1
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Sahoo R, Jadhav S, Nema V. Journey of technological advancements in the detection of antimicrobial resistance. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:430-441. [PMID: 37598038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased uses rather an extensive misuse of antibiotics due to easy availability and easy access have resulted in antibiotic resistance as a global crisis. The speed of discovery of new antibiotics has slowed down recently. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the rate of increase in resistance against the presently available antibiotics, or else many infections may be left untreatable or difficult to be treated due to the high prevalence of resistance. The judicious use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can control the increase in resistance profile. Various techniques are presently being used for the detection of antibiotic resistance. Conventional phenotypic methods are preferred that are highly reliable but are much more time-consuming. The patients cannot spare more time as the infection keeps increasing. The results with genotypic methods are obtained within 24 h as compared to phenotypic methods. Hence, recent molecular methods like qPCR can be used for detection. In this review, we present an overview of various methods useful for the detection of antibiotic resistance, with emphasis on their advantages and limitations. The review also emphasizes qPCR to be the most preferred method out of all because of various advantageous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Sahoo
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Sushama Jadhav
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India.
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2
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Hibbert T, Krpetic Z, Latimer J, Leighton H, McHugh R, Pottenger S, Wragg C, James CE. Antimicrobials: An update on new strategies to diversify treatment for bacterial infections. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:135-241. [PMID: 38821632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Ninety-five years after Fleming's discovery of penicillin, a bounty of antibiotic compounds have been discovered, modified, or synthesised. Diversification of target sites, improved stability and altered activity spectra have enabled continued antibiotic efficacy, but overwhelming reliance and misuse has fuelled the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An estimated 1.27 million deaths were attributable to antibiotic resistant bacteria in 2019, representing a major threat to modern medicine. Although antibiotics remain at the heart of strategies for treatment and control of bacterial diseases, the threat of AMR has reached catastrophic proportions urgently calling for fresh innovation. The last decade has been peppered with ground-breaking developments in genome sequencing, high throughput screening technologies and machine learning. These advances have opened new doors for bioprospecting for novel antimicrobials. They have also enabled more thorough exploration of complex and polymicrobial infections and interactions with the healthy microbiome. Using models of infection that more closely resemble the infection state in vivo, we are now beginning to measure the impacts of antimicrobial therapy on host/microbiota/pathogen interactions. However new approaches are needed for developing and standardising appropriate methods to measure efficacy of novel antimicrobial combinations in these contexts. A battery of promising new antimicrobials is now in various stages of development including co-administered inhibitors, phages, nanoparticles, immunotherapy, anti-biofilm and anti-virulence agents. These novel therapeutics need multidisciplinary collaboration and new ways of thinking to bring them into large scale clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Hibbert
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zeljka Krpetic
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Joe Latimer
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Hollie Leighton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca McHugh
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sian Pottenger
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Charlotte Wragg
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chloë E James
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
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3
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Jeong Y, Ahmad S, Irudayaraj J. Dynamic Effect of β-Lactam Antibiotic Inactivation Due to the Inter- and Intraspecies Interaction of Drug-Resistant Microbes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1461-1472. [PMID: 38315631 PMCID: PMC10936524 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The presence of β-lactamase positive microorganisms imparts a pharmacological effect on a variety of organisms that can impact drug efficacy by influencing the function or composition of bacteria. Although studies to assess dynamic intra- and interspecies communication with bacterial communities exist, the efficacy of drug treatment and quantitative assessment of multiorganism response is not well understood due to the lack of technological advances that can be used to study coculture interactions in a dynamic format. In this study, we investigate how β-lactamase positive microorganisms can neutralize the effect of β-lactam antibiotics in a dynamic format at the inter- and intraspecies level using microbial bead technology. Three interactive models for the biological compartmentalization of organisms were demonstrated to evaluate the effect of β-lactam antibiotics on coculture systems. Our model at the intraspecies level attempts to mimic the biofilm matrix more closely as a community-level feature of microorganisms, which acknowledges the impact of nondrug-resistant species in shaping the dynamic response. In particular, the results of intraspecies studies are highly supportive of the biofilm mode of bacterial growth, which can provide structural support and protect the bacteria from an assault on host or environmental factors. Our findings also indicate that β-lactamase positive bacteria can neutralize the cytotoxic effect of β-lactam antibiotics at the interspecies level when cocultured with cancer cells. Results were validated using β-lactamase positive bacteria isolated from environmental niches, which can trigger phenotypical alteration of β-lactams when cocultured with other organisms. Our compartmentalization strategy acts as an independent ecosystem and provides a new avenue for multiscale studies to assess intra- and interspecies interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer
Center at Illinois, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical
Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical
Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer
Center at Illinois, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical
Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle
R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Beckman Institute, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Jiang H, He J, Wang H, Zheng L, Wang X, Zhang H, Wu H, Shu Y. Gill Junction Injury and Microbial Disorders Induced by Microcystin-Leucine Arginine in Lithobates catesbeianus Tadpoles. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070479. [PMID: 35878217 PMCID: PMC9322459 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is widely present in waters around the world, but its potential toxic effects and mechanisms on amphibian gills remain unknown. In the present study, tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of 0.5, 2 μg/L MC-LR, and 0 μg/L MC-LR (Control) for 30 days with the objective to unveil the impairment of gill health. The lysozyme was downregulated, while pattern recognition receptors and complement and adaptive immune processes were upregulated and the ability of gill supernatant to inhibit pathogenic bacteria decreased in the 0.5 and 2 μg/L MC-LR groups. The transcriptions of epithelial barrier components (e.g., CLDN1) were significantly decreased in MC-LR-exposed gills, while the gill content of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins and the transcriptions of downstream responsive genes (e.g., TLR4 and NF-κB) were concurrently increased. In addition, the number of eosinophils and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α) were increased. These results imply that exposure of tadpoles to low environmentally concentrations of MC-LR leads to inflammation, increased permeability, and a reduced ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. The epithelial cells of inner gill filaments increased and transcriptions of hypoxic stress genes (e.g., HIF-1α, FLT1, and SERPINE1) were upregulated within the exposed group. As a consequence, exposure to MC-LR may lead to hypoxic stress. MC-LR exposure also drove gill microbiota to a dysbiosis. The relative abundance of Elizabethkingia was positively correlated with content of LPS and transcriptions of NF-κB and TNF-α. Overall, this study presents the first evidence about the pronounced impacts of MC-LR exposure on gills of amphibians, highlighting the susceptibility of early developing tadpoles to the environmental risks of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jun He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (H.J.); (J.H.); (H.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (H.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Y.S.)
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5
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Shu Y, Jiang H, Yuen CNT, Wang W, He J, Zhang H, Liu G, Wei L, Chen L, Wu H. Microcystin-leucine arginine induces skin barrier damage and reduces resistance to pathogenic bacteria in Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113584. [PMID: 35512477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the skin mucosal barrier and commensal microbiota for the health of amphibians, the potential of environmental contaminants to disrupt the skin mucosal barrier and microbiota have rarely been studied in toxicology. In this study, tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) were exposed to 0, 0.5, and 2 μg/L of microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) for 30 days to explore the impacts of environmentally realistic MC-LR concentrations on the physical skin barrier, immune barrier, commensal microbiota, and skin resistance to pathogenic bacterial invasion. MC-LR exposure significantly reduced the collagen fibrils in the dermis of skin tissues and down-regulated tight junction and stratum corneum-related gene transcriptions, suggesting the damage caused by MC-LR to the physical barrier of the skin. Increased skin eosinophils and upregulated transcriptions of inflammation-related genes in the exposed tadpoles underline the development of skin inflammation resulting from MC-LR exposure even at environmentally realistic concentrations. Comparative transcriptome and immunobiochemical analyses found that antimicrobial peptides (Brevinin-1PLc, Brevinin-2GHc, and Ranatuerin-2PLa) and lysozyme were down-regulated in the exposed groups, while complement, pattern recognition receptor, and specific immune processes were up-regulated. However, the content of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide produced by bacteria increased in a dose-dependent pattern. The disc diffusion test showed a reduced ability of skin supernatant to inhibit pathogenic bacteria in the exposed groups. Analysis of microbial 16 S rRNA gene by high-throughput sequencing revealed that MC-LR interfered with the abundance, composition, and diversity of the skin commensal microbiota, which favored the growth of pathogen-containing genera Rhodococcus, Acinetobacter, and Gordonibacter. In summary, the current study provides the first clues about the impact of MC-LR on the integrity and function of skin barrier of amphibians. These new toxicological evidences can facilitate a more comprehensive evaluation of the ecological risk of MC-LR to amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Calista N T Yuen
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Jun He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Guangxuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hailong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
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6
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Hong L, Lee SM, Kim WS, Choi YJ, Oh SH, Li YL, Choi SH, Chung DH, Jung E, Kang SK, Cho CS. Synbiotics Containing Nanoprebiotics: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Gut Dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715241. [PMID: 34475865 PMCID: PMC8406803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new formulation, nanoprebiotics [e.g., phthalyl pullulan nanoparticles (PPNs)], was demonstrated to enhance the antimicrobial activity of probiotics [e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)] in vitro through intracellular stimulation better than that by backbone prebiotics, which are commonly used. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this combination would exert distinct effects as synbiotics in vivo. Synbiotics combinations of LP, pullulan, and PPNs were used as experimental treatments in a dysbiosis-induced murine model, and their restorative effect was assessed using pathogen Escherichia coli K99 challenge. Our results showed that the E. coli infection was suppressed markedly in the experimental group fed with synbiotics containing PPNs. In addition, the decrease in serum endotoxin level after synbiotics treatment suggested the reinforcement of the gut barrier. Comparison of treatment groups, including a normal control group, showed that synbiotics containing PPNs increased microbial diversity, which is a representative parameter of healthy status. Furthermore, distinct from probiotics treatment alone, synbiotics showed additive effects of enrichment of several well-known beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and other butyrate-producing bacteria including Faecalibacterium. Collectively, our results indicate that synbiotics containing PPNs are effective at restoring gut dysbiosis, suppressing pathogenic infection, and increasing microbial diversity, suggesting that synbiotics with nanoprebiotics have the potential to be a novel strategy for ameliorating gut dysbiosis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Insilico Co., Ltd., Ansan-Si, South Korea
| | - Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo-Ho Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ling Li
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Olaru ID, Chisenga M, Yeung S, Mabey D, Marks M, Chonzi P, Masunda KP, Machiha A, Ferrand RA, Kranzer K. Sexually transmitted infections and prior antibiotic use as important causes for negative urine cultures among adults presenting with urinary tract infection symptoms to primary care clinics in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050407. [PMID: 34380730 PMCID: PMC8359455 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in primary care. The yield of urine cultures in patients with UTI symptoms can be considerably different between high-income and low-income settings. This study aimed to explore possible causes of negative urine cultures in patients presenting with symptoms of UTI to primary health clinics in Harare. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Nine primary health clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. PARTICIPANTS Adults presenting with symptoms of UTIs between March and July 2020. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Urine samples underwent dipstick testing, microscopy, culture, and testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) using GeneXpert and for the presence of antibiotic residues using an antibiotic bioassay. The primary outcomes were the number and proportion of participants with evidence of STIs, prior antibiotic exposure, leucocyturia and UTIs. RESULTS The study included 425 participants with a median age of 37.3 years, of whom 275 (64.7%) were women. Leucocyturia was detected in 130 (30.6%, 95% CI 26.2% to 35.2%) participants, and 96 (22.6%, 95% CI 18.7% to 26.9%) had a positive urine culture for a uropathogen. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis were detected in 43/425 (10.1%, 95% CI 7.4% to 13.4%), 37/425 (8.7%, 95% CI 6.2% to 11.8%) and 14/175 (8.0%, 95% CI 4.4% to 13.1%) participants, respectively. Overall, 89 (20.9%, 95% CI 17.2% to 25.1%) participants reported either having taken prior antibiotics or having had a positive urine bioassay. In 170 (40.0%, 95% CI 35.3% to 44.8%) participants, all of the tests that were performed were negative. CONCLUSIONS This study found a high prevalence of STIs and evidence of prior antimicrobial use as possible explanations for the low proportion of positive urine cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D Olaru
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Shunmay Yeung
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Prosper Chonzi
- Department of Health, City of Harare Health Services Department, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kudzai Pe Masunda
- Department of Health, City of Harare Health Services Department, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Anna Machiha
- AIDS and TB Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Hu C, Huang Z, Liu M, Sun B, Tang L, Chen L. Shift in skin microbiota and immune functions of zebrafish after combined exposure to perfluorobutanesulfonate and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112310. [PMID: 33971395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of fish skin microbiome and immunity by environmental pollutants are rarely studied in toxicological research in spite of their importance for fish health. In the present study, adult zebrafish were exposed to 0 and 10 μg/L of perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) for 40 days, with or without the supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus, with objectives to explore the interaction between PFBS pollutant and probiotic bacteria on skin mucosal microbiota and immune response. Amplicon sequencing analysis found that PFBS alone significantly disturbed the microbial community composition and abundance on the skin, favoring the growth of stress-tolerant bacteria (e.g., Deinococcus and Enhydrobacter genera). However, the administration of probiotic inhibited the dysbiosis of PFBS and shaped the skin microbiome in the combined exposure group. PFBS single exposure also promoted the production of mucus on the skin of male zebrafish, which may be related to the growth of Limnobacter bacteria. In contrast, probiotic supplements remarkably improved the immune functions in male skin mucus from the combined group, as evidenced by the consistent increases in lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin concentrations and peroxidase activity. Overall, the present study provides the first clue about the singular and combined effects of PFBS and probiotic on skin microbiota and immunity, highlighting the beneficial action of probiotic L. rhamnosus against PFBS stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zileng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baili Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lizhu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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9
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Baruah S, Nayak B, Puzari A. Physicochemical characterization of SnO2 grafted Poly p-phenylenediamine hybrid Nanocomposites and their enhanced antibacterial properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Abbott IJ, Roberts JA, Meletiadis J, Peleg AY. Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and preclinical in vitro models to support optimized treatment approaches for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:271-295. [PMID: 32820686 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1813567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common. Millions of people, particularly healthy women, are affected worldwide every year. One-in-two women will have a recurrence within 12-months of an initial UTI. Inadequate treatment risks worsening infection leading to acute pyelonephritis, bacteremia and sepsis. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, it is critical to provide optimized antimicrobial treatment. AREAS COVERED Literature was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar (up to 06/2020), examining the etiology, diagnosis and oral antimicrobial therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, with emphasis on urinary antimicrobial pharmacokinetics (PK) and the application of dynamic in vitro models for the pharmacodynamic (PD) profiling of pathogen response. EXPERT OPINION The majority of antimicrobial agents included in international guidelines were developed decades ago without well-described dose-response relationships. Microbiology laboratories still apply standard diagnostic methodology that has essentially remained unchanged for decades. Furthermore, it is uncertain how relevant standard in vitro susceptibility is for predicting antimicrobial efficacy in urine. In order to optimize UTI treatments, clinicians must exploit the urine-specific PK of antimicrobial agents. Dynamic in vitro models are valuable tools to examine the PK/PD and urodynamic variables associated with UTIs, while informing uropathogen susceptibility reporting, optimized dosing schedules, clinical trials and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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11
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Chitosan/polypropylene glycol hydrogel composite film designed with TiO2 nanoparticles: A promising scaffold of biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:529-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Hong L, Cho CS, Kim WS, Choi YJ, Kang SK. Phthalyl starch nanoparticles as prebiotics enhanced nisin production in Lactococcus lactis through the induction of mild stress in probiotics. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:439-449. [PMID: 32500649 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Effect of internalized phthalyl starch nanoparticles (PSNs) on the antimicrobial ability of Lactococcus lactis (LL) KCTC 2013. METHODS AND RESULTS Phthalyl starch nanoparticles were prepared by self-assembly of phthalyl starch and the amount of the hydrophobic phthalic moieties were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance: PSN1 (DS: 14·3 mol.%), PSN2 (DS: 17·8 mol.%) and PSN3 (DS: 30·4 mol.%). The sizes of PSN1, PSN2 and PSN3 measured by dynamic light scattering were 364·7, 248·4 and 213·4 nm, respectively, and the surface charges of PSNs measured by electrophoretic light scattering were negative charges and PSNs were spherical in shape according to scanning electron microscope. It was found that when PSNs were treated with LL, the PSNs were internalized into LL through nanoparticle size-, energy- and glucose transporter-dependent mechanisms. The internalization was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Nisin was isolated and identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Also, more nisin was produced from PSNs-treated LL than untreated- or starch-treated LL. Co-culture assay and agar diffusion test were performed to test the antimicrobial ability. Antimicrobial ability against Gram-negative Escherichia coli k88, Salmonella gallinarum and Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes of LL treated with PSNs was higher than that of untreated or starch-treated group. Finally, it was found that the expression level of stress response genes dnaK, dnaJ and groES was significantly higher in PSNs-treated groups compared with starch-treated group or LL alone. CONCLUSION The internalization of PSNs into LL enhanced the production of nisin through mild intracellular stimulation, resulting in enhanced antimicrobial ability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows the promising potential of PSNs as new prebiotics for increasing the production of nisin, thus demonstrating a new method for the biological production of such antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - C-S Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W-S Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-J Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-K Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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13
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Wu Q, Zhu Q, Shabbir MAB, Sattar A, Peng D, Tao Y, Chen D, Yuan Z, Wang Y. The search for a microbiological inhibition method for the rapid, broad-spectrum and high-throughput screening of six kinds of antibiotic residues in swine urine. Food Chem 2020; 339:127580. [PMID: 32858380 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a microbiological inhibition method for rapidly screening antibiotics in swine urine was established with an easy sample pre-treatment. The microbiological system consisted of an agar medium mixed with nutrients, sensitizers, a test bacterium (Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC12980) and pH indicator (bromocresol purple). It was observed that the detection limits of the test kit for twenty-eight common antimicrobial residues in urine, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, and lincosamides, were less than or equal to the maximum residue limits of the kidney, as determined by the EU and China. Moreover, the false negative rate and the false positive rate, along with other performance indexes such as interassay coefficients of variation and shelf life of the kit, all met the standard requirements of the ISO13969:2003 guidelines. Additionally, our results were consistent with those using the gold-standard physical chemistry method, which suggest the proposed method is suitable for screening antibiotic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Dapeng Peng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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14
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Olaru ID, Yeung S, Ferrand RA, Stabler R, Chonzi P, Mabey D, Hopkins H, Bradley J, Masunda KP, Munyati S, Kranzer K. Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative bacteria from Urinary Specimens: a study of prevalence, risk factors and molecular mechanisms of resistance (ARGUS) in Zimbabwe - a study protocol. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:140. [PMID: 33088923 PMCID: PMC7551514 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15977.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is compromising our ability to successfully treat infections. There are few data on gram-negative AMR prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa especially from the outpatient setting. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of and underlying molecular mechanisms for AMR in gram-negative bacilli causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Zimbabwe. Risk factors for AMR and how AMR impacts on clinical outcomes will also be investigated. Adults presenting with UTI symptoms at primary health clinics in Harare will be included. A questionnaire will be administered, and urine samples will be collected for culture. Participants with positive urine cultures will be followed up at 7-14 days post-enrolment. All participants will also be followed by telephone at 28 days to determine clinical outcomes. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing will be performed on positive cultures. The results from this study will be used to inform policy and development of treatment recommendations. Whole genome sequencing results will provide a better understanding of the prevalent resistance genes in Zimbabwe, of the spread of successful clones, and potentially will contribute to developing strategies to tackle AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D. Olaru
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richard Stabler
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Prosper Chonzi
- Department of Health, Harare City Council, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - David Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Heidi Hopkins
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - John Bradley
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Shungu Munyati
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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15
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Mohammadi S, Nadaraja AV, Luckasavitch K, Jain MC, June Roberts D, Zarifi MH. A Label-Free, Non-Intrusive, and Rapid Monitoring of Bacterial Growth on Solid Medium Using Microwave Biosensor. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:2-11. [PMID: 31715571 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2952841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microwave resonator sensors are attractive for their contactless and label-free capability of monitoring bacterial growth in liquid media. This paper outlines a new label-free microwave biosensor based on a pair of planar split ring resonators for non-invasive monitoring of bacterial growth on a solid agar media. The sensor is comprised of two split ring resonators with slightly different resonant frequencies for differential operation. The transmission coefficient (S21) of the sensor is considered as the sensor's response with a designed and measured quality factor above 200 to ensure a high-resolution operation of the biosensor. Two resonant frequencies of 1.95 and 2.11 GHz represent the sensing signal and the reference signal, respectively. The developed sensor demonstrates high performance in monitoring the growth dynamics of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar with 4 mm thickness. The sensor's resonant amplitude response demonstrated 0.5 dB variation corresponding to the bacterial growth over 48 hours when bacteria were spread on LB agar starting with initial OD600 = 1.5. Moreover, 0.6 dB change in the sensor's response was observed over 96 hours of bacterial growth starting with an initial OD600 = 1.17 spotted on LB agar. The measured results fit well to the curves created using Richards' bacterial growth model, showing the strength of the sensor as a potential candidate for use in predictive food microbiology systems.
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16
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Secka F, Herberg JA, Sarr I, Darboe S, Sey G, Saidykhan M, Wathuo M, Kaforou M, Antonio M, Roca A, Zaman SMA, Cebey-López M, Boeddha NP, Paulus S, Kohlfürst DS, Emonts M, Zenz W, Carrol ED, de Groot R, Schlapbach L, Martinon-Torres F, Bojang K, Levin M, van der Flier M, Anderson ST. Bacteremia in Childhood Life-Threatening Infections in Urban Gambia: EUCLIDS in West Africa. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz332. [PMID: 31660408 PMCID: PMC6798247 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The limited availability of microbiology services in sub-Saharan Africa impedes accurate diagnosis of bacterial pathogens and understanding of trends in prevalence and antibiotic sensitivities. We aimed to characterize bacteremia among hospitalized children in The Gambia and to identify factors associated with bacteremia and mortality. Methods We prospectively studied children presenting with suspected severe infection to 2 urban hospitals in The Gambia, between January 2013 and September 2015. Demographic and anthropometric data, clinical features, management, and blood culture results were documented. Urine screens for antibiotic activity were performed in a subset of participants. Results Of 411 children enrolled (median age, 29 months; interquartile range, 11–82), 79.5% (325 of 409) reported prehospital antibiotic use. Antimicrobial activity by urinary screen for antibiotic activity was detected in 70.8% (n = 80 of 113). Sixty-six bacterial pathogens were identified in 65 (15.8%) participants and Staphylococcus aureus predominated. Gram-positive organisms were more commonly identified than Gram-negative (P < .01). Antibiotic resistance against first-line antimicrobials (ampicillin and gentamicin) was common among Gram-negative bacteria (39%; range, 25%–100%). Factors significantly associated with bacteremia included the following: gender, hydration status, musculoskeletal examination findings, admission to the Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine hospital, and meeting sepsis criteria. Those associated with increased mortality were presence of a comorbidity, clinical pallor, tachypnea, and altered consciousness. Tachycardia was associated with reduced mortality. Conclusions The bacteremia rate in children with suspected childhood life-threatening infectious diseases in The Gambia is high. The pattern of pathogen prevalence and antimicrobial resistance has changed over time compared with previous studies illustrating the importance of robust bacterial surveillance programs in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Secka
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - J A Herberg
- Imperial College London, Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, United Kingdom
| | - I Sarr
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - S Darboe
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - G Sey
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - M Saidykhan
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - M Wathuo
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - M Kaforou
- Imperial College London, Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, United Kingdom
| | - M Antonio
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - A Roca
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - S M A Zaman
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - M Cebey-López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Genetics-Vaccines-Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics Research Group, GENVIP, Spain
| | - N P Boeddha
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Intensive Care and Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Netherlands
| | - S Paulus
- University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, United Kingdom
| | - D S Kohlfürst
- Medical University of Graz, Department of General Paediatrics, Austria
| | - M Emonts
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Foundation Trust, Great North Children's Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - W Zenz
- Medical University of Graz, Department of General Paediatrics, Austria
| | - E D Carrol
- University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, United Kingdom
| | - R de Groot
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, and Expertise Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, and Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L Schlapbach
- University Children's Hospital Zurich and the Children's Research Center, Switzerland
| | - F Martinon-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Genetics-Vaccines-Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics Research Group, GENVIP, Spain
| | - K Bojang
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - M Levin
- Imperial College London, Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, United Kingdom
| | - M van der Flier
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, and Expertise Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, and Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S T Anderson
- Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Kesteman T, Ghassani A, Hajjar C, Picot V, Osman M, Alnajjar Z, Komurian-Pradel F, Messaoudi M, Pouzol S, Soulaiman HG, Vanhems P, Ramilo O, Karam-Sarkis D, Najjar-Pellet J, Hamze M, Endtz H. Investigating Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL): A study protocol. Gates Open Res 2019; 2:19. [PMID: 33103065 PMCID: PMC7569241 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12811.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a leading cause of mortality, mainly affects children in developing countries. The harsh circumstances experienced by refugees include various factors associated with respiratory pathogen transmission, and clinical progression of CAP. Consequently, the etiology of CAP in humanitarian crisis situations may differ to that of settled populations, which would impact appropriate case management. Therefore, the Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL) study was initiated with the objective of identifying the causal pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract of children and adults from both the refugee and host country population presenting with signs of CAP during a humanitarian crisis. Methods: PEARL, a prospective, multicentric, case-control study, will be conducted at four primary healthcare facilities in Tripoli and the Bekaa valley over 15 months (including two high-transmission seasons/winters). Sociodemographic and medical data, and biological samples will be collected from at least 600 CAP cases and 600 controls. Nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, urine and blood samples will be analyzed at five clinical pathology laboratories in Lebanon to identify the bacterial and viral etiological agents of CAP. Transcriptomic profiling of host leukocytes will be performed. Conclusions: PEARL is an original observational study that will provide important new information on the etiology of pneumonia among refugees, which may improve case management, help design antimicrobial stewardship interventions, and reduce morbidity and mortality due to CAP in a humanitarian crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Crystel Hajjar
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Vanhems
- Infection Control and Epidemiology Unit, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, 69002, France
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Nationwide Childrens' Hospital and the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Dolla Karam-Sarkis
- Laboratoire des Agents Pathogènes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon.,Laboratoire Rodolphe Mérieux, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Hubert Endtz
- Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, 69002, France.,Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Potential efficacy of garlic lock therapy in combating biofilm and catheter-associated infections; experimental studies on an animal model with focus on toxicological aspects. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:830-840. [PMID: 31516325 PMCID: PMC6734154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Life-threatening central venous catheter-related infections are primarily initiated by biofilm formation on the catheter surface. Antibiotic lock therapy is recommended for eradicating intraluminal biofilm. In the era of antibiotic resistance, antibiotics of natural origins provide an effective and cheap option for combating resistant strains. Garlic especially stole the spotlight because of its impressive antimicrobial effectiveness against such superbugs. Aim Is to estimate the potential use of fresh garlic extract (FGE) as a lock agent against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Methods The agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques were employed to test the antimicrobial activities of FGE against five MDR strains; E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Serratia marscens (S. marscens) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Then the protective and therapeutic efficiencies of FGE against bacterial biofilms were in-vitro evaluated; at concentrations of 100, 75, 50 and 25%; in tissue culture plate (TCP) and on the polyurethane (PU) sheets using the crystal violet (CV) assay and colony-forming unit (CFU), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to confirm eradication of biofilms on PU sheets. Finally, systemic and deep tissue infections by P. aeruginosa and MRSA were induced in mice that were then treated by FGE at either 100 or 200 mg/kg for seven days. Where the antibacterial activity was assessed by tissue and blood culturing at the end of the treatment period. Biochemical, hematological and histological parameters were also investigated. Results FGE exhibited potent in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against MDR strains. It not only didn’t exhibit toxicological effects at the hematological and the histological levels but also provided protective effects as demonstrated by the significant drop in the biochemical parameters. Conclusion FGE has the potential to be used as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic lock agent against biofilm-associated infections caused by MDR bacteria.
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19
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Rasool A, Ata S, Islam A, Khan RU. Fabrication of novel carrageenan based stimuli responsive injectable hydrogels for controlled release of cephradine. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12282-12290. [PMID: 35515844 PMCID: PMC9063494 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa carrageenan was used to prepare hydrogels having novel compositions with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and a crosslinker (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). FTIR was used to confirm the structure and composition of hydrogels. The swelling behavior of hydrogels was studied under different conditions of pH and electrolytic aqueous media. The most efficient swelling result (200%) was observed by the sample containing a low fraction of crosslinker. It also showed different swelling responses in different pH solutions that made it suitable for drug delivery. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) illustrated that with the increase in crosslinker amount, the stability of hydrogel was increased. The biodegradation analysis of the hydrogels exhibited the break down by various enzymes into small chain polysaccharides that further broke down in the metabolic pathways. It was revealed that all the hydrogel samples showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and a little against E. coli. Cephradine was used as a model drug and its in vitro release was studied in simulated intestinal fluids (SIF). This release account of the cephradine demonstrated that the release of the drug increased as the time and pH increased, reaching its maximum amount of 85.5% after 7.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Rasool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab P. O. Box, 54590 Lahore Pakistan +92-300-9477-89
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab P. O. Box, 54590 Lahore Pakistan +92-300-6686-506
| | - Sadia Ata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab P. O. Box, 54590 Lahore Pakistan +92-300-9477-89
| | - Atif Islam
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab P. O. Box, 54590 Lahore Pakistan +92-300-6686-506
| | - Rafi Ullah Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab P. O. Box, 54590 Lahore Pakistan +92-300-6686-506
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20
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Third Order Non-linear Optical Susceptibility (χ(3)) and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Cu-Doped ZnSe Nanocrystals Fabricated by Hydro-Microwave Technique. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Hong L, Kim WS, Lee SM, Kang SK, Choi YJ, Cho CS. Pullulan Nanoparticles as Prebiotics Enhance the Antibacterial Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Through the Induction of Mild Stress in Probiotics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:142. [PMID: 30787918 PMCID: PMC6372531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synbiotics, which are the combination of probiotics and prebiotics, have recently attracted attention because of their synergistic net health benefits. Probiotics have been used as alternatives to antibiotics. Among the probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) has shown strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K99, a major livestock pathogen. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phthalyl pullulan nanoparticle (PPN)-treated LP. Interestingly, when PPNs were added to LP, the PPNs were internalized into the LP through an energy-dependent and galactose transporter-dependent mechanism. Additionally, more plantaricin, a natural antibacterial peptide, was secreted from PPN-treated LP than from untreated or pullulan-treated LP. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli K99 and Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes by PPN-treated LP was higher than those of untreated or pullulan-treated LP. It is thought that the enhanced antimicrobial properties of the PPN-treated LP are due to intracellular stimulation. Overall, this research provides a new method of producing plantaricin in LP through intracellular stimulation by internalized PPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institutes of Green-bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Emgård M, Msuya SE, Nyombi BM, Mosha D, Gonzales-Siles L, Nordén R, Geravandi S, Mosha V, Blomqvist J, Franzén S, Sahlgren F, Andersson R, Skovbjerg S. Carriage of penicillin-non-susceptible pneumococci among children in northern Tanzania in the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 81:156-166. [PMID: 30685588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae in Tanzanian children. Serial cross-sectional surveys were performed following the national introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in December 2012. METHODS A total of 775 children less than 2 years of age were recruited at primary health centres in Moshi, Tanzania between 2013 and 2015, and samples were obtained from the nasopharynx. S. pneumoniae were isolated by culture and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disc diffusion and E-test methods; molecular testing was used to determine serotype/group. RESULTS Penicillin non-susceptibility in the isolated pneumococci increased significantly from 31% (36/116) in 2013, to 47% (30/64) in 2014 and 53% (32/60) in 2015. Non-susceptibility to amoxicillin/ampicillin and ceftriaxone was low (n=8 and n=9, respectively), while 97% (236/244) of the isolates were non-susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The majority of the children (54%, n=418) had been treated with antibiotics in the past 3 months, and amoxicillin/ampicillin were overall the most commonly used antibiotics. Carriage of penicillin-non-susceptible pneumococci was more common in children with many siblings. The prevalence of PCV13 serotypes among the detected serotypes/groups decreased from 56% (40/71) in 2013 to 23% (13/56) in 2015. CONCLUSIONS Penicillin non-susceptibility in S. pneumoniae colonizing Tanzanian children increased during an observation period shortly after the introduction of PCV13. Measures to ensure rational use of antibiotics and more effective systems for surveillance of antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution are needed to assure continued effective treatment of pneumococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Emgård
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sia E Msuya
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Community Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Balthazar M Nyombi
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Community Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Dominic Mosha
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Lucia Gonzales-Siles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickard Nordén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shadi Geravandi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Mosha
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Josefine Blomqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofie Franzén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Sahlgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rune Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Skovbjerg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Donkor GY, Dontoh E, Owusu-Ofori A. A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of antibiotic use prior to laboratory tests at two Ghanaian hospitals. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210716. [PMID: 30645626 PMCID: PMC6333348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant rise in global antibiotic use in recent years. Development of resistance has been linked to easy accessibility, lack of regulation of sale, increased tendency to self-medicate and the lack of public knowledge. The increase in antibiotic misuse, including self-medication, has not been well documented in developing countries. Antibiotic use prior to visiting health facilities has been found to be prevalent in developing countries. It has been identified by some studies to increase the likelihood of missed diagnoses and influence the outcome of bacteriological tests. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of prior antibiotic use through a cross-sectional survey of patients undergoing laboratory tests at two health facilities in Ghana. Face-to-face questionnaires were used to interview 261 individuals chosen by random sampling of patients visiting the bacteriology laboratory of the hospitals within a two-month period. The questionnaire investigated participant demographic characteristics, knowledge about antibiotics and the nature of antibiotic use. Antibiotic property detection bioassay was performed on patient’s urine sample using a disk diffusion method to accurately determine antibiotic use within 72 hours. Culture results were used as an index to evaluate the effect of prior antibiotic use on bacteriological tests. Out of a 261 participants enrolled, 19.9% (95% CI, 14.9–24.9) acknowledged using antibiotics prior to their visit to the laboratory during the study period. On the contrary, 31.4% (95% CI, 25.7–37.5) of participants’ urine samples were positive for antimicrobial activity. Participants within the age ranges of 20–30, 31–40 and 41–50 years had significantly lower odds of urine antimicrobial activity. Participants who had urine antimicrobial activity were more likely to have no growth on their culture plates than participants who had no urine antimicrobial activity [OR 2.39(1.37–4.18), p = 0.002]. The most commonly used antibiotics were the penicillins, fluoroquinolones and metronidazole. Although, majority of the participant (54.8%) had knowledge of antibiotics, most of them had inadequate information on their proper use. The commonest indications for antibiotic use were aches and pains (30.3%), diarrhoea (43.3%) and urinary tract infections (28.0%). Prior antibiotic use was found to increase the likelihood of obtaining a culture negative result and can affect the outcome of bacteriological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracious Yoofi Donkor
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Dontoh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alex Owusu-Ofori
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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24
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Abstract
A wide variety of microorganisms are potential respiratory pathogens, and the spectrum of known pathogens for each respiratory infection syndrome has not changed markers over recent years. Detection of likely etiologic agents of respiratory infections can help direct management and can also play an important role in disease surveillance. For this purpose, we are still reliant on many traditional diagnostic tools that have been used for decades in order to determine the microbial etiology of respiratory infections. However, these tools have been increasingly supplemented by newer methods, particular molecular diagnostic techniques, which have enabled the more rapid detection of many pathogens that were previously difficult to detect. These advances have particularly lead to improvements in the ability to detect respiratory viruses and also other microorganisms that do not normally colonize the respiratory tract. Recognition of the existence of the lung microbiome has challenged the traditional views of pneumonia pathogenesis and may provide the opportunity for new diagnostic tools that are focused on more than just detection of specific known pathogens. Continued liaison between clinicians and laboratory staff is vital in order to facilitate the most cost-effective use of laboratory diagnostics.
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25
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Littorin N, Uddén F, Ahl J, Resman F, Slotved HC, Athlin S, Riesbeck K. Serotypes With Low Invasive Potential Are Associated With an Impaired Antibody Response in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2746. [PMID: 30498483 PMCID: PMC6249558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines may elicit a hyporesponse under certain conditions. There is limited knowledge, however, on the type of specific antibody response in individuals with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the functional antibody response in patients with IPD caused by different serotypes. Pre-immune and convalescent sera from 40 patients (age 14–91 years) with IPD caused by serotypes with low (serotype 3, 19F, and 23F) and high (1, 4, 7F, and 14) invasive potential were investigated. For each patient, the homologous serotype-specific antibody concentration was determined. The functionality of induced antibodies post-IPD was evaluated in an opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). Undetectable or decreased pneumococcal killing in OPA following IPD, i.e., a nonfunctional antibody response, was observed in 24 of 40 patients (60%). Patients with nonfunctional antibody responses had lower serotype specific IgG antibody ratios post-IPD than patients with increased OPA titres. A nonfunctional antibody response was associated with low invasive serotypes (3, 19F, and 23F, p = 0.015). In conclusion, a nonfunctional antibody response may follow IPD, and was in our cohort associated to serotypes with low invasive potential. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Littorin
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fabian Uddén
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Resman
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans-Christian Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Athlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Rasool A, Ata S, Islam A. Stimuli responsive biopolymer (chitosan) based blend hydrogels for wound healing application. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 203:423-429. [PMID: 30318231 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli responsive chitosan (CS) and poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) have attained hydrogel properties in the presence of 74% neutralized poly acrylic acid (PAA) which can be exploited for wound healing applications. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of all specific functional groups and the developed interactions in the hydrogels. The thermal analysis explained that the hydrogel samples are thermally more stable than individual chitosan and PVP. The antimicrobial analysis revealed that all the samples show antibacterial activity against E. coli and the biodegradation analysis is performed to confirm the hydrogels degradation. The hydrogels showed enhanced responsive swelling behavior against different media depending upon the amount of PVP. The %age swelling in water is decreased with the increase in the amount of PVP. The most considerable swelling behavior is observed against pH, as they manifested low swelling at acidic pH and high swelling at neutral pH while at pH 8, the prominent values are obtained. This distinctive behavior of hydrogels and their biocompatibility made them pertinent to drug delivery and their release profile is examined spectrophotometrically using silver sulfadiazine (antibiotic for burnt wounds) showed 91.2% of drug release for a period of 1 h in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) in a consistent and controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Rasool
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Atif Islam
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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27
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Jaganath D, Jorakate P, Makprasert S, Sangwichian O, Akarachotpong T, Thamthitiwat S, Khemla S, DeFries T, Baggett HC, Whistler T, Gregory CJ, Rhodes J. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Incidence and Methicillin Resistance in Rural Thailand, 2006-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:155-163. [PMID: 29761760 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bloodstream infection and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a growing threat worldwide. We evaluated the incidence rate of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) and MRSA from population-based surveillance in all hospitals from two Thai provinces. Infections were classified as community-onset (CO) when blood cultures were obtained ≤ 2 days after hospital admission and as hospital-onset (HO) thereafter. The incidence rate of HO-SAB could only be calculated for 2009-2014 when hospitalization denominator data were available. Among 147,524 blood cultures, 919 SAB cases were identified. Community-onset S. aureus bacteremia incidence rate doubled from 4.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3-5.8) in 2006 to 9.3 per 100,000 persons per year (95% CI: 7.6-11.2) in 2014. The highest CO-SAB incidence rate was among adults aged 50 years and older. Children less than 5 years old had the next highest incidence rate, with most cases occurring among neonates. During 2009-2014, there were 89 HO-SAB cases at a rate of 0.13 per 1,000 hospitalizations per year (95% CI: 0.10-0.16). Overall, MRSA prevalence among SAB cases was 10% (90/911) and constituted 7% (55/736) of CO-SAB and 20% (22/111) of HO-SAB without a clear temporal trend in incidence rate. In conclusion, CO-SAB incidence rate has increased, whereas MRSA incidence rate remained stable. The increasing CO-SAB incidence rate, especially the burden on older adults and neonates, underscores the importance of strong SAB surveillance to identify and respond to changes in bacteremia trends and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan Jaganath
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Possawat Jorakate
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Makprasert
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Sangwichian
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Thantapat Akarachotpong
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somsak Thamthitiwat
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Triveni DeFries
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Toni Whistler
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Christopher J Gregory
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Julia Rhodes
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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28
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Kesteman T, Ghassani A, Hajjar C, Picot V, Osman M, Alnajjar Z, Komurian-Pradel F, Messaoudi M, Soulaiman HG, Vanhems P, Ramilo O, Karam-Sarkis D, Najjar-Pellet J, Hamze M, Endtz H. Investigating Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL): A study protocol. Gates Open Res 2018; 2:19. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12811.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a leading cause of mortality, mainly affects children in developing countries. The harsh circumstances experienced by refugees include various factors associated with respiratory pathogen transmission, and clinical progression of CAP. Consequently, the etiology of CAP in humanitarian crisis situations may differ to that of settled populations, which would impact appropriate case management. Therefore, the Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL) study was initiated with the objective of identifying the causal pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract of children and adults from both the refugee and host country population presenting with signs of CAP during a humanitarian crisis. Methods: PEARL, a prospective, multicentric, case-control study, will be conducted at four primary healthcare facilities in Tripoli and the Bekaa valley over 15 months (including two high-transmission seasons/winters). Sociodemographic and medical data, and biological samples will be collected from at least 600 CAP cases and 600 controls. Nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, urine and blood samples will be analyzed at five clinical pathology laboratories in Lebanon to identify the bacterial and viral etiological agents of CAP. Transcriptomic profiling of host leukocytes will be performed. Conclusions: PEARL is an original observational study that will provide important new information on the etiology of pneumonia among refugees, which may improve case management, help design antimicrobial stewardship interventions, and reduce morbidity and mortality due to CAP in a humanitarian crisis.
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29
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Kim WS, Lee JY, Singh B, Maharjan S, Hong L, Lee SM, Cui LH, Lee KJ, Kim G, Yun CH, Kang SK, Choi YJ, Cho CS. A new way of producing pediocin in Pediococcus acidilactici through intracellular stimulation by internalized inulin nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5878. [PMID: 29650991 PMCID: PMC5897564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of probiotics as a replacement for antibiotics is to enhance their antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Given that prebiotics stimulate the growth and/or activity of probiotics, we developed phthalyl inulin nanoparticles (PINs) as prebiotics and observed their effects on the cellular and antimicrobial activities of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA). First, we assessed the internalization of PINs into PA. The internalization of PINs was largely regulated by glucose transporters in PA, and the process was energy-dependent. Once internalized, PINs induced PA to produce substantial amounts of antimicrobial peptide (pediocin), which is effective against both Gram-positive (Salmonella Gallinarum) and Gram-negative (Listeria monocytogenes) pathogens. When treated with small-sized PINs, PA witnessed a nine-fold increase in antimicrobial activity. The rise in pediocin activity in PA treated with PINs was accompanied by enhanced expression of stress response genes (groEL, groES, dnaK) and pediocin biosynthesis genes (pedA, pedD). Although the mechanism is not clear, it appears that the internalization of PINs by PA causes mild stress to activate the PA defense system, leading to increased production of pediocin. Overall, we identified a prebiotic in nanoparticle form for intracellular stimulation of probiotics, demonstrating a new avenue for the biological production of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijay Singh
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Liang Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian-Hua Cui
- Co-Innovation Center of Beef Cattle Science and Industry Technology, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, P. R. China
| | - Ki-June Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - GiRak Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Saito N, Takamura N, Retuerma GP, Frayco CH, Solano PS, Ubas CD, Lintag AV, Ribo MR, Solante RM, Dimapilis AQ, Telan EO, Go WS, Suzuki M, Ariyoshi K, Parry CM. Frequent Community Use of Antibiotics among a Low-Economic Status Population in Manila, the Philippines: A Prospective Assessment Using a Urine Antibiotic Bioassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1512-1519. [PMID: 29512485 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread unregulated use of antibiotics without medical consultation contributes to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Southeast Asian countries. This study investigated antibiotic use before hospital consultation. In a prospective observational study from February 2, 2015, to July 2, 2015, we enrolled febrile patients attending the emergency room in San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, the Philippines. A urine sample was collected and a bioassay was used to detect antibiotic activity in urine using Bacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC7953), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC19615). Patients or caregivers reported their medication history, clinical information, and socioeconomic status. During the study period, 410 patients were enrolled. The median (interquartile range) age was 14 (7-23) years and 158 (39%) reported prior antibiotic use, predominantly a beta-lactam antibiotic. A total of 164 (40%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 35-45) patients were urine bioassay positive with any of three organisms. The Bacillus assay was the most sensitive, detecting 162 (99%, 95% CI: 96-100) cases. Among bioassay positive patients, dengue (N = 91, 55%, 95% CI: 48-63) was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by other viral infections, including measles, rubella, and mumps (N = 17, 10%, 95% CI: 6-16). Patients with a positive bioassay were significantly more likely to be from the lowest-income group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1-2.6) and required hospital admission (AOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3-3.5). Unnecessary antibiotic use for febrile illnesses before hospital consultation is common in a low-income, highly populated urban community in Manila. Education targeting this group should be implemented to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Saito
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Takamura
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Paul S Solano
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Cherlyn D Ubas
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Arianne V Lintag
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Motoi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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31
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Driscoll AJ, Karron RA, Morpeth SC, Bhat N, Levine OS, Baggett HC, Brooks WA, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Howie SRC, Knoll MD, Kotloff KL, Madhi SA, Scott JAG, Thea DM, Adrian PV, Ahmed D, Alam M, Anderson TP, Antonio M, Baillie VL, Dione M, Endtz HP, Gitahi C, Karani A, Kwenda G, Maiga AA, McClellan J, Mitchell JL, Morailane P, Mugo D, Mwaba J, Mwansa J, Mwarumba S, Nyongesa S, Panchalingam S, Rahman M, Sawatwong P, Tamboura B, Toure A, Whistler T, O'Brien KL, Murdoch DR. Standardization of Laboratory Methods for the PERCH Study. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:S245-S252. [PMID: 28575358 PMCID: PMC5447855 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study was conducted across 7 diverse research sites and relied on standardized clinical and laboratory methods for the accurate and meaningful interpretation of pneumonia etiology data. Blood, respiratory specimens, and urine were collected from children aged 1–59 months hospitalized with severe or very severe pneumonia and community controls of the same age without severe pneumonia and were tested with an extensive array of laboratory diagnostic tests. A standardized testing algorithm and standard operating procedures were applied across all study sites. Site laboratories received uniform training, equipment, and reagents for core testing methods. Standardization was further assured by routine teleconferences, in-person meetings, site monitoring visits, and internal and external quality assurance testing. Targeted confirmatory testing and testing by specialized assays were done at a central reference laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niranjan Bhat
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, and
| | - Orin S Levine
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- International Vaccine Access Center, and.,Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, and.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Karen L Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M Thea
- Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Peter V Adrian
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- InternationalCentre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - Muntasir Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | - Trevor P Anderson
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Pathogen Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky L Baillie
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michel Dione
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Gitahi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Angela Karani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Medicine, and.,Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka
| | | | - Jessica McClellan
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Joanne L Mitchell
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Palesa Morailane
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daisy Mugo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - John Mwaba
- Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Mwansa
- Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, Lusaka.,Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Salim Mwarumba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Sammy Nyongesa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Sandra Panchalingam
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka
| | - Pongpun Sawatwong
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi
| | | | - Aliou Toure
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako
| | - Toni Whistler
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - David R Murdoch
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Mathew JL. Etiology of Childhood Pneumonia: What We Know, and What We Need to Know! : Based on 5th Dr. IC Verma Excellence Oration Award. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:25-34. [PMID: 28944408 PMCID: PMC7090409 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood community acquired pneumonia continues to be an important clinical problem at the individual, institutional and community levels. Determination of microbial etiology is critical to develop evidence-based management (therapeutic and prophylactic) decisions. For decades, the approach to this relied on culture of lung aspirate specimens obtained from children with radiographically confirmed pneumonia, before administering antibiotics. Such studies revealed the major bacteria associated with pneumonia, prompting the World Health Organization to develop a highly sensitive clinical definition of pneumonia and advocate empiric antibiotic therapy; in order to save lives (focusing on community settings lacking resources for diagnostic tests). However, it spawned research studies conducted in/from/by institutions enrolling children with the relatively non-specific WHO definition of pneumonia. Specificity got further compromised by abandoning lung aspiration and using naso/oro pharyngeal specimens; even in children who had received antibiotics. This led to the recovery of viruses more often than bacteria. The use of highly sensitive molecular based diagnostics (especially PCR) facilitated the detection of multiple organisms (bacteria, viruses, atypical organisms and even fungal species); making it difficult to attribute etiology in individual cases. This challenge was sought to be addressed through the multi-site PERCH Study (Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health), designed as a case-control study to conclusively determine the etiology of pneumonia. However, despite a slew of publications, the answer to the central question of etiology has not emerged so far. Since none of the PERCH Study sites was located in India, the Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study (CAPES) was conducted at Chandigarh. This turned out to be the largest single-centre pneumonia etiology study, and generated a wealth of data. This article summarizes the current challenges in pneumonia etiology research; outlines the key observations from the PERCH and CAPES projects, as well as other important studies; and suggests a way forward for pneumonia etiology research in the current era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Mathew
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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33
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Detection of selected antibiotic resistance genes using multiplex PCR assay in mastitis pathogens in the Czech Republic. ACTA VET BRNO 2017. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201786020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to develop multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of aminoglycoside (strA, strB), sulphonamide (sulI, sulII), tetracycline (tetA, tetB, tetK, tetM, tetO), macrolide and lincosamide (msrA, ermA, ermB, ermC, mefA/E) genes of resistance in mastitis pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae). Applying the established assays, we investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the above mentioned species isolated from milk samples in the Czech Republic. Each assay consisted of seven pairs of primers. Six of them amplified fragments of antibiotic resistance genes and one pair a fragment of a species specific gene. Polymerase chain reaction conditions were optimized to amplify seven gene fragments simultaneously in one reaction. In total, 249 isolates were used, among which 111 were positive for E. coli, 52 for S. aureus and 86 for Streptococcus spp. The majority (60.2%) of bacteria carried at least one antibiotic resistance gene and 44.6% were multidrug-resistant. The designed multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays may be applied as diagnostic method to replace or complement standard techniques of antibiotic susceptibility testing in the mentioned pathogens.
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Jayasinghe JDHE, Bathige SDNK, Nam BH, Noh JK, Lee J. Comprehensive characterization of three glutathione S-transferase family proteins from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 189:31-43. [PMID: 27449269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are categorized as phase II enzymes, which form an important multifunctional family associated with a wide variety of catalytic activities. GSTω, GSTρ, and GSTθ are cytosolic GSTs which have been extensively studied in a variety of organisms; however, few studies have focused on teleosts. Those paralogs from black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii; RfGSTω, RfGSTρ, and RfGSTθ, respectively) were molecularly, biochemically, and functionally characterized to determine their antioxidant extent and protective aptitudes upon pathogenic stress. RfGSTω, RfGSTρ, and RfGSTθ, contained open reading frames of 717bp, 678bp, and 720bp respectively, which encoded respective proteins of 239, 226, and 240 amino acids in length. In silico analysis revealed that all RfGSTs possessed characteristic N-terminal domains bearing glutathione (GSH)-binding sites, and C-terminal domains containing substrate-binding sites. Recombinant RfGSTω (rRfGSTω) catalyzed the conjugation of GSH to dehydroascorbate (DHA), while rRfGSTθ and rRfGSTρ catalyzed to the model GST substrate 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Kinetic analysis revealed variation in Km and Vmax values for each rRfGST, indicating their different conjugation rates. The optimum conditions (pH and temperature) and inhibition assays of each protein demonstrated different optimal ranges showing their wide range of activity as an assembly. RfGSTω and RfGSTθ paralogs demonstrated their antioxidant potential towards H2O2 and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, and Cu) in vitro, while RfGSTρ had an antioxidant potential only towards heavy metals (Zn and Cu). Though all the paralogs were ubiquitously expressed in different magnitudes, RfGSTω was highly expressed in blood, whereas RfGSTρ and RfGSTθ were highly expressed in liver. The mRNA expression of RfGSTω and RfGSTθ, upon Streptococcus iniae and poly I:C stimulation, revealed a significantly up-regulated expression, whereas RfGSTρ mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated. Collectively, our findings suggest that RfGSTω, RfGSTρ, and RfGSTθ paralogs are potent in detoxifying xenobiotic toxics, capable of protecting cells from oxidative stress generated by both H2O2 and heavy metals, and finally, yet importantly, stimulated under pathogenic stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D H E Jayasinghe
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Kwambana-Adams BA, Asiedu-Bekoe F, Sarkodie B, Afreh OK, Kuma GK, Owusu-Okyere G, Foster-Nyarko E, Ohene SA, Okot C, Worwui AK, Okoi C, Senghore M, Otu JK, Ebruke C, Bannerman R, Amponsa-Achiano K, Opare D, Kay G, Letsa T, Kaluwa O, Appiah-Denkyira E, Bampoe V, Zaman SMA, Pallen MJ, D'Alessandro U, Mwenda JM, Antonio M. An outbreak of pneumococcal meningitis among older children (≥5 years) and adults after the implementation of an infant vaccination programme with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:575. [PMID: 27756235 PMCID: PMC5070171 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of pneumococcal meningitis among non-infant children and adults occurred in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana between December 2015 and April 2016 despite the recent nationwide implementation of a vaccination programme for infants with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from patients with suspected meningitis in the Brong-Ahafo region. CSF specimens were subjected to Gram staining, culture and rapid antigen testing. Quantitative PCR was performed to identify pneumococcus, meningococcus and Haemophilus influenzae. Latex agglutination and molecular serotyping were performed on samples. Antibiogram and whole genome sequencing were performed on pneumococcal isolates. RESULTS Eight hundred eighty six patients were reported with suspected meningitis in the Brong-Ahafo region during the period of the outbreak. In the epicenter district, the prevalence was as high as 363 suspected cases per 100,000 people. Over 95 % of suspected cases occurred in non-infant children and adults, with a median age of 20 years. Bacterial meningitis was confirmed in just under a quarter of CSF specimens tested. Pneumococcus, meningococcus and Group B Streptococcus accounted for 77 %, 22 % and 1 % of confirmed cases respectively. The vast majority of serotyped pneumococci (80 %) belonged to serotype 1. Most of the pneumococcal isolates tested were susceptible to a broad range of antibiotics, with the exception of two pneumococcal serotype 1 strains that were resistant to both penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All sequenced pneumococcal serotype 1 strains belong to Sequence Type (ST) 303 in the hypervirulent ST217 clonal complex. CONCLUSION The occurrence of a pneumococcal serotype 1 meningitis outbreak three years after the introduction of PCV13 is alarming and calls for strengthening of meningitis surveillance and a re-evaluation of the current vaccination programme in high risk countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Anna Kwambana-Adams
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Archibald Kwame Worwui
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Catherine Okoi
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Madikay Senghore
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Jacob Kweku Otu
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Chinelo Ebruke
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Richard Bannerman
- Brong Ahafo Regional Health Directorate, Sunyani, Brong Ahafo, Ghana
| | | | - David Opare
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gemma Kay
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Timothy Letsa
- Brong Ahafo Regional Health Directorate, Sunyani, Brong Ahafo, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Syed M A Zaman
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark J Pallen
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Martin Antonio
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.O Box 273, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia. .,Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK. .,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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36
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Han Y, Zhao R, Yu T, Li Z, Zhang XH. Allohahella marinimesophila gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater and reclassification of Hahella antarctica as Allohahella antarctica comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:3207-3213. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Han
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Tong Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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37
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Gerstein AC, Rosenberg A, Hecht I, Berman J. diskImageR: quantification of resistance and tolerance to antimicrobial drugs using disk diffusion assays. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1059-1068. [PMID: 27126388 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens represent an increasing threat to human health. Although many infections can be successfully treated and cleared, drug resistance is a widespread problem. The existence of subpopulations of 'tolerant' cells (where a fraction of the population is able to grow above the population resistance level) may increase the rate of treatment failure; yet, existing methods to measure subpopulation effects are cumbersome. Here we describe diskImageR, a computational pipeline that analyses photographs of disk diffusion assays to determine the degree of drug susceptibility [the radius of inhibition, (RAD)], and two aspects of subpopulation growth [the fraction of growth (FoG) within the zone of inhibition, (ZOI), and the rate of change in growth from no drug to inhibitory drug concentrations, (SLOPE)]. diskImageR was used to examine the response of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans to the antifungal drug fluconazole across different strain backgrounds and growth conditions. Disk diffusion assays performed under Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) conditions led to more susceptibility and less tolerance than assays performed using rich medium conditions. We also used diskImageR to quantify the effects of three drugs in combination with fluconazole, finding that all three combinations affected tolerance, with the effect of one drug (doxycycline) being very strain dependent. The three drugs had different effects on susceptibility, with doxycycline generally having no effect, chloroquine generally increasing susceptibility and pyrvinium pamoate generally reducing susceptibility. The ability to simultaneously quantitate different aspects of microbial drug responses will facilitate the study of mechanisms of subpopulation responses in the presence of antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza C Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Hecht
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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Nizalapur S, Ho KKK, Kimyon Ö, Yee E, Berry T, Manefield M, Cranfield CG, Willcox M, Black DS, Kumar N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-naphthoyl-phenylglyoxamide-based small molecular antimicrobial peptide mimics as novel antimicrobial agents and biofilm inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3623-37. [PMID: 26986463 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the human immune system. Synthetic AMP mimics represent a novel strategy to counteract the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we describe the synthesis of novel glyoxamide derivatives via ring-opening reactions of N-hexanoyl, N-benzoyl and N-naphthoylisatins with N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine and N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine. These were converted to both the hydrochloric acid (HCl) or quaternary ammonium iodide (MeI) salts and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was investigated by their zone-of-inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The HCl salt 22b exhibited the lowest MIC of 16 μg mL(-1), whereas the corresponding MeI salt 22c had a MIC of 39 μg mL(-1). We also investigated the in vitro toxicity of active compounds against the MRC-5 normal human lung fibroblasts and their activity against established biofilm in S. aureus.
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39
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Zafar F, Azam M, Sharmin E, Zafar H, Rizwanul Haq QM, Nishat N. Nanostructured coordination complexes/polymers derived from cardanol: “one-pot, two-step” solventless synthesis and characterization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An eco-design of Cardanol and Mn(ii)/Co(ii) based nanostructured CP with octahedral geometry and form micro to nano spheres that self arranged to contour amorphous, layered morphology with desirable antibiofilm activity and high thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmina Zafar
- Inorganic Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mudsser Azam
- Microbiology Research Laboratory
- Department of Biosciences
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Eram Sharmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Umm Al-Qura University
- Makkah Al-Mukarramah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Zafar
- Division of Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202002
- India
| | | | - Nahid Nishat
- Inorganic Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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40
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Riaz M, Zia R, Saleemi F, Ikram H, Bashir F. In vitro antimicrobial activity of ZnO based glass-ceramics against pathogenic bacteria. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:268. [PMID: 26507201 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of ZnO (0-15.53 mol%) based SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O-CaF2 bioactive glass-ceramics synthesized by controlled crystallisation were studied against eight micro-organisms using modified Kirby Bauer method. The antibacterial activity of the specimens was statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance and P < 0.05 was used as the level of significance. In vitro dissolution tests were performed in stimulated body fluid for 48 h at 37 °C for different time intervals to correlate the dissolution behaviour of test samples with antibacterial effects. The results illustrate that specimen BZn15.53 having the highest concentration of ZnO (15.53 mol%) demonstrated the strongest effect against Staph.aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis and K. pneumonia. The effectiveness of BZn15.53 in inhibiting bacteria was due to accumulation of Zn(+2) ions around the surface of the bacteria cell release that caused the death of the cell, besides the presence of hydroxyapatite phase was also responsible for damaging the cell membrane of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Riaz
- Department of Physics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rehana Zia
- Department of Physics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Saleemi
- Government College for Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Ikram
- Department of Physics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Bashir
- Department of Physics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhang T, Chaturvedi V, Chaturvedi S. Novel Trichoderma polysporum Strain for the Biocontrol of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Fungal Etiologic Agent of Bat White Nose Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141316. [PMID: 26509269 PMCID: PMC4624962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging disease of hibernating bats, has rapidly spread across eastern North America killing millions of bats. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the sole etiologic agent of WNS, is widespread and persistent in bat hibernacula. Control of Pd in the affected sites is urgently needed to break the transmission cycle while minimizing any adverse impact on the native organisms. We isolated a novel strain of Trichoderma polysporum (Tp) from one of the caves at the epicenter of WNS zoonotic. Detailed experimental studies revealed: (1) Tp WPM 39143 was highly adapted to grow at temperatures simulating the cave environment (6°C-15°C), (2) Tp WPM 39143 restricted Pd colony growth in dual culture challenges, (3) Tp WPM 39143 caused four logs reduction of Pd colony forming units and genome copies in autoclaved soil samples from one of the WNS affected caves, (4) Tp WPM 39143 extract showed specific fungicidal activity against Pd in disk diffusion assay, but not against closely related fungus P. pannorum (Pp), (5) Tp WPM 39143 extract retained inhibitory activity after exposure to high temperatures, light and proteinase K, and (6) Inhibitory metabolites in Tp WPM 39143 extract comprised of water-soluble, high polarity compounds. These results suggest that Tp WPM 39143 is a promising candidate for further evaluation as a biocontrol agent of Pd in WNS affected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
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Atta S, Khaliq S, Islam A, Javeria I, Jamil T, Athar MM, Shafiq MI, Ghaffar A. Injectable biopolymer based hydrogels for drug delivery applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:240-5. [PMID: 26118484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymer based pH-sensitive hydrogels were prepared using chitosan (CS) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights in the presence of silane crosslinker. The incorporated components remain undissolved in different swelling media as they are connected by siloxane linkage which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The swelling in water was enhanced by the addition of higher molecular weight PEG. The swelling behaviour of the hydrogels against pH showed high swelling in acidic and basic pH, whereas, low swelling was examined at pH 6 and 7. This characteristic pH responsive behaviour at neutral pH made them suitable for injectable controlled drug delivery. The controlled release analysis of Cefixime (CFX) (model drug) loaded CS/PEG hydrogel exhibited that the entire drug was released in 30 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) while in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), 85% of drug was released in controlled manner within 80 min. This inferred that the developed hydrogels can be an attractive biomaterial for injectable drug delivery with physiological pH and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Atta
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Khaliq
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Atif Islam
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Irtaza Javeria
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Jamil
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Contribution of the BacT/Alert MB Mycobacterium bottle to bloodstream infection surveillance in Thailand: added yield for Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:910-4. [PMID: 25588650 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02008-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired bloodstream infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, but microbiology capacity and surveillance limitations have challenged good descriptions of pathogen distribution in many regions, including Southeast Asia. Active surveillance for bloodstream infections has been conducted in two rural Thailand provinces for >7 years. Blood specimens were divided into two culture bottles, one optimized for aerobic growth (F bottle) and a second for enhanced growth of mycobacteria (MB bottle), and processed with the BactT/Alert 3D system. Because the routine use of MB culture bottles is resource intensive (expensive and requires prolonged incubation), we assessed the added yield of MB bottles by comparing the proportion of pathogens detected by MB versus that by F bottles from 2005 to 2012. Of 63,066 blood cultures, 7,296 (12%) were positive for at least one pathogen; the most common pathogens were Escherichia coli (28%), Burkholderia pseudomallei (11%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (6%). Two bottles improved the yield overall, but the added yield attributable to the MB bottles was limited to a few pathogens. In addition to the detection of mycobacteria and some fungi, MB bottles improved the detection of B. pseudomallei (27% [MB] versus 8% [F]; P < 0.0001), with added benefit if therapy was initiated prior to the blood culture. The targeted use of MB bottles is warranted for patients at risk for mycobacterial and fungal infections and for infection with B. pseudomallei, a common cause of septicemia in Thailand.
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Mthethwa NS, Oyedeji BAO, Obi LC, Aiyegoro OA. Anti-staphylococcal, anti-HIV and cytotoxicity studies of four South African medicinal plants and isolation of bioactive compounds from Cassine transvaalensis (Burtt. Davy) codd. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:512. [PMID: 25522685 PMCID: PMC4320432 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants represent an important opportunity to rural communities in Africa, as a source of affordable medicine and as a source of income. Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important as well as more training with regards to traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethnomedicinal prowess of some indigenous South African plants commonly used in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa for the treatment of skin and respiratory tract infections, HIV and their toxicity potential. Methods Cassine transvaalensis, Vangueria infausta, Croton gratissimus and Vitex ferruginea were tested for antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities of plants were tested using MTT Assay (3- (Dimethylthiozole-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) and anti- HIV-1iib assay. In search of bioactive lead compounds, Cassine transvaalensis which was found to be the most active plant extract against the two Staphylocoous bacteria was subjected to various chromatographic. Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), (1H-1H, 13C-13C, in DMSO_d6, Bruker 600 MHz) were used to isolate and characterize 3-Oxo-28-hydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene and 3,28-dihydroxylbetuli-20(29)-ene bioactive compounds from C. transvaalensis. Results The four plants studied exhibited bioactive properties against the test isolates. The zones of inhibition ranged between 16 mm to 31 mm for multi-drug resistant staphylococci species. MIC values varied between 0.6 and 0.02 μg/ml. C. gratissimus and C. transvaalensis exhibited the abilities to inhibit HIV-1iib. Two bioactive compounds were isolated from C. transvaalensis. Conclusion Data from this study reveals the use of these plant by traditional healers in the Eastern Cape. Furthermore, C. transvaalensis and C. gratissimus were found to be more active as against HIV-1iib. While C. transvaalensis was most active against the two Staphylococcus bacteria.
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Emary KRW, Carter MJ, Pol S, Sona S, Kumar V, Day NPJ, Parry CM, Moore CE. Urinary antibiotic activity in paediatric patients attending an outpatient department in north-western Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 20:24-8. [PMID: 25324202 PMCID: PMC4284023 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Antibiotic resistance is a prominent public and global health concern. We investigated antibiotic use in children by determining the proportion of unselected children with antibacterial activity in their urine attending a paediatric outpatient department in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Methods Caregiver reports of medication history and presence of possible infection symptoms were collected in addition to urine samples. Urine antibiotic activity was estimated by exposing bacteria to urine specimens, including assessment against multiresistant bacteria previously isolated from patients in the hospital (a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a multiresistant Salmonella typhi and an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolate). Results Medication information and urine were collected from 775 children. Caregivers reported medication use in 69.0% of children in the preceding 48 h. 31.7% samples showed antibacterial activity; 16.3% showed activity against a local multiresistant organism. No specimens demonstrated activity against an ESBL-producing E. coli. Conclusions Antibiotics are widely used in the community setting in Cambodia. Parents are often ill-informed about drugs given to treat their children. Increasing the regulation and training of private pharmacies in Cambodia may be necessary. Regional surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance is also essential in devising preventive strategies against further development of antibiotic resistance, which would have both local and global consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R W Emary
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Chudobova D, Nejdl L, Gumulec J, Krystofova O, Rodrigo MAM, Kynicky J, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Kopel P, Babula P, Adam V, Kizek R. Complexes of silver(I) ions and silver phosphate nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid and/or chitosan as promising antimicrobial agents for vascular grafts. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13592-614. [PMID: 23812079 PMCID: PMC3742205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are currently widely used to replace a variety of natural materials with respect to their favourable physical and chemical properties, and due to their economic advantage. One of the most important branches of application of polymers is the production of different products for medical use. In this case, it is necessary to face a significant disadvantage of polymer products due to possible and very common colonization of the surface by various microorganisms that can pose a potential danger to the patient. One of the possible solutions is to prepare polymer with antibacterial/antimicrobial properties that is resistant to bacterial colonization. The aim of this study was to contribute to the development of antimicrobial polymeric material ideal for covering vascular implants with subsequent use in transplant surgery. Therefore, the complexes of polymeric substances (hyaluronic acid and chitosan) with silver nitrate or silver phosphate nanoparticles were created, and their effects on gram-positive bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus were monitored. Stages of formation of complexes of silver nitrate and silver phosphate nanoparticles with polymeric compounds were characterized using electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of complexes was determined using the methods of determination of growth curves and zones of inhibition. The results of this study revealed that the complex of chitosan, with silver phosphate nanoparticles, was the most suitable in order to have an antibacterial effect on bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus. Formation of this complex was under way at low concentrations of chitosan. The results of electrochemical determination corresponded with the results of spectrophotometric methods and verified good interaction and formation of the complex. The complex has an outstanding antibacterial effect and this effect was of several orders higher compared to other investigated complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Chudobova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Olga Krystofova
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Jindrich Kynicky
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Petr Babula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (D.C.); (L.N.); (M.A.M.R.); (B.R.-N.); (P.K.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.G.); (P.B.)
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Murdoch DR, O'Brien KL, Driscoll AJ, Karron RA, Bhat N. Laboratory methods for determining pneumonia etiology in children. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 Suppl 2:S146-52. [PMID: 22403229 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnostics are a core component of any pneumonia etiology study. Recent advances in diagnostic technology have introduced newer methods that have greatly improved the ability to identify respiratory pathogens. However, determining the microbial etiology of pneumonia remains a challenge, especially in children. This is largely because of the inconsistent use of assays between studies, difficulties in specimen collection, and problems in interpreting the presence of pathogens as being causally related to the pneumonia event. The laboratory testing strategy for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study aims to incorporate a broad range of diagnostic testing that will be standardized across the 7 participating sites. We describe the current status of laboratory diagnostics for pneumonia and the PERCH approach for specimen testing. Pneumonia diagnostics are evolving, and it is also a priority of PERCH to collect and archive specimens for future testing by promising diagnostic methods that are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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