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Qiu H, Zhang L, Gao Y, Zhou Z, Li H, Cao L, Wang Y, Hu X, Liang K, Tang M, Kuang W, Huang X, Gong Q. Functional connectivity of the default mode network in first-episode drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:489-496. [PMID: 38901692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the default mode network (DMN) have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD), well-replicated robust alterations of functional connectivity (FC) of DMN remain to be established. Investigating the functional connections of DMN at the overall and subsystem level in early MDD patients has the potential to advance our understanding of the physiopathology of this disorder. METHODS We recruited 115 first-episode drug-naïve patients with MDD and 137 demographic-matched healthy controls (HCs). We first compared FC within the DMN, within/between the DMN subsystems, and from DMN subsystems to the whole brain between groups. Subsequently, we explored correlations between clinical features and identified alterations in FC. RESULTS First-episode drug-naïve patients with MDD showed significantly increased FC within the DMN, dorsal DMN and medial DMN. Each subsystem showed a distinct FC pattern with other brain networks. Increased FC between the subsystems (core DMN, dorsal DMN) and other networks was associated with more severe depressive symptoms, while medial DMN-related connectivity correlated with memory performance. LIMITATIONS The relatively large "pure" MDD sample could only be generalized to a limited population. And, atypical asymmetric FCs in the DMN related to MDD might be missed for only left-lateralized ROIs were used to avoid strong correlations between mirrored (right/left) seed regions. CONCLUSION These findings suggest patients with early MDD showed distinct patterns of FC alterations throughout DMN and its subsystems, which were related to illness severity and illness-associated cognitive impairment, highlighting their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Radiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqing Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Cao
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaili Liang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyue Tang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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2
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Luppi AI, Mediano PAM, Rosas FE, Allanson J, Pickard J, Carhart-Harris RL, Williams GB, Craig MM, Finoia P, Owen AM, Naci L, Menon DK, Bor D, Stamatakis EA. A synergistic workspace for human consciousness revealed by Integrated Information Decomposition. eLife 2024; 12:RP88173. [PMID: 39022924 PMCID: PMC11257694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
How is the information-processing architecture of the human brain organised, and how does its organisation support consciousness? Here, we combine network science and a rigorous information-theoretic notion of synergy to delineate a 'synergistic global workspace', comprising gateway regions that gather synergistic information from specialised modules across the human brain. This information is then integrated within the workspace and widely distributed via broadcaster regions. Through functional MRI analysis, we show that gateway regions of the synergistic workspace correspond to the human brain's default mode network, whereas broadcasters coincide with the executive control network. We find that loss of consciousness due to general anaesthesia or disorders of consciousness corresponds to diminished ability of the synergistic workspace to integrate information, which is restored upon recovery. Thus, loss of consciousness coincides with a breakdown of information integration within the synergistic workspace of the human brain. This work contributes to conceptual and empirical reconciliation between two prominent scientific theories of consciousness, the Global Neuronal Workspace and Integrated Information Theory, while also advancing our understanding of how the human brain supports consciousness through the synergistic integration of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Luppi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Pedro AM Mediano
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fernando E Rosas
- Center for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Science, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Center for Complexity Science, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Judith Allanson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John Pickard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Division of Neurosurgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Robin L Carhart-Harris
- Center for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Science, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Guy B Williams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael M Craig
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- University Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Paola Finoia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Lorina Naci
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Lloyd Building, Trinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Bor
- Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- University Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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3
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Fehr T, Mehrens S, Haag MC, Amelung A, Gloy K. Changes in Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Default Network Oscillations between 19 and 29 Years of Age. Brain Sci 2024; 14:671. [PMID: 39061412 PMCID: PMC11274777 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The exploration of functional resting-state brain developmental parameters and measures can help to improve scientific, psychological, and medical applications. The present work focussed on both traditional approaches, such as topographical power analyses at the signal space level, and advanced approaches, such as the exploration of age-related dynamics of source space data. The results confirmed the expectation that the third life decade would show a kind of stability in oscillatory signal and source-space-related parameters. However, from a source dynamics perspective, different frequency ranges appear to develop quite differently, as reflected in age-related sequential network communication profiles. Among other discoveries, the left anterior cingulate source location could be shown to reduce bi-directional network communication in the lower alpha band, whereas it differentiated its uni- and bidirectional communication dynamics to sub-cortical and posterior brain locations. Higher alpha oscillations enhanced communication dynamics between the thalamus and particularly frontal areas. In conclusion, resting-state data appear to be, at least in part, functionally reorganized in the default mode network, while quantitative measures, such as topographical power and regional source activity, did not correlate with age in the third life decade. In line with other authors, we suggest the further development of a multi-perspective approach in biosignal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fehr
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
- Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sophia Mehrens
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
| | | | - Anneke Amelung
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
| | - Kilian Gloy
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bremen, 28357 Bremen, Germany (K.G.)
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Katsumi A, Iwata S, Tsukiura T. Roles of the Default Mode Network in Different Aspects of Self-representation When Remembering Social Autobiographical Memories. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1021-1036. [PMID: 38527069 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is episodic memory for personally experienced events, in which self-representation is more important than that in laboratory-based memory. Theoretically, self-representation in a social context is categorized as the interpersonal self (IS) referred to in a social interaction with a person or the social-valued self (SS) based on the reputation of the self in the surrounding society. Although functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the involvement of the default mode network (DMN) in self-representation, little is known about how the DMN subsystems contribute differentially to IS-related and SS-related AMs. To elucidate this issue, we used fMRI to scan healthy young adults during the recollection of AMs. We performed multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and assessed functional connectivity in the DMN subsystems: the midline core, medial temporal lobe (MTL), and dorsomedial pFC (dmPFC) subsystems. The study yielded two main sets of findings. First, MVPA revealed that all DMN subsystems showed significant classification accuracy between IS-related and nonsocial-self-related AMs, and IS-related functional connectivity of the midline core regions with the retrosplenial cortex of the MTL subsystem and the dmPFC of the dmPFC subsystem was significant. Second, MVPA significantly distinguished between SS-related and nonsocial-self-related AMs in the midline core and dmPFC subsystems but not in the MTL subsystem, and SS-related functional connectivity with the midline core regions was significant in the temporal pole and TPJ of the dmPFC subsystem. Thus, dissociable neural mechanisms in the DMN could contribute to different aspects of self-representation in social AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeko Iwata
- Kyoto University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
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5
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Li Y, Yin Y, Yu Y, Hu X, Liu X, Wu S. The potential predictors for treatment-resistance depression after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors therapy in Han Chinese: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38320861 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
AIM Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most important antidepressants. However, there is limited research on predicting the occurrence of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) after 5 years. Examining the predictive effect of TRD occurrence using resting-state fMRI in patients initiating SSRIs treatment at the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) could potentially enhance TRD management. METHODS A total of 60 first-episode drug-naive MDD patients who met the criteria, along with 41 healthy controls of Han Chinese ethnicity, were recruited. All MDD patients received SSRIs as the initial treatment for relieving depressive symptoms. Resting-state fMRI scans were conducted for all subjects. Follow-up assessments were conducted over a period of five years, during which MDD patients were categorized into treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and non-treatment-resistant depression (NRD) groups based on disease progression. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), and Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) values were calculated and compared among the three groups. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to identify potential predictors. RESULTS After 5 years of follow-up, it was found that 43 MDD patients were classified as NRD, while 17 were classified as TRD. In comparison to TRD, NRD exhibited decreased ALFF in the left middle cingulum gyrus (MCG.L) and in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG.R), as well as decreased ReHo in MCG.L. Furthermore, NRD showed increased fALFF in the left precuneus (PCUN.L). The area under the curve (AUC) values were as follows: 0.724 (MCG.L by ALFF), 0.732 (MFG.R), 0.767 (PCUN.L), 0.774 (MCG.L by ReHo), 0.878 (combined), 0.547 (HAMD), and 0.408 (HAMA) respectively. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that PCUN.L, MFG.R, MCG.L, and the combined measures may indicate the possibility of developing TRD after 5 years when SSRIs are used as the initial therapy for relieving depressive symptoms in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Psychosomatic, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Yu
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Hu
- The sixth ward of Psychiatry Department, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - XiaoYan Liu
- The fifth ward of Psychiatry Department, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of intensive care unit, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Affiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang K, Hu X, Cai X, Chen Y, Gao F, Wang G. Regional GABA levels modulate abnormal resting-state network functional connectivity and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad535. [PMID: 38271282 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
More evidence shows that changes in functional connectivity with regard to brain networks and neurometabolite levels correlated to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. However, the neurological basis underlying the relationship among neurometabolite levels, functional connectivity, and cognitive impairment remains unclear. For this purpose, we used a combination of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to study gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations in the posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus, and inter-network functional connectivity in 29 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and 34 matched healthy controls. Neuropsychological tests were used to evaluate the cognitive function. We found that relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients demonstrated significantly reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations and aberrant functional connectivity involving cognitive-related networks compared to healthy controls, and both alterations were associated with specific cognition decline. Moreover, mediation analyses indicated that decremented hippocampus gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients mediated the association between inter-network functional connectivity in various components of default mode network and verbal memory deficits. In summary, our findings shed new lights on the essential function of GABAergic system abnormalities in regulating network dysconnectivity and functional connectivity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients, suggesting potential novel approach to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xianyun Cai
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
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7
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Assem M, Shashidhara S, Glasser MF, Duncan J. Basis of executive functions in fine-grained architecture of cortical and subcortical human brain networks. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad537. [PMID: 38244562 PMCID: PMC10839840 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that executive functions rely on both domain-general and domain-specific processes. Supporting this view, prior brain imaging studies have revealed that executive activations converge and diverge within broadly characterized brain networks. However, the lack of precise anatomical mappings has impeded our understanding of the interplay between domain-general and domain-specific processes. To address this challenge, we used the high-resolution multimodal magnetic resonance imaging approach of the Human Connectome Project to scan participants performing 3 canonical executive tasks: n-back, rule switching, and stop signal. The results reveal that, at the individual level, different executive activations converge within 9 domain-general territories distributed in frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. Each task exhibits a unique topography characterized by finely detailed activation gradients within domain-general territory shifted toward adjacent resting-state networks; n-back activations shift toward the default mode, rule switching toward dorsal attention, and stop signal toward cingulo-opercular networks. Importantly, the strongest activations arise at multimodal neurobiological definitions of network borders. Matching results are seen in circumscribed regions of the caudate nucleus, thalamus, and cerebellum. The shifting peaks of local gradients at the intersection of task-specific networks provide a novel mechanistic insight into how partially-specialized networks interact with neighboring domain-general territories to generate distinct executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Assem
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Sneha Shashidhara
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
- Psychology Department, Ashoka University, Sonipat, 131029, India
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
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8
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Yang J, Shen L, Long Q, Li W, Zhang W, Chen Q, Han B. Electrical stimulation induced self-related auditory hallucinations correlate with oscillatory power change in the default mode network. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad473. [PMID: 38061695 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-related information is crucial in our daily lives, which has led to the proposal that there is a specific brain mechanism for processing it. Neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated that the default mode network (DMN) is strongly associated with the representation and processing of self-related information. However, the precise relationship between DMN activity and self-related information, particularly in terms of neural oscillations, remains largely unknown. We electrically stimulated the superior temporal and fusiform areas, using stereo-electroencephalography to investigate neural oscillations associated with elicited self-related auditory hallucinations. Twenty-two instances of auditory hallucinations were recorded and categorized into self-related and other-related conditions. Comparing oscillatory power changes within the DMN between self-related and other-related auditory hallucinations, we discovered that self-related hallucinations are associated with significantly stronger positive power changes in both alpha and gamma bands compared to other-related hallucinations. To ensure the validity of our findings, we conducted controlled analyses for factors of familiarity and clarity, which revealed that the observed effects within the DMN remain independent of these factors. These results underscore the significance of the functional role of the DMN during the processing of self-related auditory hallucinations and shed light on the relationship between self-related perception and neural oscillatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, No.55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, No.55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiting Long
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Litang Road No. 168, Changping District, 102218, Beijing, China
- Epilepsy Center, Shanghai Neuromedical Center, Gulang Road No. 378, Putuo District, 200331, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, No.55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Han
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, No.55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, 510631, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Covert consciousness is a state of residual awareness following severe brain injury or neurological disorder that evades routine bedside behavioral detection. Patients with covert consciousness have preserved awareness but are incapable of self-expression through ordinary means of behavior or communication. Growing recognition of the limitations of bedside neurobehavioral examination in reliably detecting consciousness, along with advances in neurotechnologies capable of detecting brain states or subtle signs indicative of consciousness not discernible by routine examination, carry promise to transform approaches to classifying, diagnosing, prognosticating and treating disorders of consciousness. Here we describe and critically evaluate the evolving clinical category of covert consciousness, including approaches to its diagnosis through neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and novel behavioral tools, its prognostic relevance, and open questions pertaining to optimal clinical management of patients with covert consciousness recovering from severe brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Young
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian L. Edlow
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yelena G. Bodien
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Yoon L, Keenan KE, Hipwell AE, Forbes EE, Guyer AE. Hooked on a thought: Associations between rumination and neural responses to social rejection in adolescent girls. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 64:101320. [PMID: 37922608 PMCID: PMC10641579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rumination is a significant risk factor for psychopathology in adolescent girls and is associated with heightened and prolonged physiological arousal following social rejection. However, no study has examined how rumination relates to neural responses to social rejection in adolescent girls; thus, the current study aimed to address this gap. Adolescent girls (N = 116; ages 16.95-19.09) self-reported on their rumination tendency and completed a social evaluation fMRI task where they received fictitious feedback (acceptance, rejection) from peers they liked or disliked. Rejection-related neural activity and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) connectivity were regressed on rumination, controlling for rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Rumination was associated with distinctive neural responses following rejection from liked peers including increased neural activity in the precuneus, inferior parietal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and supplementary motor area (SMA) and reduced sgACC connectivity with multiple regions including medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Greater precuneus and SMA activity mediated the effect of rumination on slower response time to report emotional state after receiving rejection from liked peers. These findings provide clues for distinctive cognitive processes (e.g., mentalizing, conflict processing, memory encoding) following the receipt of rejection in girls with high levels of rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leehyun Yoon
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Kate E Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alison E Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Fateh AA, Huang W, Hassan M, Zhuang Y, Lin J, Luo Y, Yang B, Zeng H. Default mode network connectivity and social dysfunction in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100393. [PMID: 37829190 PMCID: PMC10564936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) negatively affects social functioning; however, its neurological underpinnings remain unclear. Altered Default Mode Network (DMN) connectivity may contribute to social dysfunction in ADHD. We investigated whether DMN's dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) alterations were associated with social dysfunction in individuals with ADHD. Methods Resting-state fMRI was used to examine DMN subsystems (dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC), medial temporal lobe (MTL)) and the midline core in 40 male ADHD patients (7-10 years) and 45 healthy controls (HCs). Connectivity correlations with symptoms and demographic data were assessed. Group-based analyses compared rsFC between groups with two-sample t-tests and post-hoc analyses. Results Social dysfunction in ADHD patients was related to reduced DMN connectivity, specifically in the MTL subsystem and the midline core. ADHD patients showed decreased dFC between parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and left superior frontal gyrus, and between ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) and right middle frontal gyrus compared to HCs (MTL subsystem). Additionally, decreased dFC between posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC), and right angular gyrus (midline core) was observed in ADHD patients relative to HCs. No abnormal connectivity was found within the dMPFC. Conclusion Preliminary findings suggest that DMN connectional abnormalities may contribute to social dysfunction in ADHD, providing insights into the disorder's neurobiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ameen Fateh
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Wenxian Huang
- Children's Healthcare and Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Yijiang Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Jieqiong Lin
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Binrang Yang
- Children's Healthcare and Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Hongwu Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, China
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12
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Jung S, Kim JY, Jo S, Han SW. The Involvement of the Multiple Demand and Default Mode Networks in a Trial-by-Trial Cognitive Control. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1247. [PMID: 37759848 PMCID: PMC10526790 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive behavior in the environment requires a high level of cognitive control to bias limited processing resources to behaviorally significant stimuli. Such control has been associated with a set of brain regions located in the fronto-parietal cortex (multiple demand network), whose activity was found to increase as the control demand for a task increases. In contrast, another set of regions, default mode network regions, were found to be deactivated during top-down processing of task stimuli. Despite this dissociation in their activation amplitudes, it is possible that activation patterns of these regions commonly encode specific task features. In two independent neuroimaging datasets, involving a total of 40 human samples, we found that the performance of an attentional task evoked positive activity of the MDN and deactivation of the DMN. Consistent with previous studies, task features could be decoded from the fronto-parietal cognitive regions. Importantly, the regions of the DMN also encoded task features when the task set had to be rapidly reconfigured in a transient, trial-by-trial manner, along with the MDN regions. These results suggest that the two separate brain networks ultimately co-ordinate for the effective establishment of top-down cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinyoung Jung
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, MS 2051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Research Equipment Operation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheong-won, Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suhyeon Jo
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suk Won Han
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
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13
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Lyu D, Stieger JR, Xin C, Ma E, Lusk Z, Aparicio MK, Werbaneth K, Perry CM, Deisseroth K, Buch V, Parvizi J. Causal evidence for the processing of bodily self in the anterior precuneus. Neuron 2023; 111:2502-2512.e4. [PMID: 37295420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To probe the causal importance of the human posteromedial cortex (PMC) in processing the sense of self, we studied a rare cohort of nine patients with electrodes implanted bilaterally in the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial regions with a combination of neuroimaging, intracranial recordings, and direct cortical stimulations. In all participants, the stimulation of specific sites within the anterior precuneus (aPCu) caused dissociative changes in physical and spatial domains. Using single-pulse electrical stimulations and neuroimaging, we present effective and resting-state connectivity of aPCu hot zone with the rest of the brain and show that they are located outside the boundaries of the default mode network (DMN) but connected reciprocally with it. We propose that the function of this subregion of the PMC is integral to a range of cognitive processes that require the self's physical point of reference, given its location within a spatial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Lyu
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - James Robert Stieger
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Xin
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Ma
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zoe Lusk
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mariel Kalkach Aparicio
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Werbaneth
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claire Megan Perry
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Buch
- Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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14
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Jackson RL, Humphreys GF, Rice GE, Binney RJ, Lambon Ralph MA. A network-level test of the role of the co-activated default mode network in episodic recall and social cognition. Cortex 2023; 165:141-159. [PMID: 37285763 PMCID: PMC10284259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resting-state network research is extremely influential, yet the functions of many networks remain unknown. In part, this is due to typical (e.g., univariate) analyses independently testing the function of individual regions and not examining the full set of regions that form a network whilst co-activated. Connectivity is dynamic and the function of a region may change based on its current connections. Therefore, determining the function of a network requires assessment at this network-level. Yet popular theories implicating the default mode network (DMN) in episodic memory and social cognition, rest principally upon analyses performed at the level of individual brain regions. Here we use independent component analysis to formally test the role of the DMN in episodic and social processing at the network level. As well as an episodic retrieval task, two independent datasets were employed to assess DMN function across the breadth of social cognition; a person knowledge judgement and a theory of mind task. Each task dataset was separated into networks of co-activated regions. In each, the co-activated DMN, was identified through comparison to an a priori template and its relation to the task model assessed. This co-activated DMN did not show greater activity in episodic or social tasks than high-level baseline conditions. Thus, no evidence was found to support hypotheses that the co-activated DMN is involved in explicit episodic or social tasks at a network-level. The networks associated with these processes are described. Implications for prior univariate findings and the functional significance of the co-activated DMN are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Jackson
- Department of Psychology & York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK; MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Gina F Humphreys
- MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grace E Rice
- MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Son JJ, Schantell M, Picci G, Wang YP, Stephen JM, Calhoun VD, Doucet GE, Taylor BK, Wilson TW. Altered longitudinal trajectory of default mode network connectivity in healthy youth with subclinical depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101216. [PMID: 36857850 PMCID: PMC9986502 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) plays a crucial role in internal self-processing, rumination, and social functions. Disruptions to DMN connectivity have been linked with early adversity and the emergence of psychopathology in adolescence and early adulthood. Herein, we investigate how subclinical psychiatric symptoms can impact DMN functional connectivity during the pubertal transition. Resting-state fMRI data were collected annually from 190 typically-developing youth (9-15 years-old) at three timepoints and within-network DMN connectivity was computed. We used latent growth curve modeling to determine how self-reported depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms predicted rates of change in DMN connectivity over the three-year period. In the baseline model without predictors, we found no systematic changes in DMN connectivity over time. However, significant modulation emerged after adding psychopathology predictors; greater depressive symptomatology was associated with significant decreases in connectivity over time, whereas posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with significant increases in connectivity over time. Follow-up analyses revealed that these effects were driven by connectivity changes involving the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex subnetwork. In conclusion, these data suggest that subclinical depressive and posttraumatic symptoms alter the trajectory of DMN connectivity, which may indicate that this network is a nexus of clinical significance in mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Son
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Giorgia Picci
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gaelle E Doucet
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
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16
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Linchevski I, Maimon A, Golland Y, Zeharia N, Amedi A, Levit-Binnun N. Integrating mind and body: Investigating differential activation of nodes of the default mode network. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2023; 41:115-127. [PMID: 37742669 PMCID: PMC10741374 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-231334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The default mode network (DMN) is a large-scale brain network tightly correlated with self and self-referential processing, activated by intrinsic tasks and deactivated by externally-directed tasks. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aim to investigate the novel approach of default mode activation during progressive muscle relaxation and examine whether differential activation patterns result from the movement of different body parts. METHODS We employed neuroimaging to investigate DMN activity during simple body movements, while performing progressive muscle relaxation. We focused on differentiating the neural response between facial movements and movements of other body parts. RESULTS Our results show that the movement of different body parts led to deactivation in several DMN nodes, namely the temporal poles, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and posterior cingulate cortex. However, facial movement induced an inverted and selective positive BOLD pattern in some of these areas precisely. Moreover, areas in the temporal poles selective for face movement showed functional connectivity not only with the hippocampus and mPFC but also with the nucleus accumbens. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both conceptual and embodied self-related processes, including body movements during progressive muscle relaxation, may be mapped onto shared brain networks. This could enhance our understanding of how practices like PMR influence DMN activity and potentially offer insights to inform therapeutic strategies that rely on mindful body movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Linchevski
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Amber Maimon
- The Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition and Technology, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- The Ruth & Meir Rosental Brain Imaging (MRI) Center, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Yulia Golland
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Noa Zeharia
- The Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition and Technology, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Amir Amedi
- The Baruch Ivcher Institute for Brain, Cognition and Technology, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- The Ruth & Meir Rosental Brain Imaging (MRI) Center, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Nava Levit-Binnun
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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17
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DiNicola LM, Ariyo OI, Buckner RL. Functional specialization of parallel distributed networks revealed by analysis of trial-to-trial variation in processing demands. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:17-40. [PMID: 36197013 PMCID: PMC9799157 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00211.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple large-scale networks populate human association cortex. Here, we explored the functional properties of these networks by exploiting trial-to-trial variation in component-processing demands. In two behavioral studies (n = 136 and n = 238), participants quantified strategies used to solve individual task trials that spanned remembering, imagining future scenarios, and various control trials. These trials were also all scanned in an independent sample of functional MRI participants (n = 10), each with sufficient data to precisely define within-individual networks. Stable latent factors varied across trials and correlated with trial-level functional responses selectively across networks. One network linked to parahippocampal cortex, labeled Default Network A (DN-A), tracked scene construction, including for control trials that possessed minimal episodic memory demands. To the degree, a trial encouraged participants to construct a mental scene with imagery and awareness about spatial locations of objects or places, the response in DN-A increased. The juxtaposed Default Network B (DN-B) showed no such response but varied in relation to social processing demands. Another adjacent network, labeled Frontoparietal Network B (FPN-B), robustly correlated with trial difficulty. These results support that DN-A and DN-B are specialized networks differentially supporting information processing within spatial and social domains. Both networks are dissociable from a closely juxtaposed domain-general control network that tracks cognitive effort.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tasks shown to differentially recruit parallel association networks are multifaceted, leaving open questions about network processes. Here, examining trial-to-trial network response properties in relation to trial traits reveals new insights into network functions. In particular, processes linked to scene construction selectively recruit a distributed network with links to parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortices, including during trials designed not to rely on the personal past. Adjacent networks show distinct patterns, providing novel evidence of functional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. DiNicola
- 1Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Oluwatobi I. Ariyo
- 1Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- 1Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,2Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts,3Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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18
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Liu R, Qi H, Guan L, Wu H, Liu J, Li X, Huang J, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhou J. Functional connectivity of the default mode network subsystems in patients with major depressive episodes with mixed features. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100929. [PMID: 36654667 PMCID: PMC9764607 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroimaging mechanism of major depressive episodes with mixed features (MMF) is not clear. Aims This study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) subsystems among patients with MMF and patients with major depressive disorder without mixed features (MDDnoMF). Methods This study recruited 47 patients with MDDnoMF and 27 patients with MMF from Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, between April 2021 and June 2022. Forty-five healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning and clinical assessments. Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity were computed in the DMN core subsystem, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) subsystem and medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem. Analysis of covariance method was performed to compare the intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity in the DMN subsystems among the MDDnoMF, MMF and HC groups. Results The functional connectivity within the DMN core (F=6.32, pFDR=0.008) and MTL subsystems (F=4.45, pFDR=0.021) showed significant differences among the MDDnoMF, MMF and HC groups. Compared with the HC group, the patients with MDDnoMF and MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN MTL subsystem, and the patients with MMF also showed increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem. Meanwhile, compared with the MDDnoMF, the patients with MMF had increased functional connectivity within the DMN core subsystem (mean difference (MDDnoMF-MMF)=-0.08, SE=0.04, p=0.048). However, no significant differences were found within the DMN dMPFC subsystem and all the internetwork functional connectivity. Conclusions Our results indicated abnormal functional connectivity patterns of DMN subsystems in patients with MMF, findings potentially beneficial to deepen our understanding of MMF's neural basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Bao Z, Frewen P. Sense of self in mind and body: an eLORETA-EEG study. Neurosci Conscious 2022; 2022:niac017. [PMID: 36530551 PMCID: PMC9748806 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain engages the sense of self through both semantic and somatic self-referential processing (SRP). Alpha and theta oscillations have been found to underlie SRP but have not been compared with respect to semantic and somatic SRP. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from 50 participants during focused internal attention on life roles (e.g. "friend") and outer body (e.g. "arms") compared to resting state and an external attention memory task and localized the sources of on-scalp alpha (8-12 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) EEG signals with exact low-resolution tomography. Logarithm of F-ratios was calculated to compare differences in alpha and theta power between SRP conditions, resting state, and external attention. Results indicated that compared to resting state, semantic SRP induced lower theta in the frontal cortex and higher theta in the parietal cortex, whereas somatic SRP induced lower alpha in the frontal and insula cortex and higher alpha in the parietal cortex. Furthermore, results indicated that compared to external attention, both semantic and somatic SRP induced higher alpha in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with lateralized patterns based on task condition. Finally, an analysis directly comparing semantic and somatic SRP indicated frontal-parietal and left-right lateralization of SRP in the brain. Our results suggest the alpha and theta oscillations in the frontal, parietal, and the insula cortex may play crucial roles in semantic and somatic SRP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Frewen
- *Correspondence address. Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, 339 Windermere Rd., London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada. Tel: +519 685 8500 E-mail:
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Wen T, Egner T. Context-independent scaling of neural responses to task difficulty in the multiple-demand network. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:6013-6027. [PMID: 36513365 PMCID: PMC10183747 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple-demand (MD) network is sensitive to many aspects of cognitive demand, showing increased activation with more difficult tasks. However, it is currently unknown whether the MD network is modulated by the context in which task difficulty is experienced. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined MD network responses to low, medium, and high difficulty arithmetic problems within 2 cued contexts, an easy versus a hard set. The results showed that MD activity varied reliably with the absolute difficulty of a problem, independent of the context in which the problem was presented. Similarly, MD activity during task execution was independent of the difficulty of the previous trial. Representational similarity analysis further supported that representational distances in the MD network were consistent with a context-independent code. Finally, we identified several regions outside the MD network that showed context-dependent coding, including the inferior parietal lobule, paracentral lobule, posterior insula, and large areas of the visual cortex. In sum, a cognitive effort is processed by the MD network in a context-independent manner. We suggest that this absolute coding of cognitive demand in the MD network reflects the limited range of task difficulty that can be supported by the cognitive apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Wen
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Tobias Egner
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
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21
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Dourron HM, Strauss C, Hendricks PS. Self-Entropic Broadening Theory: Toward a New Understanding of Self and Behavior Change Informed by Psychedelics and Psychosis. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:982-1027. [DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Halcomb M, Dzemidzic M, Shen YI, Lin Z, Butcher TJ, Yoder KK, Oberlin B. Delay discounting and alcohol consumption correlate with dorsal anterior insula activation during choice in nontreatment-seeking heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1397-1407. [PMID: 35707988 PMCID: PMC9427725 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior insular cortex (AIC), a prominent salience network node, integrates interoceptive information and emotional states into decision making. While AIC activation during delay discounting (DD) in alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been previously reported, the associations between AIC activation, impulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and connectivity remain unknown. We therefore tested AIC brain responses during DD in heavy drinkers and their association with DD performance, alcohol drinking, and task-based connectivity. METHODS Twenty-nine heavy drinkers (12 females; mean (SD) age=31.5 ± 6.1 years; mean (SD)=40.8 ± 23.4 drinks/week) completed a DD task during functional MRI. Regions activated during DD decision making were tested for correlation with DD behavior and alcohol drinking. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) models assessed the task-dependent functional connectivity (FC) of activation during choice. RESULTS Delay discounting choice activated bilateral anterior insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and left precentral gyrus. Right dorsal (d) AIC activation during choice negatively correlated withdiscounting of delayed rewards and alcohol consumption. PPI analysis revealed FC of the right dAIC to both the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices-key nodes in the midline default mode network. CONCLUSIONS Greater dAIC involvement in intertemporal choice may confer more adaptive behavior (lower impulsivity and alcohol consumption). Moreover, salience network processes governing discounting may require midline default mode (precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex) recruitment. These findings supporta key adaptive role for right dAIC in decision making involving future rewards and risky drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Halcomb
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Yitong I. Shen
- Addiction Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Zikai Lin
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Tarah J. Butcher
- Addiction Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Karmen K. Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Brandon Oberlin
- Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Addiction Neuroscience Graduate ProgramIndiana University – Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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23
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Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Internet/Smartphone Addiction: A Preliminary fMRI Study. Tomography 2022; 8:1781-1790. [PMID: 35894015 PMCID: PMC9326674 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying smartphone/internet addiction. We tested a specific hypothesis that the excessive, uncontrolled use of smartphones should be related to the ability of controlling attention in a purely endogenous and self-regulatory manner. In an fMRI experiment, in which 43 adults participated, we had participants detect and identify specified target stimuli among non-targets. In some trials, 10 s oddball movies were presented as distractors. While the participants try to filter out the distractors and focus their attention on the main task, the activation profiles of the frontoparietal brain regions were examined. The results showed that the people with a higher risk of being addicted to smartphone use failed to filter out distractors via the endogenous control of attention. The neuroimaging data showed that the high-risk group showed significantly lower levels of activation in the frontopolar cortex (FPC). We conclude that people at a high risk of smartphone addiction have difficulty endogenously shifting their attention from distracting stimuli toward goal-directed behavior, and FPC plays a critical role in this self-regulatory control of attention.
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24
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Malagurski B, Deschwanden PF, Jäncke L, Mérillat S. Longitudinal functional connectivity patterns of the default mode network in healthy older adults. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119414. [PMID: 35760292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have consistently identified age-associated alterations in default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity (FC). Yet, research on longitudinal trajectories of FC changes of the DMN in healthy aging is less conclusive. For the present study, we used a resting state functional MRI dataset drawn from the Longitudinal Healthy Aging Brain Database Project (LHAB) collected in 5 occasions over a course of 7 years (baseline N = 232, age range: 64-87 y, mean age = 70.85 y). FC strength changes within the DMN and its regions were investigated using a network-based statistical method suitable for the analysis of longitudinal data. The average DMN FC strength remained stable, however, various DMN components showed differential age- and time-related effects. Our results revealed a complex pattern of longitudinal change seen as decreases and increases of FC strength encompassing the majority of DMN regions, while age-related effects were negative and present in select brain areas. These findings testify to the growing importance of longitudinal studies using more sophisticated fine-grained tools needed to highlight the complexity of the functional reorganization of DMN with healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Malagurski
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lutz Jäncke
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mérillat
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Mancuso L, Cavuoti-Cabanillas S, Liloia D, Manuello J, Buzi G, Cauda F, Costa T. Tasks activating the default mode network map multiple functional systems. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1711-1734. [PMID: 35179638 PMCID: PMC9098625 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in network neuroscience suggest reconsidering what we thought we knew about the default mode network (DMN). Although this network has always been seen as unitary and associated with the resting state, a new deconstructive line of research is pointing out that the DMN could be divided into multiple subsystems supporting different functions. By now, it is well known that the DMN is not only deactivated by tasks, but also involved in affective, mnestic, and social paradigms, among others. Nonetheless, it is starting to become clear that the array of activities in which it is involved, might also be extended to more extrinsic functions. The present meta-analytic study is meant to push this boundary a bit further. The BrainMap database was searched for all experimental paradigms activating the DMN, and their activation likelihood estimation maps were then computed. An additional map of task-induced deactivations was also created. A multidimensional scaling indicated that such maps could be arranged along an anatomo-psychological gradient, which goes from midline core activations, associated with the most internal functions, to that of lateral cortices, involved in more external tasks. Further multivariate investigations suggested that such extrinsic mode is especially related to reward, semantic, and emotional functions. However, an important finding was that the various activation maps were often different from the canonical representation of the resting-state DMN, sometimes overlapping with it only in some peripheral nodes, and including external regions such as the insula. Altogether, our findings suggest that the intrinsic-extrinsic opposition may be better understood in the form of a continuous scale, rather than a dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mancuso
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Donato Liloia
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jordi Manuello
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Buzi
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Cauda
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- FOCUS Lab Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Giuseppe Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy.
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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26
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Yang Z, Wildschut T, Izuma K, Gu R, Luo YLL, Cai H, Sedikides C. Patterns of brain activity associated with nostalgia: a social-cognitive neuroscience perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:1131-1144. [PMID: 35560158 PMCID: PMC9714426 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nostalgia arises from tender and yearnful reflection on meaningful life events or important persons from one's past. In the last two decades, the literature has documented a variety of ways in which nostalgia benefits psychological well-being. Only a handful of studies, however, have addressed the neural basis of the emotion. In this prospective review, we postulate a neural model of nostalgia. Self-reflection, autobiographical memory, regulatory capacity and reward are core components of the emotion. Thus, nostalgia involves brain activities implicated in self-reflection processing (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), autobiographical memory processing (hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), emotion regulation processing (anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex) and reward processing (striatum, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Nostalgia's potential to modulate activity in these core neural substrates has both theoretical and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to Huajian Cai, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keise Izuma
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 780-8515, Japan
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu L L Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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27
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The anterior thalamic nuclei: core components of a tripartite episodic memory system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:505-516. [PMID: 35478245 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Standard models of episodic memory focus on hippocampal-parahippocampal interactions, with the neocortex supplying sensory information and providing a final repository of mnemonic representations. However, recent advances have shown that other regions make distinct and equally critical contributions to memory. In particular, there is growing evidence that the anterior thalamic nuclei have a number of key cognitive functions that support episodic memory. In this article, we describe these findings and argue for a core, tripartite memory system, comprising a 'temporal lobe' stream (centred on the hippocampus) and a 'medial diencephalic' stream (centred on the anterior thalamic nuclei) that together act on shared cortical areas. We demonstrate how these distributed brain regions form complementary and necessary partnerships in episodic memory formation.
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28
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Changes in the Intranetwork and Internetwork Connectivity of the Default Mode Network and Olfactory Network in Patients with COVID-19 and Olfactory Dysfunction. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040511. [PMID: 35448042 PMCID: PMC9029634 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common symptom in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Moreover, many neurological manifestations have been reported in these patients, suggesting central nervous system involvement. The default mode network (DMN) is closely associated with olfactory processing. In this study, we investigated the internetwork and intranetwork connectivity of the DMN and the olfactory network (ON) in 13 healthy controls and 22 patients presenting with COVID-19-related OD using independent component analysis and region of interest functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. There was a significant correlation between the butanol threshold test (BTT) and the intranetwork connectivity in ON. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 patients with OD showed significantly higher intranetwork connectivity in the DMN, as well as higher internetwork connectivity between ON and DMN. However, no significant difference was found between groups in the intranetwork connectivity within ON. We postulate that higher intranetwork functional connectivities compensate for the deficits in olfactory processing and general well-being in COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, the compensation process in the ON may not be obvious at this stage. Our results suggest that resting-state fMRI is a potentially valuable tool to evaluate neurosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.
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29
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Chow R, Rabi R, Paracha S, Hasher L, Anderson CPsych ND, Alain C. Default mode network and neural phase synchronization in healthy aging: A resting state EEG study. Neuroscience 2022; 485:116-128. [PMID: 35051530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with altered brain connectivity within the default mode network (DMN). Although research using functional magnetic resonance imaging has quantified age-related alterations in functional connectivity within this network during resting state, it is less clear how this may be reflected in electrophysiological measures, and how this relates to cognitive performance in older adults. The aim of this study was to quantify age differences in phase synchrony of the DMN during resting state, with particular focus on connectivity between the anterior node (i.e., medial prefrontal cortex, or mPFC) and other associated regions in this network. Electroencephalography was recorded from 55 younger adults (18-30 years, 28 females) and 34 older adults (64-88 years, 16 females) in two resting state conditions (eyes-open and -closed). Source-level functional connectivity was quantified using phase-locking value (PLV) with a spatial filter of six sources of interest, and were subjected to data-driven permutation testing between groups from 1 to 50 Hz. Older adults also completed tests of memory, language, executive functioning, and processing speed. Findings indicated decreased connectivity in the alpha2 range for older than younger adults between the mPFC and other DMN regions including the left angular gyrus and bilateral lateral temporal cortices, the latter of which were associated with lower performance in semantic fluency and executive functioning in older adults. Furthermore, greater PLV in theta and beta bands between the mPFC and posterior cingulate regions was found in older than younger adults. These results suggest age-related changes in DMN functional connectivity are non-uniform and frequency-dependent, and may reflect poorer performance in cognitive domains thought to decline with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Chow
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Rahel Rabi
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Shahier Paracha
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Lynn Hasher
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Nicole D Anderson CPsych
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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30
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Visani E, Sebastiano DR, Duran D, Garofalo G, Magliocco F, Silipo F, Buccino G. The Semantics of Natural Objects and Tools in the Brain: A Combined Behavioral and MEG Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010097. [PMID: 35053840 PMCID: PMC8774003 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current literature supports the notion that the recognition of objects, when visually presented, is sub-served by neural structures different from those responsible for the semantic processing of their nouns. However, embodiment foresees that processing observed objects and their verbal labels should share similar neural mechanisms. In a combined behavioral and MEG study, we compared the modulation of motor responses and cortical rhythms during the processing of graspable natural objects and tools, either verbally or pictorially presented. Our findings demonstrate that conveying meaning to an observed object or processing its noun similarly modulates both motor responses and cortical rhythms; being natural graspable objects and tools differently represented in the brain, they affect in a different manner both behavioral and MEG findings, independent of presentation modality. These results provide experimental evidence that neural substrates responsible for conveying meaning to objects overlap with those where the object is represented, thus supporting an embodied view of semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Visani
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (D.R.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Davide Rossi Sebastiano
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (D.R.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Dunja Duran
- Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (D.R.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Gioacchino Garofalo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabio Magliocco
- Centro Psico-Sociale di Seregno—Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Vimercate, 20871 Vimercate, Italy;
| | - Francesco Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Salvatore Venuta, 88100 Germaneto, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Buccino
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Smith V, Pinasco C, Achterberg J, Mitchell DJ, Das T, Roca M, Duncan J. Fluid intelligence and naturalistic task impairments after focal brain lesions. Cortex 2021; 146:106-115. [PMID: 34847482 PMCID: PMC8769046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical executive tasks, such as Wisconsin card-sorting and verbal fluency, are widely used as tests of frontal lobe control functions. Since the pioneering work of Shallice and Burgess (1991), it has been known that complex, naturalistic tasks can capture deficits that are missed in these classical tests. Matching this finding, deficits in several classical tasks are predicted by loss of fluid intelligence, linked to damage in a specific cortical "multiple-demand" (MD) network, while deficits in a more naturalistic task are not. To expand on these previous results, we examined the effect of focal brain lesions on three new tests-a modification of the previously-used Hotel task, a new test of task switching after extended delays, and a test of decision-making in imagined real-life scenarios. As potential predictors of impairment we measured volume of damage to a priori MD and default mode (DMN) networks, as well as cortical damage outside these networks. Deficits in the three new tasks were substantial, but were not explained by loss of fluid intelligence, or by volume of damage to either MD or DMN networks. Instead, deficits were associated with diverse lesions, and not strongly correlated with one another. The results confirm that naturalistic tasks capture cognitive deficits beyond those measured by fluid intelligence. We suggest, however, that these deficits may not arise from specific control operations required by complex behaviour. Instead, like everyday activities, complex tasks combine a rich variety of interacting cognitive components, bringing many opportunities for processing to be disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Smith
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clara Pinasco
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jascha Achterberg
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tilak Das
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Roca
- Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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32
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Bao Z, Howidi B, Burhan AM, Frewen P. Self-Referential Processing Effects of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:671020. [PMID: 34177450 PMCID: PMC8223877 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.671020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews of neuroimaging studies confirm stimulus-induced activity in response to verbal and non-verbal self-referential processing (SRP) in cortical midline structures, temporoparietal cortex and insula. Whether SRP can be causally modulated by way of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has also been investigated in several studies. Here we summarize the NIBS literature including 27 studies of task-based SRP comparing response between verbal and non-verbal SRP tasks. The studies differed in design, experimental tasks and stimulation parameters. Results support the role of left inferior parietal lobule (left IPL) in verbal SRP and for the medial prefrontal cortex when valenced stimuli were used. Further, results support roles for the bilateral parietal lobe (IPL, posterior cingulate cortex), the sensorimotor areas (the primary sensory and motor cortex, the premotor cortex, and the extrastriate body area) and the insula in non-verbal SRP (bodily self-consciousness). We conclude that NIBS may differentially modulate verbal and non-verbal SRP by targeting the corresponding brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Bao
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Belal Howidi
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amer M Burhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Whitby, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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33
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Vaisvaser S. The Embodied-Enactive-Interactive Brain: Bridging Neuroscience and Creative Arts Therapies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:634079. [PMID: 33995190 PMCID: PMC8121022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition and incorporation of evidence-based neuroscientific concepts into creative arts therapeutic knowledge and practice seem valuable and advantageous for the purpose of integration and professional development. Moreover, exhilarating insights from the field of neuroscience coincide with the nature, conceptualization, goals, and methods of Creative Arts Therapies (CATs), enabling comprehensive understandings of the clinical landscape, from a translational perspective. This paper contextualizes and discusses dynamic brain functions that have been suggested to lie at the heart of intra- and inter-personal processes. Touching upon fundamental aspects of the self and self-other interaction, the state-of-the-art neuroscientific-informed views will shed light on mechanisms of the embodied, predictive and relational brain. The conceptual analysis introduces and interweaves the following contemporary perspectives of brain function: firstly, the grounding of mental activity in the lived, bodily experience will be delineated; secondly, the enactive account of internal models, or generative predictive representations, shaped by experience, will be defined and extensively deliberated; and thirdly, the interpersonal simulation and synchronization mechanisms that support empathy and mentalization will be thoroughly considered. Throughout the paper, the cross-talks between the brain and the body, within the brain through functionally connected neural networks and in the context of agent-environment dynamics, will be addressed. These communicative patterns will be elaborated on to unfold psychophysiological linkage, as well as psychopathological shifts, concluding with the neuroplastic change associated with the formulation of CATs. The manuscript suggests an integrative view of the brain-body-mind in contexts relevant to the therapeutic potential of the expressive creative arts and the main avenues by which neuroscience may ground, enlighten and enrich the clinical psychotherapeutic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Vaisvaser
- School of Society and the Arts, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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34
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Jagger-Rickels A, Stumps A, Rothlein D, Park H, Fortenbaugh F, Zuberer A, Fonda JR, Fortier CB, DeGutis J, Milberg W, McGlinchey R, Esterman M. Impaired executive function exacerbates neural markers of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-14. [PMID: 33879272 PMCID: PMC10202148 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major obstacle in understanding and treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is its clinical and neurobiological heterogeneity. To address this barrier, the field has become increasingly interested in identifying subtypes of PTSD based on dysfunction in neural networks alongside cognitive impairments that may underlie the development and maintenance of symptoms. The current study aimed to determine if subtypes of PTSD, based on normative-based cognitive dysfunction across multiple domains, have unique neural network signatures. METHODS In a sample of 271 veterans (90% male) that completed both neuropsychological testing and resting-state fMRI, two complementary, whole-brain functional connectivity analyses explored the link between brain functioning, PTSD symptoms, and cognition. RESULTS At the network level, PTSD symptom severity was associated with reduced negative coupling between the limbic network (LN) and frontal-parietal control network (FPCN), driven specifically by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdala Hubs of Dysfunction. Further, this relationship was uniquely moderated by executive function (EF). Specifically, those with PTSD and impaired EF had the strongest marker of LN-FPCN dysregulation, while those with above-average EF did not exhibit PTSD-related dysregulation of these networks. CONCLUSION These results suggest that poor executive functioning, alongside LN-FPCN dysregulation, may represent a neurocognitive subtype of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audreyana Jagger-Rickels
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Stumps
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Rothlein
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Park
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Fortenbaugh
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnieszka Zuberer
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer R. Fonda
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine B. Fortier
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Milberg
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VABoston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Regina McGlinchey
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VABoston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Esterman
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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Roles of the Default Mode and Multiple-Demand Networks in Naturalistic versus Symbolic Decisions. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2214-2228. [PMID: 33472829 PMCID: PMC8018769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1888-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is often associated with representing semantic, social, and situational content of contexts and episodes. The DMN may therefore be important for contextual decision-making, through representing situational constraints and simulating common courses of events. Most decision-making paradigms, however, use symbolic stimuli and instead implicate cognitive control regions, such as the multiple demand (MD) system. This fMRI study aimed to contrast the brain mechanisms underlying decision-making based on rich naturalistic contexts or symbolic cues. While performing an ongoing task, 40 human participants (25 female) responded to different sounds. For one sound, the stimulus-response mapping was fixed; responses for the other sounds depended on the visual context: either lifelike scenes or letter symbols, varying across participants. Despite minimal behavioral differences between the groups, posterior DMN regions showed increased activity during context-dependent decision-making using the naturalistic scenes only, compared with symbolic cues. More anterior temporal and frontal DMN regions showed a different pattern, with sensitivity to the need for contextual control, but not to the type of context. Furthermore, in the scenes group, widespread DMN regions showed stronger representation of not just the context but also the sound whose significance it modulated. In comparison, the MD system showed strong univariate activity for every decision, but, intriguingly, somewhat reduced activity in the case of a scene-based but demanding context-dependent decision. Depending on context, we suggest, either DMN or MD regions may play a prominent role in selection and control of appropriate behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Contextual knowledge is widely believed to be important for guiding real-world goal-directed behavior. Much remains to be understood, however, regarding the underlying brain mechanisms. Using a novel paradigm to contrast decisions based on richly meaningful naturalistic scenes with decisions based on symbolic cues, we find that both multiple demand regions and default mode regions may contribute to the cognitive control of behavior. Rich semantic context enhances representation not just of the context itself, but also of the contents of the decision that it controls. Dependence of a decision on naturalistic context can also reverse the common pattern of multiple demand regions responding more, and default mode regions responding less, to more difficult decisions.
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Hierarchical Representation of Multistep Tasks in Multiple-Demand and Default Mode Networks. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7724-7738. [PMID: 32868460 PMCID: PMC7531550 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0594-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Task episodes consist of sequences of steps that are performed to achieve a goal. We used fMRI to examine neural representation of task identity, component items, and sequential position, focusing on two major cortical systems—the multiple-demand (MD) and default mode networks (DMN). Human participants (20 males, 22 females) learned six tasks each consisting of four steps. Inside the scanner, participants were cued which task to perform and then sequentially identified the target item of each step in the correct order. Univariate time course analyses indicated that intra-episode progress was tracked by a tonically increasing global response, plus an increasing phasic step response specific to MD regions. Inter-episode boundaries evoked a widespread response at episode onset, plus a marked offset response specific to DMN regions. Representational similarity analysis (RSA) was used to examine representation of task identity and component steps. Both networks represented the content and position of individual steps, however the DMN preferentially represented task identity while the MD network preferentially represented step-level information. Thus, although both MD and DMN networks are sensitive to step-level and episode-level information in the context of hierarchical task performance, they exhibit dissociable profiles in terms of both temporal dynamics and representational content. The results suggest collaboration of multiple brain regions in control of multistep behavior, with MD regions particularly involved in processing the detail of individual steps, and DMN adding representation of broad task context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Achieving one's goals requires knowing what to do and when. Tasks are typically hierarchical, with smaller steps nested within overarching goals. For effective, flexible behavior, the brain must represent both levels. We contrast response time courses and information content of two major cortical systems—the multiple-demand (MD) and default mode networks (DMN)—during multistep task episodes. Both networks are sensitive to step-level and episode-level information, but with dissociable profiles. Intra-episode progress is tracked by tonically increasing global responses, plus MD-specific increasing phasic step responses. Inter-episode boundaries evoke widespread responses at episode onset, plus DMN-specific offset responses. Both networks represent content and position of individual steps; however, the DMN and MD networks favor task identity and step-level information, respectively.
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DiNicola LM, Braga RM, Buckner RL. Parallel distributed networks dissociate episodic and social functions within the individual. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1144-1179. [PMID: 32049593 PMCID: PMC7099479 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00529.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Association cortex is organized into large-scale distributed networks. One such network, the default network (DN), is linked to diverse forms of internal mentation, opening debate about whether shared or distinct anatomy supports multiple forms of cognition. Using within-individual analysis procedures that preserve idiosyncratic anatomical details, we probed whether multiple tasks from two domains, episodic projection and theory of mind (ToM), rely on the same or distinct networks. In an initial experiment (6 subjects, each scanned 4 times), we found evidence that episodic projection and ToM tasks activate separate regions distributed throughout the cortex, with adjacent regions in parietal, temporal, prefrontal, and midline zones. These distinctions were predicted by the hypothesis that the DN comprises two parallel, interdigitated networks. One network, linked to parahippocampal cortex (PHC), is preferentially recruited during episodic projection, including both remembering and imagining the future. A second juxtaposed network, which includes the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), is differentially engaged during multiple forms of ToM. In two prospectively acquired independent experiments, we replicated and triplicated the dissociation (each with 6 subjects scanned 4 times). Furthermore, the dissociation was found in all zones when analyzed independently, including robustly in midline regions previously described as hubs. The TPJ-linked network is interwoven with the PHC-linked network across the cortex, making clear why it is difficult to fully resolve the two networks in group-averaged or lower-resolution data. These results refine our understanding of the functional-anatomical organization of association cortex and raise fundamental questions about how specialization might arise in parallel, juxtaposed association networks.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Two distributed, interdigitated networks exist within the bounds of the canonical default network. Here we used repeated scanning of individuals, across three independent samples, to provide evidence that tasks requiring episodic projection or theory of mind differentially recruit the two networks across multiple cortical zones. The two distributed networks thus appear to preferentially subserve distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M DiNicola
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rodrigo M Braga
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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