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Khalid AQ, Zaidan TN, Bhuvanendran S, Magalingam KB, Mohamedahmed SM, Ramdas P, Radhakrishnan AK. Insights into the Anticancer Mechanisms Modulated by Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols in Colorectal Cancers. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae108. [PMID: 39181121 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing concern all over the world. There has been a concerted effort to identify natural bioactive compounds that can be used to prevent or overcome this condition. Tocotrienols (T3s) are a naturally occurring form of vitamin E known for various therapeutic effects, such as anticancer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. The literature evidence suggests that two T3 analogues, ie, gamma (γ)- and delta (δ)-T3, can modulate cancers via several cancer-related signaling pathways. The aim of this review was to compile and analyze the existing literature on the diverse anticancer mechanisms of γT3 and δT3 exhibited in CRC cells, to showcase the anticancer potential of T3s. Medline was searched for research articles on anticancer effects of γT3 and δT3 in CRC published in the past 2 decades. A total of 38 articles (26 cell-based, 9 animal studies, 2 randomized clinical trials, and 1 scoping review) that report anticancer effects of γT3 and δT3 in CRC were identified. The findings reported in those articles indicate that γT3 and δT3 inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suppress metastasis, and produce synergistic anticancer effects when combined with well-established anticancer agents. There is preliminary evidence that shows that T3s affect telomerase functions and support anticancer immune responses. γT3 and δT3 have the potential for development as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Qusay Khalid
- Food as Medicine Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Tabarek Najeeb Zaidan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saatheeyavaane Bhuvanendran
- Food as Medicine Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kasthuri B Magalingam
- Food as Medicine Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Shaza M Mohamedahmed
- Food as Medicine Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Premdass Ramdas
- Food as Medicine Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ammu K Radhakrishnan
- Food as Medicine Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Govindasamy B, Muthu M, Gopal J, Chun S. A review on the impact of TRAIL on cancer signaling and targeting via phytochemicals for possible cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127162. [PMID: 37788732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer therapies have been the continual pursuit of this age. Cancer has been ravaging all across the globe breathing not just threats but demonstrating them. Remedies for cancer have been frantically sought after. Few have worked out, yet till date, the available cancer therapies have not delivered a holistic solution. In a world where the search for therapies is levitating towards natural remedies, solutions based on phytochemicals are highly prospective attractions. A lot has been achieved with inputs from plant resources, providing numerous natural remedies. In the current review, we intensely survey the progress achieved in the treatment of cancer through phytochemicals-based programmed cell death of cancer cells. More specifically, we have further reviewed and discussed the role of phytochemicals in activating apoptosis via Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), which is a cell protein that can attach to certain molecules in cancer cells, killing cancer cells. The objective of this review is to enlist the various phytochemicals that are available for specifically contributing towards triggering the TRAIL cell protein-mediated cancer therapy and to point out the research gaps that require future research motivation. This is the first review of this kind in this research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Govindasamy
- Department of Product Development, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Sechul Chun
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Xie L, Yan J. γ-tocotrienol regulates gastric cancer by targeting notch signaling pathway. Hereditas 2023; 160:15. [PMID: 37055846 PMCID: PMC10100483 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a common cause of death from cancer and an important global health care issue. Consequently, there is an urgent need to find new drugs and therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastric cancer. Recent studies have shown that tocotrienols (T3) have significant anticancer ability in cancer cell lines. Our previous study found that γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3) induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. We further explored the possible mechanisms of γ-T3 therapy for gastric cancer. METHODS In this study, we treated gastric cancer cells with γ-T3, collect and deposit the cells. γ-T3-treated gastric cancer cells group and untreated group were subjected to RNA-seq assay, and analysis of sequencing results. RESULTS Consistent with our previous findings, the results suggest that γ-T3 can inhibit mitochondrial complexes and oxidative phosphorylation. Analysis reveals that γ-T3 has altered mRNA and ncRNA in gastric cancer cells. Significantly altered signaling pathways after γ-T3 treatment were enriched for human papillomavirus infection (HPV) pathway and notch signaling pathway. The same significantly down-regulated genes notch1 and notch2 were present in both pathways in γ-T3-treated gastric cancer cells compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS It is indicated that γ-T3 may cure gastric cancer by inhibiting the notch signaling pathway. To provide a new and powerful basis for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xie
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Juan Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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de Sousa Coelho MDPS, Pereira IC, de Oliveira KGF, Oliveira IKF, Dos Santos Rizzo M, de Oliveira VA, Carneiro da Silva FC, Torres-Leal FL, de Castro E Sousa JM. Chemopreventive and anti-tumor potential of vitamin E in preclinical breast cancer studies: A systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 53:60-73. [PMID: 36657931 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E has been investigated for its antitumor potential, including the ability to change cancer gene pathways as well as promote antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity. OBJECTIVE Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate antitumor and chemopreventive activity of different vitamin E isoforms (tocopherols and tocotrienols) through in vitro and in vivo studies. METHOD The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD4202126207) and the search was carried out in four electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science) in June 2021 by three independent reviewers. The search equation used was: "Supplementation" AND ("Vitamin E" OR Tocopherol OR Tocotrienol) AND "breast cancer" AND (chemotherapy OR therapy OR prevention). In vitro studies and animal models of breast cancer supplemented with tocopherol or tocotrienol vitamers, alone or in combination, were included. RESULTS The results revealed 8546 relevant studies that were initially identified in our search. After analysis, a total of 12 studies were eligible for this systematic review. All studies included animal models, and 5 of them also performed in vitro experiments on cancer cell lines. The studies performed supplementation with tocopherols, mixtures (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and synthetic vitamin E forms. There was an significant association of estradiol, dendritic cells and pterostilbene in combined therapy with vitamin E. Vitamin E delayed tumor development, reduced tumor size, proliferation, viability, expression of anti-apoptotic and cell proliferation genes, and upregulated pro-apoptotic genes, tumor suppressor genes and increased immune response. The effects on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant activity were conflicting among studies. Only one study with synthetic vitamin E reported cardiotoxicity, but it did not show vitamin E genotoxicity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, vitamin E isoforms, isolated or associated, showed antitumor and chemopreventive activity. However, due to studies heterogeneity, there is a need for further analysis to establish dose, form, supplementation time and breast cancer stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Perpetuo Socorro de Sousa Coelho
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology (LAPGENIC), Center for Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Irislene Costa Pereira
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Kynnara Gabriella Feitosa de Oliveira
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Iara Katryne Fonseca Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition - PPGAN, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dos Santos Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Victor Alves de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition - PPGAN, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Leonardo Torres-Leal
- Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Laboratory of Genetical Toxicology (LAPGENIC), Center for Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
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Ranasinghe R, Mathai M, Zulli A. Revisiting the therapeutic potential of tocotrienol. Biofactors 2022; 48:813-856. [PMID: 35719120 PMCID: PMC9544065 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the tocotrienol group stems from its nutraceutical properties as a dietary supplement. It is largely considered to be safe when consumed at low doses for attenuating pathophysiology as shown by animal models, in vitro assays, and ongoing human trials. Medical researchers and the allied sciences have experimented with tocotrienols for many decades, but its therapeutic potential was limited to adjuvant or concurrent treatment regimens. Recent studies have focused on targeted drug delivery by enhancing the bioavailability through carriers, self-sustained emulsions, nanoparticles, and ethosomes. Epigenetic modulation and computer remodeling are other means that will help increase chemosensitivity. This review will focus on the systemic intracellular anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms that are stimulated and/or regulated by tocotrienols while highlighting its potent therapeutic properties in a diverse group of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Health and MedicineVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael Mathai
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Health and MedicineVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute of Health and Sport, College of Health and MedicineVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Rajagopalan VR, Manickam S, Muthurajan R. A Comparative Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Grains of the Traditional Rice Variety Mappillai Samba. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040543. [PMID: 35214876 PMCID: PMC8876031 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of the majority of the population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Enriching rice with nutritional and therapeutic contents can improve its benefits for patients with lifestyle disorders. This study aimed to profile the phytochemical contents of the therapeutically known traditional rice Mappillai Samba against white rice CBMAS 14065 using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). An analysis of the data using a mass spectrometry-data independent analysis (MS-DIAL) and MetaboAnalyst identified 113 metabolites belonging to 21 different classes of metabolites. A partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed 43 variable importance in projection (VIP) metabolites. This study identified therapeutically important metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, and polyamines, in the grains of Mappillai Samba. Three significant metabolic pathways, viz., phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis, were responsible for the grain metabolome variation between CBMAS 14065 and Mappillai Samba. Overall, the results of this study unravelled the biochemical complexity of Mappillai Samba, paving the way for the genetic mapping of the therapeutic compound accumulation in rice and the development of similar therapeutic rice varieties through molecular breeding.
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Jervoise N Andreyev H, Matthews J, Adams C, Gothard L, Lucy C, Tovey H, Boyle S, Anbalagan S, Musallam A, Yarnold J, Abraham D, Bliss J, Ahmed Abdi B, Taylor A, Hauer-Jensen M. Randomised single centre double-blind placebo controlled phase II trial of Tocovid SupraBio in combination with pentoxifylline in patients suffering long-term gastrointestinal adverse effects of radiotherapy for pelvic cancer: the PPALM study. Radiother Oncol 2022; 168:130-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Autophagy as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Products Enhancing Embryo Implantation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010053. [PMID: 35056110 PMCID: PMC8779555 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is an emerging health issue worldwide, and female infertility is intimately associated with embryo implantation failure. Embryo implantation is an essential process during the initiation of prenatal development. Recent studies have strongly suggested that autophagy in the endometrium is the most important factor for successful embryo implantation. In addition, several studies have reported the effects of various natural products on infertility improvement via the regulation of embryo implantation, embryo quality, and endometrial receptivity. However, it is unclear whether natural products can improve embryo implantation ability by regulating endometrial autophagy. Therefore, we performed a literature review of studies on endometrial autophagy, embryo implantation, natural products, and female infertility. Based on the information from these studies, this review suggests a new treatment strategy for female infertility by proposing natural products that have been proven to be safe and effective as endometrial autophagy regulators; additionally, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the regulation of endometrial autophagy by natural products and female infertility, with an emphasis on embryo implantation.
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Chavda VP, Ertas YN, Walhekar V, Modh D, Doshi A, Shah N, Anand K, Chhabria M. Advanced Computational Methodologies Used in the Discovery of New Natural Anticancer Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702611. [PMID: 34483905 PMCID: PMC8416109 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural chemical compounds have been widely investigated for their programmed necrosis causing characteristics. One of the conventional methods for screening such compounds is the use of concentrated plant extracts without isolation of active moieties for understanding pharmacological activity. For the last two decades, modern medicine has relied mainly on the isolation and purification of one or two complicated active and isomeric compounds. The idea of multi-target drugs has advanced rapidly and impressively from an innovative model when first proposed in the early 2000s to one of the popular trends for drug development in 2021. Alternatively, fragment-based drug discovery is also explored in identifying target-based drug discovery for potent natural anticancer agents which is based on well-defined fragments opposite to use of naturally occurring mixtures. This review summarizes the current key advancements in natural anticancer compounds; computer-assisted/fragment-based structural elucidation and a multi-target approach for the exploration of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Vinayak Walhekar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Dharti Modh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Avani Doshi
- Department of Chemistry, SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nirav Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Krishna Anand
- Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mahesh Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
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KOŞMAZ K, DURHAN A, SÜLEYMAN M, ÜNAL Y, BOSTANCI MT, YİĞİT HASKARACA T, ERSAK C, ŞENEŞ M, KUŞABBİ İA, ESER EP, HÜCÜMENOĞLU S. The effect of Ankaferd blood stopper on liver damage in experimental obstructive jaundice. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1472-1480. [PMID: 32979898 PMCID: PMC8283441 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2007-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aims To evaluate the potential protective effects of Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) in an experimental obstructive jaundice (OJ) model. Materials and methods The study included 26 female rats, which were divided into 3 groups. The sham group, consisting of 10 rats, (group 1) only received solely laparotomy. In the control group, consisting of 8 rats, (group 2), ligation was applied to the biliary tract and no treatment was implemented. In the treatment group, consisting of 8 rats, (group 3), following ligation of biliary tract, 0.5 mL/day ABS was given for 10 days. Liver tissue and blood samples were taken for histopathological and biochemical examination. Results Compared to group 2, group 3 had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total oxidant status (TOS) malondialdehyde (MDA), fluorescent oxidant products (FOP), and lower expression of albumin and total antioxidant status (TAS) (P < 0.05). In histopathological analysis, the mean scores of all histopathological parameters (fibrosis, portal inflammation, confluent necrosis, interphase activity, bile duct proliferation) have statistical significance between group 2 and group 3 (P < 005). Conclusions ABS has promising results in the treatment of experimental OJ because of its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. It may be used in clinical practice after more extensive studies about the effects of ABS on OJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray KOŞMAZ
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Abdullah DURHAN
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Marlen SÜLEYMAN
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Yılmaz ÜNAL
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | | | | | - Can ERSAK
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Mehmet ŞENEŞ
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - İlknur Alkan KUŞABBİ
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Eylem Pınar ESER
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Sema HÜCÜMENOĞLU
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, AnkaraTurkey
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Petronek MS, Stolwijk JM, Murray SD, Steinbach EJ, Zakharia Y, Buettner GR, Spitz DR, Allen BG. Utilization of redox modulating small molecules that selectively act as pro-oxidants in cancer cells to open a therapeutic window for improving cancer therapy. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101864. [PMID: 33485837 PMCID: PMC8113052 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a rapidly growing body of literature supporting the notion that differential oxidative metabolism in cancer versus normal cells represents a metabolic frailty that can be exploited to open a therapeutic window into cancer therapy. These cancer cell-specific metabolic frailties may be amenable to manipulation with non-toxic small molecule redox active compounds traditionally thought to be antioxidants. In this review we describe the potential mechanisms and clinical applicability in cancer therapy of four small molecule redox active agents: melatonin, vitamin E, selenium, and vitamin C. Each has shown the potential to have pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells while retaining antioxidant activity in normal cells. This dichotomy can be exploited to improve responses to radiation and chemotherapy by opening a therapeutic window based on a testable biochemical rationale amenable to confirmation with biomarker studies during clinical trials. Thus, the unique pro-oxidant/antioxidant properties of melatonin, vitamin E, selenium, and vitamin C have the potential to act as effective adjuvants to traditional cancer therapies, thereby improving cancer patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Petronek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J M Stolwijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S D Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E J Steinbach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Y Zakharia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - G R Buettner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D R Spitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B G Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Rahman MA, Hannan MA, Dash R, Rahman MDH, Islam R, Uddin MJ, Sohag AAM, Rahman MH, Rhim H. Phytochemicals as a Complement to Cancer Chemotherapy: Pharmacological Modulation of the Autophagy-Apoptosis Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:639628. [PMID: 34025409 PMCID: PMC8138161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.639628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive plant derived compounds are important for a wide range of therapeutic applications, and some display promising anticancer properties. Further evidence suggests that phytochemicals modulate autophagy and apoptosis, the two crucial cellular pathways involved in the underlying pathobiology of cancer development and regulation. Pharmacological targeting of autophagy and apoptosis signaling using phytochemicals therefore offers a promising strategy that is complementary to conventional cancer chemotherapy. In this review, we sought to highlight the molecular basis of the autophagic-apoptotic pathway to understand its implication in the pathobiology of cancer, and explore this fundamental cellular process as a druggable anticancer target. We also aimed to present recent advances and address the limitations faced in the therapeutic development of phytochemical-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - MD. Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea
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Farnesyl dimethyl chromanol targets colon cancer stem cells and prevents colorectal cancer metastasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2185. [PMID: 33500430 PMCID: PMC7838198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and growth of tumour-initiating cells with stem-like properties in distant organs characterize colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and metastasis. Thus, inhibition of colon cancer stem cell (CCSC) growth holds promise for CRC growth and metastasis prevention. We and others have shown that farnesyl dimethyl chromanol (FDMC) inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We provide the first demonstration that FDMC inhibits CCSC viability, survival, self-renewal (spheroid formation), pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2) expression, organoids formation, and Wnt/β-catenin signalling, as evidenced by comparisons with vehicle-treated controls. In addition, FDMC inhibits CCSC migration, invasion, inflammation (NF-kB), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), and metastasis (MMP9), which are critical tumour metastasis processes. Moreover, FDMC induced apoptosis (TUNEL, Annexin V, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved PARP) in CCSCs and CCSC-derived spheroids and organoids. Finally, in an orthotopic (cecum-injected CCSCs) xenograft metastasis model, we show that FDMC significantly retards CCSC-derived tumour growth (Ki-67); inhibits inflammation (NF-kB), angiogenesis (VEGF and CD31), and β-catenin signalling; and induces apoptosis (cleaved PARP) in tumour tissues and inhibits liver metastasis. In summary, our results demonstrate that FDMC inhibits the CCSC metastatic phenotype and thereby supports investigating its ability to prevent CRC metastases.
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14
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Nair RS, Billa N, Leong CO, Morris AP. An evaluation of tocotrienol ethosomes for transdermal delivery using Strat-M ® membrane and excised human skin. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 26:243-251. [PMID: 33274672 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1860087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tocotrienol (TRF) ethosomes were developed and evaluated in vitro for potential transdermal delivery against melanoma. The optimised TRF ethosomal size ranged between 64.9 ± 2.2 nm to 79.6 ± 3.9 nm and zeta potential (ZP) between -53.3 mV to -62.0 ± 2.6 mV. Characterisation of the ethosomes by ATR-FTIR indicated the successful formation of TRF-ethosomes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated the spherical shape of ethosomes, and the entrapment efficiencies of all the formulations were above 66%. In vitro permeation studies using full-thickness human skin showed that the permeation of gamma-T3 from the TRF ethosomal formulations was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than from the control. The cumulative amount of gamma-T3 permeated from TRF ethosome after 48 hours was 1.03 ± 0.24 µg cm-2 with a flux of 0.03 ± 0.01 µg cm-2 h-1. Furthermore, the flux of gamma-T3 across the Strat-M ® and the epidermal membrane was significantly higher than that across full-thickness human skin (p < 0.05). In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HaCat cells showed significantly higher cell viability than the pure drug solution (p < 0.05). The enhanced skin permeation and high cell viability associated with this formulation suggest a promising carrier for transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Nashiru Billa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia.,College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Andrew P Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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15
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Godoy-Parejo C, Deng C, Zhang Y, Liu W, Chen G. Roles of vitamins in stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1771-1791. [PMID: 31676963 PMCID: PMC11104807 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can differentiate to diverse cell types in our body, and they hold great promises in both basic research and clinical therapies. For specific stem cell types, distinctive nutritional and signaling components are required to maintain the proliferation capacity and differentiation potential in cell culture. Various vitamins play essential roles in stem cell culture to modulate cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Besides their common nutritional functions, specific vitamins are recently shown to modulate signal transduction and epigenetics. In this article, we will first review classical vitamin functions in both somatic and stem cell cultures. We will then focus on how stem cells could be modulated by vitamins beyond their nutritional roles. We believe that a better understanding of vitamin functions will significantly benefit stem cell research, and help realize their potentials in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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16
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Konda AR, Nazarenus TJ, Nguyen H, Yang J, Gelli M, Swenson S, Shipp JM, Schmidt MA, Cahoon RE, Ciftci ON, Zhang C, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB. Metabolic engineering of soybean seeds for enhanced vitamin E tocochromanol content and effects on oil antioxidant properties in polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich germplasm. Metab Eng 2020; 57:63-73. [PMID: 31654815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soybean seeds produce oil enriched in oxidatively unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and are also a potential biotechnological platform for synthesis of oils with nutritional omega-3 PUFAs. In this study, we engineered soybeans for seed-specific expression of a barley homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) transgene alone and with a soybean γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) transgene. Seeds for HGGT-expressing lines had 8- to 10-fold increases in total vitamin E tocochromanols, principally as tocotrienols, with little effect on seed oil or protein concentrations. Tocochromanols were primarily in δ- and γ-forms, which were shifted largely to α- and β-tocochromanols with γ-TMT co-expression. We tested whether oxidative stability of conventional or PUFA-enhanced soybean oil could be improved by metabolic engineering for increased vitamin E antioxidants. Selected lines were crossed with a stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4Δ6,9,12,15)-producing line, resulting in progeny with oil enriched in SDA and α- or γ-linoleic acid (ALA, 18:3Δ9,12,15 or GLA, 18:3Δ6,9,12), from transgene segregation. Oil extracted from HGGT-expressing lines had ≥6-fold increase in free radical scavenging activity compared to controls. However, the oxidative stability index of oil from vitamin E-enhanced lines was ~15% lower than that of oil from non-engineered seeds and nearly the same or modestly increased in oil from the GLA, ALA and SDA backgrounds relative to controls. These findings show that soybean is an effective platform for producing high levels of free-radical scavenging vitamin E antioxidants, but this trait may have negative effects on oxidative stability of conventional oil or only modest improvement of the oxidative stability of PUFA-enhanced oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anji Reddy Konda
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tara J Nazarenus
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Junsi Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Malleswari Gelli
- Systems and Innovations for Breeding and Seed Products, Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Samantha Swenson
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jamie M Shipp
- USDA-ARS Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Monica A Schmidt
- USDA-ARS Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ozan N Ciftci
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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17
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Shakhwar S, Darwish R, Kamal MM, Nazzal S, Pallerla S, Abu Fayyad A. Development and evaluation of paclitaxel nanoemulsion for cancer therapy. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 25:510-516. [PMID: 31858867 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1706564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tocosol™ is a tocopherol-based paclitaxel (PTX) nanoemulsion consisting of α-tocopherol (α-T) isomer of vitamin E as a solubilizer and vitamin E TPGS as the primary emulsifier. Despite its positive attributes in early clinical studies, it failed the pivotal phase III clinical trials. The long-term goal of this work was to reformulate Tocosol™. In this study, Tocosol™ formulation was optimized by replacing the α-T isomer with the more pharmacological active isomer γ-tocotrienol (γ-T3), and the surfactant vitamin E TPGS was replaced with in-house designed PEGylated γ-T3 surfactant. The reformulated paclitaxel γ-T3/PEGylated γ-T3 -based nanoemulsion was significantly more active against pancreatic tumor cell lines than α-T/Vitamin E TPGS based formulation (IC50 = 0.5 μM and 1.1 μM, respectively). Furthermore, the reformulated product showed an average size of 220 ± 6 nm with surface charge equal to -42 ± 2 mV. The optimized product was physically and chemically stable over 6 months per ICH storage condition guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shakhwar
- College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rana Darwish
- College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad M Kamal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sami Nazzal
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Francois RA, Zhang A, Husain K, Wang C, Hutchinson S, Kongnyuy M, Batra SK, Coppola D, Sebti SM, Malafa MP. Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through proteasome-mediated down-regulation of c-FLIP s. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:189. [PMID: 31367187 PMCID: PMC6647259 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (VEDT), a vitamin E compound isolated from sources such as palm fruit and annatto beans, has been reported to have cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. METHODS We report a novel function of VEDT in augmenting tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- (TRAIL-) induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. The effects of VEDT were shown by its ability to trigger caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. RESULTS When combined with TRAIL, VEDT significantly augmented TRAIL-induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. VEDT decreased cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) levels without consistently modulating the expression of decoy death receptors 1, 2, 3 or death receptors 4 and 5. Enforced expression of c-FLIP substantially attenuated VEDT/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, c-FLIP reduction plays an important part in mediating VEDT/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, VEDT increased c-FLIP ubiquitination and degradation but did not affect its transcription, suggesting that VEDT decreases c-FLIP levels through promoting its degradation. Of note, degradation of c-FLIP and enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells were observed only with the anticancer bioactive vitamin E compounds δ-, γ-, and β-tocotrienol but not with the anticancer inactive vitamin E compounds α-tocotrienol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol. CONCLUSIONS c-FLIP degradation is a key event for death receptor-induced apoptosis by anticancer bioactive vitamin E compounds in pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, VEDT augmented TRAIL inhibition of pancreatic tumor growth and induction of apoptosis in vivo. Combination therapy with TRAIL agonists and bioactive vitamin E compounds may offer a novel strategy for pancreatic cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony A. Francois
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Anying Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kazim Husain
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Sean Hutchinson
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Michael Kongnyuy
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Said M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Mokenge P. Malafa
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
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Fontana F, Moretti RM, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Beretta G, Procacci P, Sartori P, Montagnani Marelli M, Limonta P. δ-Tocotrienol induces apoptosis, involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, and paraptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12576. [PMID: 30719778 PMCID: PMC6536411 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer, after the phase of androgen dependence, may progress to the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage, with resistance to standard therapies. Vitamin E-derived tocotrienols (TTs) possess a significant antitumour activity. Here, we evaluated the anti-cancer properties of δ-TT in CRPC cells (PC3 and DU145) and the related mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT, Trypan blue and colony formation assays were used to assess cell viability/cell death/cytotoxicity. Western blot, immunofluorescence and MTT analyses were utilized to investigate apoptosis, ER stress and autophagy. Morphological changes were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrated that δ-TT exerts a cytotoxic/proapoptotic activity in CRPC cells. We found that in PC3 cells: (a) δ-TT triggers both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy pathways; (b) autophagy induction is related to the ER stress, and this ER stress/autophagy axis is involved in the antitumour activity of δ-TT; in autophagy-defective DU145 cells, only the ER stress pathway is involved in the proapoptotic effects of δ-TT; (c) in both CRPC cell lines, δ-TT also induces an intense vacuolation prevented by the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, together with increased levels of phosphorylated JNK and p38, supporting the induction of paraptosis by δ-TT. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that apoptosis, involving ER stress and autophagy (in autophagy positive PC3 cells), and paraptosis are involved in the anti-cancer activity of δ-TT in CRPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | | | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
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Vitamin E and cancer: an update on the emerging role of γ and δ tocotrienols. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:845-857. [PMID: 31016386 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, the latter still remains a fatal disease due to the lack of prevention, early diagnosis, and effective drugs. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are not only expensive but produce a number of side effects that are detrimental to the patients' quality of life. Therefore, there is a great need to discover anti-cancer therapies that are specific to cancer cells and affordable, safe, and well tolerated by the patients. Vitamin E is a potential candidate due to its safety. Accumulating evidence on the anti-cancer potency of vitamin E has shifted the focus from tocopherols (TOCs) to tocotrienols (TTs). γ-TT and δ-TT have the highest anti-cancer activities and target common molecular pathways involved in the inhibition of the cell cycle, the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and the inhibition of invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Future directions should focus on further investigating how γ-TT and δ-TT (solely or in combination) induce anti-cancer molecular pathways when used in the presence of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. These studies should be carried out in vitro, and promising results and combinations should then be assessed in in vivo experiments and finally in clinical trials. Finally, future research should focus on further evaluating the roles of γ-TT and δ-TT in the chemoprevention of cancer.
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21
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Tang KD, Liu J, Russell PJ, Clements JA, Ling MT. Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 30866453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051164,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gamma-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a vitamin E isomer, has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. γ-T3 not only inhibited the growth and survival of cancer cells in vitro, but also suppressed angiogenesis and tumour metastasis under in vivo conditions. Recently, γ-T3 was found to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to suppression of tumour formation and chemosensitisation. Despite its promising anti-cancer potential, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effects of γ-T3 are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Ang-1 (Angiopoietin-1)/Tie-2 as a novel γ-T3 downstream target. In prostate cancer cells, γ-T3 treatment leads to the suppression of Ang-1 at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Supplementing the cells with Ang-1 was found to protect them against the anti-CSC effect of γ-T3. Intriguingly, inactivation of Tie-2, a member receptor that mediates the effect of Ang-1, was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of γ-T3 through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent interruption of autophagy. Our results highlighted the therapeutic potential of using γ-T3 in combination with a Tie-2 inhibitor to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dun Tang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Ji Liu
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Pamela J Russell
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Judith A Clements
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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22
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Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051164. [PMID: 30866453 PMCID: PMC6429150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gamma-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a vitamin E isomer, has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. γ-T3 not only inhibited the growth and survival of cancer cells in vitro, but also suppressed angiogenesis and tumour metastasis under in vivo conditions. Recently, γ-T3 was found to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to suppression of tumour formation and chemosensitisation. Despite its promising anti-cancer potential, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effects of γ-T3 are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Ang-1 (Angiopoietin-1)/Tie-2 as a novel γ-T3 downstream target. In prostate cancer cells, γ-T3 treatment leads to the suppression of Ang-1 at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Supplementing the cells with Ang-1 was found to protect them against the anti-CSC effect of γ-T3. Intriguingly, inactivation of Tie-2, a member receptor that mediates the effect of Ang-1, was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of γ-T3 through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent interruption of autophagy. Our results highlighted the therapeutic potential of using γ-T3 in combination with a Tie-2 inhibitor to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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23
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Utilization of Vitamin E Analogs to Protect Normal Tissues While Enhancing Antitumor Effects. Semin Radiat Oncol 2019; 29:55-61. [PMID: 30573184 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in radiation delivery techniques, side effects of radiation therapy due to radiation exposure of normal tissues are common and can limit the deliverable dose to tumors. Significant interests lie in pharmacologic modifiers that may protect against normal tissue toxicity from cancer treatment while simultaneously enhancing the tumor response to therapy. While no such treatments are available in the clinic, this is an area of active preclinical and clinical research. This review summarizes research studies that provide evidence to indicate that tocotrienols, natural forms of vitamin E, are potent radiation protectors and may also have antitumor effects. Hence, several current clinical trials test tocotrienols as concomitant treatment in cancer therapies.
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Aggarwal V, Kashyap D, Sak K, Tuli HS, Jain A, Chaudhary A, Garg VK, Sethi G, Yerer MB. Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Tocotrienols in Cancer: Recent Trends and Advancements. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E656. [PMID: 30717416 PMCID: PMC6386883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols, found in several natural sources such as rice bran, annatto seeds, and palm oil have been reported to exert various beneficial health promoting properties especially against chronic diseases, including cancer. The incidence of cancer is rapidly increasing around the world not only because of continual aging and growth in global population, but also due to the adaptation of Western lifestyle behaviours, including intake of high fat diets and low physical activity. Tocotrienols can suppress the growth of different malignancies, including those of breast, lung, ovary, prostate, liver, brain, colon, myeloma, and pancreas. These findings, together with the reported safety profile of tocotrienols in healthy human volunteers, encourage further studies on the potential application of these compounds in cancer prevention and treatment. In the current article, detailed information about the potential molecular mechanisms of actions of tocotrienols in different cancer models has been presented and the possible effects of these vitamin E analogues on various important cancer hallmarks, i.e., cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation have been briefly analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Center (APC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India.
| | - Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India.
| | | | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, City Campus, Mansa Road, Bathinda 151001, India.
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh, Punjab 160031, India.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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Jiang Q. Natural forms of vitamin E and metabolites-regulation of cancer cell death and underlying mechanisms. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:495-506. [PMID: 30548200 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The disappointing results from large clinical studies of α-tocopherol (αT), the major form of vitamin E in tissues, for prevention of chronic diseases including cancer have cast doubt on not only αT but also other forms of vitamin E regarding their role in preventing carcinogenesis. However, basic research has shown that specific forms of vitamin E such as γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol (δT), γ-tocotrienol (γTE) and δ-tocotrienol (δTE) can inhibit the growth and induce death of many types of cancer cells, and are capable of suppressing cancer development in preclinical cancer models. For these activities, these vitamin E forms are much stronger than αT. Further, recent research revealed novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of vitamin E metabolites including 13'-carboxychromanols. This review focuses on anti-proliferation and induction of death in cancer cells by vitamin E forms and metabolites, and discuss mechanisms underlying these anticancer activities. The existing in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that γT, δT, tocotrienols and 13'-carboxychromanols have anti-cancer activities via modulating key signaling or mediators that regulate cell death and tumor progression, such as eicosanoids, NF-κB, STAT3, PI3K, and sphingolipid metabolism. These results provide useful scientific rationales and mechanistic understanding for further translation of basic discoveries to the clinic with respect to potential use of these vitamin E forms and metabolites for cancer prevention and therapy. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(4):495-506, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
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Abstract
Vitamin E is a lipid soluble vitamin comprising of eight natural isoforms, namely, α, β, δ, γ isoforms of tocopherol and α, β, δ, γ isoforms of tocotrienol. Many studies have been performed to elucidate its role in cancer. Until last decade, major focus was on alpha tocopherol and its anticancer effects. However, major clinical trials using alpha-tocopherol like SELECT trial and ATBC trial did not yield meaningful results. Hence there was a shift of focus to gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol and tocotrienol. Unlike alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol can scavenge reactive nitrogen species in addition to reactive oxygen species. Antiangiogenic effect, inhibition of HMG CoA reductase enzyme and inhibition of NF-κB pathway make the anti-cancer effects of tocotrienols unique compared to other vitamin E isoforms. Preclinical research on non-alpha tocopherol isoforms of vitamin E showed promising data on their anticancer effects. In this review, we deal with the current understanding on the potential mechanisms involved in the anticancer effects of vitamin E and the controversies in this field over last three decades. We also highlight the need to conduct further research on the anticancer effects of non-alpha-tocopherol isoforms in larger population and clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Abraham
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Ajoe John Kattoor
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Tom Saldeen
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
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Viault G, Helesbeux JJ, Richomme P, Séraphin D. Concise semisynthesis of novel phenazine-vitamin E hybrids via regioselective tocopheryl ortho -quinone formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bartosińska E, Borsuk-De Moor A, Siluk D, Markuszewski MJ, Wiczling P. Ionization of tocopherols and tocotrienols in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:919-927. [PMID: 29578620 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tocopherols and tocotrienols are chemical compounds insusceptible to the ionization process under atmospheric pressure conditions. Therefore, the selection of the optimal ion source settings for their quantification requires special attention. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the APCI source parameters on the response of tocochromanols and two related compounds. METHODS Standard solutions of target compounds were injected on the high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS/MS) system separately and analysed with 30 randomly selected ion source settings. The obtained responses were modelled by multivariate linear regression with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. The developed models were used to choose the best APCI conditions. RESULTS Multivariate linear models were built for eight tocochromanols, trolox and BHT. The APCI settings derived from the models did not increase the peak areas obtained for T and T3 during the ionization process. Ionization conditions based on models for trolox and BHT improved analytical responses by 12-36% and 4-32%, respectively. The application of the ion source settings optimal for trolox and BHT to tocochromanols did not result in better analytical responses. CONCLUSIONS The ionization pattern of tocochromanols in the APCI source is problematic and should be further investigated. Modelling methodology for response improvement presented in this study can be applied in similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bartosińska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Borsuk-De Moor
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Danuta Siluk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał J Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Wiczling
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Tocotrienols: The promising analogues of vitamin E for cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:259-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Daifuku R, Koratich M, Stackhouse M. Vitamin E Phosphate Nucleoside Prodrugs: A Platform for Intracellular Delivery of Monophosphorylated Nucleosides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010016. [PMID: 29415423 PMCID: PMC5874712 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E phosphate (VEP) nucleoside prodrugs are designed to bypass two mechanisms of tumor resistance to therapeutic nucleosides: nucleoside transport and kinase downregulation. Certain isoforms of vitamin E (VE) have shown activity against solid and hematologic tumors and result in chemosensitization. Because gemcitabine is one of the most common chemotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer, it was used to demonstrate the constructs utility. Four different VE isoforms were conjugated with gemcitabine at the 5′ position. Two of these were δ-tocopherol-monophosphate (MP) gemcitabine (NUC050) and δ-tocotrienol-MP gemcitabine (NUC052). NUC050 was shown to be able to deliver gemcitabine-MP intracellularly by a nucleoside transport independent mechanism. Its half-life administered IV in mice was 3.9 h. In a mouse xenograft model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) NCI-H460, NUC050 at a dose of 40 mg/kg IV qwk × 4 resulted in significant inhibition to tumor growth on days 11–31 (p < 0.05) compared to saline control (SC). Median survival was 33 days (NUC050) vs. 25.5 days (SC) ((hazard ratio) HR = 0.24, p = 0.017). Further, NUC050 significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to historic data with gemcitabine at 135 mg/kg IV q5d × 3 on days 14–41 (p < 0.05). NUC052 was administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg IV qwk × 2 followed by 50 mg/kg qwk × 2. NUC052 resulted in inhibition to tumor growth on days 14–27 (p < 0.05) and median survival was 34 days (HR = 0.27, p = 0.033). NUC050 and NUC052 have been shown to be safe and effective in a mouse xenograft of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Daifuku
- Epigenetics Pharma, 9270 SE 36th Pl, Mercer Island, WA 98040, USA.
| | - Michael Koratich
- Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
| | - Murray Stackhouse
- Southern Research, 2000 9th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
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Bartosińska E, Jacyna J, Borsuk-De Moor A, Kaliszan M, Kruszewski WJ, Jankowski Z, Siluk D. HPLC-APCI-MS/MS method development and validation for determination of tocotrienols in human breast adipose tissue. Talanta 2018; 176:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Initial research on vitamin E and cancer has focused on α-tocopherol (αT), but recent clinical studies on cancer-preventive effects of αT supplementation have shown disappointing results, which has led to doubts about the role of vitamin E, including different vitamin E forms, in cancer prevention. However, accumulating mechanistic and preclinical animal studies show that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol (δT), γ-tocotrienol (γTE), and δ-tocotrienol (δTE), have far superior cancer-preventive activities than does αT. These vitamin E forms are much stronger than αT in inhibiting multiple cancer-promoting pathways, including cyclo-oxygenase (COX)- and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-catalyzed eicosanoids, and transcription factors such as nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3). These vitamin E forms, but not αT, cause pro-death or antiproliferation effects in cancer cells via modulating various signaling pathways, including sphingolipid metabolism. Unlike αT, these vitamin E forms are quickly metabolized to various carboxychromanols including 13'-carboxychromanols, which have even stronger anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects than some vitamin precursors. Consistent with mechanistic findings, γT, δT, γTE, and δTE, but not αT, have been shown to be effective for preventing the progression of various types of cancer in preclinical animal models. This review focuses on cancer-preventive effects and mechanisms of γT, δT, γTE, and δTE in cells and preclinical models and discusses current progress in clinical trials. The existing evidence strongly indicates that these lesser-known vitamin E forms are effective agents for cancer prevention or as adjuvants for improving prevention, therapy, and control of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Bivona JJ, Patel S, Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular Immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin E and vitamin C. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1539-1551. [PMID: 28905653 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1375096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamins E and C are well known small molecules that have been used to maintain health for decades. Recent studies of the cellular and molecular pathways leading to immunomodulation by these molecules have been of interest, as have their anti-oxidant properties and signal transduction pathways for curing or improving infectious diseases and cancer. Areas covered: Herein, the authors provide a definition and the structural classification of vitamins E and C and how these molecules influence cellular function. The studies include in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies in animal models as well as clinical trials. The authors give particular focus to the scientifically factual and putative roles of these molecules in innate and adaptive immunomodulation and prevention or cure of diseases. Expert opinion: The antioxidant properties of vitamins E and C are well studied. However, whether there is a link between their antioxidant and immunomodulation properties is unclear. In addition, there is a strong, albeit putative, prevailing notion that vitamin C can prevent or cure infectious diseases or cancer. Presently, while there is proven evidence that vitamin E possesses immunomodulatory properties that may play a positive role in disease outcomes, this evidence is less available for vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Bivona
- a EpitoGenesis, Inc , Vernon , CT , USA.,b Department of Medicine , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
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Xu W, Mi Y, He P, He S, Niu L. γ-Tocotrienol Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis Via the Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081299. [PMID: 28777347 PMCID: PMC6152108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Tocotrienol, a kind of isoprenoid phytochemical, has antitumor activity. However, there is limited evidence that it has an effect on cervical cancer. In this study, the capacity to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa cells and the mechanism underlying these effects were examined. The results indicated that a γ-tocotrienol concentration over 30 μM inhibited the growth of HeLa cells with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 46.90 ± 3.50 μM at 24 h, and significantly down-regulated the expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that γ-tocotrienol arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and reduced the S phase in HeLa cells. γ-tocotrienol induced apoptosis of HeLa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. γ-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells was accompanied by down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, release of cytochrome from mitochondria, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and subsequent poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. These results suggested that γ-tocotrienol could significantly inhibit cell proliferation through G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Thus, our findings revealed that γ-tocotrienol may be considered as a potential agent for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.
| | - Yaqing Mi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.
| | - Pan He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.
| | - Shenghua He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.
| | - Lingling Niu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.
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Abubakar IB, Lim KH, Kam TS, Loh HS. Enhancement of apoptotic activities on brain cancer cells via the combination of γ-tocotrienol and jerantinine A. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 30:74-84. [PMID: 28545672 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-Tocotrienol, a vitamin E isomer possesses pronounced in vitro anticancer activities. However, the in vivo potency has been limited by hardly achievable therapeutic levels owing to inefficient high-dose oral delivery which leads to subsequent metabolic degradation. Jerantinine A, an Aspidosperma alkaloid, originally isolated from Tabernaemontana corymbosa, has proved to possess interesting anticancer activities. However, jerantinine A also induces toxicity to non-cancerous cells. PURPOSE We adopted a combinatorial approach with the joint application of γ-tocotrienol and jerantinine A at lower concentrations in order to minimize toxicity towards non-cancerous cells while improving the potency on brain cancer cells. METHODS The antiproliferative potency of individual γ-tocotrienol and jerantinine A as well as combined in low-concentration was firstly evaluated on U87MG cancer and MRC5 normal cells. Morphological changes, DNA damage patterns, cell cycle arrests and the effects of individual and combined low-concentration compounds on microtubules were then investigated. Finally, the potential roles of caspase enzymes and apoptosis-related proteins in mediating the apoptotic mechanisms were investigated using apoptosis antibody array, ELISA and Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Combinatorial study between γ-tocotrienol at a concentration range (0-24µg/ml) and fixed IC20 concentration of jerantinine A (0.16µg/ml) induced a potent antiproliferative effect on U87MG cells and led to a reduction on the new half maximal inhibitory concentration of γ-tocotrienol (i.e.tIC50=1.29µg/ml) as compared to that of individual γ-tocotrienol (i.e. IC50=3.17µg/ml). A reduction on undesirable toxicity to MRC5 normal cells was also observed. G0/G1 cell cycle arrest was evident on U87MG cells receiving IC50 of individual γ-tocotrienol and combined low-concentration compounds (1.29µg/ml γ-tocotrienol + 0.16µg/ml jerantinine A), whereas, a profound G2/M arrest was evident on cells treated with IC50 of individual jerantinine A. Additionally, individual jerantinine A and combined compounds (except individual γ-tocotrienol) caused a disruption of microtubule networks triggering Fas- and p53-induced apoptosis mediated via the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that the combined use of lower concentrations of γ-tocotrienol and jerantinine A induced potent cytotoxic effects on U87MG cancer cells resulting in a reduction on the required individual concentrations and thereby minimizing toxicity of jerantinine A towards non-cancerous MRC5 cells as well as probably overcoming the high-dose limiting application of γ-tocotrienol. The multi-targeted mechanisms of action of the combination approach have shown a therapeutic potential against brain cancer in vitro and therefore, further in vivo investigations using a suitable animal model should be the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aleiro, PMB 1144, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan-Hon Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Toh-Seok Kam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Biotechnology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chen J, Liu C, Shi B, Chai Y, Han N, Zhu M, Bian H. Overexpression of HvHGGT Enhances Tocotrienol Levels and Antioxidant Activity in Barley. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5181-5187. [PMID: 28581741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant and essential nutrient for human health. Tocotrienols are the major form of vitamin E in seeds of most monocots. It has been known that homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) catalyzes the committed step of tocotrienol biosynthesis. In the present study, we generated transgenic barley overexpressing HvHGGT under endogenous D-Hordein promoter (proHor). Overexpression of HvHGGT increased seed size and seed weight in transgenic barley. Notably, total tocotrienol content increased by 10-15% in seeds of transgenic lines, due to the increased levels of δ-, β-, and γ-tocotrienol, but not α-tocotrienol. Total tocopherol content decreased by 14-18% in transgenic lines, compared to wild type. The antioxidant activity of seeds was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and lipid peroxidation assays. Compared to wild type, radical scavenging activity of seed extracts was enhanced by 17-18% in transgenic lines. Meanwhile, the lipid peroxidation level was decreased by about 20% in transgenic barley seeds. Taken together, overexpression of HvHGGT enhanced the tocotrienol levels and antioxidant capacity in barley seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Chen
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China , 310014
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
| | - Bo Shi
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
| | - Yuqiong Chai
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
| | - Ning Han
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China , 310058
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Muddineti OS, Ghosh B, Biswas S. Current trends in the use of vitamin E-based micellar nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:715-726. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1229300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omkara Swami Muddineti
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, India
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Montagnani Marelli M, Marzagalli M, Moretti RM, Beretta G, Casati L, Comitato R, Gravina GL, Festuccia C, Limonta P. Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30502. [PMID: 27461002 PMCID: PMC4996065 DOI: 10.1038/srep30502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancer. Drug toxicity and resistance represent a serious challange for melanoma treatments. Evidence demonstrates that natural compounds may play a crucial role in cancer prevention, growth and progression. Vitamin E tocotrienols (TT) were shown to possess antitumor activity. Here, we analyzed the effects of δ-TT on melanoma cell growth and the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in this activity. The experiments were performed on human melanoma cell lines, BLM and A375. δ-TT exerted a significant proapoptotic effect on both cell lines, involving the intrinsic apoptosis pathway; importantly, this compound did not affect the viability of normal human melanocytes. In melanoma cells, δ-TT exerted its antitumor effect through activation of the PERK/p-eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP, IRE1α and caspase-4 ER stress-related branches. Salubrinal, an inhibitor of the ER stress, counteracted the cytotoxic activity of δ-TT. In vivo experiments performed in nude mice bearing A375 xenografts evidenced that δ-TT reduces tumor volume and tumor mass; importantly, tumor progression was significantly delayed by δ-TT treatment. In conclusion, δ-TT exerts a proapoptotic activity on melanoma cells, through activation of the ER stress-related pathways. δ-TT might represent an effective option for novel chemopreventive/therapeutic strategies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Montagnani Marelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberta M. Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20129, Italy
| | - Raffaella Comitato
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Roma, 00178, Italy
| | - Giovanni L. Gravina
- Department of Applied and Biotechnological Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied and Biotechnological Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
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Synthesis of the vitamin E amino acid esters with an enhanced anticancer activity and in silico screening for new antineoplastic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abubakar IB, Lim KH, Kam TS, Loh HS. Synergistic cytotoxic effects of combined δ-tocotrienol and jerantinine B on human brain and colon cancers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 184:107-118. [PMID: 26947901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Tabernaemontana has widespread distribution throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world, i.e. Africa, Asia and America which has long been used for treatments of different disease conditions including tumours, wounds, syphilis, stomach ache and headache. Some Tabernaemontana species are used for treatment of piles, spleen and abdominal tumours in India. In particular, the leaf of Tabernaemontana corymbosa is used for treatment of tumours in Bangladesh. Parts of the plant or whole plants are used as decoctions, steam bath, powder and ointments. AIM OF STUDY The present study was undertaken to study the mechanism of apoptosis induction in human glioblastoma (U87MG) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cancer cells by a novel indole alkaloid, jerantinine B isolated from T. corymbosa, δ-tocotrienol and the combined low-dose treatments of δ-tocotrienol with IC20 dose of jerantinine B. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability, isobologram and combinational index (CI) analyses were used to determine the pharmacological interaction between combined treatments based on the IC50 values obtained. Fluorescence and histochemical staining techniques as well as comet assay were used for evaluating the morphological changes and DNA damage pattern, respectively. The effects of treatments on microtubules, caspase activity and cell death were determined using immunofluorescence technique, caspase colorimetric and neutral red uptake assays, respectively. RESULTS Jerantinine B, δ-tocotrienol and combined low-dose treatments induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition against U87MG and HT-29 cells selectively with less toxicity acted towards the normal MRC5 cells. Synergistic growth inhibition observed with CI values of 0.85 and 0.77 for U87MG and HT-29 cells, resulting in up to 2-fold and 3.8-fold dose reduction of δ-tocotrienol and jerantinine B, respectively. U87MG and HT-29 cells exhibited morphological features of apoptosis and double stranded DNA breaks. Individual and combined treatments induced caspase 8 and 3 activities and cell death independent of caspase activation on U87MG and HT-29 cells. An increased caspase 9 activity was also evident on U87MG and HT-29 treated with combined treatments and HT-29 cells treated with jerantinine B. Jerantinine B and combined low-dose treatments with δ-tocotrienol undoubtedly disrupted the microtubule networks. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the mechanism for cytotoxic potency of δ-tocotrienol and jerantinine B against U87MG and HT-29 cells. Furthermore, combined low-dose treatments induced concurrent synergistic inhibition of cancer cell growth with concomitant dose reduction thus minimizing toxicity to normal cells and improving potency of δ-tocotrienol and jerantinine B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan-Hon Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Toh-Seok Kam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Biotechnology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Punvittayagul C, Sankam P, Taya S, Wongpoomchai R. Anticlastogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity of Purple Rice Extract in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:646-53. [PMID: 27115481 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa L. var. indica cv. Kum Doi Saket is a pigmented rice variety grown in northern Thailand. Our previous study found that the methanol extract of purple rice seed had the highest level of antimutagenicity in a Salmonella mutation assay. The present study was designed to evaluate its in vivo anticlastogenic and anticarcinogenic potentials. The purple rice extract had no acute toxicity on rats. The oral administration of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract for 28 days did not increase the number of micronucleated hepatocytes. Interestingly, it significantly reduced the amount of micronucleus formation in the liver of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-treated rats. The inhibitory mechanism involved the induction of hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. In addition, oral administration of 500 mg/kg bw extract for 10 weeks significantly decreased the number of hepatic GST placental form positive foci, but did not modulate the number of colonic aberrant crypt foci in DEN- and dimethylhydrazine-initiated rats. In conclusion, the methanol extract of purple rice seed showed no toxicity, clastogenicity, or carcinogenicity in laboratory rats. It did display chemopreventive activity against the early stages of rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charatda Punvittayagul
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Paweena Sankam
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Wanghin Wittayakom School , The Secondary Education Service Area Office 42, Uthai Thani , Thailand
| | - Sirinya Taya
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Gagic Z, Nikolic K, Ivkovic B, Filipic S, Agbaba D. QSAR studies and design of new analogs of vitamin E with enhanced antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Qualitative/Chemical Analyses of Ankaferd Hemostat and Its Antioxidant Content in Synthetic Gastric Fluids. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8957820. [PMID: 26925418 PMCID: PMC4746270 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8957820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Ankaferd hemostat (ABS) is the first topical haemostatic agent involving the red blood cell-fibrinogen interactions. The antihemorrhagic efficacy of ABS has been tested in controlled clinical trials. The drug induces the formation of an encapsulated complex protein web with vital erythroid aggregation. The aim of this study is to detect the essential toxicity profile and the antioxidant molecules inside ABS. Methods. The pesticides were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS. The determination by ICP-MS after pressure digestion was performed for the heavy metals. HPLC was used for the detection of mycotoxins. Dioxin Response Chemically Activated Luciferase Gene Expression method was used for the dioxin evaluation. TOF-MS and spectra data were evaluated to detect the antioxidants and other molecules. Results. TOF-MS spectra revealed the presence of several antioxidant molecules (including tocotrienols, vitamin E, tryptophan, estriol, galangin, apigenin, oenin, 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran, TBHQ, thymol, BHA, BHT, lycopene, glycyrrhetinic acid, and tomatine), which may have clinical implications in the pharmacobiological actions of ABS. Conclusion. The safety of ABS regarding the presence of heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, GMO and dioxins, and PCBs was demonstrated. Thus the present toxicological results indicated the safety of ABS. The antioxidant content of ABS should be investigated in future studies.
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Ramamoorthy V, Rubens M, Saxena A, Shehadeh N. Selenium and vitamin E for prostate cancer--justifications for the SELECT study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2619-27. [PMID: 25854337 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several studies that relate oxidative damage as possible mechanism for many cancers. Many studies have also shown that anti-oxidants like selenium and vitamin E decrease the risk for prostate cancer. The main objective of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) study was to look for the benefits of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on prostate cancer. The study had a large sample size, stringent experimental conditions, very long duration, standardized laboratories for biochemical analyses and other factors that contribute to high external validity. The SELECT study failed to show any significant risk reduction for prostate cancers ascribable to selenium and vitamin E supplementations. Because of these conflicting results, many researchers argue about the methods used, supplementations administered (selenium and vitamin E) and indicators used for assessing levels of supplementations. We reviewed many epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and pre-clinical studies. With corroborative evidences we justify that SELECT study has a sound methodology and rationale. In lieu of the contrary results of the select study, researchers should focus on the probable mechanisms for these contrary findings and continue their search for newer and effective agents for prevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA E-mail :
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Springett GM, Husain K, Neuger A, Centeno B, Chen DT, Hutchinson TZ, Lush RM, Sebti S, Malafa MP. A Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Presurgical Trial of Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Neoplasia. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1987-95. [PMID: 26844278 PMCID: PMC4703733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (VEDT), a natural vitamin E from plants, has shown anti-neoplastic and chemoprevention activity in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigated VEDT in patients with pancreatic ductal neoplasia in a window-of-opportunity preoperative clinical trial to assess its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and apoptotic activity. Methods Patients received oral VEDT at escalating doses (from 200 to 3200 mg) daily for 13 days before surgery and one dose on the day of surgery. Dose escalation followed a three-plus-three trial design. Our primary endpoints were safety, VEDT pharmacokinetics, and monitoring of VEDT-induced neoplastic cell apoptosis (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00985777). Findings In 25 treated patients, no dose-limiting toxicity was encountered; thus no maximum-tolerated dose was reached. One patient had a drug-related adverse event (diarrhea) at a 3200-mg daily dose level. The effective half-life of VEDT was ~ 4 h. VEDT concentrations in plasma and exposure profiles were quite variable but reached levels that are bioactive in preclinical models. Biological activity, defined as significant induction of apoptosis in neoplastic cells as measured by increased cleaved caspase-3 levels, was seen in the majority of patients at the 400-mg to 1600-mg daily dose levels. Interpretation VEDT from 200 to 1600 mg daily taken orally for 2 weeks before pancreatic surgery was well tolerated, reached bioactive levels in blood, and significantly induced apoptosis in the neoplastic cells of patients with pancreatic ductal neoplasia. These promising results warrant further clinical investigation of VEDT for chemoprevention and/or therapy of pancreatic cancer. Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol is the bioactive form of one of the natural vitamin E with activity against cancer cells Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol is safe in patients up to 3200 mg Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol selectively kills pancreatic tumor cells when compared with normal cells at 400, 600, and 800 mg/day The biomarker effect of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol suggest significant anticancer activity in patients, justifying further study
Vitamin E has been an intriguing vitamin to humans for its potential to promote human health. However, large-scale research with vitamin E to prevent cancer has had mixed results. Because recent laboratory studies have shown that the form of vitamin E used in previous interventions to reduce cancer risk have not been the active tocotrienol form of vitamin E, there is a question as to whether the lack of vitamin activity is due to the use of inactive forms of vitamin E in clinical trials. Based on our laboratory data, which showed that the vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (VEDT) form of vitamin E was active against pancreatic cancer, we tested the ability of VEDT to kill pancreatic tumor cells in patients using a window-of-opportunity design, with measurement of apoptosis as an intermediate endpoint. We found that VEDT was well tolerated at up to 3200 mg when taken for 2 weeks before surgery. We also found that, at doses of 400 to 800 mg, VEDT selectively killed pancreatic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazim Husain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saïd Sebti
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Shibata A, Nakagawa K, Tsuduki T, Miyazawa T. δ-Tocotrienol treatment is more effective against hypoxic tumor cells than normoxic cells: potential implications for cancer therapy. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:832-40. [PMID: 25979648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tocotrienols, unsaturated forms of vitamin E, inhibit the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells and suppress angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying those effects on cancer cell growth remain unclear especially under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we demonstrated that δ-tocotrienol (δ-T3) could be used as a novel anticancer agent against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. δ-T3 inhibited the growth of DLD-1 cells in a dose-dependent fashion by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This effect was more potent under hypoxic than normoxic conditions. The anticancer effect of δ-T3 was achieved by its up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21 and p27), the activation of caspases and the suppression of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) at Thr(308) and Ser(473). In in vivo studies, oral administration of rice bran tocotrienol (RBT3, mainly γ-T3) (10 mg/mouse/day) significantly inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. In tumor analyses, RBT3 activated p21, p27, caspase-3 and caspase-9 and decreased Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that RBT3 decreased the number of cells positive for CD31/platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 in microvessels in the tumor. Taken together, these data suggest that tocotrienols are potent antitumor agents capable of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Tocotrienols could have significant therapeutic potential in the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shibata
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsuduki
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
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Delta-tocotrienol suppresses radiation-induced microRNA-30 and protects mice and human CD34+ cells from radiation injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122258. [PMID: 25815474 PMCID: PMC4376529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that microRNA-30c (miR-30c) plays a key role in radiation-induced human cell damage through an apoptotic pathway. Herein we further evaluated radiation-induced miR-30 expression and mechanisms of delta-tocotrienol (DT3), a radiation countermeasure candidate, for regulating miR-30 in a mouse model and human hematopoietic CD34+ cells. CD2F1 mice were exposed to 0 (control) or 7–12.5 Gy total-body gamma-radiation, and CD34+ cells were irradiated with 0, 2 or 4 Gy of radiation. Single doses of DT3 (75 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection for mice or 2 μM for CD34+ cell culture) were administrated 24 h before irradiation and animal survival was monitored for 30 days. Mouse bone marrow (BM), jejunum, kidney, liver and serum as well as CD34+ cells were collected at 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 or 72 h after irradiation to determine apoptotic markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, miR-30, and stress response protein expression. Our results showed that radiation-induced IL-1β release and cell damage are pathological states that lead to an early expression and secretion of miR-30b and miR-30c in mouse tissues and serum and in human CD34+ cells. DT3 suppressed IL-1β and miR-30 expression, protected against radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse and human cells, and increased survival of irradiated mice. Furthermore, an anti-IL-1β antibody downregulated radiation-induced NFκBp65 phosphorylation, inhibited miR-30 expression and protected CD34+ cells from radiation exposure. Knockdown of NFκBp65 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly suppressed radiation-induced miR-30 expression in CD34+ cells. Our data suggest that DT3 protects human and mouse cells from radiation damage may through suppression of IL-1β-induced NFκB/miR-30 signaling.
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Siveen KS, Ahn KS, Ong TH, Shanmugam MK, Li F, Yap WN, Kumar AP, Fong CW, Tergaonkar V, Hui KM, Sethi G. Y-tocotrienol inhibits angiogenesis-dependent growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma through abrogation of AKT/mTOR pathway in an orthotopic mouse model. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1897-911. [PMID: 24722367 PMCID: PMC4039111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the key hallmarks of cancer. In this study, we investigated whether γ-tocotrienol can abrogate angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and if so, through what molecular mechanisms. We observed that γ-tocotrienol inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced migration, invasion, tube formation and viability of HUVECs in vitro. Moreover, γ-tocotrienol reduced the number of capillary sprouts from matrigel embedded rat thoracic aortic ring in a dose-dependent manner. Also, in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, γ-tocotrienol significantly reduced the blood vessels formation. We further noticed that γ-tocotrienol blocked angiogenesis in an in vivo matrigel plug assay. Furthermore, γ-tocotrienol inhibited VEGF-induced autophosphorylation of VEGFR2 in HUVECs and also suppressed the constitutive activation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction cascades in HUVECs as well as in HCC cells. Interestingly, γ-tocotrienol was also found to significantly reduce the tumor growth in an orthotopic HCC mouse model and inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis in HCC patient xenografts through the suppression of various biomarkers of proliferation and angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that γ-tocotrienol might be a promising anti-angiogenic drug with significant antitumor activity in HCC.
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SUGAHARA R, SATO A, UCHIDA A, SHIOZAWA S, SATO C, VIRGONA N, YANO T. Annatto Tocotrienol Induces a Cytotoxic Effect on Human Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells via the Simultaneous Inhibition of Src and Stat3. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 61:497-501. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayami SATO
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Asuka UCHIDA
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University
| | | | - Chiaki SATO
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University
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Ochi H, Takeda S. The Two Sides of Vitamin E Supplementation. Gerontology 2014; 61:319-26. [PMID: 25428288 DOI: 10.1159/000366419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that inhibits lipid peroxidation by scavenging reactive oxygen species, and it is thought to protect against the aging process. Indeed, it is one of the most popular supplements in the US. However, recent studies have revealed that vitamin E has dual effects on the aging process. We discovered that α-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the body, stimulates osteoclast fusion and bone resorption as well as induces an osteoporosis-like phenotype in rodents. Clinical intervention trials have also demonstrated that supplementation with vitamin E is neutral or even harmful for preventing age-related diseases in humans. Therefore, the role of vitamin E as an 'anti-ager' has been called into question. This review outlines the present understanding of the role of vitamin E in age-related disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ochi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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