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Li Z, Sun T, He Z, Li Z, Xiong J, Xiang H. Intestinal Dysbacteriosis Contributes to Persistent Cognitive Impairment after Resolution of Acute Liver Failure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00287-6. [PMID: 39147234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Regulating the gut microbiota alleviates hepatic encephalopathy (HE). It remains unclear whether it is imperative to withhold treatment for microbial imbalance after liver functional recovery. The aim of this work was to elucidate the alterations in cognitive behavior, liver function, synaptic transmission, and brain metabolites in acute liver failure (ALF) mice before and after hepatic function recovery. In this study, thioacetamide was injected intraperitoneally to establish an ALF mouse model, which induced HE. By performing hierarchical clustering analysis, we showed that the liver functions normalized, but cognitive dysfunction and intestinal dysbacteriosis were found in the ALF mice 14 days after thioacetamide injection. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation from the ALF mice with liver function recovery could induce liver injury and cognitive impairment. Moreover, alterations in synaptic transmission were found in the ALF mice with liver function improvement, and the correlations between the gut bacteria and synaptic transmission in the cortex were significant. Finally, we detected apparent alterations in the brain metabolic profiles of the ALF mice after liver function improvement by performing 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, suggesting a risk of HE. These results show that intestinal dysbacteriosis in ALF mice with liver function recovery is sufficient to induce liver injury and cognitive impairment. These results indicate that continuous care may be necessary for monitoring microbial imbalance even in patients with ALF-induced HE whose liver function has recovered significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Tianning Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhixiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jun Xiong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
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El-Mansoury B, Smimih K, El Khiat A, Draoui A, Aimrane A, Chatoui R, Ferssiwi A, Bitar A, Gamrani H, Jayakumar AR, El Hiba O. Short Working Memory Impairment Associated with Hippocampal Microglia Activation in Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy. Metabolites 2024; 14:193. [PMID: 38668321 PMCID: PMC11052478 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neuropsychological condition that occursas a result of impaired liver function. It is frequently observed in patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis. Memory impairment is among the symptoms of HE; the pathophysiologic mechanism for this enervating condition remains unclear. However, it is possible that neuroinflammation may be involved, as recent studies have emphasized such phenomena. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess short working memory (SWM) and examine the involvement of microglia in a chronic model of HE. The study was carried out with male Wistar rats that were induced by repeated thioacetamide (TAA) administration (100 mg/kg i.p injection for 10 days). SWM function was assessed through Y-maze, T-Maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, together with an immunofluorescence study of microglia activation within the hippocampal areas. Our data showed impaired SWM in TAA-treated rats that was associated with microglial activation in the three hippocampal regions, and which contributed to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal El-Mansoury
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Kamal Smimih
- Laboratory of Genie-Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco; (K.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Abdelaati El Khiat
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health, Ouarzazate 45000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Draoui
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (A.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Abdelmohcine Aimrane
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Redouane Chatoui
- Laboratory of Genie-Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco; (K.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Abdesslam Ferssiwi
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Abdelali Bitar
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Halima Gamrani
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (A.D.); (H.G.)
| | | | - Omar El Hiba
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
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Dhanabalan AK, Kumar P, Vasudevan S, Chworos A, Velmurugan D. Identification of a novel drug molecule for neurodegenerative disease from marine algae through in-silico analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38456260 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2322624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive functions are lost due to the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine including Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Marine algae-derived compounds were reported for their neuroprotective activities and hence they can be utilised for treating neurodegenerative ailments like Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease which are due to the loss of cognitive functions. Major attention is currently paid to seaweeds due to their health benefits and high nutritional values. Sea weeds are of a rich sense of natural bioactive compounds which antioxidants, pharmaceutical compounds, flavonoids and alkaloids. They also contain a high amount of vitamins A, D, E, C and Ca, K, Mg and Fe. Regular consumption of a marine algae-based diet may boost immunities. In searching for natural cholinesterase inhibitors, the present study is focussed on some marine bioactive compounds reported from brown, red and green algae. Molecular docking studies have been carried out along with molecular dynamics simulations studies and binding energy calculations resulting in three best bioactive compounds when AChE is used as the target. The results are compared with cocrystal studies. Two best compounds, namely, Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol and Phlorofucofuroeckol from the brown seaweeds are identified as the potential lead compounds for neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Research and Development Cell, AMET University, Kanathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saranya Vasudevan
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jo D, Jung YS, Song J. Lipocalin-2 Secreted by the Liver Regulates Neuronal Cell Function Through AKT-Dependent Signaling in Hepatic Encephalopathy Mouse Model. Clin Nutr Res 2023; 12:154-167. [PMID: 37214781 PMCID: PMC10193436 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2023.12.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) associated with liver failure is accompanied by hyperammonemia, severe inflammation, depression, anxiety, and memory deficits as well as liver injury. Recent studies have focused on the liver-brain-inflammation axis to identify a therapeutic solution for patients with HE. Lipocalin-2 is an inflammation-related glycoprotein that is secreted by various organs and is involved in cellular mechanisms including iron homeostasis, glucose metabolism, cell death, neurite outgrowth, and neurogenesis. In this study, we investigated that the roles of lipocalin-2 both in the brain cortex of mice with HE and in Neuro-2a (N2A) cells. We detected elevated levels of lipocalin-2 both in the plasma and liver in a bile duct ligation mouse model of HE. We confirmed changes in cytokine expression, such as interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase 2 expression, and iron metabolism related to gene expression through AKT-mediated signaling both in the brain cortex of mice with HE and N2A cells. Our data showed negative effects of hepatic lipocalin-2 on cell survival, iron homeostasis, and neurite outgrowth in N2A cells. Thus, we suggest that regulation of lipocalin-2 in the brain in HE may be a critical therapeutic approach to alleviate neuropathological problems focused on the liver-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128, Korea
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Hien HTM, Thom LT, Ha NC, Tam LT, Thu NTH, Nguyen TV, Loan VT, Dan NT, Hong DD. Characterization and Optimization of Culture Conditions for Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 Isolated from Sand Cay (Son Ca) Island, Vietnam, and Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Activities of Its Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Mixture. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120780. [PMID: 36547927 PMCID: PMC9787583 DOI: 10.3390/md20120780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium is a heterotrophic marine microalga that has potential industrial applications. The main objectives of this study were to isolate an Aurantiochytrium strain from Sand Cay (Son Ca) Island, Vietnam, optimize its culture conditions, determine its nutritional composition, extract polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the free (FFA) and the alkyl ester (FAAE) forms, and evaluate the antioxidation and neuroprotection properties of the PUFAs. Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 can be grown stably under laboratory conditions. Its culture conditions were optimized for a dry cell weight (DCW) of 31.18 g/L, with total lipids comprising 25.29%, proteins 7.93%, carbohydrates 15.21%, and carotenoid at 143.67 µg/L of DCW. The FAAEs and FFAs extracted from Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 were rich in omega 3-6-9 fatty acids (40.73% and 44.00% of total fatty acids, respectively). No acute or subchronic oral toxicity was determined in mice fed with the PUFAs in FFA or FAAE forms at different doses over 90 days. Furthermore, the PUFAs in the FFA or FAAE forms and their main constituents of EPA, DHA, and ALA showed antioxidant and AChE inhibitory properties and neuroprotective activities against damage caused by H2O2- and amyloid-ß protein fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced C6 cells. These data suggest that PUFAs extracted from Aurantiochytrium sp. SC145 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Thi Minh Hien
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.T.M.H.); (D.D.H.); Tel.: +84-24-37911059 (H.T.M.H.); Fax: +84-24-38363144 (H.T.M.H.)
| | - Le Thi Thom
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Cam Ha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Luu Thi Tam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoai Thu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tru Van Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thi Loan
- Joint Vietnam–Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trong Dan
- Joint Vietnam–Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Diem Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (H.T.M.H.); (D.D.H.); Tel.: +84-24-37911059 (H.T.M.H.); Fax: +84-24-38363144 (H.T.M.H.)
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Abdelghffar EAR, El-Nashar HAS, Fayez S, Obaid WA, Eldahshan OA. Ameliorative effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare) versus silymarin in experimentally induced hepatic encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17854. [PMID: 36284120 PMCID: PMC9596437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a deterioration of brain function in patients suffering from chronic liver disease, cirrhosis as a result of elevated blood ammonia and the production of pseudo-neurotransmitters. Herein, we investigated the chemical composition of hexane extract from Origanum vulgare (O. vulgare) leaves as well as its possible protective effects against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE in rats. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed tentative identification of twenty-five compounds (82.93%), predominated by cholesten-3-one (27.30%), followed by γ-tocopherol (13.52%), α-tocopherol (5.01%), β-amyrin (5.24%) and α-amyrin (4.89%). Albino rats were distributed into seven groups (n = 7). G1 served as negative control; G2 and G3 served as controls treated with O. vulgare (100 and 200 mg/kg/p.o b.w, respectively); G4 served as TAA-positive control group (100 mg/kg/day/i.p., three alternative days per week for six weeks); G5, G6, and G7 served as TAA -induced HE rat model that received O. vulgare 100, O. vulgare 200, and silymarin (100 mg/kg of SILY, as standard drug), respectively. TAA showed depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in forced swimming test (FST) and reduction of cognitive score in elevated plus-maze test (EPMT) as well as impairment of locomotor and exploratory activities in open-field test (OFT). TAA caused a significant decline in body weight gain; however, the relative liver weight and brain water content were statistically increased. TAA-intoxicated rats showed significant increase of serum biomarker enzymes, proinflammatory cytokines, blood ammonia levels, brain serotonin, acetyl cholinesterase and cellular lipid peroxidation with significant decrease of brain dopamine, norepinephrine, antioxidant status. The hepatoprotective/neuro-protective activities of O. vulgare was found to be comparable with that of SILY in HE rats model. Where, treatment of TAA-intoxicated rats with O. vulgare attenuated anxiety, depressive-related behaviors, and reduced the biochemical changes in HE-induced by TAA. Therefore, O. vulgare could be an excellent hepato-/neuroprotective against hepatic injury and HE via improving the oxidative/inflammatory status through its antioxidant and neuro-modulatory properties and its effect is equal to that of SILY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. R. Abdelghffar
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A. S. El-Nashar
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Fayez
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael A. Obaid
- grid.412892.40000 0004 1754 9358Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madīnah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omayma A. Eldahshan
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Yang X, Dang P, Liu W, Ma W, Ge X, Zhu K, Wang M, Huang X, Ding X, Wang X. The role of butyrylcholinesterase in the regulation of cognitive dysfunction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A potential blood marker of disease evolution. Front Neurol 2022; 13:900997. [PMID: 36341087 PMCID: PMC9635509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.900997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Patients with cirrhosis commonly experience minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), and alterations in neurotransmitters have been thought to be related to cognitive function. However, the relationship between alterations in peripheral and central butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with MHE disease progression remains unknown. As such, this study was designed to investigate potential changes in peripheral and central BuChE activity and their effects on cognitive function in the context of MHE. Materials and methods We enrolled 43 patients with cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B, 20 without MHE and 23 with MHE, and 25 with healthy controls (HC). All the selected subjects underwent resting-state functional MRI, and the original images were processed to obtain the regional homogeneity (ReHo) brain maps. Thereafter, the correlation of BuChE activity with ReHo, number connection test of type A (NCT-A), and digital symbol test (DST) scores with MHE patients were analyzed using Person correlation analysis. Meanwhile, we purchased 12 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and divided them into an experimental group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The rats in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with thioacetamide (TAA) to prepare MHE model rats. After modeling, we used the Morris water maze (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) to assess the cognition function and exploratory behavior of all rats. The activity of serum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe tissue BuChE was detected by ELISA. Results BuChE activity gradually decreased among the HC, patients with cirrhosis, and MHE groups (all P < 0.01). We observed a linear correlation between serum BuChE and NCT-A and DST scores in MHE patients (all P < 0.01). We noted that BuChE activity can negatively correlate with ReHo values in the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus, and positively correlate with ReHo values in the right inferior frontal gyrus, and also found that the peripheral BuChE activity of MHE rats was significantly lower than their control counterparts, and the BuChE activity in frontal lobe extracts was significantly higher than the control rats (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The altered activity of BuChE may contribute to cognitive impairment in MHE patients, which may be a potential biomarker of disease evolution in the context of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pei Dang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenxiao Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wanlong Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin Ge
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Minglei Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiangchun Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Xiangchun Ding
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Wang
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Yang X, Liu W, Dang P, Wang Y, Ge X, Huang X, Wang M, Zheng J, Ding X, Wang X. Decreased brain noradrenaline in minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with cognitive impairment in rats. Brain Res 2022; 1793:148041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Häussinger D, Dhiman RK, Felipo V, Görg B, Jalan R, Kircheis G, Merli M, Montagnese S, Romero-Gomez M, Schnitzler A, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H. Hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:43. [PMID: 35739133 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prognostically relevant neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in the course of acute or chronic liver disease. Besides ascites and variceal bleeding, it is the most serious complication of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ammonia and inflammation are major triggers for the appearance of HE, which in patients with liver cirrhosis involves pathophysiologically low-grade cerebral oedema with oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and disturbances of oscillatory networks in the brain. Severity classification and diagnostic approaches regarding mild forms of HE are still a matter of debate. Current medical treatment predominantly involves lactulose and rifaximin following rigorous treatment of so-called known HE precipitating factors. New treatments based on an improved pathophysiological understanding are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Boris Görg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group ILDH, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Hepatology, University Hospital Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Universita' degli Studi di Roma - Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Fakharbad MJ, Moshiri M, Ommati MM, Talebi M, Etemad L. A review of basic to clinical studies of the association between hyperammonemia, methamphetamine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:921-931. [PMID: 35604430 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), an addictive psychostimulant drug, is the second most widely used type of drug all around the world. METH abusers are more likely to develop a psycho-neurological complication. Hyperammonemia (HAM) causes neuropsychiatric illnesses such as mental state changes and episodes of acute encephalopathy. Recently, there are some shreds of evidence about the relationship between METH complication and HAM. Both METH intoxication and HAM could induce psychosis, agitation, memory impairment, and psycho-neuronal disorders. They also have similar mechanisms of neuronal damages, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairments, and inflammation responses, which can subsequently increase the glutamate level of the brain. Hence, the basic to clinical studies of the association between HAM and METH are reviewed by monitoring six case studies and a good body of animal studies literature. All instances of METH-associated HAM had changes in mental state and some level of confusion that were improved when the ammonia serum level returned to the normal level. Furthermore, most of them had typical vital signs. Several studies suggested some sources for METH-associated HAM, including METH-induced liver and renal damages, muscular hyperactivity, gut bacterial overgrowth, co-abuse of other substances, and using some forms of NH3 in METH cooking. In conclusion, it seems that mental status changes in METH abusers may be related to ammonia intoxication or HAM; therefore, it is important to assess the serum level of ammonia in METH intoxicated patients and resolve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jafari Fakharbad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Arjunan A, Sah DK, Jung YD, Song J. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Melatonin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050837. [PMID: 35624703 PMCID: PMC9137547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe metabolic syndrome linked with acute/chronic hepatic disorders. HE is also a pernicious neuropsychiatric complication associated with cognitive decline, coma, and death. Limited therapies are available to treat HE, which is formidable to oversee in the clinic. Thus, determining a novel therapeutic approach is essential. The pathogenesis of HE has not been well established. According to various scientific reports, neuropathological symptoms arise due to excessive accumulation of ammonia, which is transported to the brain via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, and disturbing neuronal-glial functions. The treatment of HE involves eliminating hyperammonemia by enhancing the ammonia scavenging mechanism in systemic blood circulation. Melatonin is the sole endogenous hormone linked with HE. Melatonin as a neurohormone is a potent antioxidant that is primarily synthesized and released by the brain’s pineal gland. Several HE and liver cirrhosis clinical studies have demonstrated impaired synthesis, secretion of melatonin, and circadian patterns. Melatonin can cross the BBB and is involved in various neuroprotective actions on the HE brain. Hence, we aim to elucidate how HE impairs brain functions, and elucidate the precise molecular mechanism of melatonin that reverses the HE effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Arjunan
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.J.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2706 (J.S.)
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.D.J.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-61-379-2706 (J.S.)
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12
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Matsubara Y, Kiyohara H, Teratani T, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Organ and brain crosstalk: The liver-brain axis in gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108915. [PMID: 34919906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the human body and is responsible for the metabolism and storage of the three principal nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In addition, the liver contributes to the breakdown and excretion of alcohol, medicinal agents, and toxic substances and the production and secretion of bile. In addition to its role as a metabolic centre, the liver has recently attracted attention for its function in the liver-brain axis, which interacts closely with the central nervous system via the autonomic nervous system, including the vagus nerve. The liver-brain axis influences the control of eating behaviour in the central nervous system through stimuli from the liver. Conversely, neural signals from the central nervous system influence glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in the liver. The liver also receives a constant influx of nutrients and hormones from the intestinal tract and compounds of bacterial origin via the portal system. As a result, the intestinal tract and liver are involved in various immunological interactions. A good example is the co-occurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. These heterogeneous roles of the liver-brain axis are mediated via the vagus nerve in an asymmetrical manner. In this review, we provide an overview of these interactions, mainly with the liver but also with the brain and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsubara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kiyohara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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Metz CN, Pavlov VA. Treating disorders across the lifespan by modulating cholinergic signaling with galantamine. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1359-1380. [PMID: 33219523 PMCID: PMC10049459 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the regulatory functions of the nervous system have revealed neural cholinergic signaling as a key regulator of cytokine responses and inflammation. Cholinergic drugs, including the centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine, which are in clinical use for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, have been rediscovered as anti-inflammatory agents. Here, we provide a timely update on this active research and clinical developments. We summarize the involvement of cholinergic mechanisms and inflammation in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia, and the effectiveness of galantamine treatment. We also highlight recent findings demonstrating the effects of galantamine in preclinical and clinical settings of numerous conditions and diseases across the lifespan that are characterized by immunological, neurological, and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Metz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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14
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The Seaweed Diet in Prevention and Treatment of the Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030128. [PMID: 33652930 PMCID: PMC7996752 DOI: 10.3390/md19030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible marine algae are rich in bioactive compounds and are, therefore, a source of bioavailable proteins, long chain polysaccharides that behave as low-calorie soluble fibers, metabolically necessary minerals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants. Marine algae were used primarily as gelling agents and thickeners (phycocolloids) in food and pharmaceutical industries in the last century, but recent research has revealed their potential as a source of useful compounds for the pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic industries. The green, red, and brown algae have been shown to have useful therapeutic properties in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson, Alzheimer’s, and Multiple Sclerosis, and other chronic diseases. In this review are listed and described the main components of a suitable diet for patients with these diseases. In addition, compounds derived from macroalgae and their neurophysiological activities are described.
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Cortés‐Gómez M, Llorens‐Álvarez E, Alom J, del Ser T, Avila J, Sáez‐Valero J, García‐Ayllón M. Tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3β modulates enzyme acetylcholinesterase expression. J Neurochem 2020; 157:2091-2105. [PMID: 32955735 PMCID: PMC8359467 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) co‐localizes with hyperphosphorylated tau (P‐tau) within neurofibrillary tangles. Having demonstrated that AChE expression is increased in the transgenic mouse model of tau Tg‐VLW, here we examined whether modulating phosphorylated tau levels by over‐expressing wild‐type human tau and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) influences AChE expression. In SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells expressing higher levels of P‐tau, AChE activity and protein increased by (20% ± 2%) and (440% ± 150%), respectively. Western blots and qPCR assays showed that this increment mostly corresponded to the cholinergic ACHE‐T variant, for which the protein and transcript levels increased ~60% and ~23%, respectively. Moreover, in SH‐SY5Y cells differentiated into neurons by exposure to retinoic acid (10 µM), over‐expression of GSK3β and tau provokes an imbalance in cholinergic activity with a decrease in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the cell (45 ± 10%). Finally, we obtained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients enrolled on a clinical trial of tideglusib, an irreversible GSK3β inhibitor. In CSF of patients that received a placebo, there was an increase in AChE activity (35 ± 16%) respect to basal levels, probably because of their treatment with AChE inhibitors. However, this increase was not observed in tideglusib‐treated patients. Moreover, CSF levels of P‐tau at the beginning measured by commercially ELISA kits correlated with AChE activity. In conclusion, this study shows that P‐tau can modulate AChE expression and it suggests that AChE may possibly increase in the initial phases of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María‐Ángeles Cortés‐Gómez
- Hospital General Universitario de ElcheFISABIOUnidad de InvestigaciónElcheSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de AlicanteUniversidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSant Joan d’AlacantSpain
| | - Esther Llorens‐Álvarez
- Hospital General Universitario de ElcheFISABIOUnidad de InvestigaciónElcheSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de AlicanteUniversidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSant Joan d’AlacantSpain
| | - Jordi Alom
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Servicio de NeurologíaHospital General Universitario de ElcheFISABIOElcheSpain
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer’s Disease Investigation Research UnitCIEN FoundationQueen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Research CenterMadridSpain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa'CBMSOCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Javier Sáez‐Valero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de AlicanteUniversidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSant Joan d’AlacantSpain
| | - María‐Salud García‐Ayllón
- Hospital General Universitario de ElcheFISABIOUnidad de InvestigaciónElcheSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de AlicanteUniversidad Miguel Hernández‐CSICSant Joan d’AlacantSpain
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16
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Chen LH, Shi JY, Zou TX, Zhang L, Gou Y, Lin Y, Chen HJ. Disturbance of thalamic metabolism and its association with regional neural dysfunction and cognitive impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Radiol 2020; 131:109252. [PMID: 32949859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct the first investigation on thalamic metabolic alterations in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) and elucidate their association with intrinsic neural activity change and cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Thirty-eight cirrhotic patients [18 with MHE, 20 without MHE (NHE)] and 21 healthy controls (HC) were included, all of whom underwent 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), as well as cognitive assessment based on the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). Metabolite ratios in the thalamus were measured, including N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr), glutamate plus glutamine (Glx)/Cr, choline (Cho)/Cr, and myo-inositol (mI)/Cr. Intrinsic neural activity was evaluated based on frequency-specific amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) using fMRI signals. RESULTS MHE patients showed an increase in Glx/Cr and a decrease in Cho/Cr and mI/Cr, compared with HC. These changes were aggravated from NHE to MHE. Cho/Cr and mI/Cr were positively correlated with regional ALFF derived from the frequency-specific band (0.01-0.027 Hz) and PHES. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that Cho/Cr and mI/Cr measurements exhibited moderate discrimination ability between NHE and MHE. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that MHE is associated with disturbed metabolism in the thalamus, which may contribute to the altered neural activity and underlie the mechanisms of cognitive impairments. MRS measurements in the thalamus could serve as the potential biomarker for diagnosing MHE among cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jia-Yan Shi
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Tian-Xiu Zou
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yaoping Gou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yanqin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Hua-Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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17
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Pathania A, Rawat A, Dahiya SS, Dhanda S, Barnwal RP, Baishya B, Sandhir R. 1H NMR-Based Metabolic Signatures in the Liver and Brain in a Rat Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3668-3679. [PMID: 32660248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric complication associated with acute and chronic liver failure. It is characterized by diverse symptoms with variable severity that includes cognitive and motor deficits. The aim of the study is to assess metabolic alterations in the brain and liver using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and subsequent multivariate analyses to characterize metabolic signatures associated with HE. HE was developed by bile duct ligation (BDL) that resulted in hepatic dysfunctions and cirrhosis as shown by liver function tests. Metabolic profiles from control and BDL rats indicated increased levels of lactate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glutamate, and choline in the liver, whereas levels of glucose, phenylalanine, and pyridoxine were decreased. In brain, the levels of lactate, acetate, succinate, citrate, and malate were increased, while glucose, creatine, isoleucine, leucine, and proline levels were decreased. Furthermore, neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA were increased, whereas choline and myo-inositol were decreased. The alterations in neurotransmitter levels resulted in cognitive and motor defects in BDL rats. A significant correlation was found among alterations in NAA/choline, choline/creatine, and NAA/creatine with behavioral deficits. Thus, the data suggests impairment in metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, and ketogenesis in the liver and brain of animals with HE. The study highlights that metabolic signatures could be potential markers to monitor HE progression and to assess therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Atul Rawat
- Department of Surgery, IU Health Comprehensive Wound Centre, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States.,Centre for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Sitender Singh Dahiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Saurabh Dhanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh 176001, India
| | | | - Bikash Baishya
- Centre for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Cognitive and neurophysiological assessment of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8610. [PMID: 32451417 PMCID: PMC7248115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome caused by cirrhosis, with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Its diagnosis is based on abnormal results of cognitive and neurophysiological tests, but there are no universally available criteria, especially in Brazil, where local testing standards are required. The objective of the present study was to compare the performance of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Rey’s auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT), psychometric score of hepatic encephalopathy (PHES), topographic mapping of brain electrical activity (TMBEA) and long-latency auditory evoked potential (P300) in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil. From 224 patients with cirrhosis included in the global sample, 82.5% were excluded due to secondary causes responsible for cognitive or neurophysiological dysfunction. The final sample consisted of 29 cirrhotics, with predominance of A5 Child-Pugh classification, and 29 controls paired in critical variables such as age, educational level, gender, professional category, scores suggestive of mild depression, association with compensated type 2 diabetes mellitus and sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, performance on cognitive tests and TMBEA did not show a statistically significant difference. There was a marked difference in P300 latency adjusted for age, with patients with cirrhosis showing a mean of 385 ± 78 ms (median of 366.6 ms) and healthy volunteers exhibiting a mean of 346.2 ± 42.8 ms (median of 348.2 ms) (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that, in the earliest stages of cirrhosis, age-adjusted P300 latency was superior to cognitive assessment and TMBEA for detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
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Ahmadi S, Khaledi S. Anxiety in rats with bile duct ligation is associated with activation of JNK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the hippocampus. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:579-588. [PMID: 32052257 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examine the anxiety-like behaviors in rats with bile duct ligation (BDL), as well as its relationship with the expression of JNK3 and P38 MAPKs in rat hippocampus. Male Wistar rats undergo either sham operation or BDL as a rat model of cirrhotic HE. The anxiety-like behaviors are determined using a light/dark box test two hours befor the surgery on day 1 and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of BDL. The gene and protein expression levels of JNK3 and p38 in the hippocampus were examined respectively with qPCR and western blotting methods on day 28 of BDL. The results revealed that anxiety was increased in the cirrhotic HE model rats during 28 days of BDL. The molecular data indicated that the gene expression of Jnk3 and protein levels of JNK3, as well as phospho-JNK3, significantly increased in the hippocampus of the cirrhotic HE model rats compared to the sham control group. However, the results revealed no significant changes in the gene expression and the protein levels of p38 as well as phospho-p38 in the hippocampus of the cirrhotic HE model rats compared to the sham control group. We conclude that the increases in the expression and activation of JNK3 MAPK in the hippocampus may underlie, at least partly, the anxiety-like behaviors in rats with cirrhotic HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Shiler Khaledi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
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20
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Zeng G, Penninkilampi R, Chaganti J, Montagnese S, Brew BJ, Danta M. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. Neurology 2020; 94:e1147-e1156. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveVarious imaging modalities have been used to explore pathogenic mechanisms and stratify the severity of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The hypothesis of this meta-analysis was that there is a progressive identifiable derangement of imaging measures using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) related to the severity of the HE.MethodsStudies with more than 10 cases and HE diagnosis were identified from the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) through July 25, 2018. Participants were stratified into healthy controls and patients with non-HE (NHE) (cirrhosis without HE), minimal HE (MHE), and overt HE (OHE). Analyses were organized by metabolite studied and brain region examined. Statistical meta-analysis was performed using the metafor package in R (v3.4.1). Pooled standardized mean differences between patient groups were calculated using a random effects model.ResultsWe identified 31 studies (1,481 patients) that included data for cirrhosis-related HE. We found the parietal region to be the most reliable in differentiating between patients with and without MHE, with standard mean differences of +0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] +0.49 to +1.15, p < 0.0001, I2 = 37.45%) for glutamine/glutamate, −0.36 (95% CI −0.61 to −0.10, p = 0.007, I2 = 20.00%) for choline, and−0.77 (95% CI −1.19 to −0.34, p = 0.0004, I2 = 67.48%) for myo-inositol. We also found that glutamine/glutamate was the metabolite that reliably correlated with HE grade in all brain regions.ConclusionsThe meta-analysis reveals that MRS changes in glutamine/glutamate, choline, and myo-inositol, particularly in the parietal lobe, correlate with the severity of HE. MRS may be of value in the assessment of HE.
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21
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Lehner KR, Silverman HA, Addorisio ME, Roy A, Al-Onaizi MA, Levine Y, Olofsson PS, Chavan SS, Gros R, Nathanson NM, Al-Abed Y, Metz CN, Prado VF, Prado MAM, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Forebrain Cholinergic Signaling Regulates Innate Immune Responses and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31024522 PMCID: PMC6455130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain regulates physiological functions integral to survival. However, the insight into brain neuronal regulation of peripheral immune function and the neuromediator systems and pathways involved remains limited. Here, utilizing selective genetic and pharmacological approaches, we studied the role of forebrain cholinergic signaling in the regulation of peripheral immune function and inflammation. Forebrain-selective genetic ablation of acetylcholine release and vagotomy abolished the suppression of serum TNF by the centrally-acting cholinergic drug galantamine in murine endotoxemia. Selective stimulation of acetylcholine action on the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR) by central administration of the positive allosteric modulator benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) suppressed serum TNF (TNFα) levels in murine endotoxemia. This effect was recapitulated by peripheral administration of the compound. BQCA also improved survival in murine endotoxemia and these effects were abolished in M1 mAChR knockout (KO) mice. Selective optogenetic stimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating brain regions with abundant M1 mAChR localization reduced serum TNF in endotoxemic mice. These findings reveal that forebrain cholinergic neurons regulate innate immune responses and inflammation, suggesting the possibility that in diseases associated with cholinergic dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease this anti-inflammatory regulation can be impaired. These results also suggest novel anti-inflammatory approaches based on targeting forebrain cholinergic signaling in sepsis and other disorders characterized by immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R. Lehner
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Harold A. Silverman
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Meghan E. Addorisio
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashbeel Roy
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Onaizi
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Yaakov Levine
- SetPoint Medical Corporation, Valencia, CA, United States
| | - Peder S. Olofsson
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Robert Gros
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Neil M. Nathanson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Christine N. Metz
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marco A. M. Prado
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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22
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Metz CN, Pavlov VA. Vagus nerve cholinergic circuitry to the liver and the gastrointestinal tract in the neuroimmune communicatome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G651-G658. [PMID: 30001146 PMCID: PMC6293249 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of neuroimmune communication and the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation has recently led to proposing the concept of the "neuroimmune communicatome." This advance is based on experimental evidence for an organized and brain-integrated reflex-like relationship and dialogue between the nervous and the immune systems. A key circuitry in this communicatome is provided by efferent vagus nerve fibers and cholinergic signaling. Inflammation and metabolic alterations coexist in many disorders affecting the liver and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, liver injury, and liver failure, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we outline mechanistic insights regarding the role of the vagus nerve and cholinergic signaling in the regulation of inflammation linked to metabolic derangements and the pathogenesis of these disorders in preclinical settings. Recent clinical advances using this knowledge in novel therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches within the field of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Metz
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
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23
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Abstract
The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates immunoregulatory responses through efferent autonomic neuron signaling. The functional organization of this neural control is based on principles of reflex regulation. Reflexes involving the vagus nerve and other nerves have been therapeutically explored in models of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and recently in clinical settings. The brain integrates neuro-immune communication, and brain function is altered in diseases characterized by peripheral immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here we review the anatomical and molecular basis of the neural interface with immunity, focusing on peripheral neural control of immune functions and the role of the brain in the model of the immunological homunculus. Clinical advances stemming from this knowledge within the framework of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
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24
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Silva J, Alves C, Pinteus S, Mendes S, Pedrosa R. Neuroprotective effects of seaweeds against 6-hydroxidopamine-induced cell death on an in vitro human neuroblastoma model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:58. [PMID: 29444677 PMCID: PMC5813419 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Although the causes of PD pathogenesis remain incomplete, some evidences has suggested that oxidative stress is an important mediator in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of seaweeds with high antioxidant activity on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, as well as the associated intracellular signaling pathways. METHODS Cell viability studies were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) bromide assay and the intracellular signaling pathways analyzed were: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and Caspase-3 activity. RESULTS Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to 6-OHDA (10-1000 μM) reduced cell's viability in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The data suggest that the cell death induced by 6-OHDA was mediated by an increase of H2O2 production, the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase of Caspase-3 activity. Extracts from S. polyshides, P. pavonica, S. muticum, C. tomentosum and U. compressa revealed to efficiently protect cell's viability in the presence of 6-OHDA (100 μM; 24 h). These effects appear to be associated with the reduction of H2O2 cell's production, the protection of mitochondrial membrane's potential and the reduction of Caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that seaweeds can be a promising source of new compounds with neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Silva
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Celso Alves
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Susete Pinteus
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Susana Mendes
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Rui Pedrosa
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal
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25
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway and the Liver. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:507-513. [PMID: 29399541 PMCID: PMC5788206 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic vagus branches innervate the liver and serve an important role in liver-brain connection. It appears that brain modulates inflammatory responses by activation of vagal efferent fibers. This activation and subsequent acetylcholine releases from vagus nerve terminals leads to inhibition of inflammatory cytokines through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) which located on the surface of different cell types such as liver Kupffer cells. This protective role of vagus-α7nAChR axis in liver diseases has been shown in several experimental studies. On the other hand, accumulated evidence clearly demonstrate that, autonomic dysfunction which is reduced functioning of both vagal and sympathetic nervous system, occurs during chronic liver disease and is well-known complication of patients suffering from cirrhosis. This review describes the impact and significance of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the liver and discusses about its disease-related dysfunction on the progression of cirrhosis. Considering the fact that sepsis is major cause of death in cirrhotic patients, convergence of these findings, may lead to designing novel therapeutic strategies in the field of chronic liver diseases management involving selective drug targeting and electrical nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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26
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Sogorb-Esteve A, García-Ayllón MS, Llansola M, Felipo V, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. Inhibition of γ-Secretase Leads to an Increase in Presenilin-1. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5047-5058. [PMID: 28815510 PMCID: PMC5948247 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, trials have proven disappointing. We addressed the possibility that γ-secretase inhibition can provoke a rebound effect, elevating the levels of the catalytic γ-secretase subunit, presenilin-1 (PS1). Acute treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with the GSI LY-374973 (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, DAPT) augments PS1, in parallel with increases in other γ-secretase subunits nicastrin, presenilin enhancer 2, and anterior pharynx-defective 1, yet with no increase in messenger RNA expression. Over-expression of the C-terminal fragment (CTF) of APP, C99, also triggered an increase in PS1. Similar increases in PS1 were evident in primary neurons treated repeatedly (4 days) with DAPT or with the GSI BMS-708163 (avagacestat). Likewise, rats examined after 21 days administered with avagacestat (40 mg/kg/day) had more brain PS1. Sustained γ-secretase inhibition did not exert a long-term effect on PS1 activity, evident through the decrease in CTFs of APP and ApoER2. Prolonged avagacestat treatment of rats produced a subtle impairment in anxiety-like behavior. The rebound increase in PS1 in response to GSIs must be taken into consideration for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, FISABIO, 03203, Elche, Spain.
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Fundación Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Fundación Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sweden
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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27
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Mansour SZ, El-Marakby SM, Moawed FS. Ameliorative effects of rutin on hepatic encephalopathy-induced by thioacetamide or gamma irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 172:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Aghaei I, Saeedi Saravi SS, Ghotbi Ravandi S, Nozari M, Roudbari A, Dalili A, Shabani M, Dehpour AR. Evaluation of prepulse inhibition and memory impairments at early stage of cirrhosis may be considered as a diagnostic index for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:87-94. [PMID: 28119160 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), which represents the early stage of this condition, is not clinically apparent and is prevalent in up to 80% of patients. The poor outcomes of MHE encouraged us to identify more simple methods for early diagnosis of MHE. To this purpose, we evaluated the contemporary manifestations of motor, cognitive and sensorimotor gaiting deficits following bile duct-ligation (BDL). Male Wistar rats were undergone BDL to induce cirrhosis and locomotor, spatial learning and memory and sensorimotor gating were assessed 2, 3, and 4weeks after the operation by rotarod, Morris water-maze and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests. PPI was examined 6weeks after BDL until appearance of hepatic encephalopathy. Results showed that although PPI was significantly enhanced in the 6-week BDL animals, locomotor activity reduced in 4-week BDL rats compared to the BDL rats after a 2-week period. The total distance travelled and swimming time to reach the platform increased in the 4-week BDL rats and, in contrast, the percentage of time spent and space travelled in correct quadrant decreased. Moreover, memory index decreased in the 3-week BDL group compared to sham-operated group. It was observed an increase in global PPI in 3- and 4-week BDL animals in comparison with either 2-week BDL or sham-operated rats. Consequently, it is indicated that BDL animals manifest spatial learning and memory deficits and PPI disruption in early stage of HE and evaluation of these factors can be considered as indices for simple and early diagnosis of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Aghaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghotbi Ravandi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Nozari
- Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Roudbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Afshin Dalili
- Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Nasehi M, Mafi F, Ebrahimi-Ghiri M, Zarrindast MR. Function of opioidergic and dopaminergic antagonists on both spatial and object novelty detection deficits induced in rodent model of hepatic encephalopathy. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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30
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the interface between the nervous system and the immune system. Insight into bidirectional neuro-immune communication has characterized the nervous system as an important partner of the immune system in the regulation of inflammation. Neuronal pathways, including the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex, are physiological regulators of immune function and inflammation. In parallel, neuronal function is altered in conditions characterized by immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here, we review these regulatory mechanisms and describe the neural circuitry modulating immunity. Understanding these mechanisms reveals possibilities to use targeted neuromodulation as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. These findings and current clinical exploration of neuromodulation in the treatment of inflammatory diseases define the emerging field of Bioelectronic Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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31
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Ozarowski M, Mikolajczak PL, Piasecka A, Kachlicki P, Kujawski R, Bogacz A, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Szulc M, Kaminska E, Kujawska M, Jodynis-Liebert J, Gryszczynska A, Opala B, Lowicki Z, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Czerny B. Influence of the Melissa officinalis Leaf Extract on Long-Term Memory in Scopolamine Animal Model with Assessment of Mechanism of Action. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:9729818. [PMID: 27239217 PMCID: PMC4864554 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9729818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melissa officinalis (MO, English: lemon balm, Lamiaceae), one of the oldest and still most popular aromatic medicinal plants, is used in phytomedicine for the prevention and treatment of nervous disturbances. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of subchronic (28-fold) administration of a 50% ethanol extract of MO leaves (200 mg/kg, p.o.) compared with rosmarinic acid (RA, 10 mg/kg, p.o.) and huperzine A (HU, 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) on behavioral and cognitive responses in scopolamine-induced rats. The results were linked with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and beta-secretase (BACE-1) mRNA levels and AChE and BuChE activities in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats. In our study, MO and HU, but not RA, showed an improvement in long-term memory. The results were in line with mRNA levels, since MO produced a decrease of AChE mRNA level by 52% in the cortex and caused a strong significant inhibition of BACE1 mRNA transcription (64% in the frontal cortex; 50% in the hippocampus). However, the extract produced only an insignificant inhibition of AChE activity in the frontal cortex. The mechanisms of MO action are probably more complicated, since its role as a modulator of beta-secretase activity should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ozarowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw L. Mikolajczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Metabolomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Science, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Metabolomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Science, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Kujawski
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Bogacz
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Medical Sciences, 14 Sw. Marii Magdaleny, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Medical Sciences, 14 Sw. Marii Magdaleny, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Szulc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Kaminska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gryszczynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogna Opala
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zdzislaw Lowicki
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Seremak-Mrozikiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Czerny
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
- Department of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
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32
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Ozarowski M, Thiem B, Mikolajczak PL, Piasecka A, Kachlicki P, Szulc M, Kaminska E, Bogacz A, Kujawski R, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Kujawska M, Jodynis-Liebert J, Budzianowski J, Kędziora I, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Czerny B, Bobkiewicz-Kozłowska T. Improvement in Long-Term Memory following Chronic Administration of Eryngium planum Root Extract in Scopolamine Model: Behavioral and Molecular Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:145140. [PMID: 26483842 PMCID: PMC4592897 DOI: 10.1155/2015/145140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eryngium planum L. (EP) is as a rare medicinal plant with a lot of potentials as pharmaceutical crops. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of subchronic (28-fold) administration of a 70% ethanol extract of EP roots (200 mg/kg, p.o.) on behavioral and cognitive responses in Wistar rats linked with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and beta-secretase (BACE-1) mRNA levels and AChE and BuChE activities in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. On the last day of experiment, 30 min after the last dose of EP or Huperzine A (HU), scopolamine (SC) was given at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally. The results of a passive avoidance test showed an improvement in long-term memory produced by the EP extract in both scopolamine-induced rats and control group. EP caused an insignificant inhibition of AChE and BuChE activities in the frontal cortex and the hippocampus. EP decreased mRNA AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 levels, especially in the cortex. Our results suggest that the EP extract led to the improvement of the long-term memory in rats coupled with total saponin content. The mechanism of EP action is probably complicated, since HPLC-MS analysis showed 64 chemical compounds (phenolics, saponins) in the extract of EP roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ozarowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Thiem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw L. Mikolajczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Metabolomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Science, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Metabolomics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Science, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Szulc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Kaminska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Bogacz
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Kujawski
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaromir Budzianowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Kędziora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Sw. Marii Magdaleny 14, 61-861 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Seremak-Mrozikiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Czerny
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
- Department of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Zolnierska 48, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Libelta 27, 61-707 Poznan, Poland
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Mladenović D, Petronijević N, Stojković T, Velimirović M, Jevtić G, Hrnčić D, Radosavljević T, Rašić-Marković A, Maksić N, Djuric D, Stanojlović O. Finasteride Has Regionally Different Effects on Brain Oxidative Stress and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Acute Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Encephalopathy in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134434. [PMID: 26241899 PMCID: PMC4524603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Finasteride (FIN) inhibits neurosteroid synthesis and potentially improves the course of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This study aimed to investigate the effects of FIN on brain oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in acute thioacetamide-induced HE in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into groups: 1. control; 2. thioacetamide-treated group (TAA; 900 mg/kg); 3. finasteride-treated group (FIN; 150 mg/kg); 4. group treated with FIN and TAA (FIN+TAA). Daily doses of FIN (50 mg/kg) and TAA (300 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally during three days and in FIN+TAA group FIN was administered 2h before every dose of TAA. FIN pretreatment prevented TAA-induced rise in malondialdehyde level in the cortex due to restoration of catalase activity and increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and induced an increase in malondialdehyde level in the thalamus due to reduction of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Although FIN pretreatment did not affect malondialdehyde level in hippocampus and caudate nucleus, hippocampal SOD1 expression was higher (p<0.05) and GR activity lower in FIN+TAA vs. TAA group (p<0.05). GPx activity was lower in caudate nucleus in FIN+TAA vs. TAA group (p<0.01). FIN pretreatment prevented TAA-induced rise in AchE activity in the thalamus and caudate nucleus and AchE activity correlates inversely in the thalamus (p<0.05) and positively in caudate nucleus (p<0.01) with malondialdehyde level. FIN has regionally selective effects on oxidative stress and AchE activity in the brain in acute TAA-induced HE in rats. The prooxidant role of FIN in the thalamus may be causally linked with inhibition of AchE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 9, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Petronijević
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tihomir Stojković
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Velimirović
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jevtić
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Radosavljević
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 9, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Rašić-Marković
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Maksić
- Centre for Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Djuric
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ahmadi S, Poureidi M, Rostamzadeh J. Hepatic encephalopathy induces site-specific changes in gene expression of GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptor in rat brain. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1035-41. [PMID: 25896221 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate changes in gene expression of GluN1 subunit of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We used male Wistar rats in which HE was induced after a common bile duct ligation (BDL). The animals were divided into three sets, and each set included three groups of control, sham operated and BDL. In the first set of animals, blood samples collected for biochemical analysis on day 21 of BDL. In the second set, changes in nociception threshold was assessed on day 21 of BDL using a hotplate test. In the third set, whole brain extracted, and the PFC, the hippocampus and the striatum in each rat were immediately dissected. We used a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method for evaluating the GluN1 gene expression. The biochemical analyses showed that plasma levels of ammonia and bilirubin in BDL rats were significantly increased compared to the sham control group on day 21 of BDL (P < 0.01). Nociception threshold was also increased in rats with BDL compared to sham group (P < 0.001). The results revealed that the GluN1 gene expression at mRNA levels in BDL group was decreased by 19 % in the PFC (P < 0.05) but increased by 82 % in the hippocampus (P < 0.01) compared to the sham control group; however, no significant change was observed in the striatum. It can be concluded that HE affects the GluN1 gene expression in rat brain with a site-specific pattern, and the PFC and hippocampus are more sensitive areas than striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran,
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35
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Activation of NMDA receptor by elevated homocysteine in chronic liver disease contributes to encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Méndez-López M, Méndez M, Arias J, Arias JL. Effects of a high protein diet on cognition and brain metabolism in cirrhotic rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:220-8. [PMID: 26048304 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication observed in patients with liver disease. Patients who suffer from HE present neuropsychiatric, neuromuscular and behavioral symptoms. Animal models proposed to study HE resulting from cirrhosis mimic the clinical characteristics of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and require the administration of hepatotoxins such as thioacetamide (TAA). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a high protein diet on motor function, anxiety and memory processes in a model of cirrhosis induced by TAA administration. In addition, we used cytochrome c-oxidase (COx) histochemistry to assess the metabolic activity of the limbic system regions. Male rats were distributed into groups: control, animals with cirrhosis, Control rats receiving a high protein diet, and animals with cirrhosis receiving a high protein diet. Results showed preserved motor function and normal anxiety levels in all the groups. The animals with cirrhosis showed an impairment in active avoidance behavior and spatial memory, regardless of the diet they received. However, the animals with cirrhosis and a high protein diet showed longer escape latencies on the spatial memory task. The model of cirrhosis presented an under-activation of the dentate gyrus and CA3 hippocampal subfields and the medial part of the medial mammillary nucleus. The results suggest that a high protein intake worsens spatial memory deficits shown by the TAA-induced model of cirrhosis. However, high protein ingestion has no influence on the COx hypoactivity associated with the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Méndez-López
- Department of Psychology, University of Zaragoza, Campus Ciudad Escolar s/n., 44003 Teruel, Spain.
| | - M Méndez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n., 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J Arias
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n., 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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Aghaei I, Nazeri M, Shabani M, Mossavinasab M, Mirhosseini FK, Nayebpour M, Dalili A. Erythropoietin ameliorates the motor and cognitive function impairments in a rat model of hepatic cirrhosis. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:197-204. [PMID: 25115607 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious consequence of hepatic cirrhosis (HC). Previous studies have demonstrated cognitive impairments in both clinical and animal experiments of HC. Some potential therapeutic agents have been used to alleviate the cognitive symptoms in the animal models of HC. In the current study, the possible effect of erythropoietin (ERY) as a potent neuroprotective agent on motor and cognitive impairments induced by HC has been studied. Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery. Administration of ERY (5,000 IU/kg, i.p., daily for three days) was initiated 2 weeks after surgery and lasted for the next 28 days. Open field, rotarod, Morris water maze and passive avoidance learning was used to evaluate the motor and cognitive function of the animals. ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. BDL rats had an increased level of hepatic enzymes and bilirubin. Impairment of balance function by BDL was reversed by ERY. Spatial and passive avoidance learning impairments observed in BDL rats were also reversed by chronic administration of ERY. ERY can be offered as a potential neuroprotective agent in the treatment of patients with HC that manifest mental dysfunctions. Though further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms, the neuroprotective properties of ERY against BDL impairments were demonstrated in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Aghaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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38
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Ahmadi S, Karami Z, Mohammadian A, Khosrobakhsh F, Rostamzadeh J. Cholestasis induced antinociception and decreased gene expression of MOR1 in rat brain. Neuroscience 2015; 284:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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GUIMARÃES CARINEA, BIELLA MAIRISS, LOPES ABIGAIL, DEROZA PEDROF, OLIVEIRA MARIANAB, MACAN TAMIRESP, STRECK EMILIOL, FERREIRA GUSTAVOC, ZUGNO ALEXANDRAI, SCHUCK PATRÍCIAF. In vivo and in vitro effects of fructose on rat brain acetylcholinesterase activity: an ontogenetic study. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1919-26. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420140173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fructose concentrations are the biochemical hallmark of fructosemia, a group of inherited disorders on the metabolic pathway of this sugar. The main clinical findings observed in patients affected by fructosemia include neurological abnormalities with developmental delay, whose pathophysiology is still undefined. In the present work we investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of fructose on acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in brain structures of developing rats. For the in vitro experiments, fructose was added at increasing concentrations to the incubation medium. It was observed that fructose provoked an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex of 30-day-old-rats, even at low concentrations (0.1 mM). For the in vivo experiments, rats were killed 1 h after a single fructose administration (5 µmol/g). Control group received the same volume of saline solution. We found that AchE activity was increased in cerebral cortex of 30- and 60-day-old rats receiving fructose administration. Finally, we observed that AchE activity was unaffected by acute fructose administration in cerebral cortex, striatum or hippocampus of 15- and 90-day-old rats. The present data suggest that a disruption in cholinergic homeostasis may be involved in the pathophysiology of brain damage observed in young patients affected by fructosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - ABIGAIL LOPES
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Brasil
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Interplay between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission alterations in cognitive and motor impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int 2014; 88:15-9. [PMID: 25447766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive and motor alterations in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are the final result of altered neurotransmission and communication between neurons in neuronal networks and circuits. Different neurotransmitter systems cooperate to modulate cognitive and motor function, with a main role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in different brain areas and neuronal circuits. There is an interplay between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission alterations in cognitive and motor impairment in HE. This interplay may occur: (a) in different brain areas involved in specific neuronal circuits; (b) in the same brain area through cross-modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We will summarize some examples of the (1) interplay between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission alterations in different areas in the basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex circuit in the motor alterations in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE); (2) interplay between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission alterations in cerebellum in the impairment of cognitive function in MHE through altered function of the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway. We will also comment the therapeutic implications of the above studies and the utility of modulators of glutamate and GABA receptors to restore cognitive and motor function in rats with hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy.
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Abstract
Human adults produce around 1000 mmol of ammonia daily. Some is reutilized in biosynthesis. The remainder is waste and neurotoxic. Eventually most is excreted in urine as urea, together with ammonia used as a buffer. In extrahepatic tissues, ammonia is incorporated into nontoxic glutamine and released into blood. Large amounts are metabolized by the kidneys and small intestine. In the intestine, this yields ammonia, which is sequestered in portal blood and transported to the liver for ureagenesis, and citrulline, which is converted to arginine by the kidneys. The amazing developments in NMR imaging and spectroscopy and molecular biology have confirmed concepts derived from early studies in animals and cell cultures. The processes involved are exquisitely tuned. When they are faulty, ammonia accumulates. Severe acute hyperammonemia causes a rapidly progressive, often fatal, encephalopathy with brain edema. Chronic milder hyperammonemia causes a neuropsychiatric illness. Survivors of severe neonatal hyperammonemia have structural brain damage. Proposed explanations for brain edema are an increase in astrocyte osmolality, generally attributed to glutamine accumulation, and cytotoxic oxidative/nitrosative damage. However, ammonia neurotoxicity is multifactorial, with disturbances also in neurotransmitters, energy production, anaplerosis, cerebral blood flow, potassium, and sodium. Around 90% of hyperammonemic patients have liver disease. Inherited defects are rare. They are being recognized increasingly in adults. Deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, citrin, and pyruvate carboxylase demonstrate the roles of isolated pathways in ammonia metabolism. Phenylbutyrate is used routinely to treat inherited urea cycle disorders, and its use for hepatic encephalopathy is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Walker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Mladenović D, Hrnčić D, Petronijević N, Jevtić G, Radosavljević T, Rašić-Marković A, Puškaš N, Maksić N, Stanojlović O. Finasteride improves motor, EEG, and cellular changes in rat brain in thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G931-40. [PMID: 25104500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00463.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This study evaluated the effects of finasteride, inhibitor of neurosteroid synthesis, on motor, EEG, and cellular changes in rat brain in thioacetamide-induced HE. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) control; 2) thioacetamide-treated group, TAA (300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)); 3) finasteride-treated group, FIN (50 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)); and 4) group treated with FIN and TAA (FIN + TAA). Daily doses of TAA and FIN were administered in three subsequent days intraperitoneally, and in the FIN + TAA group FIN was administered 2 h before every dose of TAA. Motor and reflex activity was determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h, whereas EEG activity was registered about 24 h after treatment. The expressions of neuronal (NeuN), astrocytic [glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP)], microglial (Iba1), and oligodendrocyte (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) marker were determined 24 h after treatment. While TAA decreased all tests, FIN pretreatment (FIN + TAA) significantly improved equilibrium, placement test, auditory startle, head shake reflex, motor activity, and exploratory behavior vs. the TAA group. Vital reflexes (withdrawal, grasping, righting and corneal reflex) together with mean EEG voltage were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the FIN + TAA vs. the TAA group. Hippocampal NeuN expression was significantly lower in TAA vs. control (P < 0.05). Cortical Iba1 expression was significantly higher in experimental groups vs. control (P < 0.05), whereas hippocampal GFAP expression was increased in TAA and decreased in the FIN + TAA group vs. control (P < 0.05). Finasteride improves motor and EEG changes in TAA-induced HE and completely prevents the development of hepatic coma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mladenović
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic," University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian," University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Petronijević
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jevtić
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Radosavljević
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic," University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Rašić-Marković
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian," University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nela Puškaš
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; and
| | - Nebojša Maksić
- Centre for Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian," University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia;
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43
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Zhang LJ, Wu S, Ren J, Lu GM. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in hepatic encephalopathy: current status and perspectives. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:569-82. [PMID: 24562590 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome which develops in patients with severe liver diseases and/or portal-systemic shunting. Minimal HE, the earliest manifestation of HE, has drawn increasing attention in the last decade. Minimal HE is associated with a series of brain functional changes, such as attention, working memory, and so on. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), especially resting-state fMRI has been used to explore the brain functional changes of HE, yielding important insights for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and functional reorganization of HE. This paper briefly reviews the principles of BOLD fMRI, potential applications of resting-state fMRI with advanced post-processing algorithms such as regional homogeneity, amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, functional connectivity and future research perspective in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nangjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 210002,
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Paniz LG, Calcagnotto ME, Pandolfo P, Machado DG, Santos GF, Hansel G, Almeida RF, Bruch RS, Brum LM, Torres FV, de Assis AM, Rico EP, Souza DO. Neuroprotective effects of guanosine administration on behavioral, brain activity, neurochemical and redox parameters in a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:645-54. [PMID: 24788896 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that glutamatergic excitotoxicity and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The nucleoside guanosine exerts neuroprotective effects through the antagonism against glutamate neurotoxicity and antioxidant properties. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of guanosine in an animal model of chronic HE. Rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) and 2 weeks later they were treated with i.p. injection of guanosine 7.5 mg/kg once a day for 1-week. We evaluated the effects of guanosine in HE studying several aspects: a) animal behavior using open field and Y-maze tasks; b) brain rhythm changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings; c) purines and glutamate levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); and d) oxidative stress parameters in the brain. BDL rats presented increased levels of glutamate, purines and metabolites in the CSF, as well as increased oxidative damage. Guanosine was able not only to prevent these effects but also to attenuate the behavioral and EEG impairment induced by BDL. Our study shows the neuroprotective effects of systemic administration of guanosine in a rat model of HE and highlights the involvement of purinergic system in the physiopathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Paniz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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45
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Zarros A, Boomkamp SD, Tsakiris S, Baillie GS. The extent and the nature of the cholinergic contribution to the hepatic encephalopathy-induced cognitive impairment. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1516-1517. [PMID: 23973861 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zarros
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2-1QX, UK; Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Hellenic Republic.
| | - Stephanie D Boomkamp
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stylianos Tsakiris
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Hellenic Republic
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2-1QX, UK
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Tomaszek A, Kiczak L, Bania J, Krupa P, Pasławska U, Zacharski M, Janiszewski A, Stefaniak T, Zyśko D, Ardehali H, Jankowska EA, Ponikowski P. Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:253-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Effects of CA1 glutamatergic systems upon memory impairments in cholestatic rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:636-45. [PMID: 24050889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct ligation (BDL) is shown to induce cholestasis-related liver function impairments as well as consequent cognitive dysfunctions (i.e. impaired learning and memory formation). Glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an important role in hippocampal modulation of learning and memory function. The present study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of dorsal hippocampal (CA1) glutamatergic systems upon cholestasis-induced amnesia. METHOD Cholestasis was induced in male Wistar rats through double-ligation of the main bile duct (at two points) and transection of the interposed segment. Step-through passive avoidance test was employed to examine rats' learning and memory function. All drugs were injected into CA1 region of the hippocampus. RESULTS our results indicated a decrease in memory retrieval following cholestasis (11, 17 and 24 days post BDL). Only subthreshold doses of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA; 0.125 and 0.25 μg/μl) but not its effective dose (0.5 μg/μl), restored the cholestasis-induced amnesia in step-through passive avoidance test, 11, 17 and 24 days post BDL. This effect was blocked by the subthreshold dose of D-[1]-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (D-AP7, NMDA receptor antagonist; 0.0625 μg/μl, intra-CA1) at 0.125 μg/μl and 0.25 μg/μl doses of NMDA. Moreover, our data revealed that only effective doses of D-AP7 (0.125 and 0.25 μg/μl, intra-CA1) potentiate memory impairments in 11 days after BDL. It was noted that none of applied drugs/doses exerted an effect on memory acquisition and locomotors activity, 10 and 12 days post laparotomy, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the potential involvement of CA1 glutamatergic system(s) in cholestasis-induced memory deficits.
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Torres DS, Abrantes J, Brandão‐Mello CE. Cognitive assessment of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:473-83. [PMID: 23625323 PMCID: PMC3734603 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome caused by liver cirrhosis and accompanied by a broad spectrum of cognitive symptoms. The objective of the present study was to describe the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients and to compare their cognitive performance with controls using standardized tests. Patients receiving medication or experiencing comorbidities associated with cognitive disorders were excluded. The final cohort was compared with a control-matched group using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), as well as Simple Drawing, Clock Drawing, Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Random Letter, Stroop, Trail-Making Test (TMT) A and B, Boston Naming, Category Verbal Fluency, Digit Span, Constructional Praxis, Processing Speed, and Similarities Tests. The results indicated no differences in the prevalence of cognitive complaints spontaneously reported by 29 patients with cirrhosis versus 22 healthy controls. The most affected tests included: MMSE (26.3 ± 2 vs. 28.1 ± 1.8 points; p = 0.004), learning (35.4 ± 9 vs. 41 ± 9.1 points; p = 0.041), retroactive interference (0.67 ± 0.22 vs. 0.84 ± 0.16 points; p = 0.004), and recognition (8.7 ± 2.6 vs. 11.2 ± 4.1 points; p = 0.024) in RAVLT, TMT-A (63.2 ± 29.3 vs. 47.6 ± 16.5 s; p = 0.029) and TMT-B (197.9 ± 88.1 vs. 146.8 ± 76.5 s; p = 0.03). No differences were observed with respect to age, gender, and education. In conclusion, MMSE proved to be a useful tool for detecting global cognitive impairment experienced by cirrhosis patients. Moreover, the most impaired cognitive functions were verbal episodic memory and information processing speed. These findings suggest that minimal hepatic encephalopathy represents a disorder that affects the medial temporal system and, possibly, the prefrontal cortex, and this requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Torres
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Serviço de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (Hepatology Outpatient Clinic of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital), Rua Mariz e Barros, 775, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil 20270‐004
| | - J. Abrantes
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Serviço de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (Hepatology Outpatient Clinic of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital), Rua Mariz e Barros, 775, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil 20270‐004
| | - C. E. Brandão‐Mello
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Serviço de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (Hepatology Outpatient Clinic of the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital), Rua Mariz e Barros, 775, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil 20270‐004
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49
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Affonso AC, Machado DG, Malgarin F, Fraga DB, Ghedim F, Zugno A, Streck EL, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC. Increased susceptibility of brain acetylcholinesterase activity to methylmalonate in young rats with renal failure. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:493-500. [PMID: 23475280 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation is the biochemical hallmark of methylmalonic acidemia. Clinically, the disease is characterized by progressive neurological deterioration and renal failure, whose pathophysiology is still undefined. In the present study we investigated the effect of acute MMA administration on some important parameters of brain neurotransmission in cerebral cortex of rats, namely Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, ouabain-insensitive ATPases and acetylcholinesterase activities, in the presence or absence of kidney injury induced by gentamicin administration. Initially, thirty-day old Wistar rats received one intraperitoneal injection of saline or gentamicin (70 mg/kg). One hour after, the animals received three consecutive subcutaneous injections of MMA (1.67 μmol/g) or saline, with an 11 h interval between each injection. One hour after the last injection the animals were killed and the cerebral cortex isolated. MMA administration by itself was not able to modify Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, ATPases ouabain-insensitive or acetylcholinesterase activities in cerebral cortex of young rats. In rats receiving gentamicin simultaneously with MMA, it was observed an increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex, without any alteration in the activity of the other studied enzymes. Therefore, it may be speculated that cholinergic imbalance may play a role in the pathogenesis of the brain damage. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of tissue damage cannot be exclusively attributed to MMA toxicity, and control of kidney function should be considered as a priority in the management of these patients, specifically during episodes of metabolic decompensation when MMA levels are higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Affonso
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Braissant O, McLin VA, Cudalbu C. Ammonia toxicity to the brain. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:595-612. [PMID: 23109059 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia can be caused by various acquired or inherited disorders such as urea cycle defects. The brain is much more susceptible to the deleterious effects of ammonium in childhood than in adulthood. Hyperammonemia provokes irreversible damage to the developing central nervous system: cortical atrophy, ventricular enlargement and demyelination lead to cognitive impairment, seizures and cerebral palsy. The mechanisms leading to these severe brain lesions are still not well understood, but recent studies show that ammonium exposure alters several amino acid pathways and neurotransmitter systems, cerebral energy metabolism, nitric oxide synthesis, oxidative stress and signal transduction pathways. All in all, at the cellular level, these are associated with alterations in neuronal differentiation and patterns of cell death. Recent advances in imaging techniques are increasing our understanding of these processes through detailed in vivo longitudinal analysis of neurobiochemical changes associated with hyperammonemia. Further, several potential neuroprotective strategies have been put forward recently, including the use of NMDA receptor antagonists, nitric oxide inhibitors, creatine, acetyl-L-carnitine, CNTF or inhibitors of MAPKs and glutamine synthetase. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy will ultimately be a powerful tool to measure the effects of these neuroprotective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Service of Biomedicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Avenue Pierre-Decker 2, CI 02/33, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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