deception has evolved in a range of taxa. When deception imposes costs, yet persists over generations, exploited species typically have traits to help them bear or minimise costs. The sexually deceptive orchids, Cryptostylis spp., are pollinated by tricking male haplodiploid wasps (Lissopimpla excelsa) into mating with flowers, which offer no reward and often elicit sperm wastage. We hypothesise that by attracting haplodiploid species, orchids have a pollinator ideally suited to withstand the costs of sexual deception-and a selective advantage compared to other orchids. Haplodiploid females can reproduce with or without sperm-albeit when spermless, females can only have sons. Through orchid deception and sperm wastage, deceived haplodiploid populations could become male biased, providing enough males to share between orchids and females. In this way, pollinator populations can persist despite high densities of sexually deceptive orchids. Here, we aim to broadly test this prediction using museum and digital records of the pollinator, L. excelsa, from sites with or without orchids. For robustness, we also analyse the sex ratio of a sister ichneumonid species that occurs in the same areas but is not deceived by orchids. We found that at sites with orchids, L. excelsa was significantly more male biased than at sites without orchids and significantly more male biased than the sister ichneumonid. This survey is the first to test the population-level effects of sexually deceptive orchids on their pollinator. It supports our prediction that orchid deception can drive male-biased sex ratios in exploited pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brunton Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Central, New Zealand. .,Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - A C Gaskett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Central, New Zealand
| | - J C O'Hanlon
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, NSW, Armidale, Australia
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13
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Hayashi T, Bohman B, Scaffidi A, Peakall R, Flematti GR. An unusual tricosatriene is crucial for male fungus gnat attraction and exploitation by sexually deceptive Pterostylis orchids. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1954-1961.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Matsumoto TK, Hirobe M, Sueyoshi M, Miyazaki Y. Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:633-644. [PMID: 33263745 PMCID: PMC8052922 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors. METHODS We evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established ten experimental plots including the five Arisaema species in high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using a unified formula for reproductive isolation. KEY RESULTS Each Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Muneto Hirobe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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15
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Cohen C, Liltved WR, Colville JF, Shuttleworth A, Weissflog J, Svatoš A, Bytebier B, Johnson SD. Sexual deception of a beetle pollinator through floral mimicry. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1962-1969.e6. [PMID: 33770493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual mimicry is a complex multimodal strategy used by some plants to lure insects to flowers for pollination.1-4 It is notable for being highly species-specific and is typically mediated by volatiles belonging to a restricted set of chemical compound classes.3,4 Well-documented cases involve exploitation of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera)5,6 and flies (Diptera).7-9 Although beetles (Coleoptera) are the largest insect order and are well known as pollinators of both early and modern plants,10,11 it has been unclear whether they are sexually deceived by plants during flower visits.12,13 Here we report the discovery of an unambiguous case of sexual deception of a beetle: male longhorn beetles (Chorothyse hessei, Cerambycidae) pollinate the elaborate insectiform flowers of a rare southern African orchid (Disa forficaria), while exhibiting copulatory behavior including biting the antennae-like petals, curving the abdomen into the hairy lip cleft, and ejaculating sperm. The beetles are strongly attracted by (16S,9Z)-16-ethyl hexadec-9-enolide, a novel macrolide that we isolated from the floral scent. Structure-activity studies14,15 confirmed that chirality and other aspects of the structural geometry of the macrolide are critical for the attraction of the male beetles. These results demonstrate a new biological function for plant macrolides and confirm that beetles can be exploited through sexual deception to serve as pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callan Cohen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - William R Liltved
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Newlands, Cape Town 7735, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F Colville
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Newlands, Cape Town 7735, South Africa; Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Jerrit Weissflog
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benny Bytebier
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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16
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Serna-Sánchez MA, Pérez-Escobar OA, Bogarín D, Torres-Jimenez MF, Alvarez-Yela AC, Arcila-Galvis JE, Hall CF, de Barros F, Pinheiro F, Dodsworth S, Chase MW, Antonelli A, Arias T. Plastid phylogenomics resolves ambiguous relationships within the orchid family and provides a solid timeframe for biogeography and macroevolution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6858. [PMID: 33767214 PMCID: PMC7994851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent phylogenomic analyses based on the maternally inherited plastid organelle have enlightened evolutionary relationships between the subfamilies of Orchidaceae and most of the tribes. However, uncertainty remains within several subtribes and genera for which phylogenetic relationships have not ever been tested in a phylogenomic context. To address these knowledge-gaps, we here provide the most extensively sampled analysis of the orchid family to date, based on 78 plastid coding genes representing 264 species, 117 genera, 18 tribes and 28 subtribes. Divergence times are also provided as inferred from strict and relaxed molecular clocks and birth-death tree models. Our taxon sampling includes 51 newly sequenced plastid genomes produced by a genome skimming approach. We focus our sampling efforts on previously unplaced clades within tribes Cymbidieae and Epidendreae. Our results confirmed phylogenetic relationships in Orchidaceae as recovered in previous studies, most of which were recovered with maximum support (209 of the 262 tree branches). We provide for the first time a clear phylogenetic placement for Codonorchideae within subfamily Orchidoideae, and Podochilieae and Collabieae within subfamily Epidendroideae. We also identify relationships that have been persistently problematic across multiple studies, regardless of the different details of sampling and genomic datasets used for phylogenetic reconstructions. Our study provides an expanded, robust temporal phylogenomic framework of the Orchidaceae that paves the way for biogeographical and macroevolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Serna-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Comparativa, Corporación Para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia
- Biodiversity, Evolution and Conservation, EAFIT University, Cra. 49, No. 7 sur 50, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Diego Bogarín
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, P. O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - María Fernanda Torres-Jimenez
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Catalina Alvarez-Yela
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Computacional (BIOS), Ecoparque Los Yarumos Edificio BIOS, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Juliana E Arcila-Galvis
- Laboratorio de Biología Comparativa, Corporación Para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Climbie F Hall
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa Orquídario Do Estado, Postal 68041, São Paulo, SP, 04045-972, Brasil
| | - Fábio de Barros
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa Orquídario Do Estado, Postal 68041, São Paulo, SP, 04045-972, Brasil
| | - Fábio Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, TW9 3AE, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Tatiana Arias
- Laboratorio de Biología Comparativa, Corporación Para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Cra. 72 A No. 78 B 141, Medellín, Colombia.
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Computacional (BIOS), Ecoparque Los Yarumos Edificio BIOS, Manizales, Colombia.
- Tecnológico de Antioquia, Calle 78B NO. 72A - 220, Medellín, Colombia.
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17
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Wang Q, Huang J, Wu H. Mitogenomes provide insights into the phylogeny of Mycetophilidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea). Gene 2021; 783:145564. [PMID: 33711408 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The family Mycetophilidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) consists of more than 4,500 described species distributed worldwide. Among them, dozens of species have been reported to be economically important to cultivated mushrooms and crops. Relationships among subfamilies in Mycetophilidae have been controversial by using morphological characters or gene markers. In this study, five mycetophilid mitogenomes representing four subfamilies were sequenced and analyzed with 15 published sciaroid mitogenomes as ingroup, while another two species representing two closely related families were chosen as outgroup. All of the sequenced mitogenomes contain 37 genes arranged in the ancestral order, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and a control region (CR). Among mycetophilid mitogenomes, Leu, Ile, Phe, and Met are the most frequently encoded amino acids (AA), with TTA (Leu), ATT (Ile), TTT (Phe) and ATA (Met) being the most frequent codons. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic results reconstructed based on PCGs, PCGs + rRNAs and AA sequences respectively show that the clade of Sciaroidea was well separated from outgroup, further confirming its monophyly. The phylogenetic relationships within Mycetophilidae were recovered as (Manotinae + Sciophilinae) + (Mycomyinae + Mycetophilinae). Mapped to the phylogram, the gene rearrangements occur frequently in the crown group, implying extremely rapid evolutionary rates in Sciaridae and Cecidomyiidae, which might be the reason why the two families have such high species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Wang
- Department of Forestry Protection, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- Department of Forestry Protection, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Forestry Protection, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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18
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Martel C, Neubig KM, Williams NH, Ayasse M. The uncinate viscidium and floral setae, an evolutionary innovation and exaptation to increase pollination success in the Telipogon alliance (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Bogarín D, Pérez-Escobar OA, Karremans AP, Fernández M, Kruizinga J, Pupulin F, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Phylogenetic comparative methods improve the selection of characters for generic delimitations in a hyperdiverse Neotropical orchid clade. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15098. [PMID: 31641165 PMCID: PMC6805863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic delimitations are challenging because of the convergent and variable nature of phenotypic traits. This is evident in species-rich lineages, where the ancestral and derived states and their gains and losses are difficult to assess. Phylogenetic comparative methods help to evaluate the convergent evolution of a given morphological character, thus enabling the discovery of traits useful for classifications. In this study, we investigate the evolution of selected traits to test for their suitability for generic delimitations in the clade Lepanthes, one of the Neotropical species-richest groups. We evaluated every generic name proposed in the Lepanthes clade producing densely sampled phylogenies with Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Using Ancestral State Reconstructions, we then assessed 18 phenotypic characters that have been traditionally employed to diagnose genera. We propose the recognition of 14 genera based on solid morphological delimitations. Among the characters assessed, we identified 16 plesiomorphies, 12 homoplastic characters, and seven synapomorphies, the latter of which are reproductive features mostly related to the pollination by pseudocopulation and possibly correlated with rapid diversifications in Lepanthes. Furthermore, the ancestral states of some reproductive characters suggest that these traits are associated with pollination mechanisms alike promoting homoplasy. Our methodological approach enables the discovery of useful traits for generic delimitations in the Lepanthes clade and offers various other testable hypotheses on trait evolution for future research on Pleurothallidinae orchids because the phenotypic variation of some characters evaluated here also occurs in other diverse genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bogarín
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica.
- Herbarium UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Chiriquí, Panama.
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Oscar A Pérez-Escobar
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adam P Karremans
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melania Fernández
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jaco Kruizinga
- Hortus botanicus, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Pupulin
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, P.O. Box 302-7050, Costa Rica
- Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 811 South Palm Avenue, Sarasota, Florida, 34236, USA
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven, Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Endless Forms group, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Faculty of Science and Technology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Guo X, Zhao Z, Mar SS, Zhang D, Saunders RMK. A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:331-342. [PMID: 31189014 PMCID: PMC6758588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants are generally more specialized than in autotrophs. Mycoheterotrophs typically bear small, inconspicuous flowers that often self-pollinate to maximize seed set, although some have structurally complex flowers indicative of xenogamy. A trade-off has previously been proposed between specialization in these above- and below-ground symbioses, although empirical data are lacking. METHODS We used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the mycorrhizal communities from the roots of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia tentaculata (Thismiaceae), and its neighbouring autotrophs. We furthermore conducted detailed assessments of floral phenology and pollination ecology, and performed artificial pollination experiments to determine the breeding system. KEY RESULTS Thismia tentaculata maintains a symbiotic association with a single arbuscular mycorrhizal Rhizophagus species. The flowers are pollinated by a single species of fungus gnats (Corynoptera, Sciaridae), which are attracted by the yellow pigments and are temporarily restrained within the perianth chamber before departing via apertures between the anthers. The plants are self-compatible but predominantly xenogamous. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that T. tentaculata maintains highly specialized associations with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, both of which are widely distributed. We suggest that specialization in multiple symbiotic interactions is possible in mycoheterotrophs if redundant selective pressures are not exerted to further restrict an already constrained suite of life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhao
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Dianxiang Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Martel C, Francke W, Ayasse M. The chemical and visual bases of the pollination of the Neotropical sexually deceptive orchid Telipogon peruvianus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1989-2001. [PMID: 31074029 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deception of floral visitors in pollination systems is widely distributed among flowering plants. In deceptive systems, the flower (or part of it) or inflorescence mimics either a specific or an unspecific model to attract pollinators. A previous study showed that Telipogon peruvianus flowers developed sexual deception for pollination. However, it was unknown which stimuli were playing a role in pollination. Therefore, we aim to throw some light onto these questions using colour and chemical analysis and biotests. Interestingly, using spectral reflectance, we show here that the flowers present high contrast similar to that produced by a female tachinid fly sitting on a daisy inflorescence, which is used as food resource. We also tested the role of chemical signals in pollinator attraction by collecting floral and female extracts for chemical and electrophysiological analyses, and carried out behavioural tests. For biotests, various treatments, including synthetic mixtures of the electrophysiologically active compounds found in common in females and flowers, have demonstrated that T. peruvianus flowers mimic the sexual pheromone of their pollinator's females. Thus, we give evidence that T. peruvianus flowers mimic a model composed of two organisms. Our study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of deceptive pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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22
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Bohman B, Weinstein AM, Phillips RD, Peakall R, Flematti GR. 2-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic Acid and Ester Derivatives as Long-Range Pollinator Attractants in the Sexually Deceptive Orchid Cryptostylis ovata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1107-1113. [PMID: 30920220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids achieve pollination by luring male insects to flowers through chemical and sometimes visual mimicry of females. An extreme example of this deception occurs in Cryptostylis, one of only two genera where sexual deception is known to induce pollinator ejaculation. In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionations of Cryptostylis solvent extracts in combination with field bioassays were implemented to isolate and identify floral volatiles attractive to the pollinator Lissopimpla excelsa. ( S)-2-(Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic acid [( S)-1] and the ester derivatives methyl ( S)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate [( S)-2] and ethyl ( S)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetate [( S)-3], all previously unknown semiochemicals, were confirmed to attract L. excelsa males in field bioassays. Chiral-phase GC and HPLC showed that the natural product 1 comprised a single enantiomer, its S-configuration being confirmed by synthesis of the two enantiomers from known enantiomers of tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Alyssa M Weinstein
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions , Kings Park Science , 1 Kattidj Close , West Perth , WA , Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
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Samaniego F, Kolár F, Urfus T, Barragán Á, Romoleroux K. Determination of apomixis by flow cytometry in two species of Lachemilla (Rosaceae) in Ecuador. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2018.1542785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Samaniego
- Herbario QCA - Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Tomas Urfus
- Fyziologicky Ustav Akademie Ved Ceske Republiky, Pruhonice, Czech republic
| | - Álvaro Barragán
- Museo QCAZ - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Katya Romoleroux
- Herbario QCA - Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Phillips RD, Peakall R. An experimental evaluation of traits that influence the sexual behaviour of pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1732-1742. [PMID: 30144355 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pollination by sexual deception of male insects is perhaps one of the most remarkable cases of mimicry in the plant kingdom. However, understanding the influence of floral traits on pollinator behaviour in sexually deceptive plants is challenging, due to the risk of confounding changes in floral odour when manipulating morphology. Here, we investigated the floral traits influencing the sexual response of male Zaspilothynnus nigripes (Tiphiidae) wasps, a pollinator of two distantly related sexually deceptive orchids with contrasting floral architecture, Caladenia pectinata and Drakaea livida. In D. livida, the chemical sexual attractant is emitted from the labellum, whereas in C. pectinata, it is produced from the distal sepal tips, allowing manipulative experiments. When controlling for visual cues, there was no difference in long-distance attraction, although the floral odour of D. livida induced copulation more frequently than that of C. pectinata. The role of colour in pollinator sexual attraction was equivocal, indicating that colour may not be a strong constraint on the initial evolution of sexual deception. The frequency of wasp visitors landing on C. pectinata decreased when the amount of floral odour was reduced, but attempted copulation rates were enhanced when the source of floral odour was associated with the labellum. These latter variables may represent axes of selection that operate across many sexually deceptive species. Nonetheless, the observed variation in floral traits suggests flexibility among species in how sexual deception can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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25
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Mochizuki K, Kawakita A. Pollination by fungus gnats and associated floral characteristics in five families of the Japanese flora. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:651-663. [PMID: 29300811 PMCID: PMC5853022 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollination by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae) is uncommon, but is nevertheless known to occur in 20 genera among eight angiosperm families. Because many fungus gnat-pollinated plants possess a dark red floral display, we hypothesized that fungus gnat pollination is more widespread among plants with similar floral display than currently known. We thus studied the pollination biology of flowers with dark red pigmentation in five families, focusing particularly on plants having small, flat, actinomorphic flowers with exposed nectaries and short stamens, because these floral characteristics mirror those of a known fungus gnat-pollinated genus (Mitella). METHODS We observed daytime and night-time floral visitors for a total of 194.5 h in Aucuba japonica (Garryaceae), Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae), Disanthus cercidifolius (Hamamelidaceae), Micranthes fusca (Saxifragaceae) and Streptopus streptopoides (Liliaceae). Visitors were categorized into functional groups, and a pollination importance index (PII) was calculated for each functional group based on visitation frequency, pollen load and behaviour on flowers. KEY RESULTS Fungus gnats were dominant among the 1762 insects observed (36-92 % depending on the plant species) and were the most important pollinators among all plants studied (PII: 0.529-1). Fungus gnat visits occurred during the daytime and, more frequently, at dusk. Most often, pollen grains became clumped on the ventral side of the head and/or thorax as the short-proboscid fungus gnats foraged on nectar and came into contact with anthers located close to the flower base. CONCLUSIONS Pollination by fungus gnats is probably more common than previously thought, especially in habitats similar to those of the plants studied (moist forest understorey, streamside or subalpine meadow) where fungus gnats are abundant year-round. Our results further suggest that there may be a previously unnoticed association between fungus gnat pollination and dark red coloration, and a shared overall floral architecture among the plants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Mochizuki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Valencia-Nieto B, Sosa V, Márquez-Guzmán J. Anther development in tribe Epidendreae: orchids with contrasting pollination syndromes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4383. [PMID: 29503766 PMCID: PMC5833465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidendreae is one of the most diverse tribes among the orchids with remarkable variation in life form, floral morphology and pollination syndromes. Its circumscription was recently revised and subtribes Agrostophyllinae and Calypsoinae were transferred into this tribe. One of the principal floral characters utilized in classification of orchids is the incumbency or bending of the column. This study records and compares late stages of anther, column and lip development, and discusses anther characters in fifteen representative taxa of five of the six subtribes in Epidendreae with respect to classification and pollination biology. Methods A series of late floral stages were sampled and fixed for examination under scanning electron microscope. Results Anther incumbency or bending in this group varies from 90° to almost 180°. Incumbency in the late stages of development is reached in Bletiinae, Ponerinae, Pleurothallidinae and Laeliinae whereas incumbency is reached early in its development in Corallorhiza and Govenia of Calypsoinae. Discussion Our observations indicate that the position of Chysis in subtribe Bletiinae needs revision based on differences in a number floral, and in particular of anther characters; and that Coelia only shares the early anther incumbency with Calypsoinae members, but not the rest of floral and anther characters. Anatomical characters such as crystals around the actinocytic stomata on the anther cap and sugar crystals in Laeliinae; lack of rostellum in Bletiinae; coalescent anther with the column, lack of trichomes and papillae on lip keels, and underdeveloped rostellum in Chysis; a mechanism by which the anther cap comes off (it is joined with the grooved lip by a claw) in Isochilus are all related to pollination syndromes and reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Valencia-Nieto
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Victoria Sosa
- Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Judith Márquez-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
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Bateman RM, Sramkó G, Paun O. Integrating restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) with morphological cladistic analysis clarifies evolutionary relationships among major species groups of bee orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:85-105. [PMID: 29325077 PMCID: PMC5786241 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bee orchids (Ophrys) have become the most popular model system for studying reproduction via insect-mediated pseudo-copulation and for exploring the consequent, putatively adaptive, evolutionary radiations. However, despite intensive past research, both the phylogenetic structure and species diversity within the genus remain highly contentious. Here, we integrate next-generation sequencing and morphological cladistic techniques to clarify the phylogeny of the genus. METHODS At least two accessions of each of the ten species groups previously circumscribed from large-scale cloned nuclear ribosomal internal transcibed spacer (nrITS) sequencing were subjected to restriction site-associated sequencing (RAD-seq). The resulting matrix of 4159 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 34 accessions was used to construct an unrooted network and a rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny. A parallel morphological cladistic matrix of 43 characters generated both polymorphic and non-polymorphic sets of parsimony trees before being mapped across the RAD-seq topology. KEY RESULTS RAD-seq data strongly support the monophyly of nine out of ten groups previously circumscribed using nrITS and resolve three major clades; in contrast, supposed microspecies are barely distinguishable. Strong incongruence separated the RAD-seq trees from both the morphological trees and traditional classifications; mapping of the morphological characters across the RAD-seq topology rendered them far more homoplastic. CONCLUSIONS The comparatively high level of morphological homoplasy reflects extensive convergence, whereas the derived placement of the fusca group is attributed to paedomorphic simplification. The phenotype of the most recent common ancestor of the extant lineages is inferred, but it post-dates the majority of the character-state changes that typify the genus. RAD-seq may represent the high-water mark of the contribution of molecular phylogenetics to understanding evolution within Ophrys; further progress will require large-scale population-level studies that integrate phenotypic and genotypic data in a cogent conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Bateman
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Egyetem, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg, Vienna, Austria
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Phillips RD, Brown GR, Dixon KW, Hayes C, Linde CC, Peakall R. Evolutionary relationships among pollinators and repeated pollinator sharing in sexually deceptive orchids. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1674-1691. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority; West Perth WA Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - G. R. Brown
- Museum and Art Gallery of Northern Territory; Darwin NT Australia
- Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Darwin NT Australia
| | - K. W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority; West Perth WA Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Environment; Curtin University; Perth WA Australia
| | - C. Hayes
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - C. C. Linde
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - R. Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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Pérez‐Escobar OA, Chomicki G, Condamine FL, Karremans AP, Bogarín D, Matzke NJ, Silvestro D, Antonelli A. Recent origin and rapid speciation of Neotropical orchids in the world's richest plant biodiversity hotspot. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:891-905. [PMID: 28631324 PMCID: PMC5575461 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Andean mountains of South America are the most species-rich biodiversity hotspot worldwide with c. 15% of the world's plant species, in only 1% of the world's land surface. Orchids are a key element of the Andean flora, and one of the most prominent components of the Neotropical epiphyte diversity, yet very little is known about their origin and diversification. We address this knowledge gap by inferring the biogeographical history and diversification dynamics of the two largest Neotropical orchid groups (Cymbidieae and Pleurothallidinae), using two unparalleled, densely sampled orchid phylogenies (including more than 400 newly generated DNA sequences), comparative phylogenetic methods, geological and biological datasets. We find that the majority of Andean orchid lineages only originated in the last 20-15 million yr. Andean lineages are derived from lowland Amazonian ancestors, with additional contributions from Central America and the Antilles. Species diversification is correlated with Andean orogeny, and multiple migrations and recolonizations across the Andes indicate that mountains do not constrain orchid dispersal over long timescales. Our study sheds new light on the timing and geography of a major Neotropical diversification, and suggests that mountain uplift promotes species diversification across all elevational zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Systematic Botany and MycologyUniversity of Munich (LMU)67 Menzinger Str.Munich80638Germany
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRSUMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (Université de Montpellier)Place Eugène Bataillon34095MontpellierFrance
| | - Adam P. Karremans
- Lankester Botanical GardenUniversity of Costa RicaPO Box 302‐7050CartagoCosta Rica
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden2333 CRthe Netherlands
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Lankester Botanical GardenUniversity of Costa RicaPO Box 302‐7050CartagoCosta Rica
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden2333 CRthe Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J. Matzke
- Division of Ecology, Evolution, and GeneticsResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Gothenburg413 19GothenburgSweden
- Department of Computational Biology, BiophoreUniversity of Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreBox 461SE‐405 30GöteborgSweden
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Gothenburg413 19GothenburgSweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreBox 461SE‐405 30GöteborgSweden
- Gothenburg Botanical GardenCarl Skottsbergs gata 22A41319GothenburgSweden
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Katsuhara KR, Kitamura S, Ushimaru A. Functional significance of petals as landing sites in fungus‐gnat pollinated flowers of
Mitella pauciflora
(Saxifragaceae). Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki R. Katsuhara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University 3‐11, Tsurukabuto Kobe657‐8501 Japan
| | - Shumpei Kitamura
- Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences Ishikawa Prefectural University 1‐308, Suematsu Nonoichi Ishikawa921‐8836 Japan
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University 3‐11, Tsurukabuto Kobe657‐8501 Japan
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31
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Herberstein ME, Painting CJ, Holwell GI. Scramble Competition Polygyny in Terrestrial Arthropods. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Martel C, Cairampoma L, Stauffer FW, Ayasse M. Telipogon peruvianus (Orchidaceae) Flowers Elicit Pre-Mating Behaviour in Eudejeania (Tachinidae) Males for Pollination. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165896. [PMID: 27812201 PMCID: PMC5094723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neotropical orchid genera have been proposed as being sexually deceptive; however, this has been carefully tested in only a few cases. The genus Telipogon has long been assumed to be pollinated by male tachinid flies during pseudocopulatory events but no detailed confirmatory reports are available. Here, we have used an array of methods to elucidate the pollination mechanism in Telipogon peruvianus. The species presents flowers that have a mean floral longevity of 33 days and that are self-compatible, although spontaneous self-pollination does not occur. The flowers attract males of four tachinid species but only the males of an undescribed Eudejeania (Eudejeania aff. browni; Tachinidae) species are specific pollinators. Males visit the flowers during the first few hours of the day and the pollination success is very high (42% in one patch) compared with other sexually deceptive species. Female-seeking males are attracted to the flowers but do not attempt copulation with the flowers, as is usually described in sexually deceptive species. Nevertheless, morphological analysis and behavioural tests have shown an imperfect mimicry between flowers and females suggesting that the attractant stimulus is not based only on visual cues, as long thought. Challenging previous conclusions, our chemical analysis has confirmed that flowers of Telipogon release volatile compounds; however, the role of these volatiles in pollinator behaviour remains to be established. Pollinator behaviour and histological analyses indicate that Telipogon flowers possess scent-producing structures throughout the corolla. Our study provides the first confirmed case of (i) a sexually deceptive species in the Onciidinae, (ii) pollination by pre-copulatory behaviour and (iii) pollination by sexual deception involving tachinid flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10–1 Containerstadt, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lianka Cairampoma
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fred W. Stauffer
- Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Université de Genève, CP 60, Chambésy, 1292, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10–1 Containerstadt, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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Płachno BJ, Stpiczyńska M, Świątek P, Davies KL. Floral micromorphology of the Australian carnivorous bladderwort Utricularia dunlopii, a putative pseudocopulatory species. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1463-1473. [PMID: 26497694 PMCID: PMC5069315 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of sexually deceptive taxa generally possess a set of morphological and physiological characters that mimic their insect pollinators. These characters often include a specific insect-like floral configuration, together with scent glands (osmophores) that produce fragrances which chemically resemble insect sex pheromones. Furthermore, these flowers tend not to produce pollinator food rewards. According to some authors, flowers of the Australian bladderwort Utricularia dunlopii (and species of the Utricularia capilliflora complex) resemble insects, and pollination perhaps occurs by pseudocopulation. The aims of this paper are to compare the structure and distribution of floral glandular trichomes in the Australian carnivorous plant U. dunlopii with those of closely related species assigned to the same section and to discuss their putative function. Floral tissues of U. dunlopii P. Taylor, Utricularia paulinae Lowrie, Utricularia dichotoma Labill. and Utricularia uniflora R.Br. (section Pleiochasia) were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. In U. dunlopii, two long, erect, filiform appendages arising from the upper lip of the corolla, together with three arising from the lower lip, bear numerous glandular trichomes that may function as osmophores. In other species, such as U. uniflora and U. paulinae, glandular papillae on the corolla palate may also function as osmophores. The floral anatomical and morphological organisation of U. dunlopii differs from that of the other investigated species, indicating that its insect pollinators are also likely to differ. Morphological and ultrastructural observations, while generally contributing to our understanding of the flower of U. dunlopii, do not refute the possibility that pollination here may occur by pseudocopulation. Further field-based investigations, however, are now necessary to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Botanic Garden Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kevin L Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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34
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Convergent evolution of sexual deception via chromatic and achromatic contrast rather than colour mimicry. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Weinstein AM, Davis BJ, Menz MHM, Dixon KW, Phillips RD. Behaviour of sexually deceived ichneumonid wasps and its implications for pollination inCryptostylis(Orchidaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. Weinstein
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Belinda J. Davis
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Myles H. M. Menz
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Environment; Curtin University; Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Ryan D. Phillips
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; The Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; Fraser Avenue West Perth WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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Policha T, Davis A, Barnadas M, Dentinger BTM, Raguso RA, Roy BA. Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom-mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three-dimensional printed flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:1058-1071. [PMID: 26877229 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers use olfactory and visual signals to communicate with pollinators. Disentangling the relative contributions and potential synergies between signals remains a challenge. Understanding the perceptual biases exploited by floral mimicry illuminates the evolution of these signals. Here, we disentangle the olfactory and visual components of Dracula lafleurii, which mimics mushrooms in size, shape, color and scent, and is pollinated by mushroom-associated flies. To decouple signals, we used three-dimensional printing to produce realistic artificial flower molds that were color matched and cast using scent-free surgical silicone, to which we could add scent. We used GC-MS to measure scents in co-occurring mushrooms, and related orchids, and used these scents in field experiments. By combining silicone flower parts with real floral organs, we created chimeras that identified the mushroom-like labellum as a source of volatile attraction. In addition, we showed remarkable overlap in the volatile chemistry between D. lafleurii and co-occurring mushrooms. The characters defining the genus Dracula - a mushroom-like, 'gilled' labellum and a showy, patterned calyx - enhance pollinator attraction by exploiting the visual and chemosensory perceptual biases of drosophilid flies. Our techniques for the manipulation of complex traits in a nonmodel system not conducive to gene silencing or selective breeding are useful for other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Policha
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Aleah Davis
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Melinda Barnadas
- Department of Visual Arts, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Magpie Studio: Fabrication for Art and Science, La Jolla, CA, 92092, USA
| | - Bryn T M Dentinger
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Cledwyn Building, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, UK
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bitty A Roy
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Karremans AP, Pupulin F, Grimaldi D, Beentjes KK, Butôt R, Fazzi GE, Kaspers K, Kruizinga J, Roessingh P, Smets EF, Gravendeel B. Pollination of Specklinia by nectar-feeding Drosophila: the first reported case of a deceptive syndrome employing aggregation pheromones in Orchidaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:437-55. [PMID: 26071932 PMCID: PMC4549958 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The first documented observation of pollination in Pleurothallidinae was that of Endrés, who noticed that the 'viscid sepals' of Specklinia endotrachys were visited by a 'small fly'. Chase would later identify the visiting flies as being members of the genus Drosophila. This study documents and describes how species of the S. endotrachys complex are pollinated by different Drosophila species. METHODS Specimens of Specklinia and Drosophila were collected in the field in Costa Rica and preserved in the JBL and L herbaria. Flies were photographed, filmed and observed for several days during a 2-year period and were identified by a combination of non-invasive DNA barcoding and anatomical surveys. Tissue samples of the sepals, petals and labellum of Specklinia species were observed and documented by SEM, LM and TEM. Electroantennogram experiments were carried out on Drosophila hydei using the known aggregation pheromones ethyl tiglate, methyl tiglate and isopropyl tiglate. Floral compounds were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectometry using those same pheromones as standards. KEY RESULTS Flowers of S. endotrachys, S. pfavii, S. remotiflora and S. spectabilis are visited and pollinated by several different but closely related Drosophila species. The flies are arrested by aggregation pheromones, including ethyl tiglate, methyl tiglate and isopropyl tiglate, released by the flowers, and to which at least D. hydei is very sensitive. Visible nectar drops on the adaxial surface of sepals are secreted by nectar-secreting stomata, encouraging male and female Drosophila to linger on the flowers for several hours at a time. The flies frequently show courtship behaviour, occasionally copulating. Several different Drosophila species can be found on a single Specklinia species. CONCLUSIONS Species of the S. endotrachys group share a similar pollination syndrome. There seem to be no species-specific relationships between the orchids and the flies. It is not expected that Specklinia species will hybridize naturally as their populations do not overlap geographically. The combination of pheromone attraction and nectar feeding is likely to be a generalized pollination syndrome in Pleurothallidinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Karremans
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - Franco Pupulin
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA - Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - David Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Roland Butôt
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregorio E Fazzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Kaspers
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Kruizinga
- Hortus botanicus, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Roessingh
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Erik F Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Hortus botanicus, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tremblay RL, Raventos J, Ackerman JD. When stable-stage equilibrium is unlikely: integrating transient population dynamics improves asymptotic methods. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:381-90. [PMID: 25814059 PMCID: PMC4549953 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evaluation of population projection matrices (PPMs) that are focused on asymptotically based properties of populations is a commonly used approach to evaluate projected dynamics of managed populations. Recently, a set of tools for evaluating the properties of transient dynamics has been expanded to evaluate PPMs and to consider the dynamics of populations prior to attaining the stable-stage distribution, a state that may never be achieved in disturbed or otherwise ephemeral habitats or persistently small populations. This study re-evaluates data for a tropical orchid and examines the value of including such analyses in an integrative approach. METHODS Six small populations of Lepanthes rubripetala were used as a model system and the R software package popdemo was used to produce estimates of the indices for the asymptotic growth rate (lambda), sensitivities, reactivity, first-time step attenuation, maximum amplification, maximum attenuation, maximal inertia and maximal attenuation. The response in lambda to perturbations of demographic parameters using transfer functions and multiple perturbations on growth, stasis and fecundity were also determined. The results were compared with previously published asymptotic indices. KEY RESULTS It was found that combining asymptotic and transient dynamics expands the understanding of possible population changes. Comparison of the predicted density from reactivity and first-time step attenuation with the observed change in population size in two orchid populations showed that the observed density was within the predicted range. However, transfer function analysis suggests that the traditional approach of measuring perturbation of growth rates and persistence (inertia) may be misleading and is likely to result in erroneous management decisions. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, an integrative approach is recommended using traditional PPMs (asymptotic processes) with an evaluation of the diversity of dynamics that may arise when populations are not at a stable-stage distribution (transient processes). This method is preferable for designing rapid and efficient interventions after disturbances, and for developing strategies to establish new populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Tremblay
- Department of Biology, PO Box 860, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, 00791, Puerto Rico,
| | - Josep Raventos
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera S. Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03080, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - James D Ackerman
- Department of Biology, PO Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras campus, San Juan, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico, Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, PO Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras campus, San Juan, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico and
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Scopece G, Schiestl FP, Cozzolino S. Pollen transfer efficiency and its effect on inflorescence size in deceptive pollination strategies. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:545-550. [PMID: 25040501 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollination systems differ in pollen transfer efficiency, a variable that may influence the evolution of flower number. Here we apply a comparative approach to examine the link between pollen transfer efficiency and the evolution of inflorescence size in food and sexually deceptive orchids. We examined pollination performance in nine food-deceptive, and eight sexually deceptive orchids by recording pollen removal and deposition in the field. We calculated correlations between reproductive success and flower number (as a proxy for resources allocated during reproductive process), and directional selection differentials were estimated on flower number for four species. Results indicate that sexually deceptive species experience decreased pollen loss compared to food-deceptive species. Despite producing fewer flowers, sexually deceptive species attained levels of overall pollination success (through male and female function) similar to food-deceptive species. Furthermore, a positive correlation between flower number and pollination success was observed in food-deceptive species, but this correlation was not detected in sexually deceptive species. Directional selection differentials for flower number were significantly higher in food compared to sexually deceptive species. We suggest that pollination systems with more efficient pollen transfer and no correlation between pollination success and number of flowers produced, such as sexual deception, may allow the production of inflorescences with fewer flowers that permit the plant to allocate fewer resources to floral displays and, at the same time, limit transpiration. This strategy can be particularly important for ecological success in Mediterranean water-deprived habitats, and might explain the high frequency of sexually deceptive species in these specialised ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scopece
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy; Institute for Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Millner HJ, McCrea AR, Baldwin TC. An investigation of self-incompatibility within the genus Restrepia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:487-494. [PMID: 25784481 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY The genus Restrepia (Orchidaceae) is indigenous to montane rain forests of Central and South America. Recently, as habitat has fragmented and wild populations dwindled, the chances for successful cross-pollination within the genus have been reduced. Since cultivated species of Restrepia have been vegetatively propagated, they remain genetically close to those in the wild, making ex situ collections of the genus useful model populations for investigating breeding systems. Restrepia are found in clade B of the Pleurothallidinae, the only clade in which self-incompatibility (SI) has not yet been confirmed. In the current study, private collections of Restrepia were used to study the operation of SI within the genus to assist future ex situ conservation of this and related genera.• METHODS A variety of self-pollination, intraspecific, and interspecific crosses were performed across the genus, and pollen tube growth was studied.• KEY RESULTS Individual species exhibited varying degrees of SI. Self-pollinations performed across 26 species in the genus produced few viable seeds, with the exception of R. aberrans. Viable "filled" seeds with embryos were shown to require an intraspecific cross. Primary hybrids between species produced >90% seeds with embryos that germinated well.• CONCLUSIONS The type of SI operating within the genus was considered to be best explained by gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) with interspecific variation in its phenotypic expression. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to SI in the Pleurothallidinae and conservation strategies for Restrepia and related genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Millner
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Alison R McCrea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Timothy C Baldwin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
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Tremblay RL, McCarthy MA. Bayesian estimates of transition probabilities in seven small lithophytic orchid populations: maximizing data availability from many small samples. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102859. [PMID: 25068598 PMCID: PMC4113348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting population dynamics for rare species is of paramount importance in order to evaluate the likelihood of extinction and planning conservation strategies. However, evaluating and predicting population viability can be hindered from a lack of data. Rare species frequently have small populations, so estimates of vital rates are often very uncertain due to lack of data. We evaluated the vital rates of seven small populations from two watersheds with varying light environment of a common epiphytic orchid using Bayesian methods of parameter estimation. From the Lefkovitch matrices we predicted the deterministic population growth rates, elasticities, stable stage distributions and the credible intervals of the statistics. Populations were surveyed on a monthly basis between 18–34 months. In some of the populations few or no transitions in some of the vital rates were observed throughout the sampling period, however, we were able to predict the most likely vital rates using a Bayesian model that incorporated the transitions rates from the other populations. Asymptotic population growth rate varied among the seven orchid populations. There was little difference in population growth rate among watersheds even though it was expected because of physical differences as a result of differing canopy cover and watershed width. Elasticity analyses of Lepanthes rupestris suggest that growth rate is more sensitive to survival followed by growth, shrinking and the reproductive rates. The Bayesian approach helped to estimate transition probabilities that were uncommon or variable in some populations. Moreover, it increased the precision of the parameter estimates as compared to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L. Tremblay
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico – Humacao campus, Humacao, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Catec: Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phillips RD, Scaccabarozzi D, Retter BA, Hayes C, Brown GR, Dixon KW, Peakall R. Caught in the act: pollination of sexually deceptive trap-flowers by fungus gnats in Pterostylis (Orchidaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:629-41. [PMID: 24366109 PMCID: PMC3936588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pterostylis is an Australasian terrestrial orchid genus of more than 400 species, most of which use a motile, touch-sensitive labellum to trap dipteran pollinators. Despite studies dating back to 1872, the mechanism of pollinator attraction has remained elusive. This study tested whether the fungus gnat-pollinated Pterostylis sanguinea secures pollination by sexual deception. METHODS The literature was used to establish criteria for confirming sexual deception as a pollination strategy. Observations and video recordings allowed quantification of each step of the pollination process. Each floral visitor was sexed and DNA barcoding was used to evaluate the degree of pollinator specificity. Following observations that attraction to the flowers is by chemical cues, experimental dissection of flowers was used to determine the source of the sexual attractant and the effect of labellum orientation on sexual attraction. Fruit set was quantified for 19 populations to test for a relationship with plant density and population size. KEY RESULTS A single species of male gnat (Mycetophilidae) visited and pollinated the rewardless flowers. The gnats often showed probing copulatory behaviour on the labellum, leading to its triggering and the temporary entrapment of the gnat in the flower. Pollen deposition and removal occurred as the gnat escaped from the flower via the reproductive structures. The labellum was the sole source of the chemical attractant. Gnats always alighted on the labellum facing upwards, but when it was rotated 180 ° they attempted copulation less frequently. Pollination rate showed no relationship with orchid population size or plant density. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms for the first time that highly specific pollination by fungus gnats is achieved by sexual deception in Pterostylis. It is predicted that sexual deception will be widespread in the genus, although the diversity of floral forms suggests that other mechanisms may also operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Phillips
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Daniela Scaccabarozzi
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ZooPlantLab, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Bryony A. Retter
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Hayes
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Graham R. Brown
- Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, 0801, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, 6005, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Crain BJ, Tremblay RL. Do richness and rarity hotspots really matter for orchid conservation in light of anticipated habitat loss? DIVERS DISTRIB 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Crain
- Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras PO Box 23360 San Juan PR 00936‐3360 USA
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry United States Forest Service United States Department of Agriculture Jardín Botánico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba San Juan PR 00926 USA
| | - Raymond L. Tremblay
- Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras PO Box 23360 San Juan PR 00936‐3360 USA
- Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico PO Box 23360 San Juan PR 00936‐3360 USA
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Rakosy D, Streinzer M, Paulus HF, Spaethe J. Floral visual signal increases reproductive success in a sexually deceptive orchid. ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTERACTIONS 2012; 6:671-681. [PMID: 23750181 PMCID: PMC3672968 DOI: 10.1007/s11829-012-9217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids mimic signals emitted by female insects in order to attract mate-searching males. Specific attraction of the targeted pollinator is achieved by sex pheromone mimicry, which constitutes the major attraction channel. In close vicinity of the flower, visual signals may enhance attraction, as was shown recently in the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys heldreichii. Here, we conducted an in situ manipulation experiment in two populations of O. heldreichii on Crete to investigate whether the presence/absence of the conspicuous pink perianth affects reproductive success in two natural orchid populations. We estimated reproductive success of three treatment groups (with intact, removed and artificial perianth) throughout the flowering period as pollinaria removal (male reproductive success) and massulae deposition (female reproductive success). Reproductive success was significantly increased by the presence of a strong visual signal-the conspicuous perianth-in one study population, however, not in the second, most likely due to the low pollinator abundance in the latter population. This study provides further evidence that the coloured perianth in O. heldreichii is adaptive and thus adds to the olfactory signal to maximise pollinator attraction and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Rakosy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Shin S, Jung S, Menzel F, Heller K, Lee H, Lee S. Molecular phylogeny of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Sciaridae) and the evolution of larval habitats. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 66:833-46. [PMID: 23159893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The phylogeny of the family Sciaridae is reconstructed, based on maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian analyses of 4809bp from two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and two nuclear (18S and 28S) genes for 100 taxa including the outgroup taxa. According to the present phylogenetic analyses, Sciaridae comprise three subfamilies and two genus groups: Sciarinae, Chaetosciara group, Cratyninae, and Pseudolycoriella group+Megalosphyinae. Our molecular results are largely congruent with one of the former hypotheses based on morphological data with respect to the monophyly of genera and subfamilies (Sciarinae, Megalosphyinae, and part of postulated "new subfamily"); however, the subfamily Cratyninae is shown to be polyphyletic, and the genera Bradysia, Corynoptera, Leptosciarella, Lycoriella, and Phytosciara are also recognized as non-monophyletic groups. While the ancestral larval habitat state of the family Sciaridae, based on Bayesian inference, is dead plant material (plant litter+rotten wood), the common ancestors of Phytosciara and Bradysia are inferred to living plants habitat. Therefore, shifts in larval habitats from dead plant material to living plants may have occurred within the Sciaridae at least once. Based on the results, we discuss phylogenetic relationships within the family, and present an evolutionary scenario of development of larval habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggwan Shin
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus L. de Jager
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1; Matieland; 7602; South Africa
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1; Matieland; 7602; South Africa
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GASKETT ANNEC. Floral shape mimicry and variation in sexually deceptive orchids with a shared pollinator. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olaya-Arenas P, Meléndez-Ackerman EJ, Pérez ME, Tremblay R. Demographic response by a small epiphytic orchid. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:2040-2048. [PMID: 22106437 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Biotic changes are an inevitable consequence of climate change. Epiphytes may be more susceptible to changes in climate variation, but data regarding responses to climate variability under field conditions are limited. We evaluated whether the abundance of demographic stages in the epiphytic orchid Lepanthes rupestris at the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico was associated with short-term changes in climate variation over an 8-yr period. METHODS We used cross-correlation analyses to evaluate associations between the abundance of seedlings, juveniles, adults, and fruits per subpopulation, population growth, colonization and extinction rates in L. rupestris with variables related to precipitation and temperature, with and without lag- responses. KEY RESULTS We detected significant negative correlations between the average number of seedlings and the number of dry days, between the average number of fruits and minimum average temperature with a 6-mo response lag, and between the average number of adults and the maximum temperature with a 1-yr response lag. Neither population growth rate nor probability of colonization and extinction were directly related to climatic variation between 2000 and 2007. CONCLUSIONS Associations between climatic variables and demographic stages could have negative implications for this orchid within the context of expected drying trends in the Caribbean. Results argue for the establishment of long-term monitoring studies of orchid populations, because only long-term studies would provide the appropriate temporal scale to detect and predict climate change effects and adaptive management of orchid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Olaya-Arenas
- Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, 00936-8377, USA.
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Ayasse M, Stökl J, Francke W. Chemical ecology and pollinator-driven speciation in sexually deceptive orchids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1667-1677. [PMID: 21497864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive orchids mimic females of their pollinator species to attract male insects for pollination. Pollination by sexual deception has independently evolved in European, Australian, South African, and South American orchid taxa. Reproductive isolation is mainly based on pre-mating isolation barriers, the specific attraction of males of a single pollinator species, mostly bees, by mimicking the female species-specific sex-pheromone. However, in rare cases post-mating barriers have been found. Sexually deceptive orchids are ideal candidates for studies of sympatric speciation, because key adaptive traits such as the pollinator-attracting scent are associated with their reproductive success and with pre-mating isolation. During the last two decades several investigations studied processes of ecological speciation in sexually deceptive orchids of Europe and Australia. Using various methods like behavioural experiments, chemical, electrophysiological, and population-genetic analyses it was shown that minor changes in floral odour bouquets might be the driving force for pollinator shifts and speciation events. New pollinators act as an isolation barrier towards other sympatrically occurring species. Hybridization occurs because of similar odour bouquets of species and the overlap of flowering periods. Hybrid speciation can also lead to the displacement of species by the hybrid population, if its reproductive success is higher than that in the parental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Ayasse
- Institute for Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
The extraordinary taxonomic and morphological diversity of orchids is accompanied by a remarkable range of pollinators and pollination systems. Sexually deceptive orchids are adapted to attract specific male insects that are fooled into attempting to mate with orchid flowers and inadvertently acting as pollinators. This review summarises current knowledge, explores new hypotheses in the literature, and introduces some new approaches to understanding sexual deception from the perspective of the duped pollinator. Four main topics are addressed: (1) global patterns in sexual deception, (2) pollinator identities, mating systems and behaviours, (3) pollinator perception of orchid deceptive signals, and (4) the evolutionary implications of pollinator responses to orchid deception, including potential costs imposed on pollinators by orchids. A global list of known and putative sexually deceptive orchids and their pollinators is provided and methods for incorporating pollinator perspectives into sexual deception research are provided and reviewed. At present, almost all known sexually deceptive orchid taxa are from Australia or Europe. A few sexually deceptive species and genera are reported for New Zealand and South Africa. In Central and Southern America, Asia, and the Pacific many more species are likely to be identified in the future. Despite the great diversity of sexually deceptive orchid genera in Australia, pollination rates reported in the literature are similar between Australian and European species. The typical pollinator of a sexually deceptive orchid is a male insect of a species that is polygynous, monandrous, haplodiploid, and solitary rather than social. Insect behaviours involved in the pollination of sexually deceptive orchids include pre-copulatory gripping of flowers, brief entrapment, mating, and very rarely, ejaculation. Pollinator behaviour varies within and among pollinator species. Deception involving orchid mimicry of insect scent signals is becoming well understood for some species, but visual and tactile signals such as colour, shape, and texture remain neglected. Experimental manipulations that test for function, multi-signal interactions, and pollinator perception of these signals are required. Furthermore, other forms of deception such as exploitation of pollinator sensory biases or mating preferences merit more comprehensive investigation. Application of molecular techniques adapted from model plants and animals is likely to deliver new insights into orchid signalling, and pollinator perception and behaviour. There is little current evidence that sexual deception drives any species-level selection on pollinators. Pollinators do learn to avoid deceptive orchids and their locations, but this is not necessarily a response specific to orchids. Even in systems where evidence suggests that orchids do interfere with pollinator mating opportunities, considerable further research is required to determine whether this is sufficient to impose selection on pollinators or generate antagonistic coevolution or an arms race between orchids and their pollinators. Botanists, taxonomists and chemical ecologists have made remarkable progress in the study of deceptive orchid pollination. Further complementary investigations from entomology and behavioural ecology perspectives should prove fascinating and engender a more complete understanding of the evolution and maintenance of such enigmatic plant-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gaskett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
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