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House RRJ, Soper-Hopper MT, Vincent MP, Ellis AE, Capan CD, Madaj ZB, Wolfrum E, Isaguirre CN, Castello CD, Johnson AB, Escobar Galvis ML, Williams KS, Lee H, Sheldon RD. A diverse proteome is present and enzymatically active in metabolite extracts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5796. [PMID: 38987243 PMCID: PMC11237058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolite extraction is the critical first-step in metabolomics experiments, where it is generally regarded to inactivate and remove proteins. Here, arising from efforts to improve extraction conditions for polar metabolomics, we discover a proteomic landscape of over 1000 proteins within metabolite extracts. This is a ubiquitous feature across several common extraction and sample types. By combining post-resuspension stable isotope addition and enzyme inhibitors, we demonstrate in-extract metabolite interconversions due to residual transaminase activity. We extend these findings with untargeted metabolomics where we observe extensive protein-mediated metabolite changes, including in-extract formation of glutamate dipeptide and depletion of total glutathione. Finally, we present a simple extraction workflow that integrates 3 kDa filtration for protein removal as a superior method for polar metabolomics. In this work, we uncover a previously unrecognized, protein-mediated source of observer effects in metabolomics experiments with broad-reaching implications across all research fields using metabolomics and molecular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rae J House
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Abigail E Ellis
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Colt D Capan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Zachary B Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Emily Wolfrum
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Amy B Johnson
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha L Escobar Galvis
- Office of the Cores, Core Technologies and Services, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kelsey S Williams
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Hyoungjoo Lee
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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2
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Heo EH, Chang H. Simple and sensitive galactose monitoring based on capillary SERS sensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3811-3819. [PMID: 38702448 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Galactosemia, a severe genetic metabolic disorder, results from the absence of galactose-degrading enzymes, leading to harmful galactose accumulation. In this study, we introduce a novel capillary-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for convenient and sensitive galactose detection. The developed sensor enhances SERS signals by introducing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto the surface of silver nanoshells (Ag NSs) within a capillary, creating Ag NSs with Au NPs as satellites. Utilizing 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) as a Raman reporter molecule, the detection method relies on the conversion of 4-MPBA to 4-mercaptophenol (4-MPhOH) driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated during galactose oxidation by galactose oxidase (GOx). A new SERS signal was observed, which was generated by H2O2 produced when galactose and GOx reacted. Our strategy yielded a quantitative change in the SERS signal, specifically in the band intensity ratio of 998 to 1076 cm-1 (I998/I1076) as the galactose concentration increased. Our capillary-based SERS biosensor provides a promising platform for early galactosemia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hae Heo
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Chang
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Sánchez-Pintos P, Camba-Garea MJ, López-Pardo BM, Couce ML. Odimet ®: A Pioneering Tele-Health Tool to Empower Dietary Treatment and the Acute Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism-An Assessment of Its Effectiveness during the COVID Pandemic. Nutrients 2024; 16:423. [PMID: 38337708 PMCID: PMC10856987 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strict adherence to a diet is an essential pillar of long-term treatment for many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Tools that educate patients about dietary management can positively condition adherence and prevent morbidity. We designed a free online dietary calculation program (Odimet®, version 2.1.) for IEMs patients in 2008, updated in 2022, that provides detailed information on the content of amino acids, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals in >3000 food products, including specific medical foods for IEM. We analyzed the statistics on visits to Odimet® to evaluate its usefulness for long-term dietary management during a 5-year period focusing on three periods: pre-pandemic (15 March 2018-14 March 2020); pandemic 1 (15 March 2020-14 March 2021); and pandemic 2 period (15 March 2021-15 March 2023), in 120 patients with the following distribution: 84 patients with phenylketonuria (PKU); 12 with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD); 11 with urea cycle disorders (UCDs); and 13 with classical galactosemia. The evolutionary levels of their specific metabolic markers were evaluated, showing that globally, both pediatric and adult patients maintain a good metabolic control, even during a pandemic (median levels of phenylalanine in pediatric PKU patients 213.4 µmol/L and 482.3 µmol/L in adults; of leucine in MSUD patients: 144.2 µmol/L; of glutamine in UCDs: 726.8 µmol/L; and of galactose 1-phosphate levels in galactosemia: 0.08 µmol/L). The proportion of patients using Odimet® ranges from 78-100%. An increase in the number of diets being calculated was observed during COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, 14,825 products have been introduced (3094 from the general database, and 11,731 added by users to their own profiles). In 2023 63 emergency dietary adjustments in the studied intoxication-type pathologies were calculated in Odimet®. Our results suggest that its regular use contributes to maintaining metabolic stability in IEMs patients, allowing them to adapt their menus to their lifestyle, and represents a powerful complementary tele-health tool which can be used to perform remote real-time dietary follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sánchez-Pintos
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Neonatology Department, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.M.L.-P.)
- IDIS—Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Via Pozzuolo, 330, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María José Camba-Garea
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Neonatology Department, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.M.L.-P.)
- IDIS—Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Via Pozzuolo, 330, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Beatriz Martin López-Pardo
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Neonatology Department, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.M.L.-P.)
- European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Via Pozzuolo, 330, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - María L. Couce
- Metabolic Diseases Unit, Neonatology Department, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (B.M.L.-P.)
- IDIS—Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN), Via Pozzuolo, 330, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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4
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Daas S, Abu Salah N, Anikster Y, Barel O, Damseh NS, Dumin E, Fattal-Valevski A, Falik-Zaccai TC, Habib C, Josefsberg S, Korman SH, Kneller K, Landau Y, Lerman-Sagie T, Mandel H, Manor Y, Moady Abdalla T, Rock R, Rostami N, Saada A, Saraf-Levy T, Shaul Lotan N, Spiegel R, Staretz-Chacham O, Tal G, Ulanovsky I, Vaisid T, Wilnai Y, Almashanu S. Addition of galactose-1-phosphate measurement enhances newborn screening for classical galactosemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:232-242. [PMID: 36515074 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galactosemia is an inborn disorder of carbohydrate metabolism of which early detection can prevent severe illness. Although the assay for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme activity has been available since the 1960s, many issues prevented it from becoming universal. In order to develop the Israeli newborn screening pilot algorithm for galactosemia, flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry measurement of galactose-1-phosphate in archived dried blood spots from newborns with classical galactosemia, galactosemia variants, epimerase deficiency, and normal controls, was conducted. Out of 431 330 newborns screened during the pilot study (30 months), two with classical galactosemia and four with epimerase deficiency were identified and confirmed. Five false positives and no false negatives were recorded. Following this pilot study, the Israeli final and routine newborn screening algorithm, as recommended by the Advisory Committee to the National Newborn Screening Program, now consists of galactose-1-phosphate measurement integrated into the routine tandem mass spectrometry panel as the first-tier screening test, and GALT enzyme activity as the second-tier performed to identify only newborns suspected to be at risk for classical galactosemia. The GALT enzyme activity cut-off used in the final algorithm was lowered in order to avoid false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Daas
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nasser Abu Salah
- Department of Neonatology, Red Crescent Society Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- Genomics Unit, The Center for Cancer Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nadirah S Damseh
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Palestinian National Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elena Dumin
- Metabolic Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aviva Fattal-Valevski
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Institute, Dana Children Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tzipora C Falik-Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariyya, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel
| | - Clair Habib
- Genetics Institute and Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Stanley H Korman
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Wilf Children's Hospital, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katya Kneller
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Landau
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Magen Center for Rare Diseases-Metabolic, Neurogenetic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Manor
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Rock
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nira Rostami
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ann Saada
- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talya Saraf-Levy
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nava Shaul Lotan
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Spiegel
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Pediatrics B, Metabolic Service, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Institute for Rare Diseases Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Orna Staretz-Chacham
- Metabolic Clinic, Pediatric Division, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Institute for Rare Diseases, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Galit Tal
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Igor Ulanovsky
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Taly Vaisid
- Metabolic Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Wilnai
- Genetic Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Almashanu
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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5
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Lafhal K, Sabir ES, Cheggour M, Mouad F, Hammoud M, Lalaoui A, Ezoubeiri A, Baki S, Chabaa L, Maoulainine FMR, Rada N, Bouskraoui M, Ait Saab I, Bourrahouat A, Fdil N. Update of a colorimetric method for quantitative determination of galactose in blood samples: A simple and rapid method for the early detection of inherited metabolic diseases. Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108179. [PMID: 33137585 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A colorimetric microassay for the quantitative determination of galactose in the blood was taken and updated. This method helps in diagnosis and follow-up of several inherited metabolic diseases connected to galactose metabolism deficiency such as galactosemia, glycogenosis, glycosylation, tyrosinemia and citrin deficiency. Galactose assay in the blood presents difficulties due to interference with glucose. In this study, we update a method to get around these difficulties. METHOD This procedure was based on the incubation of whole blood with orcinol in a strongly acidic solution to form a galactose and glucose complexes able to absorb at two different wavelengths. RESULTS The standard curve analysis for the individual solutions of these two sugars showed a wide range of linearity from 0 to 200 mg / l. Under optimal experimental conditions, the stirring time of the orcinol is 3 minutes, the heating time of the reaction is 20 minutes at 56 ° C, and the duration of the incubation in the dark is 40 minutes. The analysis is carried out on fresh blood. The maximum absorbance of galactose and glucose is respectively 569 nm and 421 nm. An adapted diagnosis algorithm was developed based on our results. CONCLUSION this method could help in screening and identifying patients with hypergalactosemia that need further investigations. It could represent a promising method for neonatal screening in countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Lafhal
- Metabolic Platform, Biochemistry Laboratory, Team for Childhood, Health and Development Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Es-Said Sabir
- Metabolic Platform, Biochemistry Laboratory, Team for Childhood, Health and Development Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mouna Cheggour
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Fatimazahra Mouad
- Pediatric Department, Mohammed VI Hospital University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Miloud Hammoud
- Metabolic Platform, Biochemistry Laboratory, Team for Childhood, Health and Development Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdessamad Lalaoui
- Pediatric Department, Mohammed VI Hospital University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Aicha Ezoubeiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Ibn Tofail Hospital, Mohammed VI Hospital University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Salwa Baki
- Endocrinology Department, Provincial Hospital of Taroudant, Morocco
| | - Laila Chabaa
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Fadl Mrabih Rabou Maoulainine
- Neonatal Intensive Care Department, Team for Childhood, Health and Development, Marrakesh Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University Hospital and Research, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Rada
- Pediatric Department, Mohammed VI Hospital University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | | | - Imane Ait Saab
- Pediatric Department, Mohammed VI Hospital University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Aicha Bourrahouat
- Pediatric Department, Mohammed VI Hospital University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Naima Fdil
- Metabolic Platform, Biochemistry Laboratory, Team for Childhood, Health and Development Faculty of Medicine, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
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6
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Bouri M, Zuaznabar‐Gardona JC, Novell M, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Paper‐based Potentiometric Biosensor for Monitoring Galactose in Whole Blood. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bouri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Julio C. Zuaznabar‐Gardona
- current address: Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group Departament d'Enginyeria Química Universitat Rovira i Virgili Avinguda Països Catalans 26 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Marta Novell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
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7
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Reagent-Free Colorimetric Assay for Galactose Using Agarose Gel Entrapping Nanoceria and Galactose Oxidase. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050895. [PMID: 32397073 PMCID: PMC7279418 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A reagent-free colorimetric method for galactose quantification using a composite of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) and galactose oxidase (Gal Ox) entrapped in an agarose gel was developed. In the presence of galactose, the Gal Ox entrapped within the agarose gel catalyzed the oxidation of galactose to generate H2O2, which induced a color change from white to intense yellow. This reaction occurred without any chromogenic substrate. This color transition is presumed to be due to the H2O2-mediated alteration of the oxidation state of cerium ions present on the surface of the nanoceria. The intensity of color change was quantified by acquiring an image with a conventional smartphone, converting the image to cyan-magenta-yellow-black (CMYK) mode, and subsequently analyzing the image using the ImageJ software. Using this strategy, galactose concentration was specifically determined with excellent sensitivity of as low as 0.05 mM. The analytical utility of the assay was successfully verified by correctly determining diverse levels of galactose in human serum, which is enough to diagnose galactosemia, a genetic disorder characterized by the malfunctioning of enzymes responsible for galactose metabolism. The assay employing a hydrogel composite with entrapped nanoceria and Gal Ox, is a simple, cost-effective, and rapid colorimetric assay for galactose quantification, without using any chromogenic reagent. This cost-effective method has great potential for the diagnosis of galactosemia and is highly promising in comparison to the laborious instrumentation-based methods currently in use.
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8
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Crewe C, Zhu Y, Paschoal VA, Joffin N, Ghaben AL, Gordillo R, Oh DY, Liang G, Horton JD, Scherer PE. SREBP-regulated adipocyte lipogenesis is dependent on substrate availability and redox modulation of mTORC1. JCI Insight 2019; 5:129397. [PMID: 31310592 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of lipid and sterol species through de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is regulated by two functionally overlapping but distinct transcription factors: the sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP). ChREBP is considered to be the dominant regulator of DNL in adipose tissue (AT); however, the SREBPs are highly expressed and robustly regulated in adipocytes, suggesting that the model of AT DNL may be incomplete. Here we describe a new mouse model of inducible, adipocyte-specific overexpression of the insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig1), a negative regulator of SREBP transcriptional activity. Contrary to convention, Insig1 overexpression did block AT lipogenic gene expression. However, this was immediately met with a compensatory mechanism triggered by redox activation of mTORC1 to restore SREBP1 DNL gene expression. Thus, we demonstrate that SREBP1 activity sustains adipocyte lipogenesis, a conclusion that has been elusive due to the constitutive nature of current mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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9
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Cohen AS, Baurek M, Lund AM, Dunø M, Hougaard DM. Including Classical Galactosaemia in the Expanded Newborn Screening Panel Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Galactose-1-Phosphate. Int J Neonatal Screen 2019; 5:19. [PMID: 33072978 PMCID: PMC7510209 DOI: 10.3390/ijns5020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaemia has been included in various newborn screening programs since 1963. Several methods are used for screening; however, the predominant methods used today are based on the determination of either galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) activity or the concentration of total galactose. These methods cannot be multiplexed and therefore require one full punch per sample. Since the introduction of mass spectrometry in newborn screening, many diseases have been included in newborn screening programs. Here, we present a method for including classical galactosaemia in an expanded newborn screening panel based on the specific determination of galactose-1-phosphate by tandem mass spectrometry. The existing workflow only needs minor adjustments, and it can be run on the tandem mass spectrometers in routine use. Furthermore, compared to the currently used methods, this novel method has a superior screening performance, producing significantly fewer false positive results. We present data from 5500 routine newborn screening samples from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank. The cohort was enriched by including 14 confirmed galactosaemia positive samples and 10 samples positive for other metabolic disorders diagnosed through the Danish newborn screening program. All galactosaemia positive samples were identified by the method with no false positives. Furthermore, the screening performance for other metabolic disorders was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh S. Cohen
- Danish Center for Newborn Screening, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3568-3520
| | - Marta Baurek
- Danish Center for Newborn Screening, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan M. Lund
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Dunø
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Danish Center for Newborn Screening, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Vicente JB, Rivera I. Sweet and sour: an update on classic galactosemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:325-342. [PMID: 28281081 PMCID: PMC5391384 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Classic galactosemia is a rare inherited disorder of galactose metabolism caused by deficient activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), the second enzyme of the Leloir pathway. It presents in the newborn period as a life-threatening disease, whose clinical picture can be resolved by a galactose-restricted diet. The dietary treatment proves, however, insufficient in preventing severe long-term complications, such as cognitive, social and reproductive impairments. Classic galactosemia represents a heavy burden on patients' and their families' lives. After its first description in 1908 and despite intense research in the past century, the exact pathogenic mechanisms underlying galactosemia are still not fully understood. Recently, new important insights on molecular and cellular aspects of galactosemia have been gained, and should open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Moreover, an international galactosemia network has been established, which shall act as a platform for expertise and research in galactosemia. Herein are reviewed some of the latest developments in clinical practice and research findings on classic galactosemia, an enigmatic disorder with many unanswered questions warranting dedicated research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Coelho
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - M Estela Rubio-Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rivera
- Metabolism & Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Villoria JG, Pajares S, López RM, Marin JL, Ribes A. Neonatal Screening for Inherited Metabolic Diseases in 2016. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2016; 23:257-272. [PMID: 28284388 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The scope of newborn screening (NBS) programs is continuously expanding. NBS programs are secondary prevention interventions widely recognized internationally in the "field of Public Health." These interventions are aimed at early detection of asymptomatic children affected by certain diseases, with the objective to establish a definitive diagnosis and apply the proper treatment to prevent further complications and sequelae and ensure a better quality of life. The most significant event in the history of neonatal screening was the discovery of phenylketonuria in 1934. This disease has been the paradigm of inherited metabolic diseases. The next paradigm was the introduction of tandem mass spectrometry in the NBS programs that make possible the simultaneous measurement of several metabolites and consequently, the detection of several diseases in one blood spot and in an unique analysis. We aim to review the current situation of neonatal screening in 2016 worldwide and show scientific evidence of the benefits for some diseases. We will also discuss future challenges. It should be taken into account that any consideration to expand an NBS panel should involve a rigorous process of decision-making that balances benefits against the risks of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Garcia Villoria
- From the Seccción de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital ClinicHospital Clínic, CIBERER, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Pajares
- From the Seccción de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital ClinicHospital Clínic, CIBERER, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María López
- From the Seccción de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital ClinicHospital Clínic, CIBERER, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Marin
- From the Seccción de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital ClinicHospital Clínic, CIBERER, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Ribes
- From the Seccción de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital ClinicHospital Clínic, CIBERER, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Kianmehr A, Mahrooz A, Ansari J, Oladnabi M, Shahbazmohammadi H. The Rapid and Sensitive Quantitative Determination of Galactose by Combined Enzymatic and Colorimetric Method: Application in Neonatal Screening. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:283-93. [PMID: 26821257 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-1993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative measurement of galactose in blood is essential for the early diagnosis, treatment, and dietary monitoring of galactosemia patients. In this communication, we aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective combined method for galactose determination in dry blood spots. This procedure was based on the combination of enzymatic reactions of galactose dehydrogenase (GalDH), dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD), and alkaline phosphates with a colorimetric system. The incubation time and the concentration of enzymes used in new method were also optimized. The analytical performance was studied by the precision, recovery, linearity, and sensitivity parameters. Statistical analysis was applied to method comparison experiment. The regression equation and correlation coefficient (R (2)) were Y = 0.0085x + 0.032 and R (2) = 0.998, respectively. This assay exhibited a recovery in the range of 91.7-114.3 % and had the limit detection of 0.5 mg/dl for galactose. The between-run coefficient of variation (CV) was between 2.6 and 11.1 %. The within-run CV was between 4.9 and 9.2 %. Our results indicated that the new and reference methods were in agreement because no significant biases exist between them. Briefly, a quick and reliable combined enzymatic and colorimetric assay was presented for application in newborn mass screening and monitoring of galactosemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvarsadat Kianmehr
- Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Ansari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Morteza Oladnabi
- Biochemistry and Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Hamid Shahbazmohammadi
- Department of Biology, Bandar Jask Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Jask, Iran.
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Genetic and Metabolism Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Ombrone D, Giocaliere E, Forni G, Malvagia S, la Marca G. Expanded newborn screening by mass spectrometry: New tests, future perspectives. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:71-84. [PMID: 25952022 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has become a leading technology used in clinical chemistry and has shown to be particularly sensitive and specific when used in newborn screening (NBS) tests. The success of tandem mass spectrometry is due to important advances in hardware, software and clinical applications during the last 25 years. MS/MS permits a very rapid measurement of many metabolites in different biological specimens by using filter paper spots or directly on biological fluids. Its use in NBS give us the chance to identify possible treatable metabolic disorders even when asymptomatic and the benefits gained by this type of screening is now recognized worldwide. Today the use of MS/MS for second-tier tests and confirmatory testing is promising especially in the early detection of new disorders such as some lysosomal storage disorders, ADA and PNP SCIDs, X-adrenoleucodistrophy (X-ALD), Wilson disease, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The new challenge for the future will be reducing the false positive rate by using second-tier tests, avoiding false negative results by using new specific biomarkers and introducing new treatable disorders in NBS programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ombrone
- Newborn screening, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence, 50139, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Elisa Giocaliere
- Newborn screening, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Giulia Forni
- Newborn screening, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Sabrina Malvagia
- Newborn screening, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Giancarlo la Marca
- Newborn screening, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, Florence, 50139, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, 50139, Italy
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14
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Piatkivskyi A, Pyatkivskyy Y, Hurt M, Ryzhov V. Utilisation of gas-phase ion-molecule reactions for differentiation between phospho- and sulfocarbohydrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2014; 20:177-183. [PMID: 24895778 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of four boron-containing neutrals were explored as a means for differentiation between isobaric phospho- and sulfocarbohydrates. Phosphorylation and sulfation impose an addition of 80 Da to the molecular mass, so for low-resolution mass spectrometers compounds that have such modifications will appear at the same nominal mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. However, the ions of these isobaric species behave differently in ion-molecule reactions. All four evaluated neutral molecules [trimethyl borate (TMB), triethyl borate (TEB), diethylmethoxyborane (DEMB) and diisopropoxymethylborane (DIPMB)] proved to be reactive towards phosphorylated sugars and unreactive towards sulfated carbohydrates. In addition, TMB and TEB were found suitable for distinguishing positional isomers of phosphorylated carbohydrates, while reactions with DEMB and DIPMB were successful in differentiating phosphorylated, sulfated and unmodified deprotonated sugars. Similar reactions in the positive ion mode (alkali cationised) were found to be less conclusive.
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15
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Woo MA, Kim MI, Cho D, Park HG. Cell-Based Galactosemia Diagnosis System Based on a Galactose Assay Using a Bioluminescent Escherichia coli Array. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11083-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4027912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Woo
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Food Safety Research
Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Baekhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Il Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Cho
- LabGenomics Co., Ltd., 1571-17 Seocho3-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-874, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zhang JB, Li MJ, Li Z, Yan XJ, Yuan JQ, Dong WX, Zhang Y, Chu QC, Ye JN. Study on urinary profile of inborn errors of metabolism by 18-crown-6 modified capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:102-6. [PMID: 23669610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening in urine is important for the diagnosis of many inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) is a major technological advance in screening IEM. It has the advantage of sensitive and simultaneous multiple disease screening with minimal sample requirement. The analytes were derivatized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) prior to CE-LIF analysis. In urine samples, free amino acids (AAs) were well separated from other coexisting components, exhibiting a linear calibration over the concentration range 0.01-5.0μmol/L with the limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.005 to 0.010μmol/L. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range 0.1-1.0% for peak area, and 0.2-1.0% for migration time, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the method presented here has been successfully used for the simultaneous and sensitive analysis of seven AAs in urine samples of newborn babies, and evaluating the effect of therapy as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Kartsova LA, Obedkova EV. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of biologically active compounds for the diagnosis of various diseases. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Lund AM, Hougaard DM, Simonsen H, Andresen BS, Christensen M, Dunø M, Skogstrand K, Olsen RKJ, Jensen UG, Cohen A, Larsen N, Saugmann-Jensen P, Gregersen N, Brandt NJ, Christensen E, Skovby F, Nørgaard-Pedersen B. Biochemical screening of 504,049 newborns in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland--experience and development of a routine program for expanded newborn screening. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:281-93. [PMID: 22795865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Expanded newborn screening for selected inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland was introduced in 2002. We now present clinical, biochemical, and statistical results of expanded screening (excluding PKU) of 504,049 newborns during nine years as well as diagnoses and clinical findings in 82,930 unscreened newborns born in the same period. The frequencies of diagnoses made within the panel of disorders screened for are compared with the frequencies of the disorders in the decade preceding expanded newborn screening. The expanded screening was performed as a pilot study during the first seven years, and the experience obtained during these years was used in the development of the routine neonatal screening program introduced in 2009. Methods for screening included tandem mass spectrometry and an assay for determination of biotinidase activity. A total of 310 samples from 504,049 newborns gave positive screening results. Of the 310 results, 114 were true positive, including results from 12 newborns in which the disease in question was subsequently diagnosed in their mothers. Thus, the overall frequency of an IEM in the screening panel was 1:4942 (mothers excluded) or 1:4421 (mothers included). The false positive rate was 0.038% and positive predictive value 37%. Overall specificity was 99.99%. All patients with true positive results were followed in The Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders in Copenhagen, and the mean follow-up period was 45 months (range 2109 months). There were no deaths among the 102 children, and 94% had no clinically significant sequelae at last follow-up. Our study confirms the higher frequency of selected IEM after implementation of expanded newborn screening and suggests an improved outcome for several disorders. We argue that newborn screening for these disorders should be standard of care, though unresolved issues remain, e.g. about newborns with a potential for remaining asymptomatic throughout life. Well organized logistics of the screening program from screening laboratory to centralized, clinical management is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Meldgaard Lund
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Becker S, Kortz L, Helmschrodt C, Thiery J, Ceglarek U. LC–MS-based metabolomics in the clinical laboratory. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Lee JY, Sim HJ, Kwon HJ, Lee YM, Yoon HR, Hong SP. Methionine/galactose ratio on newborn blood spots useful for reduction of false positives for homocystinuria and galactosemia by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:182-6. [PMID: 21951896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine (Met) in blood and urine is a useful diagnostic marker for homocystinuria (HCU). However, galactosemia could be misdiagnosed as HCU when Met is used as the sole marker, since elevated excretion of Met presents in both galactosemia and HCU. Use of a more specific diagnostic marker in addition to Met is therefore necessary for reduction of false positive results for HCU as well as confirmative diagnosis of HCU. METHODS Chromatographic separation was performed using an anion-exchange column. The levels of Met and galactose (Gal) on blood were measured and Met/Gal ratios were calculated from blood spot samples from 300 normal volunteers, eight galactosemia patients, and three HCU patients. RESULTS The Met/Gal ratio ranged 0-4.95 for normal blood spots (n=300), 0-0.22 for galactosemia samples (n=8), and >1250 for HCU patient samples. CONCLUSIONS Separation, extraction, and deproteinization procedures were established for Met and Gal in blood spots. And Met/Gal ratio allowed HCU to clearly distinguish from galactosemia. As a way of second tier confirmative analysis, the ratio is the best way to reduce false positives. The assay is most appropriate to reduce false positives in labs that do not screen for galactosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Kim MI, Shim J, Li T, Woo MA, Cho D, Lee J, Park HG. Colorimetric quantification of galactose using a nanostructured multi-catalyst system entrapping galactose oxidase and magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics. Analyst 2012; 137:1137-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15889b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a technique to access the information beyond the molecular weight of the analyte. Int J Anal Chem 2011; 2012:282574. [PMID: 22611397 PMCID: PMC3348530 DOI: 10.1155/2012/282574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Electrospray Ionization (ESI) is a soft ionization technique extensively used for production of gas phase ions (without fragmentation) of thermally labile large supramolecules. In the present review we have described the development of Electrospray Ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) during the last 25 years in the study of various properties of different types of biological molecules. There have been extensive studies on the mechanism of formation of charged gaseous species by the ESI. Several groups have investigated the origin and implications of the multiple charge states of proteins observed in the ESI-mass spectra of the proteins. The charged analytes produced by ESI can be fragmented by activating them in the gas-phase, and thus tandem mass spectrometry has been developed, which provides very important insights on the structural properties of the molecule. The review will highlight recent developments and emerging directions in this fascinating area of research.
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23
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Couce ML, Castiñeiras DE, Bóveda MD, Baña A, Cocho JA, Iglesias AJ, Colón C, Alonso-Fernández JR, Fraga JM. Evaluation and long-term follow-up of infants with inborn errors of metabolism identified in an expanded screening programme. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:470-5. [PMID: 22000754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) by tandem mass spectrometry started in Galicia (Spain) in 2000. We analyse the results of screening and clinical follow-up of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) detected during 10 years. Our programme basically includes the disorders recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics. Since 2002, blood and urine samples have been collected from every newborn on the 3rd day of life; before then, samples were collected between the 5th and 8th days. Newborns who show abnormal results are referred to the clinical unit for diagnosis and treatment. In these 10 years, NBS has led directly to the identification of 137 IEM cases (one per 2060 newborns, if 35 cases of benign hyperphenylalaninemia are excluded). In addition, 33 false positive results and 10 cases of transitory elevation of biomarkers were identified (making the positive predictive rate 76.11%), and 4 false negative results. The use of urine samples contributed significantly to IEM detection in 44% of cases. Clinical symptoms appeared before positive screening results in nine patients (6.6%), four of them screened between days 5 and 8. The death rate was 2.92%; of the survivors, 95.5% were asymptomatic after a mean observation period of 54 months, and only two had an intellectual/psychomotor development score less than 85. Compared to other studies, a high incidence of type I glutaric aciduria was detected, one in 35,027 newborns. This report highlights the benefits of urine sample collection during screening, and it is the first study on expanded newborn screening results in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Luz Couce
- Unidad de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de Enfermedades Metabólicas Congénitas, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Spain.
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Lehotay DC, Hall P, Lepage J, Eichhorst JC, Etter ML, Greenberg CR. LC-MS/MS progress in newborn screening. Clin Biochem 2010; 44:21-31. [PMID: 20709048 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening programs detect treatable disorders in infants before they become symptomatic. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has greatly increased the screening possibilities by monitoring levels of amino acids and acylcarnitines. After the initial screening step, LC-MS/MS can also be used in screening positive samples as a second tier test to differentiate between true and false positive samples. As the list of disorders screened for by LC-tandem MS increases, questions arise about screening for untreatable disorders, such as some lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). For LSDs screening methods are being developed and tested more quickly than treatments are becoming available. This goes against one of the main tenets of newborn screening which requires that a treatment be available. LC-MS/MS can detect several disorders with a single injection, which is important in high throughput laboratories. Measuring different amino acids and acylcarnitines can be used to detect up to 45 different inherited disorders depending on how diseases are counted. The LSD assays are designed in a similar way to detect multiple disorders with common sample preparation and a single injection. The clinical implications of applying this technology to NBS on a large scale in many jurisdictions across the world are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lehotay
- Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, SK, Canada.
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25
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Alonso-Fernandez JR, Carpinteiro MI, Baleato J, Fidalgo J. Vertical sandwich-type continuous/evaporative TLC with fixed mobile phase volume for separating sugars of clinical relevance in paper-borne urine and blood samples in newborn screening. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 24:106-12. [PMID: 20333764 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the history and current implementation of an inexpensive thin layer chromatography (TLC) method, vertical sandwich-type continuous/evaporative TLC with fixed mobile phase volume, that is convenient for detecting and identifying reducing sugars of clinical relevance in the paper-borne blood and urine samples collected in neonatal screening programmes. This method facilitates screening by providing a considerable degree of standardization of chromatographic results. Among some 555,000 newborns to which it has been applied, it has detected 10 cases of classical galactosaemia, 7 cases of galactokinase deficiency, 2 cases of glucosuria, and 3 cases of transitory neonatal diabetes mellitus; the only false negatives we are aware of were two cases of galacto-4-epimerase deficiency detected by tandem mass spectrometry. Screening for sugars in urine has allowed the detection of galactosaemia when the accompanying blood sample was invalid because of transfusion or parenteral feeding. The conclusion is that this inexpensive procedure is very useful for the detection of relevant metabolopathies in circumstances where others fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Alonso-Fernandez
- Metabolic Screening Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Complex, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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26
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Determination of phenylalanine in blood by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection to diagnose phenylketonuria. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Wamelink MMC, Struys EA, Jakobs C. The biochemistry, metabolism and inherited defects of the pentose phosphate pathway: a review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:703-17. [PMID: 18987987 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of two defects (ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency and transaldolase deficiency) in the reversible part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has stimulated interest in this pathway. In this review we describe the functions of the PPP, its relation to other pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and an overview of the metabolic defects in the reversible part of the PPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M C Wamelink
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Jeong JS, Kwon HJ, Yoon HR, Lee YM, Choi TY, Hong SP. A pulsed amperometric detection method of galactose 1-phosphate for galactosemia diagnosis. Anal Biochem 2008; 376:200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wolucka BA. Biosynthesis of D-arabinose in mycobacteria - a novel bacterial pathway with implications for antimycobacterial therapy. FEBS J 2008; 275:2691-711. [PMID: 18422659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Decaprenyl-phospho-arabinose (beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-1-O-monophosphodecaprenol), the only known donor of d-arabinose in bacteria, and its precursor, decaprenyl-phospho-ribose (beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1-O-monophosphodecaprenol), were first described in 1992. En route to D-arabinofuranose, the decaprenyl-phospho-ribose 2'-epimerase converts decaprenyl-phospho-ribose to decaprenyl-phospho-arabinose, which is a substrate for arabinosyltransferases in the synthesis of the cell-wall arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan polysaccharides of mycobacteria. The first step of the proposed decaprenyl-phospho-arabinose biosynthesis pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related actinobacteria is the formation of D-ribose 5-phosphate from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, catalysed by the Rv1449 transketolase, and/or the isomerization of d-ribulose 5-phosphate, catalysed by the Rv2465 d-ribose 5-phosphate isomerase. d-Ribose 5-phosphate is a substrate for the Rv1017 phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase which forms 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). The activated 5-phosphoribofuranosyl residue of PRPP is transferred by the Rv3806 5-phosphoribosyltransferase to decaprenyl phosphate, thus forming 5'-phosphoribosyl-monophospho-decaprenol. The dephosphorylation of 5'-phosphoribosyl-monophospho-decaprenol to decaprenyl-phospho-ribose by the putative Rv3807 phospholipid phosphatase is the committed step of the pathway. A subsequent 2'-epimerization of decaprenyl-phospho-ribose by the heteromeric Rv3790/Rv3791 2'-epimerase leads to the formation of the decaprenyl-phospho-arabinose precursor for the synthesis of the cell-wall arabinans in Actinomycetales. The mycobacterial 2'-epimerase Rv3790 subunit is similar to the fungal D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, the last enzyme in the biosynthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid, thus pointing to an evolutionary link between the D-arabinofuranose- and L-ascorbic acid-related pathways. Decaprenyl-phospho-arabinose has been a lead compound for the chemical synthesis of substrates for mycobacterial arabinosyltransferases and of new inhibitors and potential antituberculosis drugs. The peculiar (omega,mono-E,octa-Z) configuration of decaprenol has yielded insights into lipid biosynthesis, and has led to the identification of the novel Z-polyprenyl diphosphate synthases of mycobacteria. Mass spectrometric methods were developed for the analysis of anomeric linkages and of dolichol phosphate-related lipids. In the field of immunology, the renaissance in mycobacterial polyisoprenoid research has led to the identification of mimetic mannosyl-beta-1-phosphomycoketides of pathogenic mycobacteria as potent lipid antigens presented by CD1c proteins to human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata A Wolucka
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Biochemistry, Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
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Ritter JB, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Simultaneous extraction of several metabolites of energy metabolism and related substances in mammalian cells: optimization using experimental design. Anal Biochem 2007; 373:349-69. [PMID: 18036549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As a basis for the development of predictive mathematical models in systems biology and a quantitative understanding of cellular metabolism, reliable experimental data sets of intracellular metabolites are indispensable. A prerequisite for the acquisition of such data is the identification of a suitable sample preparation method. In this work, the extraction procedure for the simultaneous measurement of a wide range of intracellular metabolites from adherent mammalian cells in culture was optimized. A screening of several commonly used extraction protocols with Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells found the methanol/chloroform (MeOH/CHCl(3)) and MeOH/Boil methods to be promising candidates for further analysis by anion-exchange chromatography. Both methods were optimized based on experimental design techniques with four response variables: Nucleotide Content, Energy Charge, Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate content (F16bP), and Absorption at 280 nm. After data evaluation and with the help of desirability functions, an overall optimum for the extraction conditions was found. Using optimal settings, the extraction performances for MDCK and Vero cell cultivations of both methods were compared. Both methods extracted nearly the same absolute amounts of intracellular metabolites, suggesting that these methods are equal. However, recoveries for nucleotide diphosphates were significantly above 100% for both methods. This most likely was due to remaining nucleotide kinase activity during extraction. After combining individual steps of both methods, recoveries close to 100% for all metabolites could be reached. Absolute values of intracellular metabolites extracted with this modified method are comparable to the results of the two previously optimized methods, indicating a good extraction procedure according to the chosen response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim B Ritter
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inborn errors of metabolism are a significant cause of morbidity and death among children. Inconsistencies in how individual states arrive at screening strategies, however, lead to marked variations in testing between states. OBJECTIVE To determine the cost-effectiveness of each component test of a multitest newborn screening program, including screening for phenylketonuria, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, biotinidase deficiency, maple syrup urine disease, galactosemia, homocystinuria, and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. METHODS A decision model was used, with cohort studies, government reports, secondary analyses, and other sources. Discounted costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were measured. RESULTS All except 2 screening tests dominated the "no-test" strategy. The 2 exceptions were screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which cost slightly more than $20,000 per QALY gained, and screening for galactosemia, which cost $94,000 per QALY gained. The screening test with the lowest expected cost was tandem mass spectrometry. The results found in our base-case analysis were stable across variations in nearly all variables. In instances in which changes in risks, sequelae, costs, or utilities did affect our results, the variation from base-case estimates was quite large. CONCLUSIONS Newborn screening seems to be one of the rare health care interventions that is beneficial to patients and, in many cases, cost saving. Over the long term, funding comprehensive newborn screening programs is likely to save money for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Carroll
- Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Vas G, Conkrite K, Amidon W, Qian Y, Bánki K, Perl A. Study of transaldolase deficiency in urine samples by capillary LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:463-9. [PMID: 16470722 PMCID: PMC3127395 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transaldolase (TAL) is a key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). TAL deficiency is a newly recognized cause of liver cirrhosis. We have developed an ion-pair LC separation combined with negative ion electrospray MS/MS detection method to assess PPP metabolites in urine samples from TAL-deficient mice. Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (S7P), C5-polyols D-arabitol and D-ribitol, and 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) levels were markedly increased in urine of TAL-deficient mice with respect to those of wild-type and heterozygote littermates. The detection limits of S7P, D-arabitol, and 6PG were 0.15 +/- 0.015 pmol, 3.5 +/- 0.41 pmol, and 0.61 +/- 0.055 pmol, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 0.4 +/- 0.024 nmol/ml for S7P, 1.6 +/- 0.11 nmol/ml for 6PG and 10 +/- 0.7 nmol/ml for D-arabitol. Additional metabolites, hexose 6-phosphates (m/z 259), D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (m/z 229), D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate (m/z 339), C6-polyols (m/z 181) and GSSG (m/z 611), that have been positively identified in mouse urine, showed similar levels in control and TAL-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - András Perl
- Correspondence to: András Perl, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Medicine, 750 East Adams Street, 13210 NY, USA.
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Garg U, Dasouki M. Expanded newborn screening of inherited metabolic disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: Clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:315-32. [PMID: 16563365 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening started in the 1960s for the purpose of identifying phenylketonuric patients to begin early intervention and to prevent mental retardation in these patients. Soon thereafter, screening programs expanded to include additional genetic disorders added individually one at a time. In the 1980s, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was introduced in clinical laboratories, and in the 1990s, the technique was used for newborn screening. Unlike measuring one analyte at a time, MS/MS allows measurement of >40 analytes, in a few minutes with the use of a single assay. Currently, MS/MS is being used for the identification of several amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid disorders. Several states in the United States and many other countries are using MS/MS in newborn screening. However, there is a significant disparity among different newborn screening programs for disorders being screened by MS/MS and many other challenges are faced by the expanded newborn screening. It is anticipated that in the future the use of MS/MS in newborn screening will expand both at the analyte and geographic levels. Clinicians and laboratory scientists should become familiar with MS/MS, disorders being screened in their patients' population and the future of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Wamelink MMC, Struys EA, Huck JHJ, Roos B, van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C, Verhoeven NM. Quantification of sugar phosphate intermediates of the pentose phosphate pathway by LC-MS/MS: application to two new inherited defects of metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 823:18-25. [PMID: 16055050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify pentose phosphate pathway intermediates (triose-3-phosphates, tetrose-4-phosphate, pentose-5-phosphate, pentulose-5-phosphates, hexose-6-phosphates and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (sed-7P)) in bloodspots, fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. Liquid chromatography was performed using an ion pair loaded C(18) HPLC column and detection of the sugar phosphates was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry using an electron ion spray source operating in the negative mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Reference values for the pentose phosphate pathway intermediates in blood spots, fibroblasts and lymphoblasts were established. The method was applied to cells from patients affected with a deficiency of transaldolase. The transaldolase-deficient cells showed an increased concentration of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate. (Bloodspots: 5.19 and 5.43 micromol/L [0.49-3.33 micromol/L]; fibroblasts 7.43 and 26.46 micromol/mg protein [0.31-1.14 micromol/mg protein]; lymphoblasts 16.03 micromol/mg protein [0.61-2.09 micromol/mg protein].) The method was also applied to study enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway by incubating fibroblasts or lymphoblasts homogenates with ribose-5-phosphate or 6-phosphogluconate and the subsequent analysis of the formed sugar phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M C Wamelink
- Metabolic Unit of the Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rinaldo P, Tortorelli S, Matern D. Recent developments and new applications of tandem mass spectrometry in newborn screening. Curr Opin Pediatr 2004; 16:427-33. [PMID: 15273505 DOI: 10.1097/01.mop.0000133635.79661.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent developments in the field of newborn screening related to the use of tandem mass spectrometry as an analytic platform. RECENT FINDINGS Novel inborn errors of metabolism with informative amino acid and/or acylcarnitine profiles have been characterized, increasing the complexity of the differential diagnosis of abnormal results. In addition, methods have been developed for the analysis in dried blood spots of steroids and lysosomal enzymes. Previously unrecognized genotype/phenotype correlations have been found among cohorts of patients whose conditions were diagnosed by screening rather than clinically. Several government entities and professional organizations have issued position statements on newborn screening, and worldwide outcome studies continue to underscore the clinical and financial benefits of expanded newborn screening. SUMMARY Although it is done inconsistently, newborn screening in the United States is undergoing a rapid expansion driven by the introduction of tandem mass spectrometry in at least 34 state programs. This technology is also used to detect disease markers beyond acylcarnitines and amino acids, as both primary and second-tier tests. In addition to analytic improvements, there is a trend toward the development of joint programs not limited to contiguous geographic areas, often based upon public-private partnerships. This review will summarize several new developments in the field that have occurred since early 2003 and will mention others likely to occur in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Rinaldo
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Lumbreras-Lacarra B, Ramos-Rincón JM, Hernández-Aguado I. Methodology in Diagnostic Laboratory Test Research in Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem 2004; 50:530-6. [PMID: 14718393 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.019786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The application of epidemiologic principles to clinical diagnosis has been less developed than in other clinical areas. Knowledge of the main flaws affecting diagnostic laboratory test research is the first step for improving its quality. We assessed the methodologic aspects of articles on laboratory tests.
Methods: We included articles that estimated indexes of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) and were published in Clinical Chemistry or Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine in 1996, 2001, and 2002. Clinical Chemistry has paid special attention to this field of research since 1996 by publishing recommendations, checklists, and reviews. Articles were identified through electronic searches in Medline. The strategy combined the Mesh term “sensitivity and specificity” (exploded) with the text words “specificity”, “false negative”, and “accuracy”. We examined adherence to seven methodologic criteria used in the study by Reid et al. (JAMA1995;274:645–51) of papers published in general medical journals. Three observers evaluated each article independently.
Results: Seventy-nine articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The percentage of studies that satisfied each criterion improved from 1996 to 2002. Substantial improvement was observed in reporting of the statistical uncertainty of indices of diagnostic accuracy, in criteria based on clinical information from the study population (spectrum composition), and in avoidance of workup bias. Analytical reproducibility was reported frequently (68%), whereas information about indeterminate results was rarely provided. The mean number of methodologic criteria satisfied showed a statistically significant increase over the 3 years in Clinical Chemistry but not in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
Conclusions: The methodologic quality of the articles on diagnostic test research published in Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine is comparable to the quality observed in the best general medical journals. The methodologic aspects that most need improvement are those linked to the clinical information of the populations studied. Editorial actions aimed to increase the quality of reporting of diagnostic studies could have a relevant positive effect, as shown by the improvement observed in Clinical Chemistry.
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Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry is becoming an increasingly important analytical technology in the clinical laboratory environment. Applications in toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring have opened the door for tandem mass spectrometry and now we are seeing a vast array of new applications being developed. It has been the combination of tandem mass spectrometry with sample introduction techniques employing atmospheric pressure ionization that has enabled this technology to be readily implemented in the clinical laboratory. Although its major research applications started with pharmacology and proteomics, tandem mass spectrometry is being used for a great variety of analyses from steroids to catecholamines to peptides. As with chromatographic methods, tandem mass spectrometry is most cost effective when groups of compounds need to be measured simultaneously. However as the price/performance of this technology continues to improve, it will become even more widely utilized for clinical laboratory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent C Dooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IWK Health Centre and Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University Medical School, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Huck JHJ, Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Jakobs C, van der Knaap MS. Profiling of pentose phosphate pathway intermediates in blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry: application to transaldolase deficiency. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1375-80. [PMID: 12881455 DOI: 10.1373/49.8.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several patients with abnormal polyol profiles in body fluids have been reported, but the origins of these polyols are unknown. We hypothesized that they are derived from sugar phosphate intermediates of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and we developed a semiquantitative method for profiling of pentose phosphate pathway intermediates. METHODS Sugar phosphates in blood spots were simultaneously analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using an ion-pair-loaded C(18) HPLC column. The tandem mass spectrometer was operated in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Enzymatically prepared D-[(13)C(6)]glucose 6-phosphate was used as internal standard. The method was used to study sugar phosphates abnormalities in a patient affected with a deficiency of transaldolase (TALDO1; EC 2.2.1.2). RESULTS In control blood spots, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, pentulose 5-phosphates, pentose 5-phosphates, hexose 6-phosphates, and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate were detected. Detection limits ranged from approximately 100 to approximately 500 nmol/L. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate were undetectable. Intra- and interassay imprecision (CVs) were 10-17% and 12-21%, respectively. In blood from the TALDO1-deficient patient, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate was increased. CONCLUSIONS The new method allows investigation of patients in whom a defect in the PPP is suspected. Measurements of sugar phosphate intermediates of the PPP may provide new insights into metabolic defects underlying the accumulating polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke H J Huck
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Easley CJ, Jin LJ, Presto Elgstoen KB, Jellum E, Landers JP, Ferrance JP. Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for laboratory diagnosis of galactosemia. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1004:29-37. [PMID: 12929958 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Galactosemia, a metabolic disorder associated with the intolerance to dietary galactose due to an inherited enzymatic deficiency, is indicated by heightened levels of galactose in urine (galactosuria). In this report, capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection was evaluated for its ability to screen urinary carbohydrates, particularly galactose. Neonatal urine samples with normal and abnormal levels of galactose were analyzed with galactose concentrations quantitated relative to urinary creatinine concentrations to account for variable urinary dilution. Analysis of nine samples by CE in a single-blind manner defined four as negative (normal) and five as positive for galactosuria with galactose levels as high as 146.8 +/- 5.9 mM. Galactosuria was correlated with clinical galactosemia diagnoses for four of the positive samples, while the remaining positive was associated with a patient diagnosed with Hurler's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Easley
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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40
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Schulze A, Lindner M, Kohlmüller D, Olgemöller K, Mayatepek E, Hoffmann GF. Expanded newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry: results, outcome, and implications. Pediatrics 2003; 111:1399-406. [PMID: 12777559 DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.6.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to determine the impact of expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on the overall detection rate of inborn errors of metabolism in Germany and to assess the outcome for the patients that were diagnosed. METHODS During the period of study, 250,000 neonates in a German population were investigated for 23 inborn errors of metabolism by electrospray ionization-MS/MS. The overall value of the screening program was estimated by 1) complete ascertainment of all positive tests; 2) definite assignment of all diagnoses including reconfirmation at 12 months; and 3) clinical follow-up of all detected patients in an overall interval of 42 months. The mean observation period was 13.5 months per child. RESULTS In 106 newborns, confirmed inborn errors of metabolism were found. The disorders were classified as 50 classic forms and 56 variants. A total of 825 tests (0.33%) were false-positives. Seventy of the 106 newborns with confirmed disorders were judged to require treatment. Six children developed symptoms despite treatment. Three children had died. Among 9 children who became symptomatic before report of the results of screening, in 6 the diagnosis had been made in advance of the screening report. In evaluation of the screening program, 61 of the 106 identified children (58% of true-positives, or 1 of 4100 healthy newborns) were judged to have benefited from screening and treatment, because the diagnosis had not been made before screening. None of these infants had died and none developed psychomotor retardation or metabolic crisis during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS The screening by MS/MS for up to 23 additional disorders has approximately doubled the detection rate compared with that achieved by the conventional methods used in Germany. This strategy represents valuable preventive medicine by enabling diagnosis and treatment before the onset of symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/mortality
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/therapy
- Amino Acids/analysis
- Carnitine/analogs & derivatives
- Carnitine/analysis
- Cohort Studies
- Decision Trees
- Evidence-Based Medicine/methods
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/deficiency
- Follow-Up Studies
- Germany
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/enzymology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/mortality
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/therapy
- Neonatal Screening/methods
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prospective Studies
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schulze
- Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Leavell MD, Leary JA. Probing isomeric differences of phosphorylated carbohydrates through the use of ion/molecule reactions and FT-ICR MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:323-331. [PMID: 12686479 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Through the use of ion/molecule reactions and tandem mass spectrometry, phosphate position is assigned in both phosphorylated monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. In previous work phosphate moieties of monosaccharides were stabilized under collisional activation, by first derivatizing the deprotonated monosaccharide with trimethyl borate through an ion/molecule reaction, and the phosphate position determined through marker ions generated in tandem mass spectra. In this work, the methodology is extended to larger phosphorylated oligomers employing chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) as the ion/molecule reagent. Phosphorylated monosaccharides were first investigated to determine diagnostic ions for phosphate linkage in monomeric standards. It was observed that the diagnostic ions showed both linkage and some monosaccharide stereochemical information. Furthermore, it was observed that TMS addition stabilized the phosphate moiety under collisionally activated conditions. Upon identification of the diagnostic ions, the methodology was applied to lactose-1-phosphate. It was found that TMSCl, stabilized the phosphate moiety upon collisional activation, and furthermore, the phosphate linkage could be determined through tandem mass spectrometric analysis. As a further extrapolation to biologically relevant problems, the methodology was applied to a lipophosphoglycan analog from the protozoan parasite Leishmania. This sample contains bridging phosphates which were converted to terminal phosphates through collision induced dissociation. The sample was then analyzed in the same manner as lactose-1-phosphate, yielding phosphate linkage information and stereochemical information. This study showed that, using the developed methodology, phosphate linkage can be determined from both monosaccharides and larger oligosaccharides; furthermore it is applicable to samples in which the phosphates are either terminating or bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Leavell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, USA
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Schadewaldt P, Kamalanathan L, Hammen HW, Wendel U. Stable-isotope dilution analysis of galactose metabolites in human erythrocytes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2833-2838. [PMID: 14673834 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An established gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, devised for stable-isotope dilution analysis of plasma galactose, was developed to allow determination of erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC) concentrations of galactose-1-phosphate and other primary metabolites relevant in galactosaemia. Galactose-1-phosphate was enzymatically converted to galactose, and the aldononitrile pentaacetate derivative was separated by gas chromatography and determined by mass spectrometry using chemical ionisation and selected ion monitoring of the [MH-60](+) ion. U-(13)C-Labelled standard was used for quantification. Comparative measurements were conducted using established fluorimetric and radiometric enzymatic methods. The GC/MS analysis for galactose-1-phosphate was linear (range examined 0-600 micromol/L(RBC), packed cells), of acceptable repeatability at low and high concentrations (within and between run CVs <15%), with a limit of quantification of 0.01 micromol/L(RBC). With samples from patients with classical galactosaemia there was a linear correlation with conventional enzymatic assays (r(2) > 0.927). In erythrocytes from post-absorptive patients under treatment, Q188R-heterozygous parents, and healthy subjects, galactose-1-phosphate concentrations (mean +/- SD) were found to be 142 +/- 38 (n = 41), 1.4 +/- 0.2 (n = 8), and 1.9 +/- 0.5 (n = 33) micromol/L(RBC), respectively. In comparison, free galactose concentrations were 3.8 +/- 1.7, 0.49 +/- 0.19, and 0.43 +/- 0.20 mol/L(RBC), respectively. The procedure allowed simultaneous galactitol analysis and proved to be useful to trace incorporation of (13)C-label into erythrocyte galactose metabolites in a D-[1-(13)C]galactose in vivo turnover study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schadewaldt
- Klinik für Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Jones PM, Bennett MJ. The changing face of newborn screening: diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism by tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 324:121-8. [PMID: 12204433 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, 1935 Motor Street, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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Carpenter KH, Wiley V. Application of tandem mass spectrometry to biochemical genetics and newborn screening. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 322:1-10. [PMID: 12104075 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has become a key technology in the fields of biochemical genetics and newborn screening. The development of electrospray ionisation (ESI) and associated automation of sample handling and data manipulation have allowed the introduction of expanded newborn screening for disorders which feature accumulation of acylcarnitines and certain amino acids in a number of programs worldwide. In addition, the technique has proven valuable in several areas of biochemical genetics including quantification of carnitine and acylcarnitines, in vitro studies of metabolic pathways (in particular beta-oxidation), and diagnosis of peroxisomal and lysosomal disorders. This review covers some of the basic theory of MS/MS and focuses on the practical application of the technique in these two interrelated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Carpenter
- New South Wales Biochemical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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Item C, Hagerty BP, Mühl A, Greber-Platzer S, Stöckler-Ipsiroglu S, Strobl W. Mutations at the galactose-1-p-uridyltransferase gene in infants with a positive galactosemia newborn screening test. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:511-6. [PMID: 11919338 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200204000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening for galactosemia yields a high number of false-positive results. Confirmatory DNA testing for unknown galactosemia mutations on the initial positive sample using novel techniques of mutation detection tenders itself to reduce the recall rate. The potential benefits of confirmatory DNA testing, however, could be offset by the detection of a high percentage of galactosemia carriers, Duarte/galactosemia compound heterozygotes, and infants with benign sequence changes in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) gene among infants with a positive biochemical screening test. Our aim was to determine the frequency and allelic distribution of all sequence changes in the GALT gene in 110 newborns with a positive total galactose screening test among 43,688 Austrian newborns screened consecutively. We found that only 20 of the 110 probands carried at least one known or novel candidate galactosemia mutation (one galactosemia homozygote, 7 Duarte/galactosemia compounds, 12 carriers) as judged by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and cleavage fragment length polymorphism analysis. Four novel galactosemia candidate mutations (Q9H, A46fsdelCAGCT, M129T, L342I) were identified. Sixty-seven probands had no detectable sequence changes and 23 carried only the benign Duarte or Los Angeles variant alleles or silent mutations. We conclude that a rapid and automatable confirmation test for unknown GALT mutations, e.g. on a high-density oligonucleotide array basis, has the potential to lower the recall rate of galactosemia screening in our population by about five-fold from 0.25 to 0.046%. Further research, however, will be required before the development of such a test can be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike Item
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vienna, Austria
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1324-1333. [PMID: 11754125 DOI: 10.1002/jms.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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