1
|
Cozzolino F, Canè L, Sacchettino L, Gatto MC, Iacobucci I, Gatta C, De Biase D, Di Napoli E, Paciello O, Avallone L, Monti M, d’Angelo D, Napolitano F. Preliminary evaluation of the proteomic profiling in the hippocampus of aged grazing cattle. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1274073. [PMID: 37965495 PMCID: PMC10641839 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1274073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is a physiological process associated with physical and cognitive decline; however, in both humans and animals, it can be regarded as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Among several brain regions, hippocampus appears to be more susceptible to detrimental effects of aging. Hippocampus belongs to limbic system and is mainly involved in declarative memories and context-dependent spatial-learning, whose integrity is compromised in an age-dependent manner. In the present work, taking advantage of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics, we sought to identify proteins differentially expressed in the hippocampus of the aged grazing milk cows. Our exploratory findings showed that, out of 707 identified proteins, 112 were significantly altered in old cattle, when compared to the adult controls, and functional clusterization highlighted their involvement in myelination, synaptic vesicle, metabolism, and calcium-related biological pathways. Overall, our preliminary data pave the way for the future studies, aimed at better characterizing the role of such a subcortical brain region in the age-dependent cognitive decline, as well as identifying early aging markers to improve animal welfare and husbandry practices of dairy cattle from intensive livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Cozzolino
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Canè
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sacchettino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Claudia Gatto
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Evaristo Di Napoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila d’Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sobierajski E, Lauer G, Czubay K, Grabietz H, Beemelmans C, Beemelmans C, Meyer G, Wahle P. Development of myelin in fetal and postnatal neocortex of the pig, the European wild boar Sus scrofa. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:947-966. [PMID: 37000250 PMCID: PMC10147765 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of the neocortex of altricial species is mostly a postnatal event, and the appearance of myelin has been associated with the end of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in rodent visual cortex. Due to their precocality, ungulates may tell a different story. Here, we analyzed the development of PDGFRα positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells and expression of myelin proteins in the laminar compartments of fetal and postnatal porcine cortex from E45 onwards. Precursor cell density initially increased and then decreased but remained present at P90. MAG and MBP staining were detectable at E70 in subventricular zone and deep white matter, ascending into gyral white matter at E85, and into the gray matter and marginal zone at E100 (birth in pig at E114). Protein blots confirmed the declining expression of PDGFRα from E65 onwards, and the increase of MBP and MAG expression from E80 onwards. Somatosensory input elicited by spontaneous activity is considered important for the formation of the body representation. Indeed, PDGFRα, MBP and MAG expression started earlier in somatosensory than in visual cortex. Taken together, myelination proceeded in white and gray matter and marginal zone of pig cortex before birth with an areal-specific time course, and an almost mature pattern was present at P5 in visual cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sobierajski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - German Lauer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Czubay
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannah Grabietz
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christa Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Beemelmans
- Regionalverband Ruhr Grün, Forsthof Üfter Mark, Forsthausweg 306, 46514, Schermbeck, Germany
| | - Gundela Meyer
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Petra Wahle
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44870, Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grubisha MJ, Sun T, Eisenman L, Erickson SL, Chou S, Helmer CD, Trudgen MT, Ding Y, Homanics GE, Penzes P, Wills ZP, Sweet RA. A Kalirin missense mutation enhances dendritic RhoA signaling and leads to regression of cortical dendritic arbors across development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022546118. [PMID: 34848542 PMCID: PMC8694055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022546118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, dendritic size is established prior to adolescence and then remains relatively constant into adulthood due to a homeostatic balance between growth and retraction pathways. However, schizophrenia is characterized by accelerated reductions of cerebral cortex gray matter volume and onset of clinical symptoms during adolescence, with reductions in layer 3 pyramidal neuron dendritic length, complexity, and spine density identified in multiple cortical regions postmortem. Nogo receptor 1 (NGR1) activation of the GTPase RhoA is a major pathway restricting dendritic growth in the cerebral cortex. We show that the NGR1 pathway is stimulated by OMGp and requires the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Kalirin-9 (KAL9). Using a genetically encoded RhoA sensor, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring missense mutation in Kalrn, KAL-PT, that was identified in a schizophrenia cohort, confers enhanced RhoA activitation in neuronal dendrites compared to wild-type KAL. In mice containing this missense mutation at the endogenous locus, there is an adolescent-onset reduction in dendritic length and complexity of layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the primary auditory cortex. Spine density per unit length of dendrite is unaffected. Early adult mice with these structural deficits exhibited impaired detection of short gap durations. These findings provide a neuropsychiatric model of disease capturing how a mild genetic vulnerability may interact with normal developmental processes such that pathology only emerges around adolescence. This interplay between genetic susceptibility and normal adolescent development, both of which possess inherent individual variability, may contribute to heterogeneity seen in phenotypes in human neuropsychiatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Leanna Eisenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Susan L Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Cassandra D Helmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Melody T Trudgen
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zachary P Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Dulewicz M, Słowik A, Borawska R, Kułakowska A, Kochanowicz J, Mroczko B. The Clinical Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Reticulon 4 (RTN4) Levels in the Differential Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225281. [PMID: 34830564 PMCID: PMC8622503 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) belong to the top global causes of mortality. Diagnostic approaches to improve early diagnosis and differentiation of these diseases are constantly being sought. Therefore, we aimed to assess the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Reticulon 4 (RTN4) in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and evaluate the potential clinical usefulness of this protein. RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. According to our best knowledge, this is the first investigation providing the data concerning the dynamic of CSF RTN4 protein levels in patients with different NDs. Methods: Overall, 77 newly diagnosed patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as 21 controls, were enrolled in the study. The CSF concentrations of tested proteins were assessed using immunological assays. Results: We revealed significantly higher CSF RTN4A levels in patients with AD, PD, and MS in comparison to the controls. Moreover, the comparative analysis of RTN4 concentration between different neurodegenerative diseases revealed the highest concentration of RTN4A in AD patients and a statistically significant difference between AD vs. PD, and AD vs. MS groups. The increased CSF level of the protein correlated with Tau, and pTau181 proteins in AD as well as in PD patients. Conclusions: Our study presents a previously not identified clinical utility of RTN4 in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kulczyńska-Przybik
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (M.D.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maciej Dulewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (M.D.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Słowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Renata Borawska
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (M.D.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
| | - Alina Kułakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Kochanowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (M.D.); (R.B.); (B.M.)
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tristán-Noguero A, Borràs E, Molero-Luis M, Wassenberg T, Peters T, Verbeek MM, Willemsen M, Opladen T, Jeltsch K, Pons R, Thony B, Horvath G, Yapici Z, Friedman J, Hyland K, Agosta GE, López-Laso E, Artuch R, Sabidó E, García-Cazorla À. Novel Protein Biomarkers of Monoamine Metabolism Defects Correlate with Disease Severity. Mov Disord 2020; 36:690-703. [PMID: 33152132 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic defects of monoamine neurotransmitters are rare neurological diseases amenable to treatment with variable response. They are major causes of early parkinsonism and other spectrum of movement disorders including dopa-responsive dystonia. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to conduct proteomic studies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with monoamine defects to detect biomarkers involved in pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes, and treatment response. METHODS A total of 90 patients from diverse centers of the International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders were included in the study (37 untreated before CSF collection, 48 treated and 5 unknown at the collection time). Clinical and molecular metadata were related to the protein abundances in the CSF. RESULTS Concentrations of 4 proteins were significantly altered, detected by mass spectrometry, and confirmed by immunoassays. First, decreased levels of apolipoprotein D were found in severe cases of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. Second, low levels of apolipoprotein H were observed in patients with the severe phenotype of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, whereas increased concentrations of oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein were found in the same subset of patients with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Third, decreased levels of collagen6A3 were observed in treated patients with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency. CONCLUSION This study with the largest cohort of patients with monoamine defects studied so far reports the proteomic characterization of CSF and identifies 4 novel biomarkers that bring new insights into the consequences of early dopaminergic deprivation in the developing brain. They open new possibilities to understand their role in the pathophysiology of these disorders, and they may serve as potential predictors of disease severity and therapies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Tristán-Noguero
- Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Sant Joan de Déu Foundation, Research Pediatric Institute (IPR), Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Borràs
- Proteomics Unit, Center for Genomics Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Molero-Luis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, IPR and CIBERER-ISCIII, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tessa Wassenberg
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa Peters
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Willemsen
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics & Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jeltsch
- Division of Neuropediatrics & Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roser Pons
- First Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Agia Sofia Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Beat Thony
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital and Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Keith Hyland
- Medical Neurogenetics, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Eduardo López-Laso
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Reina Sofía, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), and CIBERER, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, IPR and CIBERER-ISCIII, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit, Center for Genomics Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Sant Joan de Déu Foundation, Research Pediatric Institute (IPR), Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Neurometabolic Unit, Neurology Department, IPR, CIBER ("Centro de investigación Biomédica en Red") of Rare Diseases and Carlos III Healthcare Institute (CIBERER-ISCIII), European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Expression of Nogo receptor 1 in the regeneration process of the mouse olfactory epithelium. Neuroreport 2018; 27:717-23. [PMID: 27138950 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) is the most important Nogo-A receptor. By its interaction with myelin-associated inhibitory proteins, NgR1 inhibits the regeneration of axons and is extensively expressed in the central nervous system. However, the expression of NgR1 in regenerable neurons, such as olfactory neurons, and its expression in the regeneration progress of olfactory neurons have not been reported. In this study, we demonstrated that NgR1 was expressed in the cell bodies of certain mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) but was not expressed in immature ORNs in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of normal adult mice. On day 21 after OE injury, NgR1 was expressed not only in the cell bodies of mature ORNs but also in the cell bodies of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the top and submucosal layers of the OE. On day 48 after model establishment, NgR1 expression decreased in the cell bodies of the GFAP-positive cells. On day 56 after model establishment, no NgR1 expression was found in the cell bodies of the GFAP-positive cells, and NgR1 was again expressed only in the mature ORNs. Our results demonstrated that NgR1 expression is upregulated in the OE after injury, which suggests that NgR1 might be involved in the regeneration of the OE.
Collapse
|
7
|
Basu R, Duan X, Taylor MR, Martin EA, Muralidhar S, Wang Y, Gangi-Wellman L, Das SC, Yamagata M, West PJ, Sanes JR, Williams ME. Heterophilic Type II Cadherins Are Required for High-Magnitude Synaptic Potentiation in the Hippocampus. Neuron 2017; 96:160-176.e8. [PMID: 28957665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal CA3 neurons form synapses with CA1 neurons in two layers, stratum oriens (SO) and stratum radiatum (SR). Each layer develops unique synaptic properties but molecular mechanisms that mediate these differences are unknown. Here, we show that SO synapses normally have significantly more mushroom spines and higher-magnitude long-term potentiation (LTP) than SR synapses. Further, we discovered that these differences require the Type II classic cadherins, cadherins-6, -9, and -10. Though cadherins typically function via trans-cellular homophilic interactions, our results suggest presynaptic cadherin-9 binds postsynaptic cadherins-6 and -10 to regulate mushroom spine density and high-magnitude LTP in the SO layer. Loss of these cadherins has no effect on the lower-magnitude LTP typically observed in the SR layer, demonstrating that cadherins-6, -9, and -10 are gatekeepers for high-magnitude LTP. Thus, Type II cadherins may uniquely contribute to the specificity and strength of synaptic changes associated with learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Basu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Matthew R Taylor
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - E Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shruti Muralidhar
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Luke Gangi-Wellman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sujan C Das
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Masahito Yamagata
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter J West
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Megan E Williams
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boghdadi AG, Teo L, Bourne JA. The Involvement of the Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Their Receptors in CNS Plasticity and Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1831-1846. [PMID: 28229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited capacity for the central nervous system (CNS) to repair itself was first described over 100 years ago by Spanish neuroscientist Ramon Y. Cajal. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this failure in neuronal regeneration remain unclear and, as such, no effective therapeutics yet exist. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that inhibit neuronal repair with increasing evidence suggesting that several inhibitory factors and repulsive guidance cues active during development actually persist into adulthood and may be contributing to the inhibition of repair. For example, in the injured adult CNS, there are various inhibitory factors that impede the outgrowth of neurites from damaged neurons. One of the most potent of these neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the group of proteins known as the myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), present mainly on the membranes of oligodendroglia. Several studies have shown that interfering with these proteins can have positive outcomes in CNS injury models by promoting neurite outgrowth and improving functional recovery. As such, the MAIs, their receptors, and downstream effectors are valid drug targets for the treatment of CNS injury. This review will discuss the current literature on MAIs in the context of CNS development, plasticity, and injury. Molecules that interfere with the MAIs and their receptors as potential candidates for the treatment of CNS injury will additionally be introduced in the context of preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Emerging genotype-phenotype relationships in patients with large NF1 deletions. Hum Genet 2017; 136:349-376. [PMID: 28213670 PMCID: PMC5370280 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent recurring mutations in neurofibromatosis type 1
(NF1) are large deletions encompassing the NF1
gene and its flanking regions (NF1
microdeletions). The majority of these deletions encompass 1.4-Mb and are associated
with the loss of 14 protein-coding genes and four microRNA genes. Patients with
germline type-1 NF1 microdeletions frequently
exhibit dysmorphic facial features, overgrowth/tall-for-age stature, significant
delay in cognitive development, large hands and feet, hyperflexibility of joints and
muscular hypotonia. Such patients also display significantly more cardiovascular
anomalies as compared with patients without large deletions and often exhibit
increased numbers of subcutaneous, plexiform and spinal neurofibromas as compared
with the general NF1 population. Further, an extremely high burden of internal
neurofibromas, characterised by >3000 ml tumour volume, is encountered
significantly, more frequently, in non-mosaic NF1
microdeletion patients than in NF1 patients lacking such deletions. NF1 microdeletion patients also have an increased risk of
malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs); their lifetime MPNST risk is
16–26%, rather higher than that of NF1 patients with intragenic NF1 mutations (8–13%). NF1 microdeletion patients, therefore, represent a high-risk group for
the development of MPNSTs, tumours which are very aggressive and difficult to treat.
Co-deletion of the SUZ12 gene in addition to
NF1 further increases the MPNST risk in
NF1 microdeletion patients. Here, we summarise
current knowledge about genotype–phenotype relationships in NF1 microdeletion patients and discuss the potential role of the genes
located within the NF1 microdeletion interval
whose haploinsufficiency may contribute to the more severe clinical
phenotype.
Collapse
|
10
|
Semaphorin 7A as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4820-4831. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Oishi S, Zalucki O, Premarathne S, Wood SA, Piper M. USP9X deletion elevates the density of oligodendrocytes within the postnatal dentate gyrus. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1235524. [PMID: 27830160 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1235524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) within the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus reside in the subgranular zone (SGZ). A dynamic network of signaling mechanisms controls the balance between the maintenance of NSC identity, and their subsequent differentiation into dentate granule neurons. Recently, the ubiquitin-specific protease 9 X-linked (USP9X) was shown to be important for hippocampal morphogenesis, as mice lacking this gene exhibited a higher proportion of proliferating NSCs, yet a decrease in neuronal numbers, within the postnatal dentate gyrus. Here we reveal that Usp9x-deficiency results in the upregulation of numerous oligodendrocytic and myelin-associated genes within the postnatal hippocampus. Moreover, cell counts reveal a significant increase in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and mature oligodendrocytes per unit volume of the mutant dentate gyrus. Collectively, these findings indicate that USP9X may regulate NSC lineage determination within the postnatal SGZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Oishi
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susitha Premarathne
- The Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen A Wood
- The Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yoo SW, Motari MG, Schnaar RL. Agenesis of the corpus callosum in Nogo receptor deficient mice. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:291-301. [PMID: 27339102 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest fiber tract in the mammalian brain, linking the bilateral cerebral hemispheres. CC development depends on the proper balance of axon growth cone attractive and repellent cues leading axons to the midline and then directing them to the contralateral hemisphere. Imbalance of these cues results in CC agenesis or dysgenesis. Nogo receptors (NgR1, NgR2, and NgR3) are growth cone directive molecules known for inhibiting axon regeneration after injury. We report that mice lacking Nogo receptors (NgR123-null mice) display complete CC agenesis due to axon misdirection evidenced by ectopic axons including cortical Probst bundles. Because glia and glial-derived growth cone repellent factors (especially the diffusible factor Slit2) are required for CC development, their distribution was studied. Compared with wild-type mice, NgR123-null mice had a sharp increase in the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and in Slit2 at the glial wedge and indusium griseum, midline structures required for CC formation. NgR123-null mice displayed reduced motor coordination and hyperactivity. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that Nogo receptors are membrane-bound growth cone repellent factors required for migration of axons across the midline at the CC, and that their absence results directly or indirectly in midline gliosis, increased Slit2, and complete CC agenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:291-301, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Mary G Motari
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramasamy S, Yu F, Hong Yu Y, Srivats H, Dawe GS, Ahmed S. NogoR1 and PirB signaling stimulates neural stem cell survival and proliferation. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1636-48. [PMID: 24449409 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitors (NPs) in the mammalian neocortex give rise to the main cell types of the nervous system. The biological behavior of these NSCs and NPs is regulated by extracellular niche derived autocrine-paracrine signaling factors on a developmental timeline. Our previous reports [Plos One 2010;5:e15341; J Neurochem 2011;117:565-578] have shown that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and ApolipoproteinE are autocrine-paracrine survival factors for NSCs. NogoA, a myelin related protein, is expressed in the cortical ventricular zones where NSCs reside. However, the functional role of Nogo signaling proteins in NSC behavior is not completely understood. In this study, we show that NogoA receptors, NogoR1 and PirB, are expressed in the ventricular zone where NSCs reside between E10.5 and 14.5 but not at E15.5. Nogo ligands stimulate NSC survival and proliferation in a dosage-dependent manner in vitro. NogoR1 and PirB are low and high affinity Nogo receptors, respectively and are responsible for the effects of Nogo ligands on NSC behavior. Inhibition of autocrine-paracrine Nogo signaling blocks NSC survival and proliferation. In NSCs, NogoR1 functions through Rho whereas PirB uses Shp1/2 signaling pathways to control NSC behavior. Taken together, this work suggests that Nogo signaling is an important pathway for survival of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ramasamy
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-37 Immunos, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fujita Y, Yamashita T. Axon growth inhibition by RhoA/ROCK in the central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:338. [PMID: 25374504 PMCID: PMC4205828 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a downstream target of the small GTPase Rho. The RhoA/ROCK pathway is associated with various neuronal functions such as migration, dendrite development, and axonal extension. Evidence from animal studies reveals that RhoA/ROCK signaling is involved in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including optic nerve and spinal cord injuries, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given that RhoA/ROCK plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of CNS diseases, the development of therapeutic agents targeting this pathway is expected to contribute to the treatment of CNS diseases. The RhoA/ROCK pathway mediates the effects of myelin-associated axon growth inhibitors—Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and repulsive guidance molecule (RGM). Blocking RhoA/ROCK signaling can reverse the inhibitory effects of these molecules on axon outgrowth, and promotes axonal sprouting and functional recovery in animal models of CNS injury. To date, several RhoA/ROCK inhibitors have been under development or in clinical trials as therapeutic agents for neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in neurological disorders. We also discuss the potential therapeutic approaches of RhoA/ROCK inhibitors for various neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumari A, Thakur MK. Age-dependent decline of nogo-a protein in the mouse cerebrum. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1131-41. [PMID: 25078756 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A, a myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitory protein, is implicated in synaptic plasticity. It binds to its receptor namely the Nogo-66 receptor1 (NgR1) and regulates filamentous (F) actin dynamics via small GTPases of the Rho family, RhoA kinase (ROCK), LimK and cofilin. These proteins are associated with the structural plasticity, one of the components of synaptic plasticity, which is known to decline with normal aging. So, the level of Nogo-A and its receptor NgR1 are likely to vary during normal brain aging. However, it is not clearly understood how the levels of Nogo-A and its receptor NgR1 change in the cerebrum during aging. Several studies show an age- and gender-dependent decline in synaptic plasticity. Therefore, the present study was planned to analyze the relative changes in the mRNA and protein levels of Nogo-A and NgR1 in both male and female mice cerebrum during normal aging. Western blot analysis has shown decrease in Nogo-A protein level during aging in both male and female mice cerebrum. This was further confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. RT-PCR analysis of Nogo-A mRNA showed no significant difference in the above-mentioned groups. This was also supported by in situ hybridization. NgR1 protein and its mRNA expression levels showed no significant alteration with aging in the cerebrum of both male and female mice. Taken together, we speculate that the downregulation of Nogo-A protein might have a role in the altered synaptic plasticity during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Myelin-associated inhibitors in axonal growth after CNS injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:31-8. [PMID: 24608164 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple barriers to axonal growth after CNS injury. Myelin-associated inhibitors represent one group of barriers extrinsic to the injured neurons. Nogo, MAG and OMgp are three prototypical myelin inhibitors that signal through multiple neuronal receptors to exert growth inhibition. Targeting myelin inhibition alone modulates the compensatory sprouting of uninjured axons but the effect on the regeneration of injured axons is limited. Meanwhile, modulating sprouting, a naturally occurring repair mechanism, may be a more attainable therapeutic goal for promoting functional repair after CNS injury in the near term.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rompala GR, Zsiros V, Zhang S, Kolata SM, Nakazawa K. Contribution of NMDA receptor hypofunction in prefrontal and cortical excitatory neurons to schizophrenia-like phenotypes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61278. [PMID: 23613827 PMCID: PMC3628715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological and genetic studies support a role for NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in the etiology of schizophrenia. We have previously demonstrated that NMDAR obligatory subunit 1 (GluN1) deletion in corticolimbic interneurons during early postnatal development is sufficient to confer schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice. However, the consequence of NMDAR hypofunction in cortical excitatory neurons is not well delineated. Here, we characterize a conditional knockout mouse strain (CtxGluN1 KO mice), in which postnatal GluN1 deletion is largely confined to the excitatory neurons in layer II/III of the medial prefrontal cortex and sensory cortices, as evidenced by the lack of GluN1 mRNA expression in in situ hybridization immunocytochemistry as well as the lack of NMDA currents with in vitro recordings. Mutants were impaired in prepulse inhibition of the auditory startle reflex as well as object-based short-term memory. However, they did not exhibit impairments in additional hallmarks of schizophrenia-like phenotypes (e.g. spatial working memory, social behavior, saccharine preference, novelty and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, and anxiety-related behavior). Furthermore, upon administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, there were no differences in locomotor activity versus controls. The mutant mice also showed negligible levels of reactive oxygen species production following chronic social isolation, and recording of miniature-EPSC/IPSCs from layer II/III excitatory neurons in medial prefrontal cortex suggested no alteration in GABAergic activity. All together, the mutant mice displayed cognitive deficits in the absence of additional behavioral or cellular phenotypes reflecting schizophrenia pathophysiology. Thus, NMDAR hypofunction in prefrontal and cortical excitatory neurons may recapitulate only a cognitive aspect of human schizophrenia symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Rompala
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veronika Zsiros
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefan M. Kolata
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazu Nakazawa
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karlsgodt KH, Rosser T, Lutkenhoff ES, Cannon TD, Silva A, Bearden CE. Alterations in white matter microstructure in neurofibromatosis-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47854. [PMID: 23094098 PMCID: PMC3477133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis (NF1) represents the most common single gene cause of learning disabilities. NF1 patients have impairments in frontal lobe based cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and inhibition. Due to its well-characterized genetic etiology, investigations of NF1 may shed light on neural mechanisms underlying such difficulties in the general population or other patient groups. Prior neuroimaging findings indicate global brain volume increases, consistent with neural over-proliferation. However, little is known about alterations in white matter microstructure in NF1. We performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) in 14 young adult NF1 patients and 12 healthy controls. We also examined brain volumetric measures in the same subjects. Consistent with prior studies, we found significantly increased overall gray and white matter volume in NF1 patients. Relative to healthy controls, NF1 patients showed widespread reductions in white matter integrity across the entire brain as reflected by decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and significantly increased absolute diffusion (ADC). When radial and axial diffusion were examined we found pronounced differences in radial diffusion in NF1 patients, indicative of either decreased myelination or increased space between axons. Secondary analyses revealed that FA and radial diffusion effects were of greatest magnitude in the frontal lobe. Such alterations of white matter tracts connecting frontal regions could contribute to the observed cognitive deficits. Furthermore, although the cellular basis of these white matter microstructural alterations remains to be determined, our findings of disproportionately increased radial diffusion against a background of increased white matter volume suggest the novel hypothesis that one potential alteration contributing to increased cortical white matter in NF1 may be looser packing of axons, with or without myelination changes. Further, this indicates that axial and radial diffusivity can uniquely contribute as markers of NF1-associated brain pathology in conjunction with the typically investigated measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Expression and function of myelin-associated proteins and their common receptor NgR on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Brain Res 2012; 1437:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Twohig JP, Cuff SM, Yong AA, Wang ECY. The role of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members in mammalian brain development, function and homeostasis. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:509-33. [PMID: 21861782 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members were initially identified as immunological mediators, and are still commonly perceived as immunological molecules. However, our understanding of the diversity of TNFRSF members' roles in mammalian physiology has grown significantly since the first discovery of TNFRp55 (TNFRSF1) in 1975. In particular, the last decade has provided evidence for important roles in brain development, function and the emergent field of neuronal homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that TNFRSF members are expressed in an overlapping regulated pattern during neuronal development, participating in the regulation of neuronal expansion, growth, differentiation and regional pattern development. This review examines evidence for non-immunological roles of TNFRSF members in brain development, function and maintenance under normal physiological conditions. In addition, several aspects of brain function during inflammation will also be described, when illuminating and relevant to the non-immunological role of TNFRSF members. Finally, key questions in the field will be outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Twohig
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee JK, Zheng B. Role of myelin-associated inhibitors in axonal repair after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 235:33-42. [PMID: 21596039 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-associated inhibitors of axon growth, including Nogo, MAG and OMgp, have been the subject of intense research. A myriad of experimental approaches have been applied to investigate the potential of targeting these molecules to promote axonal repair after spinal cord injury. However, there are still conflicting results on their role in axon regeneration and therefore a lack of a cohesive mechanism on how these molecules can be targeted to promote axon repair. One major reason may be the lack of a clear definition of axon regeneration in the first place. Nevertheless, recent data from genetic studies in mice indicate that the roles of these molecules in CNS axon repair may be more intricate than previously envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Lee
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0691, La Jolla, CA 92093-0691, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hill RA, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Nishiyama A. NG2 cells are uniformly distributed and NG2 is not required for barrel formation in the somatosensory cortex. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 46:689-98. [PMID: 21292011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The somatosensory barrel cortex in the rodent forms during the first postnatal week setting up a periphery related map with each whisker represented as a bundle of thalamocortical axons (TCAs) in layer IV. The centers of each barrel (hollows) contain the densely packed TCAs, while the areas between each barrel (septa) form a boundary between each barrel. NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expressing cells (NG2 cells, polydendrocytes) make up a unique population of glial cells that receive synaptic like input and form close contacts with growing axons. In the present study we investigated the developmental distribution of NG2 cells in the barrel cortex to determine if they display preferential septa distribution similar to other extracellular and cell surface CSPGs. Immunohistochemistry for NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) in NG2DsRedBAC transgenic mice showed uniform distribution of NG2 cells and processes in barrel hollows and septa at postnatal (P) days 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, and 30. Changes in the barrel pattern formation caused by cauterization of one row of whiskers at P1 resulted in corresponding changes in extracellular and cell surface CSPG distribution at P7 but no detectable changes in NG2 cell bodies and processes. Furthermore, no abnormalities in barrel formation or reorganization were detected in NG2 knockout mice. These observations suggest that NG2 cells are unlikely to play an inhibitory boundary role on TCA growth and that NG2 expression is not necessary for normal barrel formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein does not influence node of ranvier structure or assembly. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14476-81. [PMID: 20980605 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1698-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) is expressed by both neurons and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. It has been implicated in growth cone collapse and neurite outgrowth inhibition by signaling through the Nogo receptor and paired Ig-like receptor B (PirB). OMgp was also reported to be an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein surrounding CNS nodes of Ranvier and proposed to function as (1) an inhibitor of nodal collateral sprouting and (2) an important contributor to proper nodal and paranodal architecture. However, we show here that the anti-OMgp antiserum used in previous studies to define the functions of OMgp at nodes is not specific. Among all reported nodal ECM components, the antiserum exhibited strong cross-reactivity against versican V2 isoform, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Furthermore, the OMgp antiserum labeled OMgp-null nodes, but not nodes from versican V2-deficient mice, and preadsorption of the OMgp antiserum with recombinant versican V2 blocked nodal labeling. Analysis of CNS nodes in OMgp-null mice failed to reveal any nodal or paranodal defects, or increased nodal collateral sprouting, indicating that OMgp does not participate in CNS node of Ranvier assembly or maintenance. We successfully identified a highly specific anti-OMgp antibody and observed OMgp staining in white matter only after initiation of myelination. OMgp immunoreactivity decorated the surface of mature myelinated axons, but was excluded from compact myelin and nodes. Together, our results strongly argue against the nodal localization of OMgp and its proposed functions at nodes, and reveal OMgp's authentic localization relative to nodes and myelin.
Collapse
|
24
|
Llorens F, Gil V, del Río JA. Emerging functions of myelin-associated proteins during development, neuronal plasticity, and neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2010; 25:463-75. [PMID: 21059749 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-162792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) axons have a limited regrowth capacity following injury. Myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) limit axonal outgrowth, and their blockage improves the regeneration of damaged fiber tracts. Three of these proteins, Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp, share two common neuronal receptors: NgR1, together with its coreceptors [p75(NTR), TROY, and Lingo-1]; and the recently described paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB). These proteins impair neuronal regeneration by limiting axonal sprouting. Some of the elements involved in the myelin inhibitory pathways may still be unknown, but the discovery that blocking both PirB and NgR1 activities leads to near-complete release from myelin inhibition, sheds light on one of the most competitive and intense fields of neuroregeneration study in recent decades. In parallel with the identification and characterization of the roles and functions of these inhibitory molecules in axonal regeneration, data gathered in the field strongly suggest that most of these proteins have roles other than axonal growth inhibition. The discovery of a new group of interacting partners for myelin-associated receptors and ligands, as well as functional studies within or outside the CNS environment, highlights the potential new physiological roles for these proteins in processes, such as development, neuronal homeostasis, plasticity, and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein and Nogo negatively regulate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12432-45. [PMID: 20844138 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0895-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian CNS, the growth inhibitors oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) and the reticulon RTN4 (Nogo) are broadly expressed in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Nogo and OMgp complex with the neuronal cell surface receptors Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) and paired Ig-like receptor-B (PirB) to regulate neuronal morphology. In the healthy CNS, NgR1 regulates dendritic spine shape and attenuates activity-driven synaptic plasticity at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Here, we examine whether Nogo and OMgp influence functional synaptic plasticity, the efficacy by which synaptic transmission occurs. In acute hippocampal slices of adult mice, Nogo-66 and OMgp suppress NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) when locally applied to Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Neither Nogo-66 nor OMgp influences basal synaptic transmission or paired-pulse facilitation, a form of short-term synaptic plasticity. PirB(-/-) and NgR1(-/-) single mutants and NgR1(-/-);PirB(-/-) double mutants show normal LTP, indistinguishable from wild-type controls. In juvenile mice, LTD in NgR1(-/-), but not PirB(-/-), slices is absent. Mechanistic studies revealed that Nogo-66 and OMgp suppress LTP in an NgR1-dependent manner. OMgp inhibits LTP in part through PirB but independently of p75. This suggests that NgR1 and PirB participate in ligand-dependent inhibition of synaptic plasticity. Loss of NgR1 leads to increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), signaling intermediates known to regulate neuronal growth and synaptic function. In primary cortical neurons, BDNF elicited phosphorylation of AKT and p70S6 kinase is attenuated in the presence of myelin inhibitors. Collectively, we provide evidence that mechanisms of neuronal growth inhibition and inhibition of synaptic strength are related. Thus, myelin inhibitors and their receptors may coordinate structural and functional neuronal plasticity in CNS health and disease.
Collapse
|