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Ni X, Hou H, Xie Q, Zhang H, Yan P, Lv Y. Caspase 3‐like protease is involved in ethylene‐induced programmed cell death during aerenchyma formation in
Helianthus annuus
stem. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3707-3715. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Lu Ni
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North‐western China Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North‐western China of Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station State Forestry Administration Yinchuan China
| | - Hui Hou
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North‐western China Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North‐western China of Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Qinmi Xie
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North‐western China Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North‐western China of Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North‐western China Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North‐western China of Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Peixuan Yan
- School of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Yingze Lv
- School of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan China
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Jing S, Zhang X, Niu H, Lin F, Ayi Q, Wan B, Ren X, Su X, Shi S, Liu S, Zeng B. Differential Growth Responses of Alternanthera philoxeroides as Affected by Submergence Depths. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883800. [PMID: 35720589 PMCID: PMC9201830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has resulted in an increase in intensity and frequency of flooding, plants living in lowlands, and shore areas have to confront submergence caused by flooding, submergence-tolerant plants usually respond by adopting either escape or quiescence strategies. While certain plants exhibit a changeover from escape strategy upon partial submergence to quiescence strategy under complete shallow submergence, it remains unknown whether plants completely submerged at different water depths would adjust their strategies to cope with the change in submergence depth. Alternanthera philoxeroides is an ideal species to explore this adjustment as it is widely distributed in flood-disturbed habitats and exhibits an escape strategy when completely submerged in shallow waters. We investigated the responses of A. philoxeroides in terms of morphology, anatomy, and non-structural carbohydrate metabolism by conducting experiments using a series of submergence depths (0, 2, 5, and 9 m). During the submergence treatment, environmental factors such as light, dissolved oxygen, and temperature for submerged plants were kept constant. The results showed that A. philoxeroides plants submerged at depth of 2 m presented an escape strategy via fast stem elongation, extensive pith cavity development, and small biomass loss. However, the retarded stem elongation, reduced pith cavity transverse area, and increased biomass loss along the water depth gradient indicated that A. philoxeroides altered its growth response as water depth increased from 2 to 9 m. It is found that the changeover of response strategies occurred at higher submergence depths (5-9 m). Based on the results of our experiments, we demonstrated that water depth played an important role in driving the change in strategy. The water-depth-dependent growth performance of A. philoxeroides would benefit the species in habit exploration and exploitation. Further studies should focus on the performances of plants when submerged at varied water depths with different light climates and dissolved oxygen content, and how water depths drive the response behaviors of the submerged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Art and Design, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoli Ayi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Binna Wan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Songping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Mohd Ikmal A, Noraziyah AAS, Wickneswari R, Amira I, Puteri Dinie Ellina Z. Interéaction of submergence tolerance and drought yield QTLs ( Sub1 and qDTYs) enhances morpho‐physiological traits and survival of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under submergence. ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY 2021; 178:355-366. [DOI: 10.1111/aab.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractClimate change has caused increasing incidences of the extreme flooding around the world, which has impacted rice production, especially in rainfed ecosystems. Breeding for submergence tolerant rice varieties has been conducted to mitigate the adverse effects and help farmers to reduce yield loss. The present study was carried out to introgress the submergence tolerance QTL (Sub1) from IR64‐Sub1 into drought‐tolerant lines; UKM5 and UKM91 possessing the drought yield quantitative trait loci (qDTYs), viz. qDTY12.1 and qDTY3.1, and to evaluate the effects of the combination of these QTLs in improving the morpho‐physiological traits and survival under submergence. UKM5 and UKM91 were selected as the recipient of the Sub1 locus because of the intermediate submergence tolerance they possessed even though they only have qDTY/s. Therefore, the introgression of Sub1 into these lines was hypothesised to enhance survival. Submergence stress was given for 14 days to BC1F4 lines from the two breeding populations. Lines with better survival than the tolerant check, IR64‐Sub1 were selected and evaluated under 18 days of submergence stress. Generally, lines with Sub1 and qDTYs from UKM5*/IR64‐Sub1 and UKM91*/IR64‐Sub1 populations had higher survival rate (SR) of 90–100%, lower shoot elongation percentage (EP) and a smaller percentage of chlorophyll content change (CCC) than IR64‐Sub1. The selected lines also showed a low percentage of non‐structural carbohydrate change (NSCC) which related to the ability to recover after submergence. In both populations, the interaction of qDTY3.1 with Sub1 proved to give the best improvement on EP and CCC. This experiment provides novel findings; that is, the combinations of Sub1 + qDTY12.1 + qDTY3.1 showed high survival rate in the population of UKM5*/IR64‐Sub1, while qDTY3.1 improved SR of the lines from UKM91*/IR64‐Sub1 population to 100%. These results proved that the action of Sub1, qDTY/s and their interaction differ in contrasting population or background. The QTL combinations showed a consistent effect in both submergence experiments and proved the effectiveness of Sub1 and qDTYs combinations in enhancing the morpho‐physiological traits and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmuni Mohd Ikmal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Abd Aziz Shamsudin Noraziyah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ratnam Wickneswari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ismail Amira
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Zulkafli Puteri Dinie Ellina
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia
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van Veen H, Sasidharan R. Shape shifting by amphibious plants in dynamic hydrological niches. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:79-84. [PMID: 31782798 PMCID: PMC7754317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amphibious plants thrive in areas with fluctuating water levels, partly as a result of their capacity to make specialized leaves when submerged or emerged. The tailor-made leaves improve gas exchange underwater or prevent aerial desiccation. Aquatic leaves are thin with narrow or dissected forms, thin cuticles and fewer stomata. These traits can combine with carbon-concentrating mechanisms and various inorganic carbon utilization strategies. Signalling networks underlying this plasticity include conserved players like abscisic acid and ethylene, but closer inspection reveals greater variation in regulatory behaviours. Moreover, it seems that amphibious leaf development overrides and reverses conserved signalling pathways of their terrestrial counterparts. The diversity of physiology and signalling makes plant amphibians particularly attractive for gaining insights into the evolution of signalling and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans van Veen
- Plant EcophysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant EcophysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
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5
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Müller JT, van Veen H, Bartylla MM, Akman M, Pedersen O, Sun P, Schuurink RC, Takeuchi J, Todoroki Y, Weig AR, Sasidharan R, Mustroph A. Keeping the shoot above water - submergence triggers antithetical growth responses in stems and petioles of watercress (Nasturtium officinale). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:140-155. [PMID: 31792981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms controlling underwater elongation are based extensively on studies on internode elongation in the monocot rice (Oryza sativa) and petiole elongation in Rumex rosette species. Here, we characterize underwater growth in the dicot Nasturtium officinale (watercress), a wild species of the Brassicaceae family, in which submergence enhances stem elongation and suppresses petiole growth. We used a genome-wide transcriptome analysis to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed antithetical growth responses. Though submergence caused a substantial reconfiguration of the petiole and stem transcriptome, only little qualitative differences were observed between both tissues. A core submergence response included hormonal regulation and metabolic readjustment for energy conservation, whereas tissue-specific responses were associated with defense, photosynthesis, and cell wall polysaccharides. Transcriptomic and physiological characterization suggested that the established ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and GA growth regulatory module for underwater elongation could not fully explain underwater growth in watercress. Petiole growth suppression is likely attributed to a cell cycle arrest. Underwater stem elongation is driven by an early decline in ABA and is not primarily mediated by ethylene or GA. An enhanced stem elongation observed in the night period was not linked to hypoxia and suggests an involvement of circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana T Müller
- Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans van Veen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Malte M Bartylla
- Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Melis Akman
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 361 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pulu Sun
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jun Takeuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yasushi Todoroki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Alfons R Weig
- Genomics & Bioinformatics, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mustroph
- Plant Physiology, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Fukushima A, Kuroha T, Nagai K, Hattori Y, Kobayashi M, Nishizawa T, Kojima M, Utsumi Y, Oikawa A, Seki M, Sakakibara H, Saito K, Ashikari M, Kusano M. Metabolite and Phytohormone Profiling Illustrates Metabolic Reprogramming as an Escape Strategy of Deepwater Rice during Partially Submerged Stress. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020068. [PMID: 32075002 PMCID: PMC7074043 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice varieties that can survive under submergence conditions respond to flooding either by enhancing internode elongation or by quiescence of shoot elongation. Despite extensive efforts to identify key metabolites triggered by complete submergence of rice possessing SUBMERGENCE 1 (SUB1) locus, metabolic responses of internode elongation of deepwater rice governed by the SNORKEL 1 and 2 genes remain elusive. This study investigated specific metabolomic responses under partial submergence (PS) to deepwater- (C9285) and non-deepwater rice cultivars (Taichung 65 (T65)). In addition, we examined the response in a near-isogenic line (NIL-12) that has a C9285 genomic fragment on chromosome 12 introgressed into the genetic background of T65. Under short-term submergence (0-24 h), metabolite profiles of C9285, NIL-12, and T65 were compared to extract significantly changed metabolites in deepwater rice under PS conditions. Comprehensive metabolite and phytohormone profiling revealed increases in metabolite levels in the glycolysis pathway in NIL-12 plants. Under long-term submergence (0-288 h), we found decreased amino acid levels. These metabolomic changes were opposite when compared to those in flood-tolerant rice with SUB1 locus. Auxin conjugate levels related to stress response decreased in NIL-12 lines relative to T65. Our analysis helped clarify the complex metabolic reprogramming in deepwater rice as an escape strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (Y.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (Y.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Yoko Hattori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (Y.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Tomoko Nishizawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (T.K.); (K.N.); (Y.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; (A.F.); (M.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (Y.U.); (A.O.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.S.)
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Chen XS, Li YF, Cai YH, Xie YH, Deng ZM, Li F, Hou ZY. Differential Strategies to Tolerate Flooding in Polygonum hydropiper Plants Originating From Low- and High-Elevation Habitats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1970. [PMID: 30687365 PMCID: PMC6333866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In species that occur over a wide range of flooding conditions, plant populations may have evolved divergent strategies as a consequence of long-term adaptation to local flooding conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a flooding gradient on the growth and carbohydrate reserves of Polygonum hydropiper plants originating from low- and high-elevation habitats in the Dongting Lake wetlands. The results indicated that shoot length did not differ, whereas the total biomass and carbohydrate reserves were reduced under flooded compared to well-drained conditions for plants originating from both habitat types. However, shoot length, shoot mass, rhizome mass, and total biomass were lower in plants from low-elevation habitats than in those from high-elevation habitats in the flooded condition. Soluble sugar and starch contents in belowground biomass were higher in plants from low-elevation habitats than in those from high-elevation habitats independently of the water level. Therefore, P. hydropiper plants from low-elevation habitats exhibit a lower growth rate and more conservative energy strategy to cope with flooding in comparison with plants from high-elevation habitats. Differential strategies to cope with flooding among P. hydropiper populations are most likely a response to the flooding pressures of the habitat of origin and may potentially drive ecotype differentiation within species along flooding gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-He Cai
- The Faculty of Geography and Resources Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Hong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng-Miao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Ni XL, Gui MY, Tan LL, Zhu Q, Liu WZ, Li CX. Programmed Cell Death and Aerenchyma Formation in Water-Logged Sunflower Stems and Its Promotion by Ethylene and ROS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1928. [PMID: 30687344 PMCID: PMC6333753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that waterlogging/ hypoxic conditions induce aerenchyma formation to facilitate gas exchange. Ethylene (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as regulatory signals, might also be involved in these adaptive responses. However, the interrelationships between these signals have seldom been reported. Herein, we showed that programmed cell death (PCD) was involved in aerenchyma formation in the stem of Helianthus annuus. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the stem was induced through waterlogging (WA), ethylene and ROS. Pre-treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) partially suppressed aerenchyma formation in the seedlings after treatment with WA, ET and 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole (AT, catalase inhibitor). In addition, pre-treatment with the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) partially suppressed aerenchyma formation induced through WA and ET in the seedlings, but barely inhibited aerenchyma formation induced through ROS. These results revealed that ethylene-mediated ROS signaling plays a role in aerenchyma formation, and there is a causal and interdependent relationship during WA, ET and ROS in PCD, which regulates signal networks in the stem of H. annuus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Gui
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tan
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Striker GG, Kotula L, Colmer TD. Tolerance to partial and complete submergence in the forage legume Melilotus siculus: an evaluation of 15 accessions for petiole hyponastic response and gas-filled spaces, leaf hydrophobicity and gas films, and root phellem. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:169-180. [PMID: 30124766 PMCID: PMC6344098 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Submergence is a severe stress for most plants. Melilotus siculus is a waterlogging- (i.e. root zone hypoxia) tolerant annual forage legume, but data were lacking for the effects of partial and full submergence of the shoots. The aim was to compare the tolerance to partial and full submergence of 15 M. siculus accessions and to assess variation in traits possibly contributing to tolerance. Recovery ability post-submergence was also evaluated. Methods A factorial experiment imposed treatments of water level [aerated root zone with shoots in air as controls, stagnant root zone with shoots in air, stagnant root zone with partial (75 %) or full shoot submergence] on 15 accessions, for 7 d on 4-week-old plants in a 20/15 °C day/night phytotron. Measurements included: shoot and root growth, hyponastic petiole responses, petiole gas-filled spaces, leaflet sugars, leaflet surface hydrophobicity, leaflet gas film thickness and phellem area near the base of the main root. Recovery following full submergence was also assessed. Key Results Accessions differed in shoot and root growth during partial and full shoot submergence. Traits differing among accessions and associated with tolerance were leaflet gas film thickness upon submergence, gas-filled spaces in petioles and phellem tissue area near the base of the main root. All accessions were able to re-orientate petioles towards the vertical under both partial and full submergence. Petiole extension rates were maintained during partial submergence, but decreased during full submergence. Leaflet sugars accumulated during partial submergence, but were depleted during full submergence. Growth resumption after full submergence differed among accessions and was positively correlated with the number of green leaves retained at desubmergence. Conclusions Melilotus siculus is able to tolerate partial and full submergence of at least 7 d. Leaflet surface hydrophobicity and associated gas film retention, petiole gas-filled porosity and root phellem abundance are important traits contributing to tolerance. Post-submergence recovery growth differs among accessions. The ability to retain green leaves is essential to succeed during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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10
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Saptiningsih E, Dewi K, Santosa S, Purwestri YA. Clonal integration of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch in stress of flooding type combination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4081/pb.2018.7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonal invasion of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch has spread to edges of mangrove areas, which leads to the formation of flooding-stressed areas such as waterlogged and submergence. This study purpose to investigate the clonal integration mechanism of W. trilobata in stress of flooding type combination. This study was conducted in greenhouse with four combinations of flooding treatment on mother ramet (MR) and daughter ramet (DR) for 25 days. Several parameters were measured are shoot growth, relative growth rate (RGR), biomass, biomass allocation, adventitious root growth, and lenticel hypertrophy. The highest clonal performance was observed for the combination of field capacity (MR)- waterlogged (DR). The lowest performance was observed for the combination of waterlogged (MR)-submergence (DR). There were decreases in the shoot growth, RGR, and biomass allocation in mother ramet. However, adventitious root growth and lenticel hypertrophic increased in daughter ramet. The increase of flooding pressure suppresses the performance of clonal plants. Clonal integration buffered clonal plants by improving the performance of daughter ramet in the combination of flooding type. The clonal integration has facilitated W. trilobata invasion in inundated areas.
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11
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Ye XQ, Zeng B, Meng JL, Wu M, Zhang XP. Responses in shoot elongation, carbohydrate utilization and growth recovery of an invasive species to submergence at different water temperatures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:306. [PMID: 29321607 PMCID: PMC5762630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely distributed amphibious exotic plant species may respond plastically to water temperatures when submerged. Alternanthera philoxeroides, a highly flood-tolerant species, originates from tropical regions and has successfully invaded temperate regions. The wide distribution of this species suggests it can respond to flooding at different water temperatures. In this study, the plastic responses of A. philoxeroides plants to submergence at water temperatures of 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C were investigated. The A. philoxeroides plants had large pools of non-structural carbohydrates, which were readily mobilized upon submergence. Submergence hindered biomass accumulation and decreased the carbohydrate content level and respiration rate (P < 0.05). Water temperature had remarkable effects on shoot elongation, carbohydrate utilization and recovery growth. With decreasing water temperature, the respiration rate was lower and carbohydrate content decreased more slowly, but the post-submergence biomass accumulation was faster (P < 0.05), indicating a beneficial effect of low water temperature for recovery. However, high water temperatures accelerated shoot elongation (P < 0.05), which benefitted the submerged plants more if contact with air was restored. These results suggest that the species can respond to different water temperatures plastically, which may provide hints for its invasion success in regions with diverse climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qi Ye
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Research Station of Hangzhou Bay Wetlands Ecosystem, National Forestry Bureau, Fuyang, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Liu Meng
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Research Station of Hangzhou Bay Wetlands Ecosystem, National Forestry Bureau, Fuyang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Research Station of Hangzhou Bay Wetlands Ecosystem, National Forestry Bureau, Fuyang, China
| | - Xiao Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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12
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Wang Z, Verboven P, Nicolai B. Contrast-enhanced 3D micro-CT of plant tissues using different impregnation techniques. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:105. [PMID: 29209409 PMCID: PMC5706332 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray micro-CT has increasingly been used for 3D imaging of plant structures. At the micrometer resolution however, limitations in X-ray contrast often lead to datasets with poor qualitative and quantitative measures, especially within dense cell clusters of plant tissue specimens. The current study developed protocols for delivering a cesium based contrast enhancing solution to varying plant tissue specimens for the purpose of improving 3D tissue structure characterization within plant specimens, accompanied by new image processing workflows to extract the additional data generated by the contrast enhanced scans. RESULTS Following passive delivery of a 10% cesium iodide contrast solution, significant increases of 85.4 and 38.0% in analyzable cell volumes were observed in pear fruit hypanthium and tomato fruit outer mesocarp samples. A significant increase of 139.6% in the number of analyzable cells was observed in the pear fruit samples along the added ability to locate and isolate better brachysclereids and vasculature in the sample volume. Furthermore, contrast enhancement resulted in significant improvement in the definition of collenchyma and parenchyma in the petiolule of tomato leaflets, from which both qualitative and quantitative data can be extracted with respect to cell measures. However, contrast enhancement was not achieved in leaf vasculature and mesophyll tissue due to fundamental limitations. Active contrast delivery to apple fruit hypanthium samples did yield a small but insignificant increase in analyzable volume and cells, but data on vasculature can now be extracted better in correspondence to the pear hypanthium samples. Contrast delivery thus improved visualization and analysis the most in dense tissue types. CONCLUSIONS The cesium based contrast enhancing protocols and workflows can be utilized to obtain detailed 3D data on the internal microstructure of plant samples, and can be adapted to additional samples of interest with minimal effort. The resulting datasets can therefore be utilized for more accurate downstream studies that requires 3D data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Division MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Division MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolai
- Division MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Striker GG, Casas C, Kuang X, Grimoldi AA. No escape? Costs and benefits of leaf de-submergence in the pasture grass Chloris gayana under different flooding regimes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:899-906. [PMID: 32480618 DOI: 10.1071/fp17128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Elongation-induced leaf emergence is one way for plants to deal with complete submergence by 'escaping' from water. This growth strategy is hypothesised to be more beneficial under single long-term submergence than under repeated short-term submergence events (i.e. fluctuating environment), as costs of repeated plant 'adjustment' would exceed the initial benefits of shoot elongation. To test this idea, 2-week-old plants of Chloris gayana Kunth. cv. Fine Cut (a submergence-tolerant cultivar first selected by a screening experiment) were grown for 4 weeks under (i) control conditions, (ii) two 1-week submergence cycles, or (iii) one 2-week submergence cycle. Additionally, a set of plants were placed below nettings to assess the cost of remaining forcedly submerged. Impeding leaves emergence through nettings did not compromise survival when submergence was 1-week long, but determined the death of all plants when extended to 2 weeks. Growth as affected by flooding regime revealed that under one 2-week submergence event, plants accumulated a 2.9-fold higher dry mass than when they experienced the same submergence duration in separate events along 1week. The 'escape' strategy in the grass C. gayana, by which leaf contact with air is re-established, is essential for its survival, and it is more beneficial for plant growth under long-term submergence than under repeated short-term submergence cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenuenida San Martín 4453, CPA 1417, DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Casas
- Cátedra de Edafología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Av. San Martín 4453 (CPA 1417 DSE) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xiaolin Kuang
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenuenida San Martín 4453, CPA 1417, DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín A Grimoldi
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenuenida San Martín 4453, CPA 1417, DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Effects of Cu Pollution on the Expansion of an Amphibious Clonal Herb in Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164361. [PMID: 27736932 PMCID: PMC5063404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological integration can enhance the performance of clonal plants in aquatic and terrestrial heterogeneous habitats and associated ecotones. Similar to nutrients, pollutants may be transported among connected ramets via physiological integration. Few studies have examined the expansion of amphibious clonal plants from terrestrial to aquatic environments, particularly when the local water supply is polluted with heavy metals. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using the amphibious plant Alternanthera philoxeroides to determine whether Cu can spread among clonal plants and examine the corresponding effects of this pollution on the expansion of clonal plants in aquatic-terrestrial ecotones. Ramets from the same clonal fragments were rooted in unpolluted soil and polluted water at five different levels. The responses of the ramets in terrestrial and aquatic habitats were quantified via traits associated with growth, morphology and Cu accumulation. The results indicated that ramets in soil and water significantly differed in nearly all of these traits. The expansion of populations from terrestrial to polluted aquatic habitats was facilitated by stem elongation rather than new ramet production. The accumulated Cu in polluted ramets can be horizontally transported to other ramets in soil via connected stolons. In terms of clonal growth patterns, variations in Cu pollution intensity were negatively correlated with variations in the morphological and growth traits of ramets in polluted aquatic habitats and unpolluted soil. We concluded that Cu ions are distributed among the clones and accumulated in different ramet tissues in heterogeneous habitats. Therefore, we suggest that Cu pollution of aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, especially at high levels, can affect the growth and expansion of the whole clones because Cu ions are shared between integrated ramets.
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15
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Sasidharan R, Voesenek LACJ. Ethylene-Mediated Acclimations to Flooding Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:3-12. [PMID: 25897003 PMCID: PMC4577390 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is detrimental for plants, primarily because of restricted gas exchange underwater, which leads to an energy and carbohydrate deficit. Impeded gas exchange also causes rapid accumulation of the volatile ethylene in all flooded plant cells. Although several internal changes in the plant can signal the flooded status, it is the pervasive and rapid accumulation of ethylene that makes it an early and reliable flooding signal. Not surprisingly, it is a major regulator of several flood-adaptive plant traits. Here, we discuss these major ethylene-mediated traits, their functional relevance, and the recent progress in identifying the molecular and signaling events underlying these traits downstream of ethylene. We also speculate on the role of ethylene in postsubmergence recovery and identify several questions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584-CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584-CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Garssen AG, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Voesenek LACJ, Verhoeven JTA, Soons MB. Riparian plant community responses to increased flooding: a meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2881-90. [PMID: 25752818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A future higher risk of severe flooding of streams and rivers has been projected to change riparian plant community composition and species richness, but the extent and direction of the expected change remain uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize globally available experimental evidence and assess the effects of increased flooding on (1) riparian adult plant and seedling survival, (2) riparian plant biomass and (3) riparian plant species composition and richness. We evaluated which plant traits are of key importance for the response of riparian plant species to flooding. We identified and analysed 53 papers from ISI Web of Knowledge which presented quantitative experimental results on flooding treatments and corresponding control situations. Our meta-analysis demonstrated how longer duration of flooding, greater depth of flooding and, particularly, their combination reduce seedling survival of most riparian species. Plant height above water level, ability to elongate shoots and plasticity in root porosity were decisive for adult plant survival and growth during longer periods of flooding. Both 'quiescence' and 'escape' proved to be successful strategies promoting riparian plant survival, which was reflected in the wide variation in survival (full range between 0 and 100%) under fully submerged conditions, while plants that protrude above the water level (>20 cm) almost all survive. Our survey confirmed that the projected increase in the duration and depth of flooding periods is sufficient to result in species shifts. These shifts may lead to increased or decreased riparian species richness depending on the nutrient, climatic and hydrological status of the catchment. Species richness was generally reduced at flooded sites in nutrient-rich catchments and sites that previously experienced relatively stable hydrographs (e.g. rain-fed lowland streams). Species richness usually increased at sites in desert and semi-arid climate regions (e.g. intermittent streams).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie G Garssen
- Ecology & Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Baattrup-Pedersen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P. O. Box 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos T A Verhoeven
- Ecology & Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Merel B Soons
- Ecology & Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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17
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Yan H, Liu R, Liu Z, Wang X, Luo W, Sheng L. Growth and Physiological Responses to Water Depths in Carex schmidtii Meinsh. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128176. [PMID: 26009895 PMCID: PMC4444289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was performed to investigate growth and physiological responses to water depth in completely submerged condition of a wetland plant Carex schmidtii Meinsh., one of the dominant species in the Longwan Crater Lake wetlands (China). Growth and physiological responses of C. schmidtii were investigated by growing under control (non-submerged) and three submerged conditions (5 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm water level). Total biomass was highest in control, intermediate in 5 cm treatment and lowest in the other two submerged treatments. Water depth prominently affected the first-order lateral root to main root mass ratio. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity decreased but malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased as water depth increased. The starch contents showed no differences among the various treatments at the end of the experiment. However, soluble sugar contents were highest in control, intermediate in 5 cm and 15 cm treatments and lowest in 25 cm treatment. Our data suggest that submergence depth affected some aspects of growth and physiology of C. schmidtii, which can reduce anoxia damage not only through maintaining the non-elongation strategy in shoot part but also by adjusting biomass allocation to different root orders rather than adjusting root-shoot biomass allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- Key laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin provincial academy of forestry science, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiquan Liu
- Key laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zinan Liu
- Key laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Key laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Division of Biological Sciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, United States of America
| | - Lianxi Sheng
- Key laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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18
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Hameed MW. Hypoxia up-regulates mitochondrial genome-encoded transcripts in Arabidopsis roots. Genes Genet Syst 2015; 90:325-34. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.14-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqar Hameed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi
- Pakistan and Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
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19
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Herzog M, Pedersen O. Partial versus complete submergence: snorkelling aids root aeration in Rumex palustris but not in R. acetosa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2381-2390. [PMID: 24450988 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The root and shoot tissues of flood-tolerant wetland plants are highly porous to enable internal gas phase diffusion of O2 during waterlogging or submergence. In the case of only partial submergence (snorkelling), the atmosphere can act as source of O2 . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of waterlogging, partial submergence and complete submergence in the dark as well as in light on O2 partial pressure (pO2 ) in roots of Rumex palustris (flood tolerant) and R. acetosa (flood intolerant). We used O2 microelectrodes to measure pO2 of adventitious roots during manipulations of the water level around the shoot. Root pO2 in both species declined significantly upon submergence but remained oxic also when shoots were completely submerged in the dark (0.8 and 4.6 kPa in R. acetosa and R. palustris, respectively). The snorkelling effect was substantial in R. palustris only. Submergence in light had less impact on root pO2 and the effect of snorkelling was also minor. Hence, the benefits of light (underwater photosynthesis) and air contact (snorkelling) upon growth and survival in submerged wetland plants can now be linked to enhanced internal aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Herzog
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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20
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Pan Y, Xie YH, Deng ZM, Tang Y, Pan DD. High water level impedes the adaptation of Polygonum hydropiper to deep burial: responses of biomass allocation and root morphology. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5612. [PMID: 25002329 PMCID: PMC4085590 DOI: 10.1038/srep05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the individual effects of sedimentation or inundation on the performance of wetland plants, but few have examined the combined influence of these processes. Wetland plants might show greater morphological plasticity in response to inundation than to sedimentation when these processes occur simultaneously since inundation can negate the negative effects of burial on plant growth. Here, we evaluate this hypothesis by assessing growth of the emergent macrophyte Polygonum hydropiper under flooding (0 and 40 cm) and sedimentation (0, 5, and 10 cm), separately and in combination. Deep burial and high water level each led to low oxidation-reduction potential, biomass (except for 5-cm burial), and growth of thick, short roots. These characteristics were generally more significant under high water level than under deep burial conditions. More biomass was allocated to stems in the deep burial treatments, but more to leaves in the high water level treatments. Additionally, biomass accumulation was lower and leaf mass ratio was higher in the 40-cm water level + 10-cm burial depth treatment than both separate effects. Our data indicate that inundation plays a more important role than sedimentation in determining plant morphology, suggesting hierarchical effects of environmental stressors on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong H. Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zheng M. Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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21
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Voesenek LACJ, van Veen H, Sasidharan R. Learning from nature: the use of non-model species to identify novel acclimations to flooding stress. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu016. [PMID: 24876298 PMCID: PMC4011469 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Excess water in the form of waterlogged soil or deeper submergence (generically termed 'flooding') influences plant growth, survival and species distribution in many natural ecosystems. It also has a negative impact on crop growth and yield since many agricultural species are flooding intolerant. The often devastating effect of flooding on plant performance is related to its interference with gas exchange between the plant and its environment. This results in energy deficiency and carbohydrate starvation. In the near future, flooding frequency is expected to increase due to global climate change and the human population is expected to increase to ∼9 billion people by 2050. The need for increased agricultural productivity is self-evident and this will require a better mechanistic understanding of the interaction between plants and abiotic stresses such as flooding. We argue that, in seeking this understanding, we should not restrict the research to model species such as rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This is because some stress-tolerance mechanisms are not found in these species. Examples are given of how flooding tolerance is achieved by non-model species of Rumex and Rorippa that have evolved to cope with flooding in natural environments. These findings will add usefully to the spread of resources available to plant breeding programmes aimed at improving flooding tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H van Veen
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Sasidharan
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Veen H, Mustroph A, Barding GA, Vergeer-van Eijk M, Welschen-Evertman RA, Pedersen O, Visser EJ, Larive CK, Pierik R, Bailey-Serres J, Voesenek LA, Sasidharan R. Two Rumex species from contrasting hydrological niches regulate flooding tolerance through distinct mechanisms. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4691-707. [PMID: 24285788 PMCID: PMC3875744 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has increased flooding events, which affect both natural vegetation dynamics and crop productivity. The flooded environment is lethal for most plant species because it restricts gas exchange and induces an energy and carbon crisis. Flooding survival strategies have been studied in Oryza sativa, a cultivated monocot. However, our understanding of plant adaptation to natural flood-prone environments remains scant, even though wild plants represent a valuable resource of tolerance mechanisms that could be used to generate stress-tolerant crops. Here we identify mechanisms that mediate the distinct flooding survival strategies of two related wild dicot species: Rumex palustris and Rumex acetosa. Whole transcriptome sequencing and metabolite profiling reveal flooding-induced metabolic reprogramming specific to R. acetosa. By contrast, R. palustris uses the early flooding signal ethylene to increase survival by regulating shade avoidance and photomorphogenesis genes to outgrow submergence and by priming submerged plants for future low oxygen stress. These results provide molecular resolution of flooding survival strategies of two species occupying distinct hydrological niches. Learning how these contrasting flood adaptive strategies evolved in nature will be instrumental for the development of stress-tolerant crop varieties that deliver enhanced yields in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans van Veen
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mustroph
- Department of Plant Physiology, Bayreuth University, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregory A. Barding
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Marleen Vergeer-van Eijk
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A.M. Welschen-Evertman
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Eric J.W. Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia K. Larive
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Laurentius A.C.J. Voesenek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Voesenek LACJ, Sasidharan R. Ethylene--and oxygen signalling--drive plant survival during flooding. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:426-35. [PMID: 23574304 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a widely occurring environmental stress both for natural and cultivated plant species. The primary problems associated with flooding arise due to restricted gas diffusion underwater. This hampers gas exchange needed for the critical processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Plant acclimation to flooding includes the adaptation of a suite of traits that helps alleviate or avoid these stressful conditions and improves or restores exchange of O2 and CO2 . The manifestation of these traits is, however, reliant on the timely perception of signals that convey the underwater status. Flooding-associated reduced gas diffusion imposes a drastic change in the internal gas composition within submerged plant organs. One of the earliest changes is an increase in the levels of the gaseous plant hormone ethylene. Depending on the species, organ, flooding conditions and time of the day, plants will also subsequently experience a reduction in oxygen levels. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the roles of ethylene and oxygen as critical signals of flooding stress. It includes a discussion of the dynamics of these gases in plants when underwater, their interaction, current knowledge of their perception mechanisms and the resulting downstream changes that mediate important acclimative processes that allow endurance and survival under flooded conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Rich SM, Pedersen O, Ludwig M, Colmer TD. Shoot atmospheric contact is of little importance to aeration of deeper portions of the wetland plant Meionectes brownii; submerged organs mainly acquire O2 from the water column or produce it endogenously in underwater photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:213-23. [PMID: 22734500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Partial shoot submergence is considered less stressful than complete submergence of plants, as aerial contact allows gas exchange with the atmosphere. In situ microelectrode studies of the wetland plant Meionectes brownii showed that O(2) dynamics in the submerged stems and aquatic roots of partially submerged plants were similar to those of completely submerged plants, with internal O(2) concentrations in both organs dropping to less than 5 kPa by dawn regardless of submergence level. The anatomy at the nodes and the relationship between tissue porosity and rates of O(2) diffusion through stems were studied. Stem internodes contained aerenchyma and had mean gas space area of 17.7% per cross section, whereas nodes had 8.2%, but nodal porosity was highly variable, some nodes had very low porosity or were completely occluded (ca. 23% of nodes sampled). The cumulative effect of these low porosity nodes would have impeded internal O(2) movement down stems. Therefore, regardless of the presence of an aerial connection, the deeper portions of submerged organs sourced most of their O(2) via inwards diffusion from the water column during the night, and endogenous production in underwater photosynthesis during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meghan Rich
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. (M310), The University of Western Australia (M081), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Akman M, Bhikharie AV, McLean EH, Boonman A, Visser EJW, Schranz ME, van Tienderen PH. Wait or escape? Contrasting submergence tolerance strategies of Rorippa amphibia, Rorippa sylvestris and their hybrid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:1263-76. [PMID: 22499857 PMCID: PMC3359918 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Differential responses of closely related species to submergence can provide insight into the evolution and mechanisms of submergence tolerance. Several traits of two wetland species from habitats with contrasting flooding regimes, Rorippa amphibia and Rorippa sylvestris, as well as F(1) hybrid Rorippa × anceps were analysed to unravel mechanisms underlying submergence tolerance. METHODS In the first submergence experiment (lasting 20 d) we analysed biomass, stem elongation and carbohydrate content. In the second submergence experiment (lasting 3 months) we analysed survival and the effect of re-establishment of air contact on biomass and carbohydrate content. In a separate experiment we analysed expression of two carbohydrate catabolism genes, ADH1 and SUS1, upon re-establishment of air contact following submergence. KEY RESULTS All plants had low mortality even after 3 months of submergence. Rorippa sylvestris was characterized by 100 % survival and higher carbohydrate levels coupled with lower ADH1 gene expression as well as reduced growth compared with R. amphibia. Rorippa amphibia and the hybrid elongated their stems but this did not pay-off in higher survival when plants remained submerged. Only R. amphibia and the hybrid benefited in terms of increased biomass and carbohydrate accumulation upon re-establishing air contact. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate contrasting 'escape' and 'quiescence' strategies between Rorippa species. Being a close relative of arabidopsis, Rorippa is an excellent model for future studies on the molecular mechanism(s) controlling these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Akman
- Experimental Plant Systematics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Huber H, Chen X, Hendriks M, Keijsers D, Voesenek LACJ, Pierik R, Poorter H, de Kroon H, Visser EJW. Plasticity as a plastic response: how submergence-induced leaf elongation in Rumex palustris depends on light and nutrient availability in its early life stage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:572-582. [PMID: 22335539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants may experience different environmental cues throughout their development which interact in determining their phenotype. This paper tests the hypothesis that environmental conditions experienced early during ontogeny affect the phenotypic response to subsequent environmental cues. This hypothesis was tested by exposing different accessions of Rumex palustris to different light and nutrient conditions, followed by subsequent complete submergence. Final leaf length and submergence-induced plasticity were affected by the environmental conditions experienced at early developmental stages. In developmentally older leaves, submergence-induced elongation was lower in plants previously subjected to high-light conditions. Submergence-induced elongation of developmentally younger leaves, however, was larger when pregrown in high light. High-light and low-nutrient conditions led to an increase of nonstructural carbohydrates in the plants. There was a positive correlation between submergence-induced leaf elongation and carbohydrate concentration and content in roots and shoots, but not with root and shoot biomass before submergence. These results show that conditions experienced by young plants modulate the responses to subsequent environmental conditions, in both magnitude and direction. Internal resource status interacts with cues perceived at different developmental stages in determining plastic responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Xin Chen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hendriks
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Keijsers
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Striker GG, Izaguirre RF, Manzur ME, Grimoldi AA. Different strategies of Lotus japonicus, L. corniculatus and L. tenuis to deal with complete submergence at seedling stage. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:50-55. [PMID: 21972978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two main strategies allow plants to deal with submergence: (i) escape from below water by means of shoot elongation, or (ii) remaining quiescent under the water until water subsides and then resume growth. We investigated these strategies in seedlings of Lotus japonicus, L. corniculatus and L. tenuis subjected to control and submergence for 12 days, with a subsequent 30-day recovery period. All three species survived submergence but used different strategies. Submerged seedlings of L. japonicus exhibited an escape strategy (emerging from water) as a result of preferential carbon allocation towards shoot mass and lengthening, in detriment to root growth. In contrast, seedlings of L. corniculatus and L. tenuis became quiescent, with no biomass accumulation, no new unfolding of leaves and no shoot elongation. Upon de-submergence, seedlings of L. japonicus had the lowest recovery growth (a biomass and shoot height 58% and 40% less than controls, respectively), L. corniculatus was intermediate and L. tenuis showed the greatest recovery growth. Previously submerged seedlings of L. tenuis did not differ from their controls, either in final shoot biomass or shoot height. Thus, for the studied species, quiescence appears to be an adequate strategy for tolerance of short-term (i.e., 12 days) complete submergence, being consistent with field observations of L. tenuis colonisation of flood-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Striker
- IFEVA-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sarkar RK, Bhattacharjee B. Rice Genotypes with SUB1 QTL Differ in Submergence Tolerance, Elongation
Ability during Submergence and Re-generation Growth at Re-emergence. RICE 2011; 5:7. [PMCID: PMC5520825 DOI: 10.1007/s12284-011-9065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Submergence tolerance is an important trait where short term flash flooding
damages rice. Tolerant landraces that withstand submergence for 1–2 weeks were
identified. Due to the heterogeneity in flood-prone ecosystem many different types
of traditional rice cultivars are being grown by the farmers. The local landraces
adapted to extremes in water availability could be the sources of genetic variation
are to be used to improve the adaptability of rice to excess water stress. Greater
genotypic variability was observed for plant height, elongation and survival %,
absolute growth rate, non-structural carbohydrate retention capacity, chlorophyll
content, different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (FPs) characteristics, and
re-generation growth at re-emergence. Twenty days submergence caused greater damage
even in Submergence 1 (SUB1) introgressed cultivars compared to the 14 days of submergence.
The FPs, carbohydrate content and dry weight at the end of submergence showed
positive and highly significant association with re-generation growth. The presence
of SUB1 associated primers, either SC3 or ART5,
was noticed even in greater elongating types of rice genotypes. These genotypes
possess one or more of the adaptive traits required for the flood-prone ecosystem,
which range from temporary submergence of 1–2 weeks to long period of stagnant water
tolerance.
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Chen X, Visser EJW, de Kroon H, Pierik R, Voesenek LACJ, Huber H. Fitness consequences of natural variation in flooding-induced shoot elongation in Rumex palustris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:409-420. [PMID: 21261627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
• Plants can respond to their environment by morphological plasticity. Generally, the potential benefits of adaptive plastic responses are beyond doubt under predictable environmental changes. However, the net benefits may be less straightforward when plants encounter temporal stresses, such as flooding in river flood plains. • Here, we tested whether the balance of costs and benefits associated with flooding-induced shoot elongation depends on the flooding regime, by subjecting Rumex palustris plants with different elongation capacity to submergence of different frequency and duration. • Our results showed that reaching the surface by shoot elongation is associated with fitness benefits, as under less frequent, but longer, flooding episodes plants emerging above the floodwater had greater biomass production than plants that were kept below the surface. As we predicted, slow-elongating plants had clear advantages over fast-elongating ones if submergence was frequent but of short duration, indicating that elongation also incurs costs. • Our data suggest that high costs select for weak plasticity under frequent environmental change. In contrast to our predictions, however, fast-elongating plants did not have an overall advantage over slow-elongating plants when floods lasted longer. This indicates that the delicate balance between benefits and costs of flooding-induced elongation depends on the specific characteristics of the flooding regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Steffens B, Geske T, Sauter M. Aerenchyma formation in the rice stem and its promotion by H2O2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:369-78. [PMID: 21039565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
• Gas spaces (aerenchyma) form as an adaptation to submergence to facilitate gas exchange. In rice (Oryza sativa), aerenchyma develop by cell death and lysis, which are poorly understood at the cellular level. • Aerenchyma formation was studied in rice stems by light microscopy. It was analyzed in response to submergence, ethylene and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) treatment, and in the MT2b::Tos17 mutant. O(2)·(-) was detected with nitroblue tetrazolium and an epinephrine assay. H(2)O(2) was detected with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. • Aerenchyma develop constitutively in all internodes of the deep-water rice variety Pin Gaew 56, but are absent from the nodes. Constitutive aerenchyma formation was also observed in two lowland rice varieties, albeit to a lesser degree. A larger number of aerenchyma are present in older internodes, and at the top of each internode, revealing developmental gradients. Submergence or treatment with the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon promoted aerenchyma formation in all genotypes analyzed. Pre-aerenchymal cells contain less starch, no chloroplasts, thinner cell walls and produce elevated levels of O(2)·(-) and H(2)O(2) compared with other parenchymal cells. Ethephon promotes O(2)·(-) formation and H(2)O(2) promotes aerenchyma formation in a dose-dependent manner. Further-more, genetic downregulation of the H(2)O(2) scavenger MT2b enhances aerenchyma formation. • Aerenchyma formation is mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Steffens
- Physiologie und Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Pierik R, De Wit M, Voesenek LACJ. Growth-mediated stress escape: convergence of signal transduction pathways activated upon exposure to two different environmental stresses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:122-34. [PMID: 20854397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
• Plants can escape from specific environmental stresses through active growth strategies. Here, we compared two such stress-escape syndromes to investigate whether plants use conserved signal transduction pathways to escape from different stresses. • Full submergence is a threat to terrestrial plants as it cuts off their access to oxygen and CO(2). Proximate neighbors, in contrast, take away resources such as light. Both submergence and shade can be escaped through rapid shoot elongation. We analysed the precise kinetics and physiological control of petiole elongation responses to shade and submergence in the flood-tolerant species Rumex palustris. • We found that petiole elongation induced by submergence and that induced by shade occurred with similar kinetics, both involving cell expansion. These responses were induced by two different signals, elevated ethylene and a reduced red : far-red light ratio (R : FR), respectively. A downstream target for ethylene was abscisic acid, but low R : FR appeared to act independently of this hormone. Gibberellin, however, appeared to be essential to both ethylene- and low R : FR-induced petiole elongation. • We propose that gibberellin and expansins, a family of cell wall-loosening proteins, represent elements of a conserved growth machinery that is activated by stress-specific signaling events to regulate escape from stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Chen X, Pierik R, Peeters AJM, Poorter H, Visser EJW, Huber H, de Kroon H, Voesenek LACJ. Endogenous abscisic acid as a key switch for natural variation in flooding-induced shoot elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:969-77. [PMID: 20699400 PMCID: PMC2949041 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.162792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elongation of leaves and stem is a key trait for survival of terrestrial plants during shallow but prolonged floods that completely submerge the shoot. However, natural floods at different locations vary strongly in duration and depth, and, therefore, populations from these locations are subjected to different selection pressure, leading to intraspecific variation. Here, we identified the signal transduction component that causes response variation in shoot elongation among two accessions of the wetland plant Rumex palustris. These accessions differed 2-fold in petiole elongation rates upon submergence, with fast elongation found in a population from a river floodplain and slow elongation in plants from a lake bank. Fast petiole elongation under water consumes carbohydrates and depends on the (inter)action of the plant hormones ethylene, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid. We found that carbohydrate levels and dynamics in shoots did not differ between the fast and slow elongating plants, but that the level of ethylene-regulated abscisic acid in petioles, and hence gibberellic acid responsiveness of these petioles explained the difference in shoot elongation upon submergence. Since this is the exact signal transduction level that also explains the variation in flooding-induced shoot elongation among plant species (namely, R. palustris and Rumex acetosa), we suggest that natural selection results in similar modification of regulatory pathways within and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Heydarian Z, Sasidharan R, Cox MCH, Pierik R, Voesenek LACJ, Peeters AJM. A kinetic analysis of hyponastic growth and petiole elongation upon ethylene exposure in Rumex palustris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:429-35. [PMID: 20603244 PMCID: PMC2924831 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Complete submergence is an important stress factor for many terrestrial plants, and a limited number of species have evolved mechanisms to deal with these conditions. Rumex palustris is one such species and manages to outgrow the water, and thus restore contact with the atmosphere, through upward leaf growth (hyponasty) followed by strongly enhanced petiole elongation. These responses are initiated by the gaseous plant hormone ethylene, which accumulates inside plants due to physical entrapment. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of ethylene-induced leaf hyponasty and petiole elongation. METHODS Leaf hyponasty and petiole elongation was studied using a computerized digital camera set-up followed by image analyses. Linear variable displacement transducers were used for fine resolution monitoring and measurement of petiole growth rates. KEY RESULTS We show that submergence-induced hyponastic growth and petiole elongation in R. palustris can be mimicked by exposing plants to ethylene. The petiole elongation response to ethylene is shown to depend on the initial angle of the petiole. When petiole angles were artificially kept at 0 degrees, rather than the natural angle of 35 degrees, ethylene could not induce enhanced petiole elongation. This is very similar to submergence studies and confirms the idea that there are endogenous, angle-dependent signals that influence the petiole elongation response to ethylene. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that submergence and ethylene-induced hyponastic growth and enhanced petiole elongation responses in R. palustris are largely similar. However, there are some differences that may relate to the complexity of the submergence treatment as compared with an ethylene treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hinz M, Wilson IW, Yang J, Buerstenbinder K, Llewellyn D, Dennis ES, Sauter M, Dolferus R. Arabidopsis RAP2.2: an ethylene response transcription factor that is important for hypoxia survival. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:757-72. [PMID: 20357136 PMCID: PMC2879770 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RAP2.2 (At3g14230) is an APETALA2/ethylene response factor-type transcription factor that belongs to the same subfamily as the rice (Oryza sativa) submergence tolerance gene SUB1A. RAP2.2 is expressed at constitutively high levels in the roots and at lower levels in the shoots, where it is induced by darkness. Effector studies and analysis of ethylene signal transduction mutants indicate that RAP2.2 is induced in shoots by ethylene and functions in an ethylene-controlled signal transduction pathway. Overexpression of RAP2.2 resulted in improved plant survival under hypoxia (low-oxygen) stress, whereas lines containing T-DNA knockouts of the gene had poorer survival rates than the wild type. This indicates that RAP2.2 is important in a plant's ability to resist hypoxia stress. Observation of the expression pattern of 32 low-oxygen and ethylene-associated genes showed that RAP2.2 affects only part of the low-oxygen response, particularly the induction of genes encoding sugar metabolism and fermentation pathway enzymes, as well as ethylene biosynthesis genes. Our results provide a new insight on the regulation of gene expression under low-oxygen conditions. Lighting plays an important regulatory role and is intertwined with hypoxia conditions; both stimuli may act collaboratively to regulate the hypoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margret Sauter
- Physiologie und Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (M.H., K.B., M.S.); and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (I.W.W., J.Y., D.L., E.S.D., R.D.)
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Luo FL, Nagel KA, Zeng B, Schurr U, Matsubara S. Photosynthetic acclimation is important for post-submergence recovery of photosynthesis and growth in two riparian species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1435-44. [PMID: 19854720 PMCID: PMC2778401 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Concomitant increases in O(2) and irradiance upon de-submergence can cause photoinhibition and photo-oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. As energy and carbohydrate supply from photosynthesis is needed for growth, it was hypothesized that post-submergence growth recovery may require efficient photosynthetic acclimation to increased O(2) and irradiance to minimize photo-oxidative damage. The hypothesis was tested in two flood-tolerant species: a C(3) herb, Alternanthera philoxeroides; and a C(4) grass, Hemarthria altissima. The impact of low O(2) and low light, typical conditions in turbid floodwater, on post-submergence recovery was assessed by different flooding treatments combined with shading. METHODS Experiments were conducted during 30 d of flooding (waterlogging or submergence) with or without shading and subsequent recovery of 20 d under growth conditions. Changes in dry mass, number of branches/tillers, and length of the longest internodes and main stems were recorded to characterize growth responses. Photosynthetic parameters (photosystem II efficiency and non-photochemical quenching) were determined in mature leaves based on chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. KEY RESULTS In both species growth and photosynthesis recovered after the end of the submergence treatment, with recovery of photosynthesis (starting shortly after de-submergence) preceding recovery of growth (pronounced on days 40-50). The effective quantum yield of photosystem II and non-photochemical quenching were diminished during submergence but rapidly increased upon de-submergence. Similar changes were found in all shaded plants, with or without flooding. Submerged plants did not suffer from photoinhibition throughout the recovery period although their growth recovery was retarded. CONCLUSIONS After sudden de-submergence the C(3) plant A. philoxeroides and the C(4) plant H. altissima were both able to maintain the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus through rapid acclimation to changing O(2) and light conditions. The ability for photosynthetic acclimation may be essential for adaptation to wetland habitats in which water levels fluctuate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Li Luo
- Institut für Phytosphäre, ICG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institut für Phytosphäre, ICG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Institut für Phytosphäre, ICG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- Institut für Phytosphäre, ICG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Chen X, Huber H, de Kroon H, Peeters AJM, Poorter H, Voesenek LACJ, Visser EJW. Intraspecific variation in the magnitude and pattern of flooding-induced shoot elongation in Rumex palustris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1057-67. [PMID: 19687030 PMCID: PMC2766193 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intraspecific variation in flooding tolerance is the basic pre-condition for adaptive flooding tolerance to evolve, and flooding-induced shoot elongation is an important trait that enables plants to survive shallow, prolonged flooding. Here an investigation was conducted to determine to what extent variation in flooding-induced leaf elongation exists among and within populations of the wetland species Rumex palustris, and whether the magnitude of elongation can be linked to habitat characteristics. METHODS Offspring of eight genotypes collected in each of 12 populations from different sites (ranging from river mudflats with dynamic flooding regimes to areas with stagnant water) were submerged, and petioles, laminas and roots were harvested separately to measure traits related to elongation and plant growth. KEY RESULTS We found strong elongation of petioles upon submergence, and both among- and within-population variation in this trait, not only in final length, but also in the timing of the elongation response. However, the variation in elongation responses could not be linked to habitat type. CONCLUSIONS Spatio-temporal variation in the duration and depth of flooding in combination with a presumably weak selection against flooding-induced elongation may have contributed to the maintenance of large genetic variation in flooding-related traits among and within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Colmer TD, Voesenek LACJ. Flooding tolerance: suites of plant traits in variable environments. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:665-681. [PMID: 32688679 DOI: 10.1071/fp09144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flooding regimes of different depths and durations impose selection pressures for various traits in terrestrial wetland plants. Suites of adaptive traits for different flooding stresses, such as soil waterlogging (short or long duration) and full submergence (short or long duration - shallow or deep), are reviewed. Synergies occur amongst traits for improved internal aeration, and those for anoxia tolerance and recovery, both for roots during soil waterlogging and shoots during submergence. Submergence tolerance of terrestrial species has recently been classified as either the Low Oxygen Quiescence Syndrome (LOQS) or the Low Oxygen Escape Syndrome (LOES), with advantages, respectively, in short duration or long duration (shallow) flood-prone environments. A major feature of species with the LOQS is that shoots do not elongate upon submergence, whereas those with the LOES show rapid shoot extension. In addition, plants faced with long duration deep submergence can demonstrate aspects of both syndromes; shoots do not elongate, but these are not quiescent, as new aquatic-type leaves are formed. Enhanced entries of O2 and CO2 from floodwaters into acclimated leaves, minimises O2 deprivation and improves underwater photosynthesis, respectively. Evolution of 'suites of traits' are evident in wild wetland species and in rice, adapted to particular flooding regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - L A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jackson MB, Ishizawa K, Ito O. Evolution and mechanisms of plant tolerance to flooding stress. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:137-42. [PMID: 19145714 PMCID: PMC2707321 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recognition of the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth, this short article on flooding stress acknowledges not only Darwin's great contribution to the concept of evolution but also to the study of plant physiology. In modern biology, Darwin-inspired reductionist physiology continues to shed light on mechanisms that confer competitive advantage in many varied and challenging environments, including those where flooding is prevalent. SCOPE Mild flooding is experienced by most land plants but as its severity increases, fewer species are able to grow and survive. At the extreme, a highly exclusive aquatic lifestyle appears to have evolved numerous times over the past 120 million years. Although only 1-2% of angiosperms are aquatics, some of their adaptive characteristics are also seen in those adopting an amphibious lifestyle where flooding is less frequent. Lowland rice, the staple cereal for much of tropical Asia falls into this category. But, even amongst dry-land dwellers, or certain of their sub-populations, modest tolerance to occasional flooding is to be found, for example in wheat. The collection of papers summarized in this article describes advances to the understanding of mechanisms that explain flooding tolerance in aquatic, amphibious and dry-land plants. Work to develop more tolerant crops or manage flood-prone environments more effectively is also included. The experimental approaches range from molecular analyses, through biochemistry and metabolomics to whole-plant physiology, plant breeding and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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Colmer TD, Vos H, Pedersen O. Tolerance of combined submergence and salinity in the halophytic stem-succulent Tecticornia pergranulata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:303-12. [PMID: 18660496 PMCID: PMC2707301 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Habitats occupied by many halophytes are not only saline, but are also prone to flooding. Few studies have evaluated submergence tolerance in halophytes. METHODS Responses to submergence, at a range of salinity levels, were studied for the halophytic stem-succulent Tecticornia pergranulata subsp. pergranulata (syn. Halosarcia pergranulata subsp. pergranulata). Growth and total sugars in succulent stems were assessed as a function of time after submergence. Underwater net photosynthesis, dark respiration, total sugars, glycinebetaine, Na(+), Cl(-) and K(+), in succulent stems, were assessed in a NaCl dose-response experiment. KEY RESULTS Submerged plants ceased to grow, and tissue sugars declined. Photosynthesis by succulent stems was reduced markedly when underwater, as compared with in air. Capacity for underwater net photosynthesis (P(N)) was not affected by 10-400 mM NaCl, but it was reduced by 30 % at 800 mM. Dark respiration, underwater, increased in succulent stems at 200-800 mM NaCl, as compared with those at 10 mM NaCl. On an ethanol-insoluble dry mass basis, K(+) concentration in succulent stems of submerged plants was equal to that in drained controls, across all NaCl treatments. Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations, however, were elevated in stems of submerged plants, but so was glycinebetaine. Submerged stems increased in succulence, so solutes would have been 'diluted' on a tissue-water basis. CONCLUSIONS Tecticornia pergranulata tolerates complete submergence, even in waters of high salinity. A 'quiescence response', i.e. no shoot growth, would conserve carbohydrates, but tissue sugars still declined with time. A low K(+) : Na(+) ratio, typical for tissues of succulent halophytes, was tolerated even during prolonged submergence, as evidenced by maintenance of underwater P(N) at up to 400 mM NaCl. Underwater P(N) provides O(2) and sugars, and thus should enhance survival of submerged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - H. Vos
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - O. Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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