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Masuda FK, Aery Jones EA, Sun Y, Giocomo LM. Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6285. [PMID: 37805575 PMCID: PMC10560293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a rapid-acting anesthetic and acute antidepressant, carries undesirable spatial cognition side effects including out-of-body experiences and spatial memory impairments. The neural substrates that underlie these alterations in spatial cognition however, remain incompletely understood. Here, we used electrophysiology and calcium imaging to examine ketamine's impacts on the medial entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, which contain neurons that encode an animal's spatial position, as mice navigated virtual reality and real world environments. Ketamine acutely increased firing rates, degraded cell-pair temporal firing-rate relationships, and altered oscillations, leading to longer-term remapping of spatial representations. In the reciprocally connected hippocampus, the activity of neurons that encode the position of the animal was suppressed after ketamine administration. Together, these findings demonstrate ketamine-induced dysfunction of the MEC-hippocampal circuit at the single cell, local-circuit population, and network levels, connecting previously demonstrated physiological effects of ketamine on spatial cognition to alterations in the spatial navigation circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kei Masuda
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Emily A Aery Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yanjun Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lisa M Giocomo
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Venturino A, Siegert S. Minimally invasive protocols and quantification for microglia-mediated perineuronal net disassembly in mouse brain. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:101012. [PMID: 34950889 PMCID: PMC8672101 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix with chondroitinase-ABC reinstates juvenile-like plasticity in the adult cortex as it also disassembles the perineuronal nets (PNNs). The disadvantage of the enzyme is that it must be applied intracerebrally and it degrades the ECM for several weeks. Here, we provide two minimally invasive and transient protocols for microglia-enabled PNN disassembly in mouse cortex: repeated treatment with ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine (KXA) anesthesia and 60-Hz light entrainment. We also discuss how to analyze PNNs within microglial endosomes-lysosomes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Venturino et al. (2021). PNN disassembly with repeated ketamine-mediated anesthesia in mice 60 Hz light entrainment as an alternative approach Strategy to quantify density of PNN-coated cells Determine PNN material enriched within microglial lysosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venturino
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Corresponding author
| | - Sandra Siegert
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Corresponding author
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Porro CA, Cavazzuti M, Giuliani D, Vellani V, Lui F, Baraldi P. Effects of ketamine anesthesia on central nociceptive processing in the rat: a 2-deoxyglucose study. Neuroscience 2004; 125:485-94. [PMID: 15062990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with complex actions on the CNS. We investigated here the effects of ketamine anesthesia on somatosensory processing in the rat spinal cord, thalamus, and cerebral cortex, using the quantitative 2-deoxyglucose mapping technique. Unanesthetized or ketamine-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats received a s.c. injection of a dilute formaldehyde solution (5%, 0.08 ml) into a forepaw, inducing prolonged noxious afferent input, or an equal volume of isotonic saline as a control stimulus. The 2-deoxyglucose experiments started 30 min after the injection. In the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord, ketamine had no significant effect on glucose metabolic rates in saline-injected animals, whereas it prevented the metabolic increases elicited by prolonged noxious stimulation in unanesthetized animals. At the thalamic level, ketamine increased glucose uptake in both saline- and formalin-injected rats in the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal, medial dorsal, gelatinosus, antero-ventral and antero-medial thalamic nuclei, whereas it decreased metabolic activity in the ventro-basal complex. At the cortical level, the drug increased metabolic activity in both control and formalin groups in the lacunosus-molecularis layer of the dorsal hippocampus, posterior parietal, retrosplenial, cingulate and frontal cortex; significant metabolic decreases were found in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus and in the parietal 1 and 2 cortical areas. In the investigated brain regions, ketamine did not abolish noxious-evoked increases in glucose uptake, which were in fact enhanced in the forelimb cortex and in the lacunosus-molecularis layer of the hippocampus. The dissociation between the spinal and supraspinal effects of ketamine suggests a specific antinociceptive action on spinal circuits, in parallel with complex changes of the activity of brain circuits involved in somatosensory processing. More generally, this study shows that functional imaging techniques are able to quantitatively assess the effects of anesthetic drugs on nociceptive processing at different levels of the neuraxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Porro
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, P. le Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
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Poletini MO, Szawka RE, Freitas Marcon RM, Veiga MD, Franci CR, Anselmo-Franci JA. A method to study preovulatory surges of gonadotropins. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2003; 12:41-8. [PMID: 12928044 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(03)00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe and validate a method to evaluate the preovulatory surges of gonadotropins in rats submitted to anesthesia and implantation of a jugular vein cannula in the morning of proestrus and to withdrawal of serial blood samples in the afternoon of the same day. In experiment I, to choose an adequate anesthetic, cycling female rats were anesthetized in the morning of proestrus (10:00-11:00 h) with tribromoethanol, ketamine/xylazine or tiletamine/zolazepam and a Silastic cannula was implanted into the jugular vein. Blood samples (0.6 ml) were withdrawn hourly between 12:00 and 18:00 h of the same day and, on estrus morning, the rats were decapitated and the number of ova was counted. The preovulatory gonadotropin surges as well as ovulation occurred in rats anesthetized with tribromoethanol, while they were prevented by ketamine/xylazine or tiletamine/zolazepam. To investigate if the jugular cannulation under tribromoethanol anesthesia and serial blood sampling performed in experiment I altered the magnitude of the gonadotropin surges and the number of ova, intact rats (control) or rats anesthetized with tribromoethanol followed or not by jugular vein cannulation were decapitated at 16:00 h of proestrus and in the morning of estrus. The magnitude of preovulatory gonadotropin surges and the number of ova were not different among groups. Thus, since neither tribromoethanol nor surgical procedures or serial blood sampling altered the preovulatory gonadotropin surges or the ovulation process, this method seems to be suitable for this sort of study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Oliveira Poletini
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vahle-Hinz C, Detsch O. What can in vivo electrophysiology in animal models tell us about mechanisms of anaesthesia? Br J Anaesth 2002; 89:123-42. [PMID: 12173225 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aef166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Vahle-Hinz
- Institut für Physiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
An overview of the spinal administration of ketamine is presented. Ketamine acts as a noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor Ca(++ channel pore. This effect provides interesting possibilities in pain therapy. However, there are still contrasting results that seem to be due to a lack of comparative controlled studies. The presence of systemic and neurotoxic effects presently limits clinical use).
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Johnson CB, Bloomfield M, Taylor PM. Effects of ketamine on the equine electroencephalogram during anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Vet Surg 1999; 28:380-5. [PMID: 10493643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1999.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ketamine on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the horse. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Eight Welsh mountain pony geldings weighing between 280 and 330 kg, 5 to 9 years old. METHODS During halothane anesthesia at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85%, the EEG frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded while an infusion of ketamine was given. Ketamine 200 mg was infused over 5 minutes in 8 ponies. The effects of ketamine on the EEG were recorded continuously during the infusion and for a further 55 minutes. RESULTS The ketamine infusion produced a plasma ketamine concentration that was significantly greater than the baseline until 7 minutes after the start of the infusion. The highest recorded ketamine concentration was 4.2+/-1.1 microg/ml recorded at 5 minutes after the start of the infusion. The spectral edge and median frequency of the EEG and the midlatency of the auditory evoked potential were compared with those recorded before the start of the infusion. The spectral edge, median frequencies and mid-latency of the auditory evoked potential were reduced by 21+/-13%, 31+/-20% and 19+/-36% respectively (mean +/- SD). Only the reduction in spectral edge frequency reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS These results compared with those from other anesthetic and sedative agents suggest that the spectral edge frequency is an indicator of general central nervous system depression whereas the median frequency may be an indicator of antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Johnson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Wakasugi M, Hirota K, Roth SH, Ito Y. The effects of general anesthetics on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus in vitro. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:676-80. [PMID: 10072027 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199903000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is unclear whether general anesthetics induce enhancement of neural inhibition and/or attenuation of neural excitation. We studied the effects of pentobarbital (5 x 10(-4) mol/L), propofol (5 x 10(-4) mol/L), ketamine (10(-3) mol/L), halothane (1.5 vol%), and isoflurane (2.0 vol%) on both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices. Excitatory or inhibitory synaptic pathways were isolated using pharmacological antagonists. Extracellular microelectrodes were used to record electrically evoked CA1 neural population spikes (PSs). In the presence of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor antagonist (bicuculline), the inhibitory actions of pentobarbital and propofol were completely antagonized, whereas those of ketamine, halothane, and isoflurane were only partially blocked. To induce the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated PS (NMDA PS), the non-NMDA and GABA(A) receptors were blocked in the absence of Mg2+. Ketamine, halothane, and isoflurane decreased the NMDA PS, and pentobarbital and propofol had no effect on the NMDA PS. The non-NMDA receptor-mediated PS (non-NMDA PS) was examined using the antagonists for the NMDA and GABA(A) receptors. Volatile, but not i.v., anesthetics reduced the non-NMDA PS. These findings indicate that pentobarbital and propofol produce inhibitory actions due to enhancement in the GABA(A) receptor; that ketamine reduces NMDA receptor-mediated responses and enhances GABA(A) receptor-mediated responses; and that halothane and isoflurane modulate GABA(A), NMDA, and non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. IMPLICATIONS Volatile anesthetics modulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission of in vitro rat hippocampal pathways, whereas i.v. anesthetics produce more specific actions on inhibitory synaptic events. These results provide further support the idea that general anesthetics produce drug-specific and distinctive effects on different pathways in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wakasugi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Wakasugi M, Hirota K, Roth SH, Ito Y. The Effects of General Anesthetics on Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Area CA1 of the Rat Hippocampus In Vitro. Anesth Analg 1999. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199903000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kim MS, Jin BK, Chun SW, Lee MY, Lee SH, Kim JH, Park BR. Role of vestibulocerebellar N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for behavioral recovery following unilateral labyrinthectomy in rats. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222:171-4. [PMID: 9148242 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of current study was to elucidate whether vestibulocerebellar N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are implicated in MK801 induced vestibular decompensation. Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally labyrinthectomized (ULX) and some of them were uvulonodullectomized before ULX (UNL + ULX). Number of spontaneous nystagmus (SN) and degree of head deviation (HD) were used as a parameter of behavioral recovery. MK801 treatment 6 h after ULX produced significant increases in SN and decreased HD in ULX rats, indicating decompensation. In marked contrast, however, MK801 treatment resulted in a great reduction of SN and HD in UNL + ULX rats; suggesting involvement of vestibulocerebellar NMDA receptors in MK801 induced decompensation during early stage of vestibular compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Medicinal Resources Research Center of Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Qian J, Brown SD, Carlton SM. Systemic ketamine attenuates nociceptive behaviors in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. Brain Res 1996; 715:51-62. [PMID: 8739622 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of ketamine (KET), a non-competitive NMDA receptor-channel blocker, was assessed in relieving nociceptive behaviors in neuropathic rats with tight ligations of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves. The antinociceptive effects of KET were dose- and time-dependent. A systemic injection of 0.01 mg/kg KET transiently (15-30 min) attenuated several nociceptive behaviors, including mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, spontaneous pain, and cold stress-induced pain. Treatment with 1.0 mg/kg KET consistently decreased all nociceptive behaviors for 45-75 min, without noticeable side effects. Higher doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) provided longer lasting relief: however, these doses resulted in transient motor impairment which lasted for 15-30 min post-injection. Systemic KET was most effective in decreasing the behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, followed by cold allodynia, cold stress-induced pain, and spontaneous pain. The present results demonstrate that blockade of NMDA receptors effectively alleviates nociceptive behaviors in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy, substantiating the important role of these receptors in the central sensitization that underlies the maintenance of neuropathic pain. In addition, the ability of KET to reduce significantly a variety of nocifensive behaviors suggests that this clinically safe drug could be used in pain management for neuropathic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA
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