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Pujasatria GC, Miura C, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Kaminaka H. Colonization by orchid mycorrhizal fungi primes induced systemic resistance against necrotrophic pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1447050. [PMID: 39145195 PMCID: PMC11322130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1447050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Orchids and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) plants evolved independently and have different structures and fungal partners, but they both facilitate nutrient uptake. Orchid mycorrhiza (OM) supports orchid seed germination, but unlike AM, its role in disease resistance of mature plants is largely unknown. Here, we examined whether OM induces systemic disease resistance against a necrotrophic pathogen in a similar fashion to AM. We investigated the priming effect of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on resistance of a terrestrial orchid, Bletilla striata, to soft rot caused by Dickeya fangzhongdai. We found that root colonization by a compatible OM fungus primed B. striata seedlings and induced systemic resistance against the infection. Transcriptome analysis showed that priming was mediated by the downregulation of jasmonate and ethylene pathways and that these pathways are upregulated once infection occurs. Comparison with the reported transcriptome of AM fungus-colonized rice leaves revealed similar mechanisms in B. striata and in rice. These findings highlight a novel aspect of commonality between OM and AM plants in terms of induced systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro Miura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology Core Research Facilities, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology Core Research Facilities, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Unused Bioresource Utilization Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Read DJ, Haggar J, Magkourilou E, Durant E, Johnson D, Leake JR, Field KJ. Photosynthate transfer from an autotrophic orchid to conspecific heterotrophic protocorms through a common mycorrhizal network. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:398-406. [PMID: 38757767 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The minute 'dust seeds' of some terrestrial orchids preferentially germinate and develop as mycoheterotrophic protocorms near conspecific adult plants. Here we test the hypothesis that mycorrhizal mycelial connections provide a direct pathway for transfer of recent photosynthate from conspecific green orchids to achlorophyllous protocorms. Mycelial networks of Ceratobasidium cornigerum connecting green Dactylorhiza fuchsii plants with developing achlorophyllous protocorms of the same species were established on oatmeal or water agar before the shoots of green plants were exposed to 14CO2. After incubation for 48 h, the pattern of distribution of fixed carbon was visualised in intact entire autotrophic/protocorm systems using digital autoradiography and quantified in protocorms by liquid scintillation counting. Both methods of analysis revealed accumulation of 14C above background levels in protocorms, confirming that autotrophic plants supply carbon to juveniles via common mycorrhizal networks. Despite some accumulation of plant-fixed carbon in the fungal mycelium grown on oatmeal agar, a greater amount of carbon was transferred to protocorms growing on water agar, indicating that the polarity of transfer may be influenced by sink strength. We suggest this transfer pathway may contribute significantly to the pattern and processes determining localised orchid establishment in nature, and that 'parental nurture' via common mycelial networks may be involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Read
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Emily Magkourilou
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emily Durant
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
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3
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Perotto S, Balestrini R. At the core of the endomycorrhizal symbioses: intracellular fungal structures in orchid and arbuscular mycorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1408-1416. [PMID: 37884478 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular (AM) and orchid (OrM) mycorrhiza are the most widespread mycorrhizal symbioses among flowering plants, formed by distinct fungal and plant species. They are both endosymbioses because the fungal hyphae can enter inside the plant cell to develop intracellular fungal structures that are surrounded by the plant membrane. The symbiotic plant-fungus interface is considered to be the major site of nutrient transfer to the host plant. We summarize recent data on nutrient transfer in OrM and compare the development and function of the arbuscules formed in AM and the pelotons formed in OrM in order to outline differences and conserved traits. We further describe the unexpected similarities in the form and function of the intracellular mycorrhizal fungal structures observed in orchids and in the roots of mycoheterotrophic plants forming AM. We speculate that these similarities may be the result of convergent evolution of mycorrhizal types in mycoheterotrophic plants and highlight knowledge gaps and new research directions to explore this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
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4
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Kushwaha AS, Ahmad I, Lata S, Padalia K, Yadav AK, Kumar M. Mycorrhizal fungus Serendipita indica-associated acid phosphatase rescues the phosphate nutrition with reduced arsenic uptake in the host plant under arsenic stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115783. [PMID: 38061081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions play a vital role in maintaining the phosphate (Pi) nutrient status of host plants and providing resilience during biotic and abiotic stresses. Serendipita indica, a mycorrhiza-like fungus, supports plant growth by transporting Pi to the plant. Despite the competitive behaviour of arsenate (AsV) with Pi, the association with S. indica promotes plant growth under arsenic (As) stress by reducing As bioavailability through adsorption, accumulation, and precipitation within the fungus. However, the capacity of S. indica to enhance Pi accumulation and utilization under As stress remains unexplored. Axenic studies revealed that As supply significantly reduces intracellular ACPase activity in S. indica, while extracellular ACPase remains unaffected. Further investigations using Native PAGE and gene expression studies confirmed that intracellular ACPase (isoform2) is sensitive to As, whereas extracellular ACPase (isoform1) is As-insensitive. Biochemical analysis showed that ACPase (isoform1) has a Km of 0.5977 µM and Vmax of 0.1945 Unit/min. In hydroponically cultured tomato seedlings, simultaneous inoculation of S. indica with As on the 14thday after seed germination led to hyper-colonization, increased root/shoot length, biomass, and induction of ACPase expression and secretion under As stress. Arsenic-treated S. indica colonized groups (13.33 µM As+Si and 26.67 µM As+Si) exhibited 8.28-19.14 and 1.71-3.45-fold activation of ACPase in both rhizospheric media and root samples, respectively, thereby enhancing Pi availability in the surrounding medium under As stress. Moreover, S. indica (13.33 µM As+Si and 26.67 µM As+Si) significantly improved Pi accumulation in roots by 7.26 and 9.46 times and in shoots by 4.36 and 8.85 times compared to the control. Additionally, S. indica induced the expression of SiPT under As stress, further improving Pi mobilization. Notably, fungal colonization also restricted As mobilization from the hydroponic medium to the shoot, with a higher amount of As (191.01 ppm As in the 26.67 µM As+Si group) accumulating in the plant's roots. The study demonstrates the performance of S. indica under As stress in enhancing Pi mobilization while limiting As uptake in the host plant. These findings provide the first evidence of the As-Pi interaction in the AM-like fungus S. indica, indicating reduced As uptake and regulation of PHO genes (ACPase and SiPT genes) to increase Pi acquisition. These data also lay the foundation for the rational use of S. indica in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Singh Kushwaha
- Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sneh Lata
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Kalpana Padalia
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Reiter N, Dimon R, Arifin A, Linde C. Culture age of Tulasnella affects symbiotic germination of the critically endangered Wyong sun orchid Thelymitra adorata (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:409-424. [PMID: 37947881 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Orchids (Orchidaceae) are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for germination and to a varying extent as adult plants. We isolated fungi from wild plants of the critically endangered terrestrial orchid Thelymitra adorata and identified them using a multi-region barcoding approach as two undescribed Tulasnella species, one in each of phylogenetic group II and III (OTU1) of the Tulasnellaceae. Using symbiotic propagation methods, we investigated the role of Tulasnella identity (species and isolate) and age post isolation, on the fungus's ability and efficacy in germinating T. adorata. The group II isolate did not support germination. Seed germination experiments were conducted using either (i) three different isolates of OTU1, (ii) 4- and 12-week-old fungal cultures (post isolation) of a single isolate of OTU1, and (iii) T. subasymmetrica which is widespread and known to associate with other species of Thelymitra. Culture age and fungal species significantly (P < 0.05) affected the time to germination and percentage of seed germination, with greater and faster germination with 4-week-old cultures. Tulasnella subasymmetrica was able to germinate T. adorata to leaf stage, although at slightly lower germination percentages than OTU1. The ability of T. adorata to germinate with T. subasymmetrica may allow for translocation sites to be considered outside of its native range. Our findings on the age of Tulasnella culture affecting germination may have applications for improving the symbiotic germination success of other orchids. Furthermore, storage of Tulasnella may need to take account of the culture age post-isolation, with storage at - 80 °C as soon as possible recommended, post isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushka Reiter
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, 3977, Australia.
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Richard Dimon
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, 3977, Australia
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Botanic Gardens of Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 306 Cermody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Arild Arifin
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA
| | - Celeste Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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6
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Minasiewicz J, Zwolicki A, Figura T, Novotná A, Bocayuva MF, Jersáková J, Selosse MA. Stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is closely linked to trophic modes in orchids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:422. [PMID: 37700257 PMCID: PMC10496321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycorrhiza is a ubiquitous form of symbiosis based on the mutual, beneficial exchange of resources between roots of autotrophic (AT) plants and heterotrophic soil fungi throughout a complex network of fungal mycelium. Mycoheterotrophic (MH) and mixotrophic (MX) plants can parasitise this system, gaining all or some (respectively) required nutrients without known reciprocity to the fungus. We applied, for the first time, an ecological stoichiometry framework to test whether trophic mode of plants influences their elemental carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) composition and may provide clues about their biology and evolution within the framework of mycorrhizal network functioning. RESULTS We analysed C:N:P stoichiometry of 24 temperate orchid species and P concentration of 135 species from 45 plant families sampled throughout temperate and intertropical zones representing the three trophic modes (AT, MX and MH). Welch's one-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA were used to compare mean nutrient values and their proportions among trophic modes, phylogeny, and climate zones. Nutrient concentration and stoichiometry significantly differentiate trophic modes in orchids. Mean foliar C:N:P stoichiometry showed a gradual increase of N and P concentration and a decrease of C: nutrients ratio along the trophic gradient AT < MX < MH, with surprisingly high P requirements of MH orchids. Although P concentration in orchids showed the trophy-dependent pattern regardless of climatic zone, P concentration was not a universal indicator of trophic modes, as shown by ericaceous MH and MX plants. CONCLUSION The results imply that there are different evolutionary pathways of adaptation to mycoheterotrophic nutrient acquisition, and that the high nutrient requirements of MH orchids compared to MH plants from other families may represent a higher cost to the fungal partner and consequently lead to the high fungal specificity observed in MH orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Minasiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Adrian Zwolicki
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, CP 39, F-75005, France
| | - Alžběta Novotná
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídeňská, Praha, 1083, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Melissa F Bocayuva
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, CP 39, F-75005, France
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Santos ISD, Silva MJD. Anatomy and Histochemistry of the Vegetative System of Brachystele guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae), a Potential Medicinal Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2635. [PMID: 37514251 PMCID: PMC10386664 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The orchid genus Brachystele Schltr. (Orchidoideae, Cranichideae, Spiranthinae) comprises 20 species distributed from Mexico to Argentina, with 10 species found in Brazil. Anatomical studies of Orchidoideae Lindl. have been scarce, and the anatomy and histochemistry of Brachystele are still largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a characterization of the vegetative organs of B. guayanensis (Lindl.) Schltr. using standard anatomical and histochemical microtechniques. In this study, we provide the first information about the anatomy and histochemistry of Brachystele. The studied species was observed to display anatomical characters commonly found in the vegetative organs of representatives of the Cranichideae tribe (e.g., uniseriate epidermis; homogeneous mesophyll with 6-11 layers; rhizomes with rings of fibers; vascular bundles in the form of "^" or "v"; fleshy roots with uniseriate velamen, simple trichomes, and spiranthosomes). Others can be interpreted as adaptive strategies conditioned by the environment and their terrestrial life form (e.g., cuticle thickness; amphistomatic leaves; roots with reduced velamen compared to the cortex (18-20 layers); and raphides). In this study, cataphylls, and the presence of spiranthosomes in leaves, including stomatal guard cells, as well as alkaloids in these structures, are anatomically described for the first time in Orchidaceae. The presence of hyphae and pelotons in the stem of B. guayanensis is described for the first time in Cranichideae. Histochemical tests confirmed the presence of lignin, proteins, and alkaloids, the lipidic nature of the cuticle, starch grains stored in spiranthosomes, and the composition of the raphides. Alkaloids were observed in abundance, particularly in the roots, suggesting a potential role in defense against pathogens and herbivores, as well as potential medicinal activities, as seen in phylogenetically related groups to Brachystele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Soares Dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos José da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics and Plant Taxonomy, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74001-970, GO, Brazil
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Durant E, Hoysted GA, Howard N, Sait SM, Childs DZ, Johnson D, Field KJ. Herbivore-driven disruption of arbuscular mycorrhizal carbon-for-nutrient exchange is ameliorated by neighboring plants. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00663-2. [PMID: 37290441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of most plants, forming a near-ubiquitous symbiosis1 that is typically characterized by the bi-directional exchange of fungal-acquired nutrients for plant-fixed carbon.2 Mycorrhizal fungi can form below-ground networks3,4,5,6 with potential to facilitate the movement of carbon, nutrients, and defense signals across plant communities.7,8,9 The importance of neighbors in mediating carbon-for-nutrient exchange between mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts remains equivocal, particularly when other competing pressures for plant resources are present. We manipulated carbon source and sink strengths of neighboring pairs of host plants through exposure to aphids and tracked the movement of carbon and nutrients through mycorrhizal fungal networks with isotope tracers. When carbon sink strengths of both neighboring plants were increased by aphid herbivory, plant carbon supply to extraradical mycorrhizal fungal hyphae was reduced, but mycorrhizal phosphorus supply to both plants was maintained, albeit variably, across treatments. However, when the sink strength of only one plant in a pair was increased, carbon supply to mycorrhizal fungi was restored. Our results show that loss of carbon inputs into mycorrhizal fungal hyphae from one plant may be ameliorated through inputs of a neighbor, demonstrating the responsiveness and resilience of mycorrhizal plant communities to biological stressors. Furthermore, our results indicate that mycorrhizal nutrient exchange dynamics are better understood as community-wide interactions between multiple players rather than as strict exchanges between individual plants and their symbionts, suggesting that mycorrhizal C-for-nutrient exchange is likely based more on unequal terms of trade than the "fair trade" model for symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durant
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK; School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, County Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Nathan Howard
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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9
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Hoysted GA, Field KJ, Sinanaj B, Bell CA, Bidartondo MI, Pressel S. Direct nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' fungi and a flowering plant in novel monoxenic cultures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:70-79. [PMID: 36739554 PMCID: PMC10952891 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most plants form mycorrhizal associations with mutualistic soil fungi. Through these partnerships, resources are exchanged including photosynthetically fixed carbon for fungal-acquired nutrients. Recently, it was shown that the diversity of associated fungi is greater than previously assumed, extending to Mucoromycotina fungi. These Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) are widespread and generally co-colonise plant roots together with Glomeromycotina 'coarse' arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Until now, this co-occurrence has hindered the determination of the direct function of MFRE symbiosis. To overcome this major barrier, we developed new techniques for fungal isolation and culture and established the first monoxenic in vitro cultures of MFRE colonising a flowering plant, clover. Using radio- and stable-isotope tracers in these in vitro systems, we measured the transfer of 33 P, 15 N and 14 C between MFRE hyphae and the host plant. Our results provide the first unequivocal evidence that MFRE fungi are nutritional mutualists with a flowering plant by showing that clover gained both 15 N and 33 P tracers directly from fungus in exchange for plant-fixed C in the absence of other micro-organisms. Our findings and methods pave the way for a new era in mycorrhizal research, firmly establishing MFRE as both mycorrhizal and functionally important in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Hoysted
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | | | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Department of Ecosystem StewardshipRoyal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondTW9 3DSUK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUK
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10
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Fernández M, Kaur J, Sharma J. Co-occurring epiphytic orchids have specialized mycorrhizal fungal niches that are also linked to ontogeny. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:87-105. [PMID: 36651985 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis has been related to the coexistence and community assembly of coexisting orchids in few studies despite their obligate dependence on mycorrhizal partners to establish and survive. In hyper-diverse environments like tropical rain forests, coexistence of epiphytic orchids may be facilitated through mycorrhizal fungal specialization (i.e., sets of unique and dominant mycorrhizal fungi associated with a particular host species). However, information on the role of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) in niche differentiation and coexistence of epiphytic orchids is still scarce. In this study, we sought to identify the variation in fungal preferences of four co-occurring epiphytic orchids in a tropical rainforest in Costa Rica by addressing the identity and composition of their endophytic fungal and OMF communities across species and life stages. We show that the endophytic fungal communities are formed mainly of previously recognized OMF taxa, and that the four coexisting orchid species have both a set of shared mycorrhizal fungi and a group of fungi unique to an orchid species. We also found that adult plants keep the OMF of the juvenile stage while adding new mycobionts over time. This study provides evidence for the utilization of specific OMF that may be involved in niche segregation, and for an aggregation mechanism where adult orchids keep initial fungal mycobionts of the juvenile stage while adding others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Fernández
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, 30109, Costa Rica.
- Herbarium UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Chiriquí, Panama.
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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11
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Ceratobasidium orchid mycorrhizal fungi reveal intraspecific variation and interaction with different nutrient media in symbiotic germination of Prasophyllum (Orchidaceae). Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding how nutrient requirements of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) affect symbiotic germination is essential for the ex situ conservation of threatened orchids and their mycorrhizal symbioses. Yet the influence of isolate-level variation in OMF nutrient preferences on orchid germination is unknown. We tested germination of Prasophyllum frenchii (Orchidaceae) on 15 different media of varying carbon and macronutrient compositions with three Ceratobasidium isolates of the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU) as determined with internal transcribed spacer locus sequencing. There was a significant interaction between media and fungal isolate on percentage germination, with each isolate recording its highest percentage germination on different nutrient media (Isolate 9.3: 5.2 ± 1.4% on MOM–S; Isolate 8.2: 5.4 ± 1.1% on MOM + S; Isolate 4.3: 2.2 ± 0.5% on 1.25 g/L wheat bran agar). Across all isolates, germination (percentage germination > 0) occurred more frequently on wheat bran agar media (39.7% of plates) than on oatmeal agar media (6.0% of plates). There was also an effect of media type on aerial hyphal growth behaviour of the OMF isolate. All isolates supported growth through to adult flowering plants. We demonstrated that symbiotic germination of Prasophyllum is affected by media composition. Further, percentage germination and aerial hyphal growth behaviour differed significantly among OMF isolates of the same OTU. This illustrates that a diversity of functionally significant fungal strains occurs within a single OTU, a previously unknown aspect of OMF research with important ecological and conservation implications.
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12
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Jolman D, Batalla MI, Hungerford A, Norwood P, Tait N, Wallace LE. The challenges of growing orchids from seeds for conservation: An assessment of asymbiotic techniques. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11496. [PMID: 36258786 PMCID: PMC9575117 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lewis Knudson first successfully germinated orchid seeds asymbiotically on artificial medium in 1922. While many orchid species have since been grown asymbiotically, the tremendous variation in how species respond to artificial medium and growth conditions ex situ has also become apparent in the past century. In this study, we reviewed published journal articles on asymbiotic orchid seed germination to provide a summary of techniques used and to evaluate if these differ between terrestrial and epiphytic species, to identify areas where additional research is needed, and to evaluate whether asymbiotic germination could be used more often in ex situ conservation. We found articles reporting successful asymbiotic germination of 270 species and 20 cultivars across Orchidaceae. Researchers often used different techniques with epiphytic versus terrestrial species, but species-specific responses to growth media and conditions were common, indicating that individualized protocols will be necessary for most species. The widespread success in generating seedlings on artificial media suggests that asymbiotic techniques should be another tool for the conservation of rare orchid species. Further advances are needed in understanding how to introduce mycorrhizae to axenically grown orchids and to maximize the viability of seedlings reintroduced into natural habitats to fully utilize these methods for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devani Jolman
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Martín I. Batalla
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Alexis Hungerford
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Pryce Norwood
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Noah Tait
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Lisa E. Wallace
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
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13
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Almario J, Fabiańska I, Saridis G, Bucher M. Unearthing the plant-microbe quid pro quo in root associations with beneficial fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1967-1976. [PMID: 35239199 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic symbiotic associations between multicellular eukaryotes and their microbiota are driven by the exchange of nutrients in a quid pro quo manner. In the widespread arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis involving plant roots and Glomeromycotina fungi, the mycobiont is supplied with carbon through photosynthesis, which in return supplies the host plant with essential minerals such as phosphorus (P). Most terrestrial plants are largely dependent on AM fungi for nutrients, which raises the question of how plants that are unable to form a functional AM sustain their P nutrition. AM nonhost plants can form alternative, evolutionarily younger, mycorrhizal associations such as the ectomycorrhiza, ericoid and orchid mycorrhiza. However, it is unclear how plants such as the Brassicaceae species Arabidopsis thaliana, which do not form known mycorrhizal symbioses, have adapted to the loss of these essential mycorrhizal traits. Isotope tracing experiments with root-colonizing fungi have revealed the existence of new 'mycorrhizal-like' fungi capable of transferring nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and P to plants, including Brassicaceae. Here, we provide an overview of the biology of trophic relationships between roots and fungi and how these associations might support plant adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almario
- Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS UMR-5557, INRAe UMR-1418, VetAgroSup, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Izabela Fabiańska
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Georgios Saridis
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
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14
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Davis B, Lim WH, Lambers H, Dixon KW, Read DJ. Inorganic phosphorus nutrition in green-leaved terrestrial orchid seedlings. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:669-678. [PMID: 35247265 PMCID: PMC9113155 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many terrestrial orchids have an obligate dependence on their mycorrhizal associations for nutrient acquisition, particularly during germination and early seedling growth. Though important in plant growth and development, phosphorus (P) nutrition studies in mixotrophic orchids have been limited to only a few orchid species and their fungal symbionts. For the first time, we demonstrate the role of a range of fungi in the acquisition and transport of inorganic P to four phylogenetically distinct green-leaved terrestrial orchid species (Diuris magnifica, Disa bracteata, Pterostylis sanguinea and Microtis media subsp. media) that naturally grow in P-impoverished soils. METHODS Mycorrhizal P uptake and transfer to orchids was determined and visualized using agar microcosms with a diffusion barrier between P source (33P orthophosphate) and orchid seedlings, allowing extramatrical hyphae to reach the source. KEY RESULTS Extramatrical hyphae of the studied orchid species were effective in capturing and transporting inorganic P into the plant. Following 7 d of exposure, between 0.5 % (D. bracteata) and 47 % (D. magnifica) of the P supplied was transported to the plants (at rates between 0.001 and 0.097 fmol h-1). This experimental approach was capable of distinguishing species based on their P-foraging efficiency, and highlighted the role that fungi play in P nutrition during early seedling development. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that orchids occurring naturally on P-impoverished soils can obtain significant amounts of inorganic P from their mycorrhizal partners, and significantly more uptake of P supplied than previously shown in other green-leaved orchids. These results provide support for differences in mycorrhiza-mediated P acquisition between orchid species and fungal symbionts in green-leaved orchids at the seedling stage. The plant-fungus combinations of this study also provide evidence for plant-mediated niche differentiation occurring, with ecological implications in P-limited systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Davis
- Kings Park Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wei-Han Lim
- Kings Park Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - David J Read
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Bell CA, Magkourilou E, Urwin PE, Field KJ. Disruption of carbon for nutrient exchange between potato and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced cyst nematode fitness and host pest tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:269-279. [PMID: 35020195 PMCID: PMC9304131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants simultaneously interact with a range of biotrophic symbionts, ranging from mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to parasites such as the potato cyst nematode (PCN). The exchange of mycorrhizal-acquired nutrients for plant-fixed carbon (C) is well studied; however, the impact of competing symbionts remains underexplored. In this study, we examined mycorrhizal nutrient and host resource allocation in potato with and without AMF and PCN using radioisotope tracing, whilst determining the consequences of such allocation. The presence of PCN disrupted C for nutrient exchange between plants and AMF, with plant C overwhelmingly obtained by the nematodes. Despite this, AMF maintained transfer of nutrients on PCN-infected potato, ultimately losing out in their C for nutrient exchange with the host. Whilst PCN exploited the greater nutrient reserves to drive population growth on AMF-potato, the fungus imparted tolerance to allow the host to bear the parasitic burden. Our findings provide important insights into the belowground dynamics of plant-AMF symbioses, where simultaneous nutritional and nonnutritional benefits conferred by AMF to hosts and their parasites are seldom considered in plant community dynamics. Our findings suggest this may be a critical oversight, particularly in the consideration of C and nutrient flows in plant and soil communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Bell
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Emily Magkourilou
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and SoilSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - P. E. Urwin
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and SoilSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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16
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Li Y, Kang Z, Zhang X, Sun P, Jiang X, Han Z. The mycorrhizal fungi of Cymbidium promote the growth of Dendrobiumofficinale by increasing environmental stress tolerance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12555. [PMID: 34963822 PMCID: PMC8656386 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a medicinal herbal plant with important health care value and high demand. Due to its slow growth and scarcity in nature, its yield depends on intensified cultivation while biotic and abiotic stresses were important factors that causes production loss. Orchidaceae can form association with rhizoctonias collectively, and studies have found that some orchids showed a high level of strain-species specificity to orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), yet the specificity of OMF on D. officinale needs to explored. In this study, the effects on D. officinale of four OMF isolated from Cymbidium were tested. The obviously higher mass yield of the treated plants in medium and pots indicated the growth promotion effect of the fungi. Furthermore, an abiotic stress test indicated stronger drought tolerance among the treated plants. For the biotic stress test, two root rot pathogens, Fusarium solani and Fusarium graminearum , were isolated and identified from root rot of D. officinale. In an in vitro inhibition test, the four OMF could resist the growth of these pathogens. In vivo studies showed that these four OMF could improve the survival rate and fresh weight and decrease the root rot rate of pathogen-inoculated seedlings. The four OMF namely; Hyphomycete sp., Umbelopsis sp., Ceratorhiza sp. and Ceratorhiza sp. are compatible strains for improving the growth rate of D. officinale by increasing its environmental stress tolerance, providing an effective way to supply resources through artificial reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihua Kang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Suqian Forest Pest Quarantine Control Station, Suqian, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Garden Bureau, Management Committee of Huangshan Scenic Area, Huangshan, China
| | - Zhengmin Han
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Elliott AJ, Daniell TJ, Cameron DD, Field KJ. A commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum increases root colonization across wheat cultivars but does not increase assimilation of mycorrhiza-acquired nutrients. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET 2021; 3:588-599. [PMID: 34853824 PMCID: PMC8607474 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Production and heavy application of chemical-based fertilizers to maintain crop yields is unsustainable due to pollution from run-off, high CO2 emissions, and diminishing yield returns. Access to fertilizers will be limited in the future due to rising energy costs and dwindling rock phosphate resources. A growing number of companies produce and sell arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculants, intended to help reduce fertilizer usage by facilitating crop nutrient uptake through arbuscular mycorrhizas. However, their success has been variable. Here, we present information about the efficacy of a commercially available AMF inoculant in increasing AMF root colonization and fungal contribution to plant nutrient uptake, which are critical considerations within the growing AMF inoculant industry. Summary Arable agriculture needs sustainable solutions to reduce reliance on large inputs of nutrient fertilizers while continuing to improve crop yields. By harnessing arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, there is potential to improve crop nutrient assimilation and growth without additional inputs, although the efficacy of commercially available mycorrhizal inocula in agricultural systems remains controversial.Using stable and radioisotope tracing, carbon-for-nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and three modern cultivars of wheat was quantified in a non-sterile, agricultural soil, with or without the addition of a commercial mycorrhizal inoculant.While there was no effect of inoculum addition on above-ground plant biomass, there was increased root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and changes in community structure. Inoculation increased phosphorus uptake across all wheat cultivars by up to 30%, although this increase was not directly attributable to mycorrhizal fungi. Carbon-for-nutrient exchange between symbionts varied substantially between the wheat cultivars.Plant tissue phosphorus increased in inoculated plants potentially because of changes induced by inoculation in microbial community composition and/or nutrient cycling within the rhizosphere. Our data contribute to the growing consensus that mycorrhizal inoculants could play a role in sustainable food production systems of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh J. Elliott
- Centre for Plant SciencesSchool of BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Tim J. Daniell
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Duncan D. Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Centre for Plant SciencesSchool of BiologyFaculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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18
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. Carbon for nutrient exchange between Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophytes is unresponsive to high atmospheric CO 2. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:431-440. [PMID: 33884466 PMCID: PMC8266774 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-vascular plants associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' (MFRE) fungi derive greater benefits from their fungal associates under higher atmospheric [CO2] (a[CO2]) than ambient; however, nothing is known about how changes in a[CO2] affect MFRE function in vascular plants. We measured movement of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) between the lycophyte Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophyte fungi using 33P-orthophosphate, 15 N-ammonium chloride and 14CO2 isotope tracers under ambient and elevated a[CO2] concentrations of 440 and 800 ppm, respectively. Transfers of 33P and 15 N from MFRE to plants were unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. There was a slight increase in C transfer from plants to MFRE under elevated a[CO2]. Our results demonstrate that the exchange of C-for-nutrients between a vascular plant and Mucoromycotina FRE is largely unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. Unravelling the role of MFRE in host plant nutrition and potential C-for-N trade changes between symbionts under different abiotic conditions is imperative to further our understanding of the past, present and future roles of plant-fungal symbioses in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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19
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Mujica MI, Pérez MF, Jakalski M, Martos F, Selosse MA. Soil P reduces mycorrhizal colonization while favors fungal pathogens: observational and experimental evidence in Bipinnula (Orchidaceae). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5897353. [PMID: 32845297 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the soil factors influencing root-associated fungal communities in Orchidaceae. Limited evidence suggests that soil nutrients may modulate the association with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), but their influence on non-mycorrhizal fungi remains unexplored. To study how nutrient availability affects mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi associated with the orchid Bipinnula fimbriata, we conducted a metagenomic investigation within a large population with variable soil conditions. Additionally, we tested the effect of phosphorus (P) addition on fungal communities and mycorrhizal colonization. Soil P negatively correlated with the abundance of OMF, but not with the abundance of non-mycorrhizal fungi. After fertilization, increments in soil P negatively affected mycorrhizal colonization; however, they had no effect on OMF richness or composition. The abundance and richness of pathotrophs were negatively related to mycorrhizal colonization and then, after fertilization, the decrease in mycorrhizal colonization correlated with an increase in pathogen richness. Our results suggest that OMF are affected by soil conditions differently from non-mycorrhizal fungi. Bipinnula fimbriata responds to fertilization by altering mycorrhizal colonization rather than by switching OMF partners in the short term, and the influence of nutrients on OMF is coupled with indirect effects on the whole fungal community and potentially on plant's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Mujica
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología and Biodiversidad (IEB), Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernanda Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología and Biodiversidad (IEB), Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcin Jakalski
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marc André Selosse
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205-MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles), 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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20
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Valadares RBS, Marroni F, Sillo F, Oliveira RRM, Balestrini R, Perotto S. A Transcriptomic Approach Provides Insights on the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis of the Mediterranean Orchid Limodorum abortivum in Nature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:251. [PMID: 33525474 PMCID: PMC7911150 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of orchid mycorrhizal interactions is particularly complex because of the peculiar life cycle of these plants and their diverse trophic strategies. Here, transcriptomics has been applied to investigate gene expression in the mycorrhizal roots of Limodorum abortivum, a terrestrial mixotrophic orchid that associates with ectomycorrhizal fungi in the genus Russula. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying plant-fungus interactions in adult orchids in nature and in particular into the plant responses to the mycorrhizal symbiont(s) in the roots of mixotrophic orchids. Our results indicate that amino acids may represent the main nitrogen source in mycorrhizal roots of L. abortivum, as already suggested for orchid protocorms and other orchid species. The upregulation, in mycorrhizal L. abortivum roots, of some symbiotic molecular marker genes identified in mycorrhizal roots from other orchids as well as in arbuscular mycorrhiza, may mirror a common core of plant genes involved in endomycorrhizal symbioses. Further efforts will be required to understand whether the specificities of orchid mycorrhiza depend on fine-tuned regulation of these common components, or whether specific additional genes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B. S. Valadares
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66050-000 Belém, Pará, Brazil; (R.B.S.V.); (R.R.M.O.)
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze, I-33100 Udine, Italy;
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Via Linussio 51, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Renato R. M. Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66050-000 Belém, Pará, Brazil; (R.B.S.V.); (R.R.M.O.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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21
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Ghirardo A, Fochi V, Lange B, Witting M, Schnitzler JP, Perotto S, Balestrini R. Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1939-1952. [PMID: 32668507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon, at least during early development. In fact, orchid seed germination leads to the formation of a protocorm, a heterotrophic postembryonic structure colonized by intracellular fungal coils, thought to be the site of nutrient transfer. The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions and metabolic changes induced by this symbiosis in both partners remain mostly unknown. We studied plant-fungus interactions in the mycorrhizal association between the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea and the basidiomycete Tulasnella calospora using nontargeted metabolomics. Plant and fungal metabolomes obtained from symbiotic structures were compared with those obtained under asymbiotic conditions. Symbiosis induced substantial metabolomic alterations in both partners. In particular, structural and signaling lipid compounds increased markedly in the external fungal mycelium growing near the symbiotic protocorms, whereas chito-oligosaccharides were identified uniquely in symbiotic protocorms. This work represents the first description of metabolic changes occurring in orchid mycorrhiza. These results - combined with previous transcriptomic data - provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the orchid mycorrhizal association and open intriguing questions on the role of fungal lipids in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Birgit Lange
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
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Mujica MI, Cisternas M, Claro A, Simunovic M, Pérez F. Nutrients and fungal identity affect the outcome of symbiotic germination in Bipinnula fimbriata (Orchidaceae). Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Reiter N, Phillips RD, Swarts ND, Wright M, Holmes G, Sussmilch FC, Davis BJ, Whitehead MR, Linde CC. Specific mycorrhizal associations involving the same fungal taxa in common and threatened Caladenia (Orchidaceae): implications for conservation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:943-955. [PMID: 32574356 PMCID: PMC7539350 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In orchid conservation, quantifying the specificity of mycorrhizal associations, and establishing which orchid species use the same fungal taxa, is important for sourcing suitable fungi for symbiotic propagation and selecting sites for conservation translocation. For Caladenia subgenus Calonema (Orchidaceae), which contains 58 threatened species, we ask the following questions. (1) How many taxa of Serendipita mycorrhizal fungi do threatened species of Caladenia associate with? (2) Do threatened Caladenia share orchid mycorrhizal fungi with common Caladenia? (3) How geographically widespread are mycorrhizal fungi associated with Caladenia? METHODS Fungi were isolated from 127 Caladenia species followed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcibed spacer (ITS) sequence locus. We used a 4.1-6 % sequence divergence cut-off range to delimit Serendipita operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We conducted trials testing the ability of fungal isolates to support germination and plant growth. A total of 597 Serendipita isolates from Caladenia, collected from across the Australian continent, were used to estimate the geographic range of OTUs. KEY RESULTS Across the genus, Caladenia associated with ten OTUs of Serendipita (Serendipitaceae) mycorrhizal fungi. Specificity was high, with 19 of the 23 threatened Caladenia species sampled in detail associating solely with OTU A, which supported plants from germination to adulthood. The majority of populations of Caladenia associated with one OTU per site. Fungal sharing was extensive, with 62 of the 79 Caladenia sampled in subgenus Calonema associating with OTU A. Most Serendipita OTUs were geographically widespread. CONCLUSIONS Mycorrhizal fungi can be isolated from related common species to propagate threatened Caladenia. Because of high specificity of most Caladenia species, only small numbers of OTUs typically need to be considered for conservation translocation. When selecting translocation sites, the geographic range of the fungi is not a limiting factor, and using related Caladenia species to infer the presence of suitable fungal OTUs may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushka Reiter
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close Kings Park, WA, Australia
| | - Nigel D Swarts
- Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, Queens Domain, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Magali Wright
- Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, Queens Domain, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gareth Holmes
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances C Sussmilch
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close Kings Park, WA, Australia
| | - Belinda J Davis
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close Kings Park, WA, Australia
| | - Michael R Whitehead
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Valadares RBS, Perotto S, Lucheta AR, Santos EC, Oliveira RM, Lambais MR. Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Indicate Metabolic Changes and Reduced Defense Responses in Mycorrhizal Roots of Oeceoclades maculata (Orchidaceae) Collected in Nature. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E148. [PMID: 32858792 PMCID: PMC7558880 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchids form endomycorrhizal associations with fungi mainly belonging to basidiomycetes. The molecular events taking place in orchid mycorrhiza are poorly understood, although the cellular changes necessary to accommodate the fungus and to control nutrient exchanges imply a modulation of gene expression. Here, we used proteomics and transcriptomics to identify changes in the steady-state levels of proteins and transcripts in the roots of the green terrestrial orchid Oeceoclades maculata. When mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots from the same individuals were compared, 94 proteins showed differential accumulation using the label-free protein quantitation approach, 86 using isobaric tagging and 60 using 2D-differential electrophoresis. After de novo assembly of transcriptomic data, 11,179 plant transcripts were found to be differentially expressed, and 2175 were successfully annotated. The annotated plant transcripts allowed the identification of up- and down-regulated metabolic pathways. Overall, proteomics and transcriptomics revealed, in mycorrhizal roots, increased levels of transcription factors and nutrient transporters, as well as ethylene-related proteins. The expression pattern of proteins and transcripts involved in plant defense responses suggested that plant defense was reduced in O. maculata mycorrhizal roots sampled in nature. These results expand our current knowledge towards a better understanding of the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis in adult plants under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B. S. Valadares
- Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Depto de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale. Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém 66050-000, Brazil;
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino e IPSP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Adriano R. Lucheta
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Mineral Technologies, Avenida Brás de Aguiar, 548, Belém 66035-405, Brazil;
| | - Eder C. Santos
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Linha Santa Bárbara, Francisco Beltrão 85601-970, Brazil;
| | - Renato M. Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale. Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém 66050-000, Brazil;
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcio R. Lambais
- Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Depto de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
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Charters MD, Sait SM, Field KJ. Aphid Herbivory Drives Asymmetry in Carbon for Nutrient Exchange between Plants and an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1801-1808.e5. [PMID: 32275877 PMCID: PMC7237887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Associations formed between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are characterized by the bi-directional exchange of fungal-acquired soil nutrients for plant-fixed organic carbon compounds. Mycorrhizal-acquired nutrient assimilation by plants may be symmetrically linked to carbon (C) transfer from plant to fungus or governed by sink-source dynamics. Abiotic factors, including atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), can affect the relative cost of resources traded between mutualists, thereby influencing symbiotic function. Whether biotic factors, such as insect herbivores that represent external sinks for plant C, impact mycorrhizal function remains unstudied. By supplying 33P to an AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) and 14CO2 to wheat, we tested the impact of increasing C sink strength (i.e., aphid herbivory) and increasing C source strength (i.e., elevated [CO2]) on resource exchange between mycorrhizal symbionts. Allocation of plant C to the AM fungus decreased dramatically following exposure to the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), with high [CO2] failing to alleviate the aphid-induced decline in plant C allocated to the AM fungus. Mycorrhizal-mediated uptake of 33P by plants was maintained regardless of aphid presence or elevated [CO2], meaning insect herbivory drove asymmetry in carbon for nutrient exchange between symbionts. Here, we provide direct evidence that external biotic C sinks can limit plant C allocation to an AM fungus without hindering mycorrhizal-acquired nutrient uptake. Our findings highlight the context dependency of resource exchange between plants and AM fungi and suggest biotic factors-individually and in combination with abiotic factors-should be considered as powerful regulators of symbiotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Charters
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Hoysted GA, Jacob AS, Kowal J, Giesemann P, Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG, Gebauer G, Rimington WR, Schornack S, Pressel S, Field KJ. Mucoromycotina Fine Root Endophyte Fungi Form Nutritional Mutualisms with Vascular Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:565-577. [PMID: 31358684 PMCID: PMC6776871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and plants have engaged in intimate symbioses that are globally widespread and have driven terrestrial biogeochemical processes since plant terrestrialization >500 million years ago. Recently, hitherto unknown nutritional mutualisms involving ancient lineages of fungi and nonvascular plants have been discovered, although their extent and functional significance in vascular plants remain uncertain. Here, we provide evidence of carbon-for-nitrogen exchange between an early-diverging vascular plant (Lycopodiella inundata) and Mucoromycotina (Endogonales) fine root endophyte fungi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the same fungal symbionts colonize neighboring nonvascular and flowering plants. These findings fundamentally change our understanding of the physiology, interrelationships, and ecology of underground plant-fungal symbioses in modern terrestrial ecosystems by revealing the nutritional role of Mucoromycotina fungal symbionts in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alison S Jacob
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Kowal
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Giesemann
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William R Rimington
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Herrera H, Valadares R, Oliveira G, Fuentes A, Almonacid L, do Nascimento SV, Bashan Y, Arriagada C. Adaptation and tolerance mechanisms developed by mycorrhizal Bipinnula fimbriata plantlets (Orchidaceae) in a heavy metal-polluted ecosystem. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:651-663. [PMID: 30094512 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation and performance of orchid mycorrhizae in heavy metal-polluted soils have been poorly explored. In the present study, proteomic and metabolic approaches were used to detect physiological changes in orchid roots established in a heavy metal-polluted soil and to ascertain whether mycorrhizal fungi affect the metabolic responses of roots. Young Bipinnula fimbriata plantlets were established in control and heavy metal-polluted soils in a greenhouse. After 14 months, exudation of root organic acids, phenolics, percentage of mycorrhization, mineral content, and differential protein accumulation were measured. More root biomass, higher root colonization, and higher exudation rates of citrate, succinate, and malate were detected in roots growing in heavy metal-polluted soils. Higher accumulation of phosphorus and heavy metals was found inside mycorrhizal roots under metal stress. Under non-contaminated conditions, non-mycorrhizal root segments showed enhanced accumulation of proteins related to carbon metabolism and stress, whereas mycorrhizal root segments stimulated protein synthesis related to pathogen control, cytoskeleton modification, and sucrose metabolism. Under heavy metal stress, the proteome profile of non-mycorrhizal root segments indicates a lower induction of defense mechanisms, which, together with the stimulation of enzymes related to carotenoid biosynthesis and cell wall organization, may positively influence mycorrhizal fungi colonization. The results point to different metabolic strategies in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root segments that are exposed to heavy metal stress. The results indicate that root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi is stimulated to alleviate the negative effects of heavy metals in the orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rafael Valadares
- Instituto Tecnologico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Cep, Belém, PA, 66050-090, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnologico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Cep, Belém, PA, 66050-090, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leonardo Almonacid
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Yoav Bashan
- The Bashan Institute of Science, 1730 Post Oak Court, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), Calle IPN 195, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Cesar Arriagada
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Miura C, Yamaguchi K, Miyahara R, Yamamoto T, Fuji M, Yagame T, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Yamato M, Shigenobu S, Kaminaka H. The Mycoheterotrophic Symbiosis Between Orchids and Mycorrhizal Fungi Possesses Major Components Shared with Mutualistic Plant-Mycorrhizal Symbioses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1032-1047. [PMID: 29649962 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0029-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Achlorophylous and early developmental stages of chorolophylous orchids are highly dependent on carbon and other nutrients provided by mycorrhizal fungi, in a nutritional mode termed mycoheterotrophy. Previous findings have implied that some common properties at least partially underlie the mycorrhizal symbioses of mycoheterotrophic orchids and that of autotrophic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants; however, information about the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi is limited. In this study, we characterized the molecular basis of an orchid-mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis by analyzing the transcriptome of Bletilla striata at an early developmental stage associated with the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella sp. The essential components required for the establishment of mutual symbioses with AM fungi or rhizobia in most terrestrial plants were identified from the B. striata gene set. A cross-species gene complementation analysis showed one of the component genes, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gene CCaMK in B. striata, retains functional characteristics of that in AM plants. The expression analysis revealed the activation of homologs of AM-related genes during the OM symbiosis. Our results suggest that orchids possess, at least partly, the molecular mechanisms common to AM plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Miura
- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- 2 Functional Genomics Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ryohei Miyahara
- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Yamamoto
- 3 Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masako Fuji
- 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- 5 Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan; and
| | | | - Shuji Shigenobu
- 2 Functional Genomics Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
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Li YY, Chen XM, Zhang Y, Cho YH, Wang AR, Yeung EC, Zeng X, Guo SX, Lee YI. Immunolocalization and Changes of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins During Symbiotic Germination of Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:552. [PMID: 29922306 PMCID: PMC5996918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are abundant cell wall components involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis, but little is known about their function in orchid mycorrhizal association. To gain further insight into the role of HRGPs in orchid symbiosis, the location and function of HRGPs were investigated during symbiotic germination of Dendrobium officinale. The presence of JIM11 epitope in developing protocorms was determined using immunodot blots and immunohistochemical staining procedures. Real-time PCR was also employed to verify the expression patterns of genes coding for extensin-like genes selected from the transcriptomic database. The importance of HRGPs in symbiotic germination was further investigated using 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (3,4-DHP), an inhibitor of HRGP biosynthesis. In symbiotic cultures, immunodot blots of JIM11 signals were moderate in mature seeds, and the signals became stronger in swollen embryos. After germination, signal intensities decreased in developing protocorms. In contrast, in asymbiotic cultures, JIM11 signals were much lower as compared with those stages in symbiotic cultures. Immunofluorescence staining enabled the visualization of JIM11 epitope in mature embryo and protocorm cells. Positive signals were initially localized in the larger cells near the basal (suspensor) end of uninfected embryos, marking the future colonization site of fungal hyphae. After 1 week of inoculation, the basal end of embryos had been colonized, and a strong signal was detected mostly at the mid- and basal regions of the enlarging protocorm. As protocorm development progressed, the signal was concentrated in the colonized cells at the basal end. In colonized cells, signals were present in the walls and intracellularly associated with hyphae and the pelotons. The precise localization of JIM11 epitope is further examined by immunogold labeling. In the colonized cells, gold particles were found mainly in the cell wall and the interfacial matrix near the fungal cell wall. Four extensin-like genes were verified to be highly up-regulated in symbiotically germinated protocorms as compared to asymbiotically germinated ones. The 3,4-DHP treatment inhibited the accumulation of HRGPs and symbiotic seed germination. In these protocorms, fungal hyphae could be found throughout the protocorms. Our results indicate that HRGPs play an important role in symbiotic germination. They can serve as markers for fungal colonization, establishing a symbiotic compartment and constraining fungal colonization inside the basal cells of protocorms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hsiu Cho
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Rong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Edward C. Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xu Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. From rhizoids to roots? Experimental evidence of mutualism between liverworts and ascomycete fungi. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:221-227. [PMID: 29300826 PMCID: PMC5808786 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The rhizoids of leafy liverworts (Jungermanniales, Marchantiophyta) are commonly colonized by the ascomycete fungus Pezoloma ericae. These associations are hypothesized to be functionally analogous to the ericoid mycorrhizas (ErMs) formed by P. ericae with the roots of Ericaceae plants in terms of bi-directional phosphorus for carbon exchange; however, this remains unproven. Here, we test whether associations between the leafy liverwort Cephalozia bicuspidata and P. ericae are mutualistic. Methods We measured movement of phosphorus and carbon between C. bicuspidata and P. ericae using [33P]orthophosphate and 14CO2 isotope tracers in monoxenic cultures. We also measured leafy liverwort growth, with and without P. ericae. Key Results We present the first demonstration of nutritionally mutualistic symbiosis between a non-vascular plant and an ErM-forming fungus, showing transfer of fungal-acquired P to the liverwort and of liverwort-fixed C to the fungus alongside increased growth in fungus-colonized liverworts. Conclusions Thus, this ascomycete-liverwort symbiosis can now be described as mycorrhiza-like, providing further insights into ericoid mycorrhizal evolution and adding Ascomycota fungi to mycorrhizal fungal groups engaging in mutualisms with plants across the land plant phylogeny. As P. ericae also colonizes the rhizoids of Schistochilaceae liverworts, which originated in the Triassic and are sister to all other jungermannialean liverworts associated with fungi, our findings point toward an early origin of ascomycete-liverwort symbioses, possibly pre-dating their evolution in the Ericales by some 150 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Kowal
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Fochi V, Falla N, Girlanda M, Perotto S, Balestrini R. Cell-specific expression of plant nutrient transporter genes in orchid mycorrhizae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:39-45. [PMID: 28818382 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchid mycorrhizal protocorms and roots are heterogeneous structures composed of different plant cell-types, where cells colonized by intracellular fungal coils (the pelotons) are close to non-colonized plant cells. Moreover, the fungal coils undergo rapid turnover inside the colonized cells, so that plant cells containing coils at different developmental stages can be observed in the same tissue section. Here, we have investigated by laser microdissection (LMD) the localization of specific plant gene transcripts in different cell-type populations collected from mycorrhizal protocorms and roots of the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea colonized by Tulasnella calospora. RNAs extracted from the different cell-type populations have been used to study plant gene expression, focusing on genes potentially involved in N uptake and transport and previously identified as up-regulated in symbiotic protocorms. Results clearly showed that some plant N transporters are differentially expressed in cells containing fungal coils at different developmental stages, as well as in non-colonized cells, and allowed the identification of new functional markers associated to coil-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fochi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy; CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicole Falla
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Girlanda
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy; CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy; CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- CNR-Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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32
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Herrera H, Valadares R, Contreras D, Bashan Y, Arriagada C. Mycorrhizal compatibility and symbiotic seed germination of orchids from the Coastal Range and Andes in south central Chile. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:175-188. [PMID: 27796595 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about Orchidaceae plants in Chile and their mycorrhizal associations, a key issue for designing protective actions for endangered species. We investigated root fungi from seven terrestrial orchid species to identify potential mycorrhizal fungi. The main characteristics of Rhizoctonia-like fungi were observed under light microscopy, and isolates were identified through PCR-ITS sequencing. Molecular identification of fungal sequences showed a high diversity of fungi colonizing roots. Fungal ability to germinate seeds of different orchids was determined in symbiotic germination tests; 24 fungal groups were isolated, belonging to the genera Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Thanatephorus. Furthermore, dark septate and other endophytic fungi were identified. The high number of Rhizoctonia-like fungi obtained from adult orchids from the Coastal mountain range suggests that, after germination, these orchids may complement their nutritional demands through mycoheterotrophy. Nonetheless, beneficial associations with other endophytic fungi may also co-exist. In this study, isolated mycorrhizal fungi had the ability to induce seed germination at different efficiencies and with low specificity. Germin ation rates were low, but protocorms continued to develop for 60 days. A Tulasnella sp. isolated from Chloraea gavilu was most effective to induce seed germination of different species. The dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi did not show any effect on seed development; however, their widespread occurrence in some orchids suggests a putative role in plant establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rafael Valadares
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, Rua Boaventura da silva 955, Cep 66050-090, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Domingo Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile
| | - Yoav Bashan
- The Bashan Institute of Science, 1730 Post Oak Court, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), Av. IPN 195, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Cesar Arriagada
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
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33
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Dearnaley JDW, Cameron DD. Nitrogen transport in the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis - further evidence for a mutualistic association. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:10-12. [PMID: 27891646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D W Dearnaley
- Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Fochi V, Chitarra W, Kohler A, Voyron S, Singan VR, Lindquist EA, Barry KW, Girlanda M, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Balestrini R, Perotto S. Fungal and plant gene expression in the Tulasnella calospora-Serapias vomeracea symbiosis provides clues about nitrogen pathways in orchid mycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:365-379. [PMID: 27859287 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are highly dependent on their mycorrhizal fungal partners for nutrient supply, especially during early developmental stages. In addition to organic carbon, nitrogen (N) is probably a major nutrient transferred to the plant because orchid tissues are highly N-enriched. We know almost nothing about the N form preferentially transferred to the plant or about the key molecular determinants required for N uptake and transfer. We identified, in the genome of the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora, two functional ammonium transporters and several amino acid transporters but found no evidence of a nitrate assimilation system, in agreement with the N preference of the free-living mycelium grown on different N sources. Differential expression in symbiosis of a repertoire of fungal and plant genes involved in the transport and metabolism of N compounds suggested that organic N may be the main form transferred to the orchid host and that ammonium is taken up by the intracellular fungus from the apoplatic symbiotic interface. This is the first study addressing the genetic determinants of N uptake and transport in orchid mycorrhizas, and provides a model for nutrient exchanges at the symbiotic interface, which may guide future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Lab of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Samuele Voyron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Erika A Lindquist
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Mariangela Girlanda
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Lab of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Rafter M, Yokoya K, Schofield EJ, Zettler LW, Sarasan V. Non-specific symbiotic germination of Cynorkis purpurea (Thouars) Kraezl., a habitat-specific terrestrial orchid from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:541-52. [PMID: 26984810 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids, particularly terrestrial taxa, rely mostly on basidiomycete fungi in the Cantharellales and Sebacinales that trigger the process of seed germination and/or initiate the full development of the seedling. During the course of development, orchids may associate with the same fungus, or they may enlist other types of fungi for their developmental needs leading to resilience in a natural setting. This study examined in vitro seed germination and seedling developmental behavior of Cynorkis purpurea, a terrestrial orchid from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. This species is mostly restricted to gallery forests in the Itremo Massif, in moist substrate between rocks bordering streams. The main objective was to understand the influence of diverse mycorrhizal fungi on seed germination and further development of C. purpurea. The study aims to compare symbiotic versus asymbiotic germination and seedling development with seeds and fungi collected from a 13-km(2) area in the Itremo region. Seeds collected from the wild were sown with diverse orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) spanning 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in three genera (Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Sebacina) acquired from different habitats. Treatments were assessed in terms of the percentage of germinated seeds and fully developed seedlings against those in asymbiotic control media treatments. Overall, OMF significantly improved seedling development within the 12-week experiment period. Sebacina as a genus was the most effective at promoting seedling development of C. purpurea, as well as having the ability to enter into successful symbiotic relationships with orchids of different life forms; this new knowledge may be especially useful for orchid conservation practiced in tropical areas like Madagascar. A Sebacina isolate from an epiphytic seedling of Polystachya concreta was the most effective at inducing rapid seedling development and was among the five that outperformed fungi isolated from roots of C. purpurea. C. purpurea was found to be a mycorrhizal generalist, despite its specific habitat preference, highlighting the complex interaction between the plant, fungi, and the environment. The potential impact on conservation strategies of understanding the requirements for orchid seed germination and development by identifying and using OMF from diverse sources is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rafter
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - K Yokoya
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - E J Schofield
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - L W Zettler
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - V Sarasan
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
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36
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Field KJ, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Allinson KE, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S. Functional analysis of liverworts in dual symbiosis with Glomeromycota and Mucoromycotina fungi under a simulated Palaeozoic CO2 decline. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1514-26. [PMID: 26613340 PMCID: PMC5029179 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomeromycota, but recent studies have found that ancient plant lineages form mutualisms with Mucoromycotina fungi. Simultaneous associations with both fungal lineages have now been found in some plants, necessitating studies to understand the functional and evolutionary significance of these tripartite associations for the first time. We investigate the physiology and cytology of dual fungal symbioses in the early-diverging liverworts Allisonia and Neohodgsonia at modern and Palaeozoic-like elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations under which they are thought to have evolved. We found enhanced carbon cost to liverworts with simultaneous Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota associations, greater nutrient gain compared with those symbiotic with only one fungal group in previous experiments and contrasting responses to atmospheric CO2 among liverwort-fungal symbioses. In liverwort-Mucoromycotina symbioses, there is increased P-for-C and N-for-C exchange efficiency at 440 p.p.m. compared with 1500 p.p.m. CO2. In liverwort-Glomeromycota symbioses, P-for-C exchange is lower at ambient CO2 compared with elevated CO2. No characteristic cytologies of dual symbiosis were identified. We provide evidence of a distinct physiological niche for plant symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi, giving novel insight into why dual symbioses with Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota fungi persist to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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37
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Xu XB, Ma XY, Lei HH, Song HM, Ying QC, Xu MJ, Liu SB, Wang HZ. Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanisms of Mycena dendrobii promoting transplantation survival and growth of tissue culture seedlings of Dendrobium officinale. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1444-55. [PMID: 25732577 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dendrobium officinale is an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Its seedlings generally show low survival and growth when transferred from in vitro tissue culture to a greenhouse or field environment. In this study, the effect of Mycena dendrobii on the survival and growth of D. officinale tissue culture seedlings and the mechanisms involved was explored. METHODS AND RESULTS Mycena dendrobii were applied underneath the roots of D. officinale tissue culture seedlings. The seedling survival and growth were analysed. The root proteins induced by M. dendrobii were identified using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-MS). Mycena dendrobii treatment significantly enhanced survival and growth of D. officinale seedlings. Forty-one proteins induced by M. dendrobii were identified. Among them, 10 were involved in defence and stress response, two were involved in the formation of root or mycorrhizae, and three were related to the biosynthesis of bioactive constituents. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that enhancing stress tolerance and promoting new root formation induced by M. dendrobii may improve the survival and growth of D. officinale tissue culture seedlings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a foundation for future use of M. dendrobii in the large-scale cultivation of Dendrobiums.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Y Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H H Lei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H M Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q C Ying
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - M J Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - S B Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Z Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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38
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Field KJ, Leake JR, Tille S, Allinson KE, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD. From mycoheterotrophy to mutualism: mycorrhizal specificity and functioning in Ophioglossum vulgatum sporophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1492-1502. [PMID: 25615559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal functioning in the fern Ophioglossum is complex and poorly understood. It is unknown whether mature O. vulgatum sporophytes form mutualistic associations with fungi of the Glomeromycota and with what specificity. Are green sporophytes able to 'repay' fungal carbon (C) invested in them by mycorrhizal partners during the initially heterotrophic gametophyte and early sporophyte stages of the lifecycle? We identified fungal partners of O. vulgatum sporophytes using molecular techniques and supplied them with (33) P-orthophosphate and O. vulgatum sporophytes with (14) CO2 . We traced the movement of fungal-acquired nutrients and plant-fixed C between symbionts and analysed natural abundance (13) C and (15) N isotope signatures to assess nutritional interactions. We found fungal specificity of O. vulgatum sporophytes towards a mycorrhizal fungus closely related to Glomus macrocarpum. Our radioisotope tracers revealed reciprocal C-for-phosphorus exchange between fern sporophytes and fungal partners, despite competition from surrounding vegetation. Monocultures of O. vulgatum were enriched in (13) C and (15) N, providing inconclusive evidence of mycoheterotrophy when experiencing competition from the surrounding plant community. We show mutualistic and specific symbiosis between a eusporangiate fern and fungi of the Glomeromycota. Our findings suggest a 'take now, pay later' strategy of mycorrhizal functioning through the lifecycle O. vulgatum, from mycoheterotrophic gametophyte to mutualistic aboveground sporophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stefanie Tille
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Field KJ, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Allinson KE, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S. First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:743-56. [PMID: 25230098 PMCID: PMC4303992 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that Mucoromycotina, an ancient and partially saprotrophic fungal lineage, associates with the basal liverwort lineage Haplomitriopsida casts doubt on the widely held view that Glomeromycota formed the sole ancestral plant-fungus symbiosis. Whether this association is mutualistic, and how its functioning was affected by the fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration that followed plant terrestrialization in the Palaeozoic, remains unknown. We measured carbon-for-nutrient exchanges between Haplomitriopsida liverworts and Mucoromycotina fungi under simulated mid-Palaeozoic (1500 ppm) and near-contemporary (440 ppm) CO2 concentrations using isotope tracers, and analysed cytological differences in plant-fungal interactions. Concomitantly, we cultured both partners axenically, resynthesized the associations in vitro, and characterized their cytology. We demonstrate that liverwort-Mucoromycotina symbiosis is mutualistic and mycorrhiza-like, but differs from liverwort-Glomeromycota symbiosis in maintaining functional efficiency of carbon-for-nutrient exchange between partners across CO2 concentrations. Inoculation of axenic plants with Mucoromycotina caused major cytological changes affecting the anatomy of plant tissues, similar to that observed in wild-collected plants colonized by Mucoromycotina fungi. By demonstrating reciprocal exchange of carbon for nutrients between partners, our results provide support for Mucoromycotina establishing the earliest mutualistic symbiosis with land plants. As symbiotic functional efficiency was not compromised by reduced CO2 , we suggest that other factors led to the modern predominance of the Glomeromycota symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic GardensKew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History MuseumCromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic GardensKew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History MuseumCromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History MuseumCromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Zhao X, Zhang J, Chen C, Yang J, Zhu H, Liu M, Lv F. Deep sequencing-based comparative transcriptional profiles of Cymbidium hybridum roots in response to mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal beneficial fungi. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:747. [PMID: 25174959 PMCID: PMC4162972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom and orchid mycorrhizae (OM) are indispensable in the life cycle of all orchids under natural conditions. In spite of this, little is known concerning the mechanisms underlying orchid- mycorrhizal fungi interactions. Our previous work demonstrated that the non-mycorrhizal fungus Umbelopsis nana ZH3A-3 could improve the symbiotic effects of orchid mycorrhizal fungus Epulorhiza repens ML01 by co-cultivation with Cymbidium hybridum plantlets. Thus, we investigated the C. hybridum transcript profile associated with different beneficial fungi. Results More than 54,993,972 clean reads were obtained from un-normalized cDNA library prepared from fungal- and mock- treated Cymbidium roots at four time points using RNA-seq technology. These reads were assembled into 16,798 unique transcripts, with a mean length of 1127 bp. A total of 10,971 (65.31%) sequences were annotated based on BLASTX results and over ninety percent of which were assigned to plant origin. The digital gene expression profiles in Cymbidium root at 15 days post inoculation revealed that 1674, 845 and 1743 genes were sigificantly regulated in response to ML01, ZH3A-3 and ML01+ ZH3A-3 treatments, respectively. Twenty-six genes in different regulation patterns were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Our analysis showed that general defense responses were co- induced by three treatments, including cell wall modification, reactive oxygen species detoxification, secondary biosynthesis and hormone balance. Genes involved in phosphate transport and root morphogenesis were also detected to be up-regulated collectively. Among the OM specifically induced transcripts, genes related to signaling, protein metabolism and processing, defense, transport and auxin response were identifed. Aside from these orchid transcripts, some putative fungal genes were also identified in symbiotic roots related to plant cell wall degradation, remodeling the fungal cell wall and nutrient transport. Conclusion The orchid root transcriptome will facilitate our understanding of orchid - associated biological mechanism. The comparative expression profiling revealed that the transcriptional reprogramming by OM symbiosis generally overlapped that of arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas. The molecular basis of OM formation and function will improve our knowledge of plant- mycorrhzial fungi interactions, and their effects on plant and fungal growth, development and differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-747) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fubing Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, East 1st Street 1, Jinying Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Valadares RBS, Perotto S, Santos EC, Lambais MR. Proteome changes in Oncidium sphacelatum (Orchidaceae) at different trophic stages of symbiotic germination. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:349-60. [PMID: 24310930 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic symbioses between plants and fungi are a widespread phenomenon in nature. Particularly in orchids, association with symbiotic fungi is required for seed germination and seedling development. During the initial stages of symbiotic germination, before the onset of photosynthesis, orchid protocorms are fully mycoheterotrophic. The molecular mechanisms involved in orchid symbiotic germination and development are largely unknown, but it is likely that changes in plant energy metabolism and defense-related responses play a central role in these processes. We have used 2D-LC-MS/MS coupled to isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification to identify proteins with differential accumulation in Oncidium sphacelatum at different stages of mycorrhizal protocorm development (achlorophyllous and green protocorms) after seed inoculation with a Ceratobasidium sp. isolate. We identified and quantified 88 proteins, including proteins putatively involved in energy metabolism, cell rescue and defense, molecular signaling, and secondary metabolism. Quantitative analysis showed that the expected changes in carbon metabolism in green protocorms were accompanied by enhanced accumulation of proteins involved in the modulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis, defense-related responses, and phytoalexins and carotenoid biosynthesis. Our results suggest profound metabolic changes in orchid protocorms during the switch from the fully mycoheterotrophic to the photosynthetic stage. Part of these changes may be also related to the obligatory nature of the interaction with the endomycorrhizal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B S Valadares
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bougoure J, Ludwig M, Brundrett M, Cliff J, Clode P, Kilburn M, Grierson P. High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of carbon dynamics in mycorrhizas formed by an obligately myco-heterotrophic orchid. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1223-30. [PMID: 24237204 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhiza formation represents a significant carbon (C) acquisition alternative for orchid species, particularly those that remain achlorophyllous through all life stages. As it is known that orchid mycorrhizas facilitate nutrient transfer (most notably of C), it has not been resolved if C transfer occurs only after lysis of mycorrhizal structures (fungal pelotons) or also across the mycorrhizal interface of pre-lysed pelotons. We used high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and labelling with enriched (13) CO2 to trace C transfers, at subcellular scale, across mycorrhizal interfaces formed by Rhizanthella gardneri, an achlorphyllous orchid. Carbon was successfully traced in to the fungal portion of orchid mycorrhizas. However, we did not detect C movement across intact mycorrhizal interfaces up to 216 h post (13) CO2 labelling. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that C transfer from the mycorrhizal fungus to orchid, at least for R. gardneri, likely occurs after lysis of the fungal peloton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Bougoure
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Kuga Y, Sakamoto N, Yurimoto H. Stable isotope cellular imaging reveals that both live and degenerating fungal pelotons transfer carbon and nitrogen to orchid protocorms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:594-605. [PMID: 24494717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the transfer of nutrient elements in orchid symbiotic protocorms at the cellular level by imaging of stable isotope tracers. We address the long-standing question of whether nutrients move by transport across the symbiotic interface or solely by lysis of fungal pelotons. [U-(13) C]glucose and (15) NH4 (15) NO3 were added to Ceratobasidium sp. hyphae extending from symbiotic protocorms of Spiranthes sinensis. Isotope images were taken from resin-embedded sections of protocorms using ultra-high spatial resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Analyses of regions of interest were conducted on isotope ratio images for fungal and host structures. Amyloplasts adjacent to young pelotons showed elevated (13) C/(12) C, which indicated that fungal carbon (C) was transferred from live hyphae. Senescent pelotons and their surrounding host cytoplasm showed significantly higher isotope ratios than young pelotons and surrounding host cytoplasm. These results indicate an inflow of C to senescent hyphae, which was then transferred to the host. The findings of this study provide some support for each of the two contradictory hypotheses concerning nutrient exchange in the symbiotic protocorm: the interface between the symbionts is involved before fungal senescence, and peloton degradation also releases a significant amount of C and nitrogen to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Kuga
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Isotope Imaging Laboratory, Creative Research Institute, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Zhao XL, Yang JZ, Liu S, Chen CL, Zhu HY, Cao JX. The colonization patterns of different fungi on roots of Cymbidium hybridum plantlets and their respective inoculation effects on growth and nutrient uptake of orchid plantlets. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:1993-2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang QX, Yan N, Ji DG, Li SY, Hu H. In vitro growth and carbon utilization of the green-leaved orchid Dendrobium officinale are promoted by mycorrhizal associations. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2013; 54:23. [PMID: 28510902 PMCID: PMC5430334 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-54-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycorrhizal associations play a key role in the life cycle and evolutionary history of orchids. All orchids grow from extremely small seeds that are lacking in reserves, and germination and growth into an underground heterotrophic, achlorophyllous stage depend upon symbiotic fungi to provide nutrient. However, the nutritional physiology between this symbiosis and green-leaved orchids is still unclear. To understand further how these associations affect growth and carbon utilization of green orchids, the green orchids were inoculated with two symbiotic fungi isolated from the roots of a wild orchid (Dendrobium officinale) in vitro and 13C stable isotope signature experiments were designed to analyze carbon nutrition acquisition. RESULTS After two months, both fungi had formed mycorrhizal associations with the host roots. Moreover, the growth rate was more rapid for the mycorrhizal seedlings than for the non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The mycorrhizal seedlings not only absorbed more 13C from the substrate, but also the S3-mycorrhizal seedlings assimilated more atmospheric 13CO2 due to significantly higher effective quantum yield of photosystem II, compared with the non-mycorrhizal seedlings. These results suggested that the green orchids could receive more C nutrition from the substrate due to symbiotic fungi, and photosynthesis capacity of the green D. officinale could be enhanced by the S3 fungus, therefore carbon nutrition acquisition also increased. As a result, the S1- and S3- mycorrhizal seedlings showed markedly higher biomass and polysaccharides contents than the non-mycorrhizal seedlings. CONCLUSIONS These results improve our understanding of the mycorrhizal functioning in the green Dendrobium and show some potential application in the cultivation of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ning Yan
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Da-Gan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
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Wu J, Ma H, Xu X, Qiao N, Guo S, Liu F, Zhang D, Zhou L. Mycorrhizas alter nitrogen acquisition by the terrestrial orchid Cymbidium goeringii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1181-7. [PMID: 23532045 PMCID: PMC3662508 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Orchid mycorrhizas exhibit a unique type of mycorrhizal symbiosis that occurs between fungi and plants of the family Orchidaceae. In general, the roots of orchids are typically coarse compared with those of other plant species, leading to a considerably low surface area to volume ratio. As a result, orchids are often ill-adapted for direct nutrient acquisition from the soil and so mycorrhizal associations are important. However, the role of the fungal partners in the acquisition of inorganic and organic N by terrestrial orchids has yet to be clarified. METHODS Inorganic and amino acid N uptake by non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal Cymbidium goeringii seedlings, which were grown in pots in a greenhouse, was investigated using a (15)N-labelling technique in which the tracer was injected at two different soil depths, 2·5 cm or 7·5 cm. Mycorrhizal C. goeringii seedlings were obtained by inoculation with three different mycorrhizal strains isolated from the roots of wild terrestrial orchids (two C. goeringii and one C. sinense). KEY RESULTS Non-mycorrhizal C. goeringii primarily took up NO3(-) from tracers injected at 2·5-cm soil depth, whereas C. goeringii inoculated with all three mycorrhiza primarily took up NH4(+) injected at the same depth. Inoculation of the mycorrhizal strain MLX102 (isolated from adult C. sinense) on C. goeringii roots only significantly increased the below-ground biomass of the C. goeringii; however, it enhanced (15)NH4(+) uptake by C. goeringii at 2·5-cm soil depth. Compared to the uptake of tracers injected at 2·5-cm soil depth, the MLX102 fungal strain strongly enhanced glycine-N uptake by C. goeringii from tracers injected at 7·5-cm soil depth. Cymbidium goeringii inoculated with CLB113 and MLX102 fungal strains demonstrated a similar N uptake pattern to tracers injected at 2·5-cm soil depth. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that mycorrhizal fungi are able to switch the primary N source uptake of a terrestrial orchid, in this case C. goeringii, from NO3(-) to NH4(+). The reasons for variation in N uptake in the different soil layers may be due to possible differentiation in the mycorrhizal hyphae of the C. goeringii fungal partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Huancheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Qiao
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Academic Science of China, No. 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shitan Guo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Donghua Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Xing X, Ma X, Deng Z, Chen J, Wu F, Guo S. Specificity and preference of mycorrhizal associations in two species of the genus Dendrobium (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:317-24. [PMID: 23271631 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium is a large genus of tropical epiphytic orchids. Some members of this genus are in danger of extinction across China. To investigate orchid mycorrhizal associations of the genus Dendrobium, plants from two Dendrobium species (Dendrobium officinale and Dendrobium fimbriatum) were collected from two habitats in Guangxi Province, China, and clone libraries were constructed to identify the mycorrhizal fungi of individual plants. A low and high degree of specificity was observed in D. officinale and D. fimbriatum, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of Dendrobium mycorrhizal fungi are members of the Tulasnellaceae, but, in some plants, members of the Ceratobasidiaceae and Pluteaceae were also found. In D. officinale, individual plants associated with more than three fungi simultaneously, and, in some cases, associations with five fungi at the same time. One fungus was shared by individual plants of D. officinale collected from the two habitats. In D. fimbriatum, only one fungal partner was found in each population, and this fungus differed between populations. The two species of Dendrobium sampled from the same habitat did not share any fungal taxa. These results provide valuable information for conservation of these orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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The rare Australian epiphytic orchid Sarcochilus weinthalii associates with a single species of Ceratobasidium. FUNGAL DIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang L, Chen J, Lv Y, Gao C, Guo S. Mycena sp., a mycorrhizal fungus of the orchid Dendrobium officinale. Mycol Prog 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-011-0754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dearnaley JD, Bougoure JJ. Isotopic and molecular evidence for saprotrophic Marasmiaceae mycobionts in rhizomes of Gastrodia sesamoides. FUNGAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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