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Asenjo-Bueno A, Alcalde-Estévez E, Olmos G, Martínez-Miguel P, Ruiz-Torres MP, López-Ongil S. Respiratory dysfunction in old mice could be related to inflammation and lung fibrosis induced by hyperphosphatemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14302. [PMID: 39155424 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With age, lungs undergo typical changes that lead to a deterioration of respiratory function. Our aim was to assess the role of age-associated hyperphosphatemia in these changes. METHODS We used C57BL6 mice to study an ageing model in vivo and human lung fibroblasts were treated with a phosphate donor, beta-glycerophosphate (BGP), to explore mechanisms involved. Respiratory function was registered with a double chamber plethysmograph. Lung structure was analysed by different staining, phosphate and cytokines levels by colorimeric kits, expression of fibrosis, inflammation and ET-1 system by western blot or RT-PCR. RESULTS Old mice showed hyperphosphatemia, along with lung fibrosis, loss of elastin, increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impaired respiratory function. BGP induced inflammation and fibrosis in fibroblasts through the activation and binding of NFkB to the MCP-1 or FN promoters. BGP increased ECE-1 expression by inducing NFkB binding to the ECE-1 promoter. QNZ, an NFkB inhibitor, blocked these effects. When ECE-1 was inhibited with phosphoramidon, BGP-induced inflammation and fibrosis were significantly reduced, suggesting a role for ET-1 in BGP-mediated effects.ET-1 produced effects similar to those of BGP, which were also dependent on NFkB. To study the pathophysiological relevance of hyperphosphatemia in vivo, a low-P diet was administered to a group of old animals, showing an improvement in fibrosis, inflammation and respiratory function compared to old mice on a standard diet. CONCLUSION These results suggest that age-related hyperphosphatemia induces inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired respiratory function in old mice; these effects appear to be mediated by ET-1 and NFkB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Asenjo-Bueno
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Alcalde-Estévez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Olmos
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica (IRSIN) de la Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
- Area 3-Fisiología y Fisiopatología Renal y Vascular del IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Martínez-Miguel
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Piedad Ruiz-Torres
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica (IRSIN) de la Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
- Area 3-Fisiología y Fisiopatología Renal y Vascular del IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana López-Ongil
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica (IRSIN) de la Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Turner ME, Beck L, Hill Gallant KM, Chen Y, Moe OW, Kuro-o M, Moe S, Aikawa E. Phosphate in Cardiovascular Disease: From New Insights Into Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:584-602. [PMID: 38205639 PMCID: PMC10922848 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia is a common feature in patients with impaired kidney function and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This phenomenon extends to the general population, whereby elevations of serum phosphate within the normal range increase risk; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is multifaceted, and many aspects are poorly understood. Less than 1% of total body phosphate is found in the circulation and extracellular space, and its regulation involves multiple organ cross talk and hormones to coordinate absorption from the small intestine and excretion by the kidneys. For phosphate to be regulated, it must be sensed. While mostly enigmatic, various phosphate sensors have been elucidated in recent years. Phosphate in the circulation can be buffered, either through regulated exchange between extracellular and cellular spaces or through chelation by circulating proteins (ie, fetuin-A) to form calciprotein particles, which in themselves serve a function for bulk mineral transport and signaling. Either through direct signaling or through mediators like hormones, calciprotein particles, or calcifying extracellular vesicles, phosphate can induce various cardiovascular disease pathologies: most notably, ectopic cardiovascular calcification but also left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as bone and kidney diseases, which then propagate phosphate dysregulation further. Therapies targeting phosphate have mostly focused on intestinal binding, of which appreciation and understanding of paracellular transport has greatly advanced the field. However, pharmacotherapies that target cardiovascular consequences of phosphate directly, such as vascular calcification, are still an area of great unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy E. Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Beck
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Kathleen M Hill Gallant
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Research Department, Veterans Affairs Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Makoto Kuro-o
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Sharon Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Donat-Vargas C, Guallar-Castillon P, Nyström J, Larsson SC, Kippler M, Vahter M, Faxén-Irving G, Michaelsson K, Wolk A, Stenvinkel P, Åkesson A. Urinary phosphate is associated with cardiovascular disease incidence. J Intern Med 2023; 294:358-369. [PMID: 37330983 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated phosphate (P) in urine may reflect a high intake of inorganic P salts from food additives. Elevated P in plasma is linked to vascular dysfunction and calcification. OBJECTIVE To explore associations between P in urine as well as in plasma and questionnaire-estimated P intake, and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS We used the Swedish Mammography Cohort-Clinical, a population-based cohort study. At baseline (2004-2009), P was measured in urine and plasma in 1625 women. Dietary P was estimated via a food-frequency questionnaire. Incident CVD was ascertained via register-linkage. Associations were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 9.4 years, 164 composite CVD cases occurred (63 myocardial infarctions [MIs] and 101 strokes). Median P (percentiles 5-95) in urine and plasma were 2.4 (1.40-3.79) mmol/mmol creatinine and 1.13 (0.92-1.36) mmol/L, respectively, whereas dietary P intake was 1510 (1148-1918) mg/day. No correlations were observed between urinary and plasma P (r = -0.07) or dietary P (r = 0.10). Urinary P was associated with composite CVD and MI. The hazard ratio of CVD comparing extreme tertiles was 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.05, 2.35; P trend 0.037)-independently of sodium excretion, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, both P and calcium in plasma, and diuretic use. Association with CVD for plasma P was 1.41 (0.96, 2.07; P trend 0.077). CONCLUSION Higher level of urinary P, likely reflecting a high consumption of highly processed foods, was linked to CVD. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the potential cardiovascular toxicity associated with excessive intake of P beyond nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Guallar-Castillon
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Faxén-Irving
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaelsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Figuer A, Alique M, Valera G, Serroukh N, Ceprían N, de Sequera P, Morales E, Carracedo J, Ramírez R, Bodega G. New mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia 2023; 43:63-80. [PMID: 37268501 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathology with a high worldwide incidence and an upward trend affecting the elderly. When CKD is very advanced, the use of renal replacement therapies is required to prolong its life (dialysis or kidney transplantation). Although dialysis improves many complications of CKD, the disease does not reverse completely. These patients present an increase in oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which cause endothelial damage and the development of different cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CKD patients develop premature diseases associated with advanced age, such as CVD. EVs play an essential role in developing CVD in patients with CKD since their number increases in plasma and their content is modified. The EVs of patients with CKD cause endothelial dysfunction, senescence and vascular calcification. In addition, miRNAs free or transported in EVs together with other components carried in these EVs promote endothelial dysfunction, thrombotic and vascular calcification in CKD, among other effects. This review describes the classic factors and focuses on the role of new mechanisms involved in the development of CVD associated with CKD, emphasizing the role of EVs in the development of cardiovascular pathologies in the context of CKD. Moreover, the review summarized the EVs' role as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, acting on EV release or content to avoid the development of CVD in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Figuer
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Matilde Alique
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Gemma Valera
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Nadia Serroukh
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Ceprían
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia de Sequera
- Sección de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Sección de Nefrología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Carracedo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (IMAS12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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Rroji M, Figurek A, Viggiano D, Capasso G, Spasovski G. Phosphate in the Context of Cognitive Impairment and Other Neurological Disorders Occurrence in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137362. [PMID: 35806367 PMCID: PMC9266940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system and the kidneys are linked under physiological states to maintain normal body homeostasis. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), damaged kidneys can impair the central nervous system, including cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment (CI). Recently, kidney disease has been proposed as a new modifiable risk factor for dementia. It is reported that uremic toxins may have direct neurotoxic (astrocyte activation and neuronal death) and/or indirect action through vascular effects (cerebral endothelial dysfunction, calcification, and inflammation). This review summarizes the evidence from research investigating the pathophysiological effects of phosphate toxicity in the nervous system, raising the question of whether the control of hyperphosphatemia in CKD would lower patients’ risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merita Rroji
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, 1001 Tirana, Albania
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreja Figurek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide Viggiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.V.); (G.C.)
- BioGeM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.V.); (G.C.)
- BioGeM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Goce Spasovski
- University Clinic for Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University St. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
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6
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Six I, Guillaume N, Jacob V, Mentaverri R, Kamel S, Boullier A, Slama M. The Endothelium and COVID-19: An Increasingly Clear Link Brief Title: Endotheliopathy in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6196. [PMID: 35682871 PMCID: PMC9181280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium has a fundamental role in the cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) particularly affects endothelial cells. The virus binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor (present on type 2 alveolar cells, bronchial epithelial cells, and endothelial cells), and induces a cytokine storm. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 have particular effects on endothelial cells-leading to endothelial dysfunction, endothelial cell death, changes in tight junctions, and vascular hyperpermeability. Under normal conditions, apoptotic endothelial cells are removed into the bloodstream. During COVID-19, however, endothelial cells are detached more rapidly, and do not regenerate as effectively as usual. The loss of the endothelium on the luminal surface abolishes all of the vascular responses mediated by the endothelium and nitric oxide production in particular, which results in greater contractility. Moreover, circulating endothelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 act as vectors for viral dissemination by forming clusters that migrate into the circulation and reach distant organs. The cell clusters and the endothelial dysfunction might contribute to the various thromboembolic pathologies observed in COVID-19 by inducing the formation of intravascular microthrombi, as well as by triggering disseminated intravascular coagulation. Here, we review the contributions of endotheliopathy and endothelial-cell-derived extracellular vesicles to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and discuss therapeutic strategies that target the endothelium in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Six
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicolas Guillaume
- EA Hematim 4666, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.G.); (V.J.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Valentine Jacob
- EA Hematim 4666, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.G.); (V.J.)
| | - Romuald Mentaverri
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Said Kamel
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Michel Slama
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Medical Intensive Care Unit, 80054 Amiens, France
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El Chamieh C, Liabeuf S, Massy Z. Uremic Toxins and Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Have We Learned Recently beyond the Past Findings? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:280. [PMID: 35448889 PMCID: PMC9028122 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an elevated prevalence of atheromatous (ATH) and/or non-atheromatous (non-ATH) cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to an array of CKD-related risk factors, such as uremic toxins (UTs). Indeed, UTs have a major role in the emergence of a spectrum of CVDs, which constitute the leading cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease. The European Uremic Toxin Work Group has identified over 100 UTs, more than 25 of which are dietary or gut-derived. Even though relationships between UTs and CVDs have been described in the literature, there are few reviews on the involvement of the most toxic compounds and the corresponding physiopathologic mechanisms. Here, we review the scientific literature on the dietary and gut-derived UTs with the greatest toxicity in vitro and in vivo. A better understanding of these toxins' roles in the elevated prevalence of CVDs among CKD patients might facilitate the development of targeted treatments. Hence, we review (i) ATH and non-ATH CVDs and the respective levels of risk in patients with CKD and (ii) the mechanisms that underlie the influence of dietary and gut-derived UTs on CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolla El Chamieh
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Paris-Saclay University, Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (UVSQ), INSERM UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France;
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Pharmacology Department, Amiens University Hospital, F-80000 Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Ziad Massy
- Nephrology Department, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, F-92100 Paris, France
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8
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Figuer A, Alique M, Valera G, Serroukh N, Ceprían N, de Sequera P, Morales E, Carracedo J, Ramírez R, Bodega G. Nuevos mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad cardiovascular en la enfermedad renal crónica. Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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9
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The Interplay between Uremic Toxins and Albumin, Membrane Transporters and Drug Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030177. [PMID: 35324674 PMCID: PMC8949274 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney dysfunction and the development of comorbidities in patients with CKD, being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Importantly, drugs used in clinical treatments may affect the levels of uremic toxins, their tissue disposition, and even their elimination through the interaction of both with proteins such as albumin and cell membrane transporters. In this context, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are highlighted for their high affinity for albumin, the most abundant serum protein with multiple binding sites and an ability to interact with drugs. Membrane transporters mediate the cellular influx and efflux of various uremic toxins, which may also compete with drugs as substrates, and both may alter transporter activity or expression. Therefore, this review explores the interaction mechanisms between uremic toxins and albumin, as well as membrane transporters, considering their potential relationship with drugs used in clinical practice.
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10
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Leifheit-Nestler M, Vogt I, Haffner D, Richter B. Phosphate Is a Cardiovascular Toxin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:107-134. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Phosphate and Endothelial Function: How Sensing of Elevated Inorganic Phosphate Concentration Generates Signals in Endothelial Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:85-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Indoxyl Sulfate Elevated Lnc-SLC15A1-1 Upregulating CXCL10/CXCL8 Expression in High-Glucose Endothelial Cells by Sponging MicroRNAs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120873. [PMID: 34941711 PMCID: PMC8709190 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in diabetes mellitus (DM). Immunomodulatory dysfunction is a primary feature of DM, and the emergence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in DM abruptly increases CVD mortality compared with DM alone. Endothelial injury and the accumulation of uremic toxins in the blood of DM/CKD patients are known mechanisms for the pathogenesis of CVD. However, the molecular factors that cause this disproportional increase in CVD in the DM/CKD population are still unknown. Since long non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating multiple cellular functions, we used human endothelial cells treated with high glucose to mimic DM and with the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) to mimic the endothelial injury associated with CKD. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in these conditions were analyzed by RNA sequencing. We discovered that lnc-SLC15A1-1 expression was significantly increased upon IS treatment in comparison with high glucose alone, and then cascaded the signal of chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL8 via sponging miR-27b, miR-297, and miR-150b. This novel pathway might be responsible for the endothelial inflammation implicated in augmenting CVD in DM/CKD and could be a therapeutic target with future clinical applications.
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Bielopolski D, Wenziger C, Steinmetz T, Rozen Zvi B, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Streja E. Novel Protein to Phosphorous Ratio Score Predicts Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr 2021; 32:450-457. [PMID: 34740537 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lowering serum phosphorus in people on hemodialysis may improve their survival. However, prior studies have shown that restricting dietary protein intake, a major source of phosphorus, is associated with higher mortality. We hypothesized that a novel metric that incorporates both these values commensurately can improve survival prediction. METHODS We used serum phosphorous and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), a surrogate of dietary protein intake, to form a new metric R that was used to examine the associations with mortality in 63,016 people on hemodialysis (HD) of one year after treatment initiation. Survival models were adjusted for case-mix, malnutrition-inflammation cachexia syndrome (MICS), and residual kidney function (RKF). RESULTS Individuals treated with hemodialysis were divided into five groups in accordance with R value. Group 1 included sick individuals with high phosphorous and low nPCR. Group 5 included individuals with low phosphorous and high nPCR. After 1-year follow-up, survival difference between the groups reflected R value, where an increase in R was associated with improved survival. The association of R with mortality was strengthened by adjustment in demographic variables and attenuated after adjustment to MICS. Mortality associations in accordance with R were not influenced by residual kidney function (RKF). CONCLUSION The novel protein to phosphorus ratio score R predicts mortality in people on dialysis, probably reflecting both nutrition and inflammation state independent of RKF. The metric enables better phosphorus monitoring, although adequate dietary protein intake is ensured and may improve the prediction of outcomes in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bielopolski
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Nephrology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
| | - Cachet Wenziger
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tali Steinmetz
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Nephrology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel
| | - Benaya Rozen Zvi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Nephrology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
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14
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Conley M, Campbell KL, Hawley CM, Lioufas NM, Elder GJ, Badve SV, Pedagogos E, Milanzi E, Pascoe EM, Valks A, Toussaint ND. Relationship Between Dietary Phosphate Intake and Biomarkers of Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Australian Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2021; 32:58-67. [PMID: 34509358 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher serum phosphate is associated with increased adverse outcomes including cardiovascular disease. Abnormalities of bone and mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD), including higher serum phosphate, are important risk factors for increased cardiovascular disease. Associations between dietary phosphate intake and biochemical and cardiovascular parameters in non-dialysis CKD patients, however, have not been adequately studied. This study aimed to explore associations between phosphate intake and biomarkers of bone and mineral metabolism and intermediate cardiovascular markers in adults with stage 3-4 CKD. DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred thirty-two participants enrolled in the IMpact of Phosphate Reduction On Vascular End-points in Chronic Kidney Disease trial were invited to participate in this sub-study. At baseline, dietary phosphate intake and its source (animal, plant, or a mixture of animal and plant) were determined using a 7-day self-administered diet food record, and measurements were made of serum and urinary phosphate, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23, and the intermediate cardiovascular markers pulse wave velocity (PWV) and abdominal aortic calcification. The relationships between dietary phosphate intake and these bone metabolism and cardiovascular markers were explored using Pearson's correlation and linear regression. The effect of source of phosphate intake was analyzed using compositional data analysis. RESULTS Ninety participants (age 64 ± 12 years, 68% male, estimated glomerular filtration rate 26.6 ± 7.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, daily phosphate intake 1,544 ± 347 mg) completed the study. Correlations among dietary phosphate intake and biochemical measures, PWV, and abdominal aortic calcification ranged from r = -0.13 to r = +0.13. Linear regression showed no association between dietary phosphate measurements and biochemical or cardiovascular parameters. Source of phosphate intake was associated with PWV (P = .01), but not with other biomarkers of bone and mineral metabolism. Higher PWV values were associated with higher intake of plant-based relative to animal-based phosphate (1.058 [1.020-1.098], P = .003). CONCLUSION Levels of total dietary phosphate intake measured by dietary food record show no statistically significant relationship with biochemical markers of bone and mineral metabolism or intermediate cardiovascular markers. Higher PWV levels associated with higher intake of plant-based relative to animal-based phosphate intake were an unexpected finding and further research is needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Conley
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Katrina L Campbell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carmel M Hawley
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Operations Secretariat Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole M Lioufas
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grahame J Elder
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sunil V Badve
- Department of Renal Medicine, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenie Pedagogos
- Department of Nephrology, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elasma Milanzi
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elaine M Pascoe
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea Valks
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel D Toussaint
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Premature Aging in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Outcome of Persistent Inflammation beyond the Bounds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158044. [PMID: 34360333 PMCID: PMC8345753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last hundred years, life expectancy in developed countries has increased because of healthier living habits and the treatment of chronic pathologies causing premature aging. Aging is an inexorable, time-dependent, multifactorial process characterized by a series of progressive and irreversible physiological changes associated with loss of functional, psychological, and social capabilities. Numerous factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence, and an irreversible geriatric syndrome known as frailty, contribute to human body deterioration in aging. The speed of aging may differ between individuals depending on the presence or absence of multiple factors (genetic and/or environment) and the subsequent misbalance of homeostasis, together with the increase of frailty, which also plays a key role in developing chronic diseases. In addition, pathological circumstances have been reported to precipitate or accelerate the aging process. This review investigated the mechanisms involved in the developing pathologies, particularly chronic kidney disease, associated with aging.
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16
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Kutikhin AG, Feenstra L, Kostyunin AE, Yuzhalin AE, Hillebrands JL, Krenning G. Calciprotein Particles: Balancing Mineral Homeostasis and Vascular Pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1607-1624. [PMID: 33691479 PMCID: PMC8057528 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Kutikhin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Lian Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology (L.F., J.-L.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander E. Kostyunin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Arseniy E. Yuzhalin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology (L.F., J.-L.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, 9726 GN, Groningen, the Netherlands (G.K.)
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Dube P, DeRiso A, Patel M, Battepati D, Khatib-Shahidi B, Sharma H, Gupta R, Malhotra D, Dworkin L, Haller S, Kennedy D. Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Diversity in the Vessel Wall. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040404. [PMID: 33917965 PMCID: PMC8068383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). VC is a complex process expressing similarity to bone metabolism in onset and progression. VC in CKD is promoted by various factors not limited to hyperphosphatemia, Ca/Pi imbalance, uremic toxins, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of multiple signaling pathways in different cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), macrophages, and endothelial cells. In the current review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the various kinds of VC, the clinical significance and available therapies, significant contributions from multiple cell types, and the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms for the VC process in the setting of CKD. Thus, we seek to highlight the key factors and cell types driving the pathology of VC in CKD in order to assist in the identification of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients burdened with this disease.
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18
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Hu W, Jiang S, Liao Y, Li J, Dong F, Guo J, Wang X, Fei L, Cui Y, Ren X, Xu N, Zhao L, Chen L, Zheng Y, Li L, Patzak A, Persson PB, Zheng Z, Lai EY. High phosphate impairs arterial endothelial function through AMPK-related pathways in mouse resistance arteries. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13595. [PMID: 33835704 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In patients with renal disease, high serum phosphate shows a relationship with cardiovascular risk. We speculate that high phosphate (HP) impairs arterial vasodilation via the endothelium and explore potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS Isolated vessel relaxation, endothelial function, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), oxidative stress status and protein expression were assessed in HP diet mice. Mitochondrial function and protein expression were assessed in HP-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS High phosphate (1.3%) diet for 12 weeks impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric arteries, kidney interlobar arteries and afferent arterioles; reduced GFR and the blood pressure responses to acute administration of acetylcholine. The PPARα/LKB1/AMPK/eNOS pathway was attenuated in the endothelium of mesenteric arteries from HP diet mice. The observed vasodilatory impairment of mesenteric arteries was ameliorated by PPARα agonist WY-14643. The phosphate transporter PiT-1 knockdown prevented HP-mediated suppression of eNOS activity by impeding phosphorus influx in HUVECs. Endothelium cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in HP diet mice. Moreover HP decreased the expression of mitochondrial-related antioxidant genes. Finally, mitochondrial membrane potential and PGC-1α expression were reduced by HP treatment in HUVECs, which was partly restored by AMPKα agonist. CONCLUSIONS HP impairs endothelial function by reducing NO bioavailability via decreasing eNOS activity and increasing mitochondrial ROS, in which the AMPK-related signalling pathways may play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Hu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Yixin Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Lingyan Fei
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology Peking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Nephrology Ningxia people’s hospital Yinchuan China
| | - Lingli Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Georgetown University Washington DC USA
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Pontus B. Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Department of Nephrology Center of Kidney The Seventh Affiliate HospitalSun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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19
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Shi M, Shepard S, Zhou Z, Maique J, Seli O, Moe OW, Hu MC. High Dietary Phosphate Exacerbates and Acts Independently of Low Autophagy Activity in Pathological Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 10:777. [PMID: 33915953 PMCID: PMC8065663 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High phosphate contributes to uremic cardiomyopathy. Abnormal autophagy is associated with the development and progression of heart disease. What is unknown is the effects of phosphate on autophagy and whether the ill effects of phosphate on cardiomyocytes are mediated by low autophagy. High (2.0% w/w)-phosphate diet reduced LC3 puncta in cardiomyocytes and ratio of LC3 II/I and increased p62 protein, indicating that autophagy activity was suppressed. Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of autophagy-related protein 5 (H-atg5-/-) had reduced autophagy only in the heart, developed cardiac dysfunction with hypertrophy and fibrosis, and had a short lifespan. When H-atg5-/- mice were fed a high-phosphate diet, they developed more apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, more severe cardiac remodeling, and shorter lifespan than normal phosphate-fed H-atg5-/- mice, indicating that cardiac phosphotoxicity is imparted independently of atg5. In conclusion, although high phosphate suppresses autophagy, high phosphate and low autophagy independently trigger and additionally amplify cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Shi
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Sierra Shepard
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Jenny Maique
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Olivia Seli
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Orson W. Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.S.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.); (O.S.)
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20
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Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6651367. [PMID: 33628373 PMCID: PMC7895596 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6651367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and approximately half of all deaths among patients with CKD are a direct result of CVD. The premature cardiovascular disease extends from mild to moderate CKD stages, and the severity of CVD and the risk of death increase with a decline in kidney function. Successful kidney transplantation significantly decreases the risk of death relative to long-term dialysis treatment; nevertheless, the prevalence of CVD remains high and is responsible for approximately 20-35% of mortality in renal transplant recipients. The prevalence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD is higher in patients with CKD and transplant recipients compared with the general population; however, it can only partly explain the highly increased cardiovascular burden in CKD patients. Nontraditional risk factors, unique to CKD patients, include proteinuria, disturbed calcium, and phosphate metabolism, anemia, fluid overload, and accumulation of uremic toxins. This accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with systemic alterations including inflammation and oxidative stress which are considered crucial in CKD progression and CKD-related CVD. Kidney transplantation can mitigate the impact of some of these nontraditional factors, but they typically persist to some degree following transplantation. Taking into consideration the scarcity of data on uremic waste products, oxidative stress, and their relation to atherosclerosis in renal transplantation, in the review, we discussed the impact of uremic toxins on vascular dysfunction in CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients. Special attention was paid to the role of native and transplanted kidney function.
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21
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Vila Cuenca M, Hordijk PL, Vervloet MG. Most exposed: the endothelium in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:1478-1487. [PMID: 31071222 PMCID: PMC7473805 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the pathological changes of the endothelium may contribute to the development of cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Non-traditional risk factors related to CKD are associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease, but their role in uraemic endothelial dysfunction has often been disregarded. In this context, soluble α-Klotho and vitamin D are of importance to maintain endothelial integrity, but their concentrations decline in CKD, thereby contributing to the dysfunction of the endothelial lining. These hormonal disturbances are accompanied by an increment of circulating fibroblast growth factor-23 and phosphate, both exacerbating endothelial toxicities. Furthermore, impaired renal function leads to an increment of inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species and uraemic toxins that further aggravate the endothelial abnormalities and in turn also inhibit the regeneration of disrupted endothelial lining. Here, we highlight the distinct endothelial alterations mediated by the abovementioned non-traditional risk factors as demonstrated in experimental studies and connect these to pathological changes in CKD patients, which are driven by endothelial disturbances, other than atherosclerosis. In addition, we describe therapeutic strategies that may promote restoration of endothelial abnormalities by modulating imbalanced mineral homoeostasis and attenuate the impact of uraemic retention molecules, inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species. A clinical perspective on endothelial dysfunction in CKD may translate into reduced structural and functional abnormalities of the vessel wall in CKD, and ultimately improved cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vila Cuenca
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc G Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Role of Uremic Toxins in Early Vascular Ageing and Calcification. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010026. [PMID: 33401534 PMCID: PMC7824162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the accumulation of uremic toxins, caused by a combination of decreased excretion secondary to reduced kidney function and increased generation secondary to aberrant expression of metabolite genes, interferes with different biological functions of cells and organs, contributing to a state of chronic inflammation and other adverse biologic effects that may cause tissue damage. Several uremic toxins have been implicated in severe vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) changes and other alterations leading to vascular calcification (VC) and early vascular ageing (EVA). The above mentioned are predominant clinical features of patients with CKD, contributing to their exceptionally high cardiovascular mortality. Herein, we present an update on pathophysiological processes and mediators underlying VC and EVA induced by uremic toxins. Moreover, we discuss their clinical impact, and possible therapeutic targets aiming at preventing or ameliorating the harmful effects of uremic toxins on the vasculature.
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23
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Laflamme D, Backus R, Brown S, Butterwick R, Czarnecki-Maulden G, Elliott J, Fascetti A, Polzin D. A review of phosphorus homeostasis and the impact of different types and amounts of dietary phosphate on metabolism and renal health in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2187-2196. [PMID: 33159358 PMCID: PMC7694857 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of serum phosphate are linked with progression and increased case fatality rate in animals and humans with chronic kidney disease. Elevated concentrations of serum phosphate can be a risk factor for development of renal and cardiovascular diseases or osteoporosis in previously healthy people. In rodents, an excess intake of dietary phosphorus combined with an inverse dietary calcium : phosphorus ratio (<1 : 1) contributes to renal calcification. Renal injury also has occured in cats fed experimental diets supplemented with highly soluble phosphate salts, especially in diets with inverse calcium : phosphorus ratios. However, not all phosphorus sources contribute similarly to this effect. This review, which focuses on cats, summarizes the published evidence regarding phosphorus metabolism and homeostasis, including the relative impact of different dietary phosphorus sources, and their impact on the kidneys. No data currently shows that commercial cat foods induce renal injury. However, some diets contain high amounts of phosphorus relative to recommendations and some have inverse Ca : P ratios and so could increase the risk for development of kidney disease. While limiting the use of highly soluble phosphates appears to be important, there are insufficient data to support a specific upper limit for phosphate intake. This review also proposes areas where additional research is needed in order to strengthen conclusions and recommendations regarding dietary phosphorus for cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Backus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Scott Brown
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - David Polzin
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Toussaint ND, Pedagogos E, Lioufas NM, Elder GJ, Pascoe EM, Badve SV, Valks A, Block GA, Boudville N, Cameron JD, Campbell KL, Chen SSM, Faull RJ, Holt SG, Jackson D, Jardine MJ, Johnson DW, Kerr PG, Lau KK, Hooi LS, Narayan O, Perkovic V, Polkinghorne KR, Pollock CA, Reidlinger D, Robison L, Smith ER, Walker RJ, Wang AYM, Hawley CM. A Randomized Trial on the Effect of Phosphate Reduction on Vascular End Points in CKD (IMPROVE-CKD). J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2653-2666. [PMID: 32917784 PMCID: PMC7608977 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperphosphatemia is associated with increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), arterial calcification, and cardiovascular mortality. Effects of phosphate-lowering medication on vascular calcification and arterial stiffness in CKD remain uncertain. METHODS To assess the effects of non-calcium-based phosphate binders on intermediate cardiovascular markers, we conducted a multicenter, double-blind trial, randomizing 278 participants with stage 3b or 4 CKD and serum phosphate >1.00 mmol/L (3.10 mg/dl) to 500 mg lanthanum carbonate or matched placebo thrice daily for 96 weeks. We analyzed the primary outcome, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, using a linear mixed effects model for repeated measures. Secondary outcomes included abdominal aortic calcification and serum and urine markers of mineral metabolism. RESULTS A total of 138 participants received lanthanum and 140 received placebo (mean age 63.1 years; 69% male, 64% White). Mean eGFR was 26.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2; 45% of participants had diabetes and 32% had cardiovascular disease. Mean serum phosphate was 1.25 mmol/L (3.87 mg/dl), mean pulse wave velocity was 10.8 m/s, and 81.3% had abdominal aortic calcification at baseline. At 96 weeks, pulse wave velocity did not differ significantly between groups, nor did abdominal aortic calcification, serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone, FGF23, and 24-hour urinary phosphate. Serious adverse events occurred in 63 (46%) participants prescribed lanthanum and 66 (47%) prescribed placebo. Although recruitment to target was not achieved, additional analysis suggested this was unlikely to have significantly affected the principle findings. CONCLUSIONS In patients with stage 3b/4 CKD, treatment with lanthanum over 96 weeks did not affect arterial stiffness or aortic calcification compared with placebo. These findings do not support the role of intestinal phosphate binders to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD who have normophosphatemia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12610000650099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel D Toussaint
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugenia Pedagogos
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Lioufas
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grahame J Elder
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine M Pascoe
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sunil V Badve
- St. George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Valks
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Neil Boudville
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James D Cameron
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina L Campbell
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Randall J Faull
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Services, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Meg J Jardine
- Concord Repatriation and General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter G Kerr
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth K Lau
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Om Narayan
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash Heart, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevan R Polkinghorne
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donna Reidlinger
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura Robison
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Walker
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Carmel M Hawley
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Wang L, Tang R, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Chen S, Song K, Guo Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang X, Liu H, Zhang X, Liu BC. A Rat Model with Multivalve Calcification Induced by Subtotal Nephrectomy and High-Phosphorus Diet. KIDNEY DISEASES 2020; 6:346-354. [PMID: 33490114 DOI: 10.1159/000506013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with known valve calcification (VC) places individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. The study of VC in CKD is challenging due to the lack of a suitable research model. Here, we established a rat model of multivalve calcification induced by subtotal nephrectomy and a high-phosphate (HP) diet and analyzed the valve characteristics. Methods We established a CKD model in Sprague-Dawley rats by performing 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) followed by feeding with chow containing different phosphate concentrations for 8, 12, or 16 weeks. The rats were divided into 4 groups: sham+normal phosphate (NP, 0.9% P), sham+high phosphate (HP, 2.0% P), 5/6Nx+NP, and 5/6Nx+HP. Serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, and 24-h urine protein levels were investigated. Pathological examinations included histological characterization, safranin staining, Alcian blue staining, and von Kossa staining at different time points. Using nanoanalytical electron microscopy, we examined valves from rats in the 5/6Nx+HP and sham+HP groups and detected spherical particles using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to observe microscopic changes in the valves. In addition, the calcified tissues were analyzed for phase and crystallization properties using an X-ray powder diffractometer. Results The rats in the 5/6Nx+HP and 5/6Nx+NP groups presented with increased levels of Scr, BUN, and 24-h urine protein compared with those of the rats in the sham+HP and sham+NP groups. High levels of PTH were observed, and hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed parathyroid hyperplasia in rats in the 5/6Nx+HP group but not in the 5/6Nx+NP group. In rats in the 5/6Nx+HP group, extracellular matrix glycosylation was observed in the aortic valve in the 12th week and the mitral valve in the 16th week. In the 16th week, chondrocytes appeared in the aortic valve, as confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Calcified particles mainly composed of phosphorus and calcium were observed in both the aortic and mitral valves by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main mineral component of the calcified aortic valve particles was hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)], as shown by X-ray diffraction. However, there were no obvious differences in heart function between rats in the 5/6Nx+HP and sham+HP groups. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that multivalve calcification is involved in CKD following 16-week HP and that hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] is the main component of the calcified aortic valve particles of rats in the 5/6Nx+HP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, NanJing LiShui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rining Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, NanJing LiShui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, NanJing LiShui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, NanJing LiShui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiyun Song
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, NanJing LiShui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, NanJing LiShui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Experimental Animal Centers School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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26
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How do Uremic Toxins Affect the Endothelium? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060412. [PMID: 32575762 PMCID: PMC7354502 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins can induce endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indeed, the structure of the endothelial monolayer is damaged in CKD, and studies have shown that the uremic toxins contribute to the loss of cell–cell junctions, increasing permeability. Membrane proteins, such as transporters and receptors, can mediate the interaction between uremic toxins and endothelial cells. In these cells, uremic toxins induce oxidative stress and activation of signaling pathways, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The activation of these pathways leads to overexpression of proinflammatory (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, E-selectin) and prothrombotic (e.g., tissue factor) proteins. Uremic toxins also induce the formation of endothelial microparticles (EMPs), which can lead to the activation and dysfunction of other cells, and modulate the expression of microRNAs that have an important role in the regulation of cellular processes. The resulting endothelial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and thrombotic events. Therefore, uremic toxins as well as the pathways they modulated may be potential targets for therapies in order to improve treatment for patients with CKD.
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27
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Six I, Flissi N, Lenglet G, Louvet L, Kamel S, Gallet M, Massy ZA, Liabeuf S. Uremic Toxins and Vascular Dysfunction. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060404. [PMID: 32570781 PMCID: PMC7354618 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is an essential element found in many cardiovascular pathologies and in pathologies that have a cardiovascular impact such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Alteration of vasomotricity is due to an imbalance between the production of relaxing and contracting factors. In addition to becoming a determining factor in pathophysiological alterations, vascular dysfunction constitutes the first step in the development of atherosclerosis plaques or vascular calcifications. In patients with CKD, alteration of vasomotricity tends to emerge as being a new, less conventional, risk factor. CKD is characterized by the accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs) such as phosphate, para-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, and FGF23 and, consequently, the deleterious role of UTs on vascular dysfunction has been explored. This accumulation of UTs is associated with systemic alterations including inflammation, oxidative stress, and the decrease of nitric oxide production. The present review proposes to summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which UTs induce vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Six
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +03-22-82-54-25
| | - Nadia Flissi
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Gaëlle Lenglet
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Loïc Louvet
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Said Kamel
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Marlène Gallet
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- Service de Néphrologie et Dialyse, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Universitaire Ambroise Paré, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France;
- INSERM U1018, Equipe 5, CESP (Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations), Université Paris Saclay et Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.F.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (S.K.); (M.G.); (S.L.)
- Pharmacology Department, Amiens University Hospital, 80025 Amiens, France
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28
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Drüeke TB, Massy ZA. Vascular calcification-any place left for nicotinamide? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:18-22. [PMID: 31071218 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman B Drüeke
- Inserm U-1018, Team 5, CESP, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University, UVSQ), Paris-Sud University (UPS), and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Inserm U-1018, Team 5, CESP, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University, UVSQ), Paris-Sud University (UPS), and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France
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29
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Tanaka S, Okusa MD. Crosstalk between the nervous system and the kidney. Kidney Int 2019; 97:466-476. [PMID: 32001065 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological states, the nervous system and the kidneys communicate with each other to maintain normal body homeostasis. However, pathological states disrupt this interaction as seen in hypertension, and kidney damage can cause impaired renorenal reflex and sodium handling. In acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), damaged kidneys can have a detrimental effect on the central nervous system. CKD is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment, and many factors, including retention of uremic toxins and phosphate, have been proposed as CKD-specific factors responsible for structural and functional cerebral changes in patients with CKD. However, more studies are needed to determine the precise pathogenesis. Epidemiological studies have shown that AKI is associated with a subsequent risk for developing stroke and dementia. However, recent animal studies have shown that the renal nerve contributes to kidney inflammation and fibrosis, whereas activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, which involves the vagus nerve, the splenic nerve, and immune cells in the spleen, has a significant renoprotective effect. Therefore, elucidating mechanisms of communication between the nervous system and the kidney enables us not only to develop new strategies to ameliorate neurological conditions associated with kidney disease but also to design safe and effective clinical interventions for kidney disease, using the neural and neuroimmune control of kidney injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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30
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Chelluboina B, Vemuganti R. Chronic kidney disease in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1893-1905. [PMID: 31366298 PMCID: PMC6775591 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19866733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease has a graded and independent inverse impact on cerebrovascular health. Both thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications are highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease patients. Growing evidence suggests that in chronic kidney disease patients, ischemic strokes are more common than hemorrhagic strokes. Chronic kidney disease is asymptomatic until an advanced stage, but mild to moderate chronic kidney disease incites various pathogenic mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, neurohormonal imbalance, formation of uremic toxins and vascular calcification which damage the endothelium and blood vessels. Cognitive dysfunction, dementia, transient infarcts, and white matter lesions are widespread in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease patients. Uremic toxins produced after chronic kidney disease can pass through the blood-brain barrier and mediate cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, chronic kidney disease precipitates vascular risk factors that can lead to atherosclerosis, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes. Chronic kidney disease also exacerbates stroke pathogenesis, worsens recovery outcomes, and limits the eligibility of stroke patients to receive available stroke therapeutics. This review highlights the mechanisms involved in the advancement of chronic kidney disease and its possible association with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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31
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New Insights into the Roles of Monocytes/Macrophages in Cardiovascular Calcification Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090529. [PMID: 31547340 PMCID: PMC6784181 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is one of the strongest predictors of CVD in this population. Cardiovascular calcification results from complex cellular interactions involving the endothelium, vascular/valvular cells (i.e., vascular smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells and resident fibroblasts), and monocyte-derived macrophages. Indeed, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress by monocyte-derived macrophages is responsible for the osteogenic transformation and mineralization of vascular/valvular cells. However, monocytes/macrophages show the ability to modify their phenotype, and consequently their functions, when facing environmental modifications. This plasticity complicates efforts to understand the pathogenesis of CVC-particularly in a CKD setting, where both uraemic toxins and CKD treatment may affect monocyte/macrophage functions and thereby influence CVC. Here, we review (i) the mechanisms by which each monocyte/macrophage subset either promotes or prevents CVC, and (ii) how both uraemic toxins and CKD therapies might affect these monocyte/macrophage functions.
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32
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Vervloet M. Modifying Phosphate Toxicity in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E522. [PMID: 31505780 PMCID: PMC6784221 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate toxicity is a well-established phenomenon, especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD), where hyperphosphatemia is a frequent occurrence when CKD is advanced. Many therapeutic efforts are targeted at phosphate, and comprise dietary intervention, modifying dialysis schemes, treating uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism and importantly, phosphate binder therapy. Despite all these interventions, hyperphosphatemia persists in many, and its pathological influence is ongoing. In nephrological care, a somewhat neglected aspect of treatment-when attempts fail to lower exposure to a toxin like phosphate-is to explore the possibility of "anti-dotes". Indeed, quite a long list of factors modify, or are mediators of phosphate toxicity. Addressing these, especially when phosphate itself cannot be sufficiently controlled, may provide additional protection. In this narrative overview, several factors are discussed that may qualify as either such a modifier or mediator, that can be influenced by other means than simply lowering phosphate exposure. A wider scope when targeting phosphate-induced comorbidity in CKD, in particular cardiovascular disease, may alleviate the burden of disease that is the consequence of this potentially toxic mineral in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology and Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Barreto FC, Barreto DV, Massy ZA, Drüeke TB. Strategies for Phosphate Control in Patients With CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:1043-1056. [PMID: 31440695 PMCID: PMC6698320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in those requiring renal replacement therapy. The importance of controlling serum phosphate has long been recognized based on observational epidemiological studies that linked increased phosphate levels to adverse outcomes and higher mortality risk. Experimental data further supported the role of phosphate in the development of bone and cardiovascular diseases. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in phosphate homeostasis have made it clear that the serum phosphate concentration depends on a complex interplay among the kidneys, intestinal tract, and bone, and is tightly regulated by a complex endocrine system. Moreover, the source of dietary phosphate and the use of phosphate-based additives in industrialized foods are additional factors that are of particular importance in CKD. Not surprisingly, the management of hyperphosphatemia is difficult, and, despite a multifaceted approach, it remains unsuccessful in many patients. An additional issue is the fact that the supposedly beneficial effect of phosphate lowering on hard clinical outcomes in interventional trials is a matter of ongoing debate. In this review, we discuss currently available treatment approaches for controlling hyperphosphatemia, including dietary phosphate restriction, reduction of intestinal phosphate absorption, phosphate removal by dialysis, and management of renal osteodystrophy, with particular focus on practical challenges and limitations, and on potential benefits and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fellype Carvalho Barreto
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Veit Barreto
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1018, Team 5, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University), Paris-Sud University and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne Billancourt/Paris, France
| | - Tilman B. Drüeke
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1018, Team 5, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University), Paris-Sud University and Paris Saclay University, Villejuif, France
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Khrulev AE, Nikitina AA, Khruleva NS. Specific risk factors for cerebrovascular disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease in the pre-dialysis period. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2019. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2019-3-88-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular disorders are one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The article presents the currently available data on risk factors (RF) for the development of cerebrovascular disorders in pre-dialysis patients with CKD. Two groups of RF are identified: traditional and non-traditional (specific). Traditional RF, which include arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, independently affect the cerebral vascular bed and get worse against the background of CKD. Specific RF is associated with features of the CKD pathogenesis. It includes increased blood levels of homocysteine, β2-microglobulin, impaired calcium-phosphorus metabolism, accumulation of uremic toxins and toxins of intestinal bacteria, anemia and other factors. In the present review, special attention is paid to specific RF and pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of cerebrovascular disorders in predialysis patients with CKD. Timely detection of cerebral risk factors may lead to the improvement of early diagnosis and prevention of cerebral vascular disorders, optimization of therapy for patients with CKD.
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Khalid SA, Inayat F, Tahir MK, Younus A, Ahmad HI, Bokhari SRA, Yaqoob U. Nicotinic Acid as a Phosphate-lowering Agent in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease on Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Single-center Prospective Study. Cureus 2019; 11:e4566. [PMID: 31281749 PMCID: PMC6599467 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperphosphatemia increases the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition to dietary restriction and renal replacement therapy, phosphorus-binding agents are the mainstay of treatment. While the use of calcium-containing binders has certain limitations, non-calcium-based binders are expensive and not readily available in developing countries. Previous studies on nicotinic acid as a phosphorus-lowering agent have limited data. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of nicotinic acid in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis (HD) in Pakistan. Methods Forty-five patients with ESRD on maintenance HD having serum phosphorus levels >5.5 mg/dL were recruited. Nicotinic acid 250 mg was administered with food for four weeks. All patients with serum phosphorus levels <8 mg/dL were placed on a twice-daily regimen while the rest received it three times a day with meals. Patients were assessed at the beginning and end of the study with serum phosphorus levels. Results Mean age of the sample population was 44.6 ± 13.9 years and 57.8% of participants were male. Serum phosphorus level before treatment ranged from 5.6 to 10.8 mg/dL (mean, 6.91 ± 1.33). After nicotinic acid therapy, it ranged from 2.60 to 8.70 mg/dL (mean, 5.82 ± 1.40). Mean decrease in serum phosphorus levels with nicotinic acid after one month of treatment was 1.08 ± 1.16 mg/dL (p-value <0.001). Conclusion Nicotinic acid is effective in lowering serum phosphorus levels in patients with ESRD who are under renal replacement therapy with maintenance HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Khalid
- Nephrology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK
| | - Faisal Inayat
- Internal Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Aamna Younus
- Internal Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, PAK
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Hénaut L, Grissi M, Brazier F, Assem M, Poirot-Leclercq S, Lenglet G, Boudot C, Avondo C, Boullier A, Choukroun G, Massy ZA, Kamel S, Chillon JM. Cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with ischemic stroke severity in female mice with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6432. [PMID: 31015533 PMCID: PMC6478694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and has been associated with a higher risk of neurological deterioration and in-hospital mortality. To date, little is known about the processes by which CKD worsens ischemic stroke. This work aimed to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanism associated with ischemic stroke severity in an in vivo model of CKD. CKD was induced through right kidney cortical electrocautery in 8-week-old female C57BL/6 J mice followed by left total nephrectomy. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was performed 6 weeks after left nephrectomy. Twenty-four hours after tMCAO, the infarct volumes were significantly wider in CKD than in SHAM mice. CKD mice displayed decreased neuroscore, impaired ability to remain on rotarod device, weaker muscular strength and decreased prehensile score. Apoptosis, neuronal loss, glial cells recruitment and microglia/macrophages M1 signature genes CD32, CD86, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP1 and iNOS were significantly increased within ischemic lesions of CKD mice. This effect was associated with decreased AMP kinase phosphorylation and increased activation of the NFΚB pathway. Pharmacological targeting of AMP kinase activity, which is known to block microglia/macrophages M1 polarization, appears promising to improve stroke recovery in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Hénaut
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.
| | - Maria Grissi
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France
| | - François Brazier
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.,Division of Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, 80054, France
| | - Maryam Assem
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.,Division of Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, 80054, France
| | | | - Gaëlle Lenglet
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France
| | - Cédric Boudot
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France
| | - Carine Avondo
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, 80054, France
| | - Gabriel Choukroun
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.,Division of Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, 80054, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92104, France.,Inserm U1018, CESP Team 5, UVSQ, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, 80054, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chillon
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, 80025, France.,DRCI, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, 80054, France
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Lioufas N, Toussaint ND, Pedagogos E, Elder G, Badve SV, Pascoe E, Valks A, Hawley C. Can we IMPROVE cardiovascular outcomes through phosphate lowering in CKD? Rationale and protocol for the IMpact of Phosphate Reduction On Vascular End-points in Chronic Kidney Disease (IMPROVE-CKD) study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024382. [PMID: 30796122 PMCID: PMC6398689 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at heightened cardiovascular risk, which has been associated with abnormalities of bone and mineral metabolism. A deeper understanding of these abnormalities should facilitate improved treatment strategies and patient-level outcomes, but at present there are few large, randomised controlled clinical trials to guide management. Positive associations between serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in both the general and CKD populations have resulted in clinical guidelines suggesting that serum phosphate be targeted towards the normal range, although few randomised and placebo-controlled studies have addressed clinical outcomes using interventions to improve phosphate control. Early preventive measures to reduce the development and progression of vascular calcification, left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial stiffness are crucial in patients with CKD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We outline the rationale and protocol for an international, multicentre, randomised parallel-group trial assessing the impact of the non-calcium-based phosphate binder, lanthanum carbonate, compared with placebo on surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease in a predialysis CKD population-the IM pact of P hosphate R eduction O n V ascular E nd-points (IMPROVE)-CKD study. The primary objective of the IMPROVE-CKD study is to determine if the use of lanthanum carbonate reduces the burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD stages 3b and 4 when compared with placebo. The primary end-point of the study is change in arterial compliance measured by pulse wave velocity over a 96-week period. Secondary outcomes include change in aortic calcification and biochemical parameters of serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone and FGF-23 levels. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for the IMPROVE-CKD trial was obtained by each local Institutional Ethics Committee for all 17 participating sites in Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia prior to study commencement. Results of this clinical trial will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12610000650099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lioufas
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel D Toussaint
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Grahame Elder
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sunil V Badve
- Department of Nephrology, St. George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine Pascoe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea Valks
- University of Queensland, Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carmel Hawley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Wasilewski GB, Vervloet MG, Schurgers LJ. The Bone-Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30805347 PMCID: PMC6370658 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium supplements are broadly prescribed to treat osteoporosis either as monotherapy or together with vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption. It is still unclear whether calcium supplementation significantly contributes to the reduction of bone fragility and fracture risk. Data suggest that supplementing post-menopausal women with high doses of calcium has a detrimental impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to vascular calcification in part due to impaired phosphate excretion. Calcium-based phosphate binders further increase risk of vascular calcification progression. In both bone and vascular tissue, vitamin K-dependent processes play an important role in calcium homeostasis and it is tempting to speculate that vitamin K supplementation might protect from the potentially untoward effects of calcium supplementation. This review provides an update on current literature on calcium supplementation among post-menopausal women and CKD patients and discusses underlying molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification. We propose therapeutic strategies with vitamin K2 treatment to prevent or hold progression of vascular calcification as a consequence of excessive calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz B Wasilewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Nattopharma ASA, Hovik, Norway
| | - Marc G Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology and Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Maciel RAP, Cunha RS, Busato V, Franco CRC, Gregório PC, Dolenga CJR, Nakao LS, Massy ZA, Boullier A, Pecoits-Filho R, Stinghen AEM. Uremia Impacts VE-Cadherin and ZO-1 Expression in Human Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Junctions. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100404. [PMID: 30301260 PMCID: PMC6215219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction in uremia can result in cell-to-cell junction loss and increased permeability, contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) development. This study evaluated the impact of the uremic milieu on endothelial morphology and cell junction’s proteins. We evaluated (i) serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers in a cohort of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and the expression of VE-cadherin and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) junction proteins on endothelial cells (ECs) of arteries removed from CKD patients during renal transplant; (ii) ECs morphology in vitro under different uremic conditions, and (iii) the impact of uremic toxins p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) as well as of total uremic serum on VE-cadherin and ZO-1 gene and protein expression in cultured ECs. We found that the uremic arteries had lost their intact and continuous endothelial morphology, with a reduction in VE-cadherin and ZO-1 expression. In cultured ECs, both VE-cadherin and ZO-1 protein expression decreased, mainly after exposure to Pi and uremic serum groups. VE-cadherin mRNA expression was reduced while ZO-1 was increased after exposure to PCS, IS, Pi, and uremic serum. Our findings show that uremia alters cell-to-cell junctions leading to an increased endothelial damage. This gives a new perspective regarding the pathophysiological role of uremia in intercellular junctions and opens new avenues to improve cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana A P Maciel
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Regiane S Cunha
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Valentina Busato
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Célia R C Franco
- Cell Biology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Gregório
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Carla J R Dolenga
- Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Lia S Nakao
- Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100 Paris, France and Inserm U1018, Team 5, CESP, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France.
| | - Agnès Boullier
- Universitè de Picardie Jules Verne, MP3CV and CHU d'Amiens, 80025 Amiens, France.
| | - Roberto Pecoits-Filho
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, School of Medicine, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Andréa E M Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80050-540, Brazil.
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Edmonston D, Morris JD, Middleton JP. Working Toward an Improved Understanding of Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018; 25:454-467. [PMID: 30309463 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases of the heart and of the kidneys commonly coexist in individuals. Certainly combined and persistent heart and kidney failure can arise from a common pathologic insult, for example, as a consequence of poorly controlled hypertension or of severe diffuse arterial disease. However, strong evidence is emerging to suggest that cross talk exists between the heart and the kidney. Independent processes are set in motion when kidney function is chronically diminished, and these processes can have distinct adverse effects on the heart. The complex chronic heart condition that results from chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been termed cardiorenal syndrome type 4. This review will include an updated description of the cardiac morphology in patients who have CKD, an overview of the most likely CKD-sourced culprits for these cardiac changes, and the potential therapeutic strategies to limit cardiac complications in patients who have CKD.
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41
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The Impact of Uremic Toxins on Cerebrovascular and Cognitive Disorders. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070303. [PMID: 30037144 PMCID: PMC6071092 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals at all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk of developing cognitive disorders and dementia. Stroke is also highly prevalent in this population and is associated with a higher risk of neurological deterioration, in-hospital mortality, and poor functional outcomes. Evidence from in vitro studies and in vivo animal experiments suggests that accumulation of uremic toxins may contribute to the pathogenesis of stroke and amplify vascular damage, leading to cognitive disorders and dementia. This review summarizes current evidence on the mechanisms by which uremic toxins may favour the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases and neurological complications in CKD.
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42
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Mohammad J, Scanni R, Bestmann L, Hulter HN, Krapf R. A Controlled Increase in Dietary Phosphate Elevates BP in Healthy Human Subjects. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2089-2098. [PMID: 30021759 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite epidemiologic evidence for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with both high dietary and serum phosphate in humans with normal renal function, no controlled phosphate intervention studies of systemic hemodynamics have been reported. Higher serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels are associated with better cardiovascular outcomes, but vitamin D increases intestinal phosphate absorption.Methods We conducted a prospective outpatient study with blinded assessment in 20 young adults with normal renal function randomized to high phosphate (regular diet plus 1 mmol/kg body wt per day of Na as neutral sodium phosphate) or low phosphate (regular diet plus lanthanum, 750 mg thrice/day, plus 0.7 mmol/kg body wt per day of Na as NaCl) for 11 weeks. After 6 weeks, all subjects received vitamin D3 (600,000 U) by intramuscular injection. Outcome parameters were 24-hour ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), pulse rate (PR), biomarkers, and measures of endothelial and arterial function.Results Compared with the low-phosphate diet group, the high-phosphate diet group had a significant increase in mean±SEM fasting plasma phosphate concentration (0.23±0.11 mmol/L); 24-hour SBP and DBP (+4.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.1 to 6.1; and +3.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.2 mm Hg, respectively); mean 24-hour PR (+4.0; 95% CI, 2.0 to 6.0 beats/min); and urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine excretion (54; 95% CI, 50 to 70; and 122; 95% CI, 85 to 159 µg/24 hr, respectively). Vitamin D had no effect on any of these parameters. Neither high- nor low-phosphate diet nor vitamin D affected endothelial function or arterial elasticity.Conclusions Increased phosphate intake (controlled for sodium) significantly increases SBP, DBP, and PR in humans with normal renal function, in part, by increasing sympathoadrenergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Scanni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bestmann
- Bioanalytica Labs/Medisupport, Lucerne and Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry N Hulter
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Reto Krapf
- Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Vervloet MG, van Ballegooijen AJ. Prevention and treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2018; 93:1060-1072. [PMID: 29580635 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia has consistently been shown to be associated with dismal outcome in a wide variety of populations, particularly in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Compelling evidence from basic and animal studies elucidated a range of mechanisms by which phosphate may exert its pathological effects and motivated interventions to treat hyperphosphatemia. These interventions consisted of dietary modifications and phosphate binders. However, the beneficial effects of these treatment methods on hard clinical outcomes have not been convincingly demonstrated in prospective clinical trials. In addition, exposure to high amounts of dietary phosphate may exert untoward actions even in the absence of overt hyperphosphatemia. Based on this concept, it has been proposed that the same interventions used in CKD patients with normal phosphate concentrations be used in the presence of hyperphosphatemia to prevent rise of phosphate concentration and as an early intervention for cardiovascular risk. This review describes conceptual models of phosphate toxicity, summarizes the evidence base for treatment and prevention of hyperphosphatemia, and identifies important knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Adriana J van Ballegooijen
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Liu X, Yang R, Dai B, Zhang H, Wang J, Ma N. Nicotinic acid and related compounds: A meta-analysis of their use for hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0117. [PMID: 29561409 PMCID: PMC5895315 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that nicotinic acid and related compounds may decrease phosphorus concentrations effectively by reducing the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the efficacy and safety of oral niacin treatments have only been investigated in a limited number of small-scale studies. METHODS We performed this meta-analysis by pooling 12 qualified relevant preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate the association of nicotinic acid (and its related compounds) treatment and hyperphosphatemia among dialysis patients. Baseline and after treatment data were collected from the studies to evaluate drug efficacy, effect on lipid profile, and drug safety. To evaluate drug efficacy, subgroups were created based on different exposure time (i.e., 4 wks, 8 wks, 12 wks, and 24 wks) and each subgroup was compared against baseline data. In the assessment of lipid profile and drug safety, results of 8-week treatment were compared against baseline data. RESULTS Our study showed that in the efficacy assessment of drug treatment, serum phosphorus concentration was only significantly reduced in the 4-week (SMD, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.97; P = .000; n = 8), and 8-week (SMD, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.42; P = .000; n = 10) treatment groups. The calcium × phosphorus product showed significantly reduced concentration in all the drug exposure time settings, and no rebound was detected (4-wk treatment: SMD, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.18 to 1.04; P = .005; n = 5; 8-wk treatment: SMD, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.18, P = .001; n = 8; and 12-wks treatment: SMD, 0.28, 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.61; P = .103; n = 3). Lipid profile monitoring showed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) significantly changed after 8 weeks of treatment (HDL: SMD, -0.63; 95% CI, -1.03 to 0.24; P = .002; n = 5) and TG: SMD, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.49; P = .033; n = 5). Assessment of drug safety detected significant association for incidence of diarrhea (8% incidence rate; 95% CI, 4% to 12%; P = .001) and total adverse event (41% incidence rate, 95% CI: 12% to 69%, P = .001). CONCLUSION Our study concludes that nicotinic acid and related compounds can significantly reduce serum phosphorus concentration with additive antilipemic effects. We also recommend that the safety of this drug be further studied, as our results suggest significant incidence of adverse events.
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Slinin Y, Vo T, Taylor BC, Murray AM, Schousboe J, Langsetmo L, Ensrud K. Serum phosphate and cognitive function in older men. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:159-166. [PMID: 28326612 PMCID: PMC5749239 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine whether serum phosphate is associated with concurrent cognitive impairment and subsequent cognitive decline in older men independent of demographic covariates and atherosclerotic risk factors. METHODS In a prospective study of 5529 men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study, we measured baseline serum phosphate, baseline cognitive function, and change in cognitive function between baseline and follow-up exams an average of 4.6 years later using the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Examination and Trails B. RESULTS There was no association between serum phosphate and odds of cognitive impairment as assessed by baseline 3MS score or risk of cognitive decline as assessed by longitudinal change in 3MS score. Higher baseline serum phosphate was associated with higher odds of poor executive function as assessed by Trails B with fully adjusted odds ratios 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-1.52), 1.31 (0.97-1.77), and 1.45 (1.08-1.94) for men in the second, third, and fourth versus the bottom quartile (referent group) of serum phosphate (p-trend 0.007). However, higher phosphate level was not associated with risk of decline in executive function as assessed by longitudinal change in Trails B score with fully adjusted odds ratios 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.69-1.28), 0.96 (0.70-1.32), and 1.21 (0.89-1.66) for men in the second, third, and fourth versus the bottom quartile (referent group) of serum phosphate (p-trend 0.22). CONCLUSIONS Higher serum phosphate in older men was associated with a higher likelihood of poor executive function, but not with impaired global cognitive function or decline in executive or global cognition. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Slinin
- Department of Nephrology, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tien Vo
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brent C. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anne M. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Division, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John Schousboe
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN,Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lisa Langsetmo
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kristine Ensrud
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
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Gregório PC, Favretto G, Sassaki GL, Cunha RS, Becker-Finco A, Pecoits-Filho R, Souza WM, Barreto FC, Stinghen AEM. Sevelamer reduces endothelial inflammatory response to advanced glycation end products. Clin Kidney J 2017; 11:89-98. [PMID: 29423208 PMCID: PMC5798142 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been related to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus. We sought to investigate the binding capacity of sevelamer to both AGEs and uremic serum in vitro and then test this pharmaceutical effect as a potential vascular anti-inflammatory strategy. Methods AGEs were prepared by albumin glycation and characterized by absorbance and electrophoresis. Human endothelial cells were incubated in culture media containing AGEs and uremic serum with or without sevelamer. Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) expression was evaluated through immunocytochemistry and western blot to explore the interactions between AGEs and the endothelium. Inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were also measured in cell supernatant. The chemotactic property of the supernatant was evaluated. Results AGEs significantly induced the expression of RAGE, inflammatory and endothelial activation biomarkers [IL-6, (P < 0.005); IL-8, MCP-1, PAI-1 and SAA (P < 0.001)] and monocyte chemotaxis as compared with controls. In addition, AGEs increased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers, which were observed after 6 h of endothelial cell incubation with uremic serum [IL-6 (P < 0.001) IL-8, MCP-1 and PAI-1 (P < 0.05)]. On the other hand, after 6 h of endothelial cell treatment with sevelamer, RAGE expression (P < 0.05) and levels of inflammatory biomarkers [IL-6 and IL-8 (P < 0.001), MCP-1 (P < 0.01), PAI-1 and SAA (P < 0.005)] significantly decreased compared with the AGEs/uremic serum treatment alone. Conclusions Sevelamer decreased both endothelial expression of RAGE and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, induced by AGEs, and uremic serum. Further studies are necessary for a better understanding of the potential protective role of sevelamer on uremic serum and AGEs-mediated endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Gregório
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giane Favretto
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Sassaki
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane S Cunha
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Becker-Finco
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberto Pecoits-Filho
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wesley M Souza
- Pharmacy Departament, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fellype C Barreto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa E M Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Gao M, Chen T, Wu L, Zhao X, Mao H, Xing C. Effect of pioglitazone on the calcification of rat vascular smooth muscle cells through the downregulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6208-6213. [PMID: 28849074 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of pioglitazone (PIO) on the calcification of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. β‑glycerophosphate (β‑GP; 10 mmol/l) was used to induce calcification of VSMCs treated with a range of concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 µmol/l) of PIO for 12 days. Calcium deposits were revealed by Alizarin red staining. Extracellular calcium content was detected using a calcium assay kit. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA), runt‑related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenetic protein‑2 (BMP2), β‑catenin, glycogen synthase kinase‑3β (GSK‑3β), phosphorylated (p)‑GSK‑3β and cyclin‑D1. A total of 10 mmol/l β‑GP, 20 µmol/l PIO and 20 µmol/l peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) antagonist GW9662, was added to the cell culture media. The changes of the above indexes were observed. The calcium content in the calcification group, treated with high phosphorus, increased significantly compared with the controls (P<0.05) and all different concentrations of PIO reduced extracellular calcium content (P<0.05). Alizarin red staining was positive in calcified VSMCs and PIO (20 µmol/l) intervention group was almost negative. The expressions of Runx2, β‑catenin, p‑GSK‑3β, BMP2 and cyclin‑D1 increased significantly in the calcification group, and treatment with 20 µmol/l PIO downregulated the expression of all the above proteins, while upregulating the expression of α‑SMA. The PPAR γ antagonist GW9662 could partly inhibit the effect of PIO on calcified VSMCs. The results of the present study indicated that PIO can alleviate the calcification of rat aortic VSMCs induced by β‑GP via inhibiting the activity of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Tianlei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiufen Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Vervloet MG, Sezer S, Massy ZA, Johansson L, Cozzolino M, Fouque D. The role of phosphate in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 13:27-38. [PMID: 27867189 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of phosphate homeostasis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized for decades, but novel insights - which are frequently relevant to everyday clinical practice - continue to emerge. Epidemiological data consistently indicate an association between hyperphosphataemia and poor clinical outcomes. Moreover, compelling evidence suggests direct toxicity of increased phosphate concentrations. Importantly, serum phosphate concentration has a circadian rhythm that must be considered when interpreting patient phosphate levels. Detailed understanding of dietary sources of phosphate, including food additives, can enable phosphate restriction without risking protein malnutrition. Dietary counselling provides an often underestimated opportunity to target the increasing exposure to dietary phosphate of both the general population and patients with CKD. In patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone can be an important source of serum phosphate, and adequate appreciation of this fact should impact treatment. Dietary and pharmotherapeutic interventions are efficacious strategies to lower phosphate intake and serum concentration. However, strong evidence that targeting serum phosphate improves patient outcomes is currently lacking. Future studies are, therefore, required to investigate the effects of modern dietary and pharmacological interventions on clinically meaningful end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Vervloet
- Department of Nephrology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Siren Sezer
- Department of Nephrology, Baskent University Hospital, 5. Sok No:48, 06490 Bahcelievler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest University (UVSQ), 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne Billancourt cedex, France.,INSERM U1018, Team 5, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), University Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
| | - Lina Johansson
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, Ospedale Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, Università di Milano, via di Rudinì, 8-20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, University Lyon, UCBL, Carmen, Centre Hospitalier Lyon SUD, Pierre-Bénite, F-69495, France
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Sharaf El Din UAA, Salem MM, Abdulazim DO. Stop chronic kidney disease progression: Time is approaching. World J Nephrol 2016; 5:258-273. [PMID: 27152262 PMCID: PMC4848149 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v5.i3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is inevitable. However, the last decade has witnessed tremendous achievements in this field. Today we are optimistic; the dream of withholding this progression is about to be realistic. The recent discoveries in the field of CKD management involved most of the individual diseases leading the patients to end-stage renal disease. Most of these advances involved patients suffering diabetic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal amyloidosis and chronic tubulointerstitial disease. The chronic systemic inflammatory status and increased oxidative stress were also investigated. This inflammatory status influences the anti-senescence Klotho gene expression. The role of Klotho in CKD progression together with its therapeutic value are explored. The role of gut as a major source of inflammation, the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal barrier damage, the role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and the dietary and therapeutic implications add a novel therapeutic tool to delay CKD progression.
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Epidemiologic insights on the role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2016; 24:260-7. [PMID: 26066475 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis and rises as kidney function declines. Animal studies have demonstrated direct and indirect effects of FGF23 that may promote heart disease. Herein, we review the recent epidemiologic literature evaluating the relationship between FGF23 and cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS In observational prospective studies, higher FGF23 associates with a greater risk of incident cardiovascular disease including ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. These studies establish a temporal sequence of events over long-term follow-up that suggest a possible role of FGF23 in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. In most studies, risk is generally graded; however, in the largest study to date, higher FGF23 within the low-normal range was not associated with higher risk. In several recent studies higher FGF23 associated more strongly with the risk of congestive heart failure compared with atherosclerotic events, a finding consistent with surrogate endpoints and animal experiments. Currently, the utility of FGF23 as a predictive biomarker of cardiovascular risk is not established, and interventions to reduce FGF23 need to be studied to confirm its possible pathophysiologic role. SUMMARY Higher FGF23 is associated with the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease, and perhaps most notably heart failure, in a growing number of studies. These findings bolster ongoing efforts to lower FGF23 using strategies to reduce phosphate intake and absorption.
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