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Dathan-Stumpf A, Vogel M, Grafe N, Kiess W, Stepan H. Relation between socioeconomic status and maternal serum lipids to infant lipid concentrations and anthropometry in the first year of life. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:1009-1020. [PMID: 36862345 PMCID: PMC10867053 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-06937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The physical health and development of an individual are influenced by multiple parameters and shaped by internal and external factors during pregnancy. However, it is unclear whether there is an association between maternal lipid concentrations in the third trimester of pregnancy and infant serum lipids as well as anthropometric growth, and whether these factors are influenced by the socioeconomic status (SES) of the mothers. METHODS Between 2011 and 2021, 982 mother-child pairs were recruited in the LIFE-Child study. To investigate the influence of prenatal factors, pregnant women at the 24th and 36th week of gestation as well as children at the age of 3, 6 and 12 months were examined and serum lipids determined. Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using the validated Winkler Index. RESULTS A higher maternal BMI was associated with a significantly lower Winkler score and a higher infant weight, height, head circumference and BMI from birth up to the 4th-5th week of life. In addition, the Winkler Index correlates with maternal HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 levels. There was no relation between the delivery mode and the maternal BMI or SES. For the maternal HDL cholesterol concentration in the third trimester, an inverse relation to children's height, weight, head circumference and BMI up to the first year of life as well as the chest and abdominal circumference to an age of 3 months was found. Children born to mothers with dyslipidemia in pregnancy tended to have a worse lipid profile than those born to normolipidemic mothers. CONCLUSION Serum lipid concentrations and anthropometric parameters of children in the first year of life are affected by multiple factors like maternal BMI, lipid levels and SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dathan-Stumpf
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Grafe
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Stepan
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Nordenstam F, Norman M, Caidahl K, Wickström R. Arterial Stiffness and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children Exposed to Smokeless Tobacco in Fetal Life. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e9128. [PMID: 38214274 PMCID: PMC10926805 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffening and increased intima-media thickness can be seen as early as childhood and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in adult life. The authors hypothesized that exposure to prenatal smokeless tobacco (Swedish snus) without additional nicotine exposure after the breastfeeding period would be associated with increased arterial stiffness and intima-media thickening in preschool children. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a longitudinal follow-up cohort study of children aged 5 to 6 years exposed to high doses of nicotine in utero. Women exclusively using snus and unexposed controls were enrolled in early pregnancy (gestational age range, 6-12 weeks). Exposure data were collected during and after pregnancy with questionnaires from both groups. For this study, only children of women using >48 mg nicotine per day during their entire pregnancy were included in the exposure group. Outcomes were determined in 40 healthy children (21 exposed to snus in utero). Ultrasonography of the common carotid artery was used to determine carotid intima-media thickness and calculate arterial stiffness index from the relationship between pulsatile changes in arterial diameter and arterial pressure. Children exposed to snus in fetal life had higher carotid stiffness (median 4.1 [interquartile range (IQR), 2.4-5] versus 2.9 [IQR, 2.1-3.5]; P=0.014) than tobacco-free controls. Carotid strain (relative diameter change) was lower in children exposed to snus (mean 16% [SD, 5.7%] versus 21% [SD, 6.6%]) than in controls (P=0.015). Carotid intima-media thickness did not differ significantly between children exposed to snus and controls. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to snus during fetal life was associated with a stiffer carotid artery in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Nordenstam
- Pediatric Cardiology UnitKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mikael Norman
- Department of NeonatologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Clinical PhysiologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Neuropediatric UnitKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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Panprasit W, Silkosessak OCUD, Mukdeeprom P, Charoenlarp P. Sonographic assessment of carotid intima-media thickness in healthy young Thai adults. Imaging Sci Dent 2023; 53:291-302. [PMID: 38174040 PMCID: PMC10761294 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20230021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Early detection of carotid stenosis can reduce cardiovascular risk. In this study, the maximum-carotid intimamedia thickness (CIMT), the mean-CIMT, and the presence of plaque were examined in healthy young Thai adults. Additionally, correlations between CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Materials and Methods Left and right carotid arteries of 302 participants (15-45 years old) were scanned, with CIMT measured at the far walls of the common carotid artery, carotid bulb, and internal carotid artery. Demographics and risk factors were assessed using a questionnaire. Ten random participants were re-scanned after 4 weeks. Results The study included 123 (40.70%) male and 179 (59.30%) female participants. The max-CIMT, mean-CIMT, and plaque thickness were 0.400±0.100, 0.403±0.095 and 1.520±0.814 mm, respectively. Male participants had significantly higher CIMT values for nearly all locations and age groups. The right-sided CIMT values were higher for all locations. The carotid bulb had the greatest CIMT values (0.437±0.178 mm), followed by the common (0.403±0.095 mm) and internal (0.361±0.099 mm) carotid arteries. Plaque was present in 18 locations (1.00%), affecting 15 participants (4.97%). These plaques were found in the right carotid bulb (n=9; 0.50%), left carotid bulb (n=7; 0.39%), and right internal carotid artery (n=2; 0.11%). Adjusted multivariable regression revealed significant positive associations between CIMT and male, increased age and "other" occupation (P<0.05). Conclusion Both max-CIMT and mean-CIMT were approximately 0.4 mm. Plaque was observed in 4.97% of patients, with an average thickness of 1.5 mm. The most influential risk factors for increased CIMT were sex, age, and occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wariya Panprasit
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Panida Mukdeeprom
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornkawee Charoenlarp
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhang HZ, Wang DS, Wu SH, Huang GF, Chen DH, Ma HM, Zhang YT, Guo LH, Lin LZ, Gui ZH, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Yang JW, Zhang WJ, Dong GH. The association between childhood adiposity in northeast China and anthropogenic heat flux: A new insight into the comprehensive impact of human activities. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 254:114258. [PMID: 37703624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic heat has been reported to have significant health impacts, but research on its association with childhood adiposity is still lacking. In this study, we matched the 2008-2012 average anthropogenic heat flux, as simulated by a grid estimation model using inventory methods, with questionnaire and measurement data of 49,938 children randomly recruited from seven cities in Northeast China in 2012. After adjusting for social demographic and behavioral factors, we used generalized linear mixed-effect models to assess the association between anthropogenic heat flux and adiposity among children. We also examined the effect modification of various social demographic and behavioral confounders. We found that each 10 W/m2 increase in total anthropogenic heat flux and that from the industry source was associated with an increase of 5.82% (95% CI = 0.84%-11.05%) and 6.62% (95% CI = 0.87%-12.70%) in the odds of childhood adiposity. Similarly, the excess rate of adiposity among children were 5.26% (95% CI = -1.33%-12.29%) and 8.51% (95% CI = 2.24%-15.17%) per 1 W/m2 increase in the anthropogenic heat flux from transportation and buildings, and was 7.94% (95% CI = 2.28%-13.91%) per 0.001 W/m2 increase in the anthropogenic heat flux from human metabolism. We also found generally greater effect estimates among female children and children who were exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy, born by caesarean section, non-breastfed/mixed-fed, or lived within 20 m adjacent to the main road. The potential deleterious effect of anthropogenic heat exposure on adiposity among children may make it a new but major threat to be targeted by future mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dao-Sen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guo-Feng Huang
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China
| | - Duo-Hong Chen
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China
| | - Hui-Min Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yun-Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Hao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhao-Huan Gui
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie-Wen Yang
- Guangzhou Social Welfare Institution, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Wang-Jian Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Martino F, Bassareo PP, Martino E, Romeo F, Calcaterra G, Perrone Filardi P, Indolfi C, Nodari S, Montemurro V, Guccione P, Salvo GD, Chessa M, Pedrinelli R, Mercuro G, Barillà F. Cardiovascular prevention in childhood: a consensus document of the Italian Society of Cardiology Working Group on Congenital Heart Disease and Cardiovascular Prevention in Paediatric Age. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2023; 24:492-505. [PMID: 37409595 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may be manifested from a very early age. Genetic and environmental (epigenetic) factors interact to affect development and give rise to an abnormal phenotypical expression of genetic information, although not eliciting changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. It has been scientifically proven that increased oxidative stress (OS) caused by disease (overweight, obesity, diabetes), nutritional imbalances, unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, alcohol, substance abuse) in the mother during pregnancy may induce placental dysfunction, intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity, low birth weight, postnatal adiposity rebound, metabolic alterations and consequent onset of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. OS represents the cornerstone in the onset of atherosclerosis and manifestation of CVD following an extended asymptomatic period. OS activates platelets and monocytes eliciting the release of pro-inflammatory, pro-atherogenic and pro-oxidising substances resulting in endothelial dysfunction, decrease in flow-mediated arterial dilatation and increase in carotid intima-media thickness. The prevention of CVD is defined as primordial (aimed at preventing risk factors development), primary (aimed at early identification and treatment of risk factors), secondary (aimed at reducing risk of future events in patients who have already manifested a cardiovascular event), and tertiary (aimed at limiting the complex outcome of disease). Atherosclerosis prevention should be implemented as early as possible. Appropriate screening should be carried out to identify children at high risk who are apparently healthy and implement measures including dietary and lifestyle changes, addition of nutritional supplements and, lastly, pharmacological treatment if risk profiles fail to normalise. Reinstating endothelial function during the reversible stage of atherosclerosis is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martino
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Bassareo
- University College of Dublin, School of Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital and Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eliana Martino
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ciro Indolfi
- Division of Cardiology, Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro
| | - Savina Nodari
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia
| | | | - Paolo Guccione
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery, Cardio-pulmonary Transplantation, IRCCS Bambino Gesu'Paediatric Hospital, Rome
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua
| | - Massimo Chessa
- ACHD UNIT, Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Centre, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan
| | - Roberto Pedrinelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
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Maternal smoking in pregnancy and blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:2119-2132. [PMID: 36823476 PMCID: PMC10175379 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-04836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arterial hypertension during childhood or adolescence is rising, and smoking during pregnancy may constitute a modifiable risk factor. This study aims to evaluate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in childhood and adolescence. A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases in March 2022. Meta-analysis was performed with the difference in mean-adjusted SBP/DBP of children and adolescents aged 3-17 years, according to maternal smoking/non-smoking in pregnancy. A random effects model was applied; a leave-one-out analysis and meta-analysis by subgroups were performed. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Evidence levels were rated using the GRADE system. Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis; all of them evaluated the mean-adjusted SBP difference in children or adolescents (N = 73,448), and 6 also that of DBP (N = 31,459). Results showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased SBP (β = 0.31 mmHg 95% CI 0.14-0.49). A greater increase in mean-adjusted SBP was observed in those studies that completed the recruitment before 1990, were conducted in non-European countries, used standard mercury or manual sphygmomanometry, adjusted for birth weight, and were in the lowest quality subgroup. No significant association was found for DBP. The GRADE level of evidence was low for SBP and very low for DBP. CONCLUSION Smoking in pregnancy might increase SBP in childhood and adolescence. Due to the low level of evidence, solid inferences cannot be drawn about the clinical relevance of these findings. WHAT IS KNOWN • AHT is the leading cause of premature death among adults worldwide. • Deleterious effects derived from SHS exposure on children's health have been documented since early 1970. To date, there are contradictory results about the effects of prenatal SHS exposure on children's BP. WHAT IS NEW • Smoking in pregnancy may increase SBP during childhood and adolescence. • Maternal smoking during pregnancy could have greater influence on their offspring's SBP than on DBP.
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Monasso GS, Felix JF, Gaillard R, Jaddoe VWV. Fetal and Childhood Exposure to Parental Tobacco Smoking and Arterial Health at Age 10 Years. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:867-874. [PMID: 35882377 PMCID: PMC9527773 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to parental tobacco smoking during fetal life and childhood is associated with adverse cardiovascular health outcomes. It is not known whether these adverse parental lifestyle exposures are also associated with changes in the structure and function of the carotid arteries in children aged 10 years. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4,639 healthy children, we examined the associations of fetal exposure to maternal (no, first trimester only, continued), paternal (no, yes), and combined parental tobacco smoking (nonsmoking parents, mother only, father only, both parents smoked) with carotid intima-media thickness and distensibility at 10 years. We also assessed the associations of exposure to any parental tobacco smoking at ages 6 and 10 years with these outcomes. RESULTS Compared with no exposure, fetal exposure to continued maternal smoking was not associated with carotid intima-media thickness (-0.04 standard deviation score (SDS); 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.13, 0.05); and distensibility (0 SDS, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.09) at age 10 years. Fetal exposure to two smoking parents was also not associated with carotid intima-media thickness (-0.07 SDS, 95% CI: -0.16, 0.02) and distensibility (0 SDS, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.10) at this age. Exposure to any parental smoking during childhood also was not associated with these outcomes at age 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to parental tobacco smoking during fetal life and childhood was not associated with markers of arterial health in children aged 10 years. Prevention strategies aiming at minimizing smoke exposure later in life are still relevant regarding arterial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta S Monasso
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Shu D, Chen F, Zhang C, Guo W, Dai S. Environmental tobacco smoke and carotid intima-media thickness in healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2021-001790. [PMID: 34992157 PMCID: PMC8739428 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thicker carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been a valid predictor for atherosclerosis development. A significant association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and thickening of CIMT has been demonstrated in adults, whereas such association has scarcely been reviewed in paediatric population. The dominate electronic databases, including MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, were searched from inception. Reference lists of retrieved articles were further scanned as to avoid any missing literatures. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Qualitative synthesis analyses were performed on the selected studies. 331 articles were retrieved, and 4 were finally selected. All four studies investigated the association between postnatal ETS and CIMT in children, and three of them reported a statistically significant positive association. Three studies investigated the association between prenatal maternal ETS and CIMT, and one of the three found a positive association. Two studies explored the association between postnatal maternal ETS and CIMT, one reported a positive association. Two studies used serum cotinine measurement to quantify ETS and demonstrated potential dose-response relationship with CIMT. ETS exposure may play an independent role in the development of cardiovascular risks in healthy children and adolescents. In the consideration of the great burden of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, there is an urgent need of effective surveillance for paediatric population's ETS exposure to reduce smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbo Shu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang University Shaoxing Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wentong Guo
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siyu Dai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Blomberg AJ, Shih YH, Messerlian C, Jørgensen LH, Weihe P, Grandjean P. Early-life associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and serum lipids in a longitudinal birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111400. [PMID: 34081971 PMCID: PMC8403652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may affect metabolic outcomes, including lipid concentrations in the blood. However, few studies have evaluated potential associations between PFASs and lipids longitudinally. OBJECTIVES We estimated associations between PFAS and lipid concentrations at birth and at several points in childhood. METHODS We measured concentrations of five major PFASs in cord serum and in serum collected at 18 months, five years and nine years in 490 children from a prospective cohort in the Faroe Islands. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were measured at birth, 18 months and nine years. We estimated associations between PFAS and lipid concentrations and evaluated possible effect modification by sex. We also tested whether PFAS associations with age-nine lipids varied by exposure period. RESULTS Serum PFAS concentrations at ages five and nine were positively associated with lipid concentrations at age nine. Cross-sectional associations between PFASs and lipids at age nine were the strongest, with increases in serum concentrations of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) associated with increases in TC, HDL-C and LDL-C. We found statistically significant differences in estimated PFAS effects by sex, where girls had stronger positive associations between PFASs and TC and LDL-C and boys had stronger positive associations with HDL-C. In repeated measure models, exposure period was a significant modifier of PFAS effects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that childhood PFAS exposures may be associated with elevated serum lipid concentrations. This is a public health concern, as a detrimental lipid profile in childhood is a risk factor for later development of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise J Blomberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shih
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louise Helskov Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pál Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands; Center of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Nordenstam F. Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with long-term impact on the cardiovascular system and regulation-Review. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:2536-2544. [PMID: 33982809 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this structured review was to discuss knowledge of nicotine use during pregnancy and long-term effects on children's cardiovascular function. METHODS PubMed and MEDLINE were searched for original papers that covered various forms of nicotine exposure during pregnancy and this identified 314 papers published in English from inception of the databases to 1 March 2021. The research focus was prenatal exposure that had long-term effects on the cardiovascular system. The search was expanded from the reference list of the selected papers, which identified another 17 papers. RESULTS The 34 original papers that were included covered 172,696 subjects from foetuses to 19 years of age. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was discussed in 12 of the papers and 16 studies reported on blood pressure. The remaining studies covered structural or functional changes in arterial wall or heart. There were convincing data on autonomic dysfunction and increased blood pressure. Some data were conflicting and problems with misclassification of exposure were evident. CONCLUSION Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with long-term developmental changes in the cardiovascular system and regulation. There were no safe periods, doses or nicotine products during pregnancy and women should abstain when planning a pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Nordenstam
- Department of Women´s and Child´s Health Pediatric Cardiology Unit Karolinska University HospitalKarolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
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Miyamura K, Nawa N, Isumi A, Doi S, Ochi M, Fujiwara T. The Association of Passive Smoking and Dyslipidemia Among Adolescence in Japan: Results From A-CHILD Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2738-e2748. [PMID: 33595668 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Passive smoking in childhood has been reported to be associated with dyslipidemia in Western countries. However, this association in Asian countries remains unclear. Further, no study has investigated the sex difference of the association. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the association between passive smoking and dyslipidemia in adolescent boys and girls in Japan. METHODS We used a cross-sectional data of junior high school students in the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan in 2016 and 2018. Of the 1431 available students, 1166 students and their parents responded to the survey, including frequency of passive smoking (response rate 81.5%). We assessed dyslipidemia using total cholesterol (TC) levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The association between passive smoking and dyslipidemia was evaluated by using multivariate regression analyses adjusted for socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors stratified by boys (N = 564) and girls (N = 602). RESULTS Among boys, HDL-C levels were significantly lower if exposed to passive smoking frequently, compared with those not exposed (β = -3.19; 95% CI, -5.84 to -0.55). However, this trend does not hold true among girls. Passive smoking was not associated with TC levels and LDL-C levels in either boys or girls. CONCLUSION We found that exposure to passive smoking was associated with HDL-C level among boys in Japan, but not in girls. Further longitudinal study is needed to confirm the association between passive smoking and dyslipidemia among boys in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Miyamura
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Isumi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Doi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Ochi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Public Health, Department of Health and Welfare Services, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Jaspers Faijer-Westerink H, Stavnsbo M, Hutten BA, Chinapaw M, Vrijkotte TGM. Ideal cardiovascular health at age 5-6 years and cardiometabolic outcomes in preadolescence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:33. [PMID: 33676545 PMCID: PMC7936465 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association (AHA) developed a definition of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) based on the presence of both ideal health behaviours (diet, physical activity, weight status and smoking) and ideal health factors (glucose, total cholesterol and blood pressure levels). However, research of ICH in the paediatric population is scarce. We aimed to study ICH at age 5-6 years by extending the original ICH score with the health behaviours: sleep duration, screen time and prenatal smoke exposure, and to evaluate its association with cardiometabolic outcomes at age 11-12. METHODS A total of 1666 children aged 5-6 years were selected from the database of the ABCD-study, a prospective cohort study on the health and development of children born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Of these, 846 (50.8%) were boys and 1460 (87.6%) had a healthy weight. Data on self-reported health behaviours and health factors were used to calculate the ICH scores (original and extended) by adding the frequency of scoring 'healthy' on each indicator, based on international cut-offs. The children were followed up for 6 years and cardiometabolic outcomes (carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), blood pressure, glucose and lipids) were measured. Associations between ICH (both original and extended) and cardiometabolic outcomes were examined using multivariable regression models. RESULTS At age 5-6 years, 11% scored poor (score 1-5), 56% intermediate (score 6-7) and 33% good (score 8-9) on extended ICH. Healthy diet and normal total cholesterol concentrations were the least prevalent. Neither the original nor the extended ICH scores were associated with CIMT at age 11-12. A higher score on the extended ICH was associated with lower total cholesterol (p for trend < 0.001), lower systolic (p for trend = 0.012) and diastolic blood pressure (p for trend = 0.011), and lower body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) at age 11-12. The original ICH score was associated with lower total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.001) only. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that extending the ICH score in young children with additional health behaviours improves prediction of some cardiometabolic outcomes, but not CIMT in preadolescence, compared to the original ICH score. We would recommend other researchers to incorporate objective measures of health behaviours and longer follow-up to find out whether associations persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Jaspers Faijer-Westerink
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Meibergdreef 9, room J2-209, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Stavnsbo
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, PO BOX 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Barbara A Hutten
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Meibergdreef 9, room J1B-209-1, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mai Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, PO Box 7057, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Meibergdreef 9, room J2-209, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Ezegbe C, Neil AL, Magnussen CG, Chappell K, Judd F, Wagg F, Gall S. Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Child's Hospital Use up to 5 Years of Age in a Data Linkage Birth Cohort. Hosp Pediatr 2020; 11:8-16. [PMID: 33268337 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine if exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with emergency department (ED) presentation and admission through the ED in children up to 5 years after birth. METHODS Antenatal records of all children up to 5 years of age who were born in Tasmania, Australia, between July 2008 and June 2014 were linked to health service use (ED presentations and hospital admissions). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at ≤1 year and ≤5 years for ED presentations and admissions to the hospital through the ED for any reason and by 9 major disease categories for children exposed versus children not exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Models were adjusted for sex, socioeconomic position, maternal age at birth, and region of residence. Presentations and admissions for poisoning and injuries were used as a negative control. RESULTS Among 36 630 infants, 21% were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Exposed children had a 26% higher rate of presentation to the ED (IRRadjusted 1.26; 95% CI 1.23-1.29) and a 45% higher rate of admission (IRRadjusted 1.45; 95% CI 1.39-1.51) at up to 5 years of age. Compared with the negative control, higher presentation and admission rates were evident in respiratory; eyes, ears, nose, and throat; psychosocial; and infectious disease categories. CONCLUSIONS Higher health care service use was observed in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy for a range of conditions associated with exposure to smoking. The findings reinforce the need to reduce smoking among people in their childbearing years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie Ezegbe
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katherine Chappell
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Fiona Judd
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Perinatal and Infant Mental Health Team, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services South, Tasmanian Health Service, Hobart, Australia; and
| | - Fiona Wagg
- New South Wales Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seana Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia;
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14
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Risk factors during first 1,000 days of life for carotid intima-media thickness in infants, children, and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analyses. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003414. [PMID: 33226997 PMCID: PMC7682901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first 1,000 days of life, i.e., from conception to age 2 years, could be a critical period for cardiovascular health. Increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. We performed a systematic review with meta-analyses to assess (1) the relationship between exposures or interventions in the first 1,000 days of life and CIMT in infants, children, and adolescents; and (2) the CIMT measurement methods. METHODS AND FINDINGS Systematic searches of Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were performed from inception to March 2019. Observational and interventional studies evaluating factors at the individual, familial, or environmental levels, for instance, size at birth, gestational age, breastfeeding, mode of conception, gestational diabetes, or smoking, were included. Quality was evaluated based on study methodological validity (adjusted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale if observational; Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool if interventional) and CIMT measurement reliability. Estimates from bivariate or partial associations that were least adjusted for sex were used for pooling data across studies, when appropriate, using random-effects meta-analyses. The research protocol was published and registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42017075169). Of 6,221 reports screened, 50 full-text articles from 36 studies (34 observational, 2 interventional) totaling 7,977 participants (0 to 18 years at CIMT assessment) were retained. Children born small for gestational age had increased CIMT (16 studies, 2,570 participants, pooled standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15 to 0.64, p: 0.001), I2: 83%). When restricted to studies of higher quality of CIMT measurement, this relationship was stronger (3 studies, 461 participants, pooled SMD: 0.64 (95% CI: 0.09 to 1.19, p: 0.024), I2: 86%). Only 1 study evaluating small size for gestational age was rated as high quality for all methodological domains. Children conceived through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) (3 studies, 323 participants, pooled SMD: 0.78 (95% CI: -0.20 to 1.75, p: 0.120), I2: 94%) or exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (3 studies, 909 participants, pooled SMD: 0.12 (95% CI: -0.06 to 0.30, p: 0.205), I2: 0%) had increased CIMT, but the imprecision around the estimates was high. None of the studies evaluating these 2 factors was rated as high quality for all methodological domains. Two studies evaluating the effect of nutritional interventions starting at birth did not show an effect on CIMT. Only 12 (33%) studies were at higher quality across all domains of CIMT reliability. The degree of confidence in results is limited by the low number of high-quality studies, the relatively small sample sizes, and the high between-study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS In our meta-analyses, we found several risk factors in the first 1,000 days of life that may be associated with increased CIMT during childhood. Small size for gestational age had the most consistent relationship with increased CIMT. The associations with conception through ART or with smoking during pregnancy were not statistically significant, with a high imprecision around the estimates. Due to the large uncertainty in effect sizes and the limited quality of CIMT measurements, further high-quality studies are needed to justify intervention for primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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15
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Braun M, Klingelhöfer D, Oremek GM, Quarcoo D, Groneberg DA. Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children-An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3212. [PMID: 32380770 PMCID: PMC7246681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Children are commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the domestic environment or inside vehicles of smokers. Unfortunately, prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) exposure is still common, too. SHS is hazardous to the health of smokers and non-smokers, but especially to that of children. SHS and PTS increase the risk for children to develop cancers and can trigger or worsen asthma and allergies, modulate the immune status, and is harmful to lung, heart and blood vessels. Smoking during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes as well as changes in the development of the foetus. Lately, some of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause adverse health effects in children have been identified. In this review, some of the current insights are discussed. In this regard, it has been found in children that SHS and PTS exposure is associated with changes in levels of enzymes, hormones, and expression of genes, micro RNAs, and proteins. PTS and SHS exposure are major elicitors of mechanisms of oxidative stress. Genetic predisposition can compound the health effects of PTS and SHS exposure. Epigenetic effects might influence in utero gene expression and disease susceptibility. Hence, the limitation of domestic and public exposure to SHS as well as PTS exposure has to be in the focus of policymakers and the public in order to save the health of children at an early age. Global substantial smoke-free policies, health communication campaigns, and behavioural interventions are useful and should be mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (D.K.); (G.M.O.); (D.Q.); (D.A.G.)
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16
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Li Y, Wang D, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Han L, Zhong L, Zhang Q, Speakman JR, Li M, Gao S. Impact of parental smoking on adipokine profiles and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese children. Atherosclerosis 2020; 301:23-29. [PMID: 32298844 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The mechanisms by which passive smoking leads to cardiometabolic risks, and the tissues involved still require elucidation. We aimed to evaluate the association of parental smoking exposure (PSE) with the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese children. METHODS We included 3150 school children aged 6-18 years from the Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study. Data on PSE and potential confounders were collected. Six adipokines related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured. RESULTS PSE was reported in nearly two-thirds of the children. After adjusting for covariates, including age, sex, pubertal stages, lifestyle factors, and family history, PSE was independently associated with increases of 39.2% in leptin and 3.9% in retinol binding protein-4 and decreases of 11.4% in fibroblast growth factor 21 and 4.6% in adiponectin levels (p < 0.05 for all), plus risks for central obesity (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.33-1.90), elevated blood pressure (1.22, 1.02-1.46) and MetS (1.43, 1.11-1.85). However, the associations of PSE with hypertension and MetS were abolished when adjusted for adiposity parameters or the above-mentioned adipokine profiles. CONCLUSIONS PSE was associated with dysregulation of adipokine levels, which might mediate the development of MetS in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Yanglu Zhao
- Epidemiology Department, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, LA, 90024, USA
| | - Lanwen Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043, China.
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17
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Garden FL, Toelle BG, Mihrshahi S, Webb KL, Almqvist C, Tovey ER, Brew BK, Ayer JG, Skilton MR, Jones G, Ferreira MAR, Cowie CT, Weber-Chrysochoou C, Britton WJ, Celermajer DS, Leeder SR, Peat JK, Marks GB. Cohort profile: The Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS). Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:1736-1736k. [PMID: 29800224 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Garden
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett G Toelle
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seema Mihrshahi
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen L Webb
- Nutrition Policy Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Euan R Tovey
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn K Brew
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian G Ayer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Skilton
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham Jones
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christine T Cowie
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Warwick J Britton
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Celermajer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R Leeder
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer K Peat
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Roberts V, Glover M, McCowan L, Walker N, Ussher M, Heke I, Maddison R. Exercise to Support Indigenous Pregnant Women to Stop Smoking: Acceptability to Māori. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:2040-2051. [PMID: 28702867 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-017-2303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Smoking during pregnancy is harmful for the woman and the unborn child, and the harms raise risks for the child going forward. Indigenous women often have higher rates of smoking prevalence than non-indigenous. Exercise has been proposed as a strategy to help pregnant smokers to quit. Māori (New Zealand Indigenous) women have high rates of physical activity suggesting that an exercise programme to aid quitting could be an attractive initiative. This study explored attitudes towards an exercise programme to aid smoking cessation for Māori pregnant women. Methods Focus groups with Māori pregnant women, and key stakeholder interviews were conducted. Results Overall, participants were supportive of the idea of a physical activity programme for pregnant Māori smokers to aid smoking cessation. The principal, over-arching finding, consistent across all participants, was the critical need for a Kaupapa Māori approach (designed and run by Māori, for Māori people) for successful programme delivery, whereby Māori cultural values are respected and infused throughout all aspects of the programme. A number of practical and environmental barriers to attendance were raised including: cost, the timing of the programme, accessibility, transport, and childcare considerations. Conclusions A feasibility study is needed to design an intervention following the suggestions presented in this paper with effort given to minimising the negative impact of barriers to attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughan Roberts
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | - Marewa Glover
- School of Public Health, College of Health, Massey University, Albany Highway, Albany, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Lesley McCowan
- Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Walker
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | - Michael Ussher
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Ihirangi Heke
- Toi Tangata, 115 Newton Road, Eden Terrace, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ralph Maddison
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, 261 Morrin Road, Glen Innes, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand. .,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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19
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Wang D, Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Wu F, Hutri-Kähönen N, Raitakari OT, Magnussen CG. Exposure to Parental Smoking in Childhood is Associated with High C-Reactive Protein in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:1231-1241. [PMID: 28724840 PMCID: PMC5742368 DOI: 10.5551/jat.40568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Children exposed to parental smoking are at increased long-term risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood. However, it has not been quantified if exposure to parental smoking in childhood is associated with adult systemic inflammation. This study aimed to determine if childhood exposure to parental smoking was associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in adulthood. Methods: This longitudinal analysis of 2,511 participants used data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, a prospective cohort of Finnish children. In 1980 or 1983, parents self-reported their smoking status and serum hsCRP was collected up to 31 years later in adulthood. Results: Compared with children with non-smoking parents, the relative risk of developing high hsCRP (> 3 mg/L) in adulthood increased among those with 1 or both parents who smoked [relative risk (RR), 1.3; 95%confidence interval (CI), 1.0–1.8] after adjustment for socioeconomic status, cardiovascular risk factors, and smoking status in childhood and adulthood. Moreover, children exposed to mother smoking [RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.2] had highest risk of developing high hsCRP in adulthood compared with those exposed to father smoking [RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2–2.3] and both parents smoking [RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9–2.0]. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that children exposed to parental smoking are at increased risk of having high hsCRP in adulthood. Limiting children's exposure to passive smoking may have long-term benefits on general low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital
| | - Feitong Wu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku
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20
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Zhang Y, Bai L, Shi M, Lu H, Wu Y, Tu J, Ni J, Wang J, Cao L, Lei P, Ning X. Features and risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis in a population with high stroke incidence in China. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57477-57488. [PMID: 28915687 PMCID: PMC5593659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported associations between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) or carotid plaque. However, definite risk factors at different phases of carotid atherosclerosis remain controversial. We aimed to explore risk factors and characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis at different stages in a low-income population with a high incidence of stroke in China. Between April 2014 and January 2015, we recruited 3789 stroke-free and cardiovascular disease-free residents aged ≥ 45 years. B-mode ultrasonography was performed to measure CIMT and the presence of carotid plaque. Traditional risk factors were compared between the increased CIMT group and normal CIMT group, and between those with and without carotid plaque. A total of 3789 participants were assessed in this study, with a mean age (standard deviation) of 59.92 (9.70) years. The prevalence of increased CIMT and carotid plaque increased with older age and higher education levels. Age, hypertension, diabetes, and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were risk factors for increased CIMT and carotid plaque. Furthermore, compared to never smoking, passive smoking was positively associated with increased CIMT, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.26 (1.05, 1.53; P = 0.016); high body mass index was an obvious protective factor against carotid plaque, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.97 (0.95, 0.99; P = 0.004). It is important to identify factors associated with atherosclerosis to prevent cardiovascular disease and stroke and reduce the burden of stroke in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Bai
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Tu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxian Ni
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjia Ning
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Raghuveer G, White DA, Hayman LL, Woo JG, Villafane J, Celermajer D, Ward KD, de Ferranti SD, Zachariah J. Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevailing Evidence, Burden, and Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 134:e336-e359. [PMID: 27619923 PMCID: PMC5207215 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although public health programs have led to a substantial decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking, the adverse health effects of tobacco smoke exposure are by no means a thing of the past. In the United States, 4 of 10 school-aged children and 1 of 3 adolescents are involuntarily exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), with children of minority ethnic backgrounds and those living in low-socioeconomic-status households being disproportionately affected (68% and 43%, respectively). Children are particularly vulnerable, with little control over home and social environment, and lack the understanding, agency, and ability to avoid SHS exposure on their own volition; they also have physiological or behavioral characteristics that render them especially susceptible to effects of SHS. Side-stream smoke (the smoke emanating from the burning end of the cigarette), a major component of SHS, contains a higher concentration of some toxins than mainstream smoke (inhaled by the smoker directly), making SHS potentially as dangerous as or even more dangerous than direct smoking. Compelling animal and human evidence shows that SHS exposure during childhood is detrimental to arterial function and structure, resulting in premature atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular consequences. Childhood SHS exposure is also related to impaired cardiac autonomic function and changes in heart rate variability. In addition, childhood SHS exposure is associated with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Individualized interventions to reduce childhood exposure to SHS are shown to be at least modestly effective, as are broader-based policy initiatives such as community smoking bans and increased taxation. PURPOSE The purpose of this statement is to summarize the available evidence on the cardiovascular health consequences of childhood SHS exposure; this will support ongoing efforts to further reduce and eliminate SHS exposure in this vulnerable population. This statement reviews relevant data from epidemiological studies, laboratory-based experiments, and controlled behavioral trials concerning SHS and cardiovascular disease risk in children. Information on the effects of SHS exposure on the cardiovascular system in animal and pediatric studies, including vascular disruption and platelet activation, oxidation and inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular stiffness, changes in vascular structure, and autonomic dysfunction, is examined. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological, observational, and experimental evidence accumulated to date demonstrates the detrimental cardiovascular consequences of SHS exposure in children. IMPLICATIONS Increased awareness of the adverse, lifetime cardiovascular consequences of childhood SHS may facilitate the development of innovative individual, family-centered, and community health interventions to reduce and ideally eliminate SHS exposure in the vulnerable pediatric population. This evidence calls for a robust public health policy that embraces zero tolerance of childhood SHS exposure.
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Kelishadi R, Noori A, Qorbani M, Rahimzadeh S, Djalalinia S, Shafiee G, Motlagh ME, Ardalan G, Ansari H, Asayesh H, Ahadi Z, Heshmat R. Are active and passive smoking associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents? The CASPIAN-III Study. Paediatr Int Child Health 2016; 36:181-8. [PMID: 26055078 DOI: 10.1179/2046905515y.0000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is an important risky behavior in adolescents worldwide. Active and passive smoking have adverse health effects at public and individual levels. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association of active and passive smoking with cardiometabolic risk factors in a national sample of Iranian adolescents. METHODS Participants consisted of 5625 students, aged 10-18 years, studied in the third survey of a national school-based surveillance system. Participants were classified into three groups based on smoking pattern: active smoker, passive smoker, and exposure to smoke (active or passive or both of them). Considering the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for the paediatric age group, metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined as the co-existence of three out of five components of abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and depressed high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of participants was 14.7 (2.4) years. Mean level of HDL-C was significantly lower in all types of smoking compared to non-smokers. Low HDL-C and MetS had significant association with active smoking (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.33-3.31 and OR 5.24, 95% CI 2.41-11.37), passive smoking (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.43 and OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.09-2.96), and smoking exposure (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01-1.43 and OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.22-3.31), respectively. CONCLUSION This study confirms that both smoking and exposure to smoke are associated with an increased risk of MetS and some of the cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Preventive measures against passive smoking should be considered as a health priority in the paediatric age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- a Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan
| | - Atefeh Noori
- b Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- c Department of Community Medicine , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj.,d Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran
| | - Shadi Rahimzadeh
- b Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- b Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences.,e Development of Research and Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology , Ministry of Health and Medical Education , Tehran
| | - Gita Shafiee
- d Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran
| | | | - Gelayol Ardalan
- a Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan
| | - Hossein Ansari
- g Health Promotion Research Center , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- h Department of Medical Emergencies , Qom University of Medical Sciences , Qom , Iran
| | - Zeinab Ahadi
- d Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- d Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran
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Lifelong Cardiovascular Adverse Effects of Childhood Tobacco Smoke Exposure. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-016-0508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Singh R, Sharma S, Singh RK, Mahdi AA, Singh RK, Lee Gierke C, Cornelissen G. Effect of gender, age, diet and smoking status on chronomics of circulating plasma lipid components in healthy Indians. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 459:10-18. [PMID: 27206813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating lipid components were studied under near-normal tropical conditions (around Lucknow) in 162 healthy volunteers - mostly medical students, staff members and members of their families (103 males and 59 females; 7 to 75y), subdivided into 4 age groups: A (7-20y; N=42), B (21-40y; N=60), C (41-60y; N=35) and D (61-75y; N=25). METHODS Blood samples were collected from each subject every 6h for 24h (4 samples). Plasma was separated and total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids were measured spectrophotometrically. Data from each subject were analyzed by cosinor. We examined by multiple-analysis of variance how the MESOR (Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm, a rhythm-adjusted mean) and the circadian amplitude of these variables is affected by gender, age, diet (vegetarian vs. omnivore), and smoking status. RESULTS In addition to effects of gender and age, diet and smoking were found to affect the MESOR of circulating plasma lipid components in healthy Indians residing in northern India. Age also affected the circadian amplitude of these variables. CONCLUSION These results indicate the possibility of using non-pharmacological interventions to improve a patient's metabolic profile before prescribing medication under near normal tropical conditions. They also add information that may help refine cut-off values in the light of factors shown here to affect blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Singh
- Biochemistry Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Sumita Sharma
- Biochemistry Department, Sgrr Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Biochemistry Department, T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow 226008, India
| | - Abbas A Mahdi
- Biochemistry Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Raj K Singh
- Biochemistry Department, T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow 226008, India
| | - Cathy Lee Gierke
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Germaine Cornelissen
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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West HW, Gall SL, Juonala M, Magnussen CG. Is Passive Smoking Exposure in Early Life a Risk Factor for Future Cardiovascular Disease? CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Passmore E, McGuire R, Correll P, Bentley J. Demographic factors associated with smoking cessation during pregnancy in New South Wales, Australia, 2000-2011. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:398. [PMID: 25928643 PMCID: PMC4450495 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse health outcomes for both the mother and the child. Rates of smoking during pregnancy, and rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy, vary between demographic groups. This study describes demographic factors associated with smoking cessation during pregnancy in New South Wales, Australia, and describes trends in smoking cessation in demographic subgroups over the period 2000 – 2011. Methods Data were obtained from the New South Wales Perinatal Data Collection, a population-based surveillance system covering all births in New South Wales. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore associations between smoking cessation during pregnancy and demographic factors. Results Between 2000 and 2011, rates of smoking cessation in pregnancy increased from 4.0% to 25.2%. Demographic characteristics associated with lower rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy included being a teenage mother, being an Aboriginal person, and having a higher number of previous pregnancies. Conclusions Between 2000 and 2011, rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy increased dramatically across all demographic groups. However, specific demographic groups remain significantly less likely to quit smoking, suggesting a need for targeted efforts to promote smoking cessation in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Passmore
- NSW Ministry of Health, North Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | - Jason Bentley
- NSW Ministry of Health, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Beal SJ, Hillman J, Dorn LD, Out D, Pabst S. Associations between the prenatal environment and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescent girls: Internalizing and externalizing behavior symptoms as mediators. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2015; 44:17-39. [PMID: 25750471 PMCID: PMC4350244 DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2013.876537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examines links among adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms, the prenatal environment (e.g., nicotine exposure) and pre/perinatal maternal health, and cardiovascular risk factors. Girls (N=262) ages 11-17 reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors and mothers reported about the prenatal environment and maternal health during and 3 months post-pregnancy. Adolescent cardiovascular risk included adiposity, smoking, blood pressure, and salivary C-reactive protein. Internalizing symptoms mediated relations between prenatal exposures/maternal health and adiposity; externalizing symptoms mediated relations between prenatal exposures and adolescent smoking. Healthcare providers who attend to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in girls may ultimately influence cardiovascular health, especially among those with pre/perinatal risk factors.
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Wicklow BA, Sellers EAC. Maternal health issues and cardio-metabolic outcomes in the offspring: a focus on Indigenous populations. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 29:43-53. [PMID: 25238683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death worldwide. Indigenous populations are disproportionally affected. In an effort to halt the increasing disease burden, the mechanisms underlying the increasing rate of NCDs are an important area of study. Recent evidence has focused on the perinatal period as an influential period impacting the future cardio-metabolic health of the offspring. This concept has been defined as metabolic foetal programming and supports the importance of the developmental origins of health and disease in research and clinical practice, specifically in prevention efforts to protect future generations from NCDs. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved is not clear as of yet. However, an understanding of these mechanisms is imperative in order to plan effective intervention strategies. As much of the discussion below is gleaned from large epidemiological studies and animal studies, further research with prospective cohorts is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy A Wicklow
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, University of Manitoba, FE- 307 685 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0Z2, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth A C Sellers
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, University of Manitoba, FE- 307 685 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0Z2, Canada.
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Gall S, Huynh QL, Magnussen CG, Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Kähönen M, Dwyer T, Raitakari OT, Venn A. Exposure to parental smoking in childhood or adolescence is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness in young adults: evidence from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study and the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2484-91. [PMID: 24595866 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Recent evidence suggests that the exposure of children to their parents' smoking adversely effects endothelial function in adulthood. We investigated whether the association was also present with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) up to 25 years later. METHODS AND RESULTS The study comprised participants from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS, n = 2401) and the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health (CDAH, n = 1375) study. Exposure to parental smoking (none, one, or both) was assessed at baseline by questionnaire. B-mode ultrasound of the carotid artery determined IMT in adulthood. Linear regression on a pooled dataset accounting for the hierarchical data and potential confounders including age, sex, parental education, participant smoking, education, and adult cardiovascular risk factors was conducted. Carotid IMT in adulthood was greater in those exposed to both parents smoking than in those whose parents did not smoke [adjusted marginal means: 0.647 mm ± 0.022 (mean ± SE) vs. 0.632 mm ± 0.021, P = 0.004]. Having both parents smoke was associated with vascular age 3.3 years greater at follow-up than having neither parent smoke. The effect was independent of participant smoking at baseline and follow-up and other confounders and was uniform across categories of age, sex, adult smoking status, and cohort. CONCLUSIONS These results show the pervasive effect of exposure to parental smoking on children's vascular health up to 25 years later. There must be continued efforts to reduce smoking among adults to protect young people and to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease across the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seana Gall
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 2, Medical Science Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Quan Long Huynh
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 2, Medical Science Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 2, Medical Science Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Alison Venn
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 2, Medical Science Precinct, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
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Seal N, Krakower G, Seal J. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Metabolic Syndrome in Their Children. J Nurse Pract 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Jia X, Guo X, Li H, An X, Zhao Y. Characteristics and popular topics of latest researches into the effects of air particulate matter on cardiovascular system by bibliometric analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:211-8. [PMID: 23480197 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.775196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many epidemiological and toxicological studies have investigated the adverse effects of air particulate matter (PM) on the cardiovascular system. However, it is difficult for the researchers to have a timely and effective overall command of the latest characteristics and popular topics in such a wide field. Different from the previous reviews, in which the research characteristics and trends are empirically concluded by experts, we try to have a comprehensive evaluation of the above topics for the first time by bibliometric analysis, a quantitative tool in information exploration. This study aims to introduce the bibliometric method into the field of PM and cardiovascular system. The articles were selected by searching PubMed/MEDLINE (from 2007 to 2012) using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "particulate matter" and "cardiovascular system". A total of 935 eligible articles and 1895 MeSH terms were retrieved and processed by the software Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA). The bibliographic information and the MeSH terms of these articles were classified and analyzed to summarize the research characteristics. The top 200 high-frequency MeSH terms (the cumulative frequency percentage was 74.2%) were clustered for popular-topic conclusion. We summarized the characteristics of published articles, of researcher collaborations and of the contents. Ten clusters of MeSH terms are presented. Six popular topics are concluded and elaborated for reference. Our study presents an overview of the characteristics and popular topics in the field of PM and cardiovascular system in the past five years by bibliometric tools, which may provide a new perspective for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jia
- Institute of Medical Information & Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China.
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Exposure to parental smoking and child growth and development: a cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:104. [PMID: 23842036 PMCID: PMC3717101 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on adverse childhood health and development outcomes associated with parental smoking have shown inconsistent results. Using a cohort of Belarusian children, we examined differences in cognition, behaviors, growth, adiposity, and blood pressure at 6.5 years according to prenatal and postnatal exposure to parental smoking. Methods Using cluster-adjusted multivariable regression, effects of exposure to prenatal smoking were examined by comparing (1) children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy with those of mothers who smoked neither during nor after pregnancy and (2) children whose mothers smoked during and after pregnancy with those whose mothers smoked after pregnancy only; effects of postnatal smoking were examined by comparing (1) children whose mothers smoked after pregnancy only with those of mothers who smoked neither during nor after pregnancy and (2) children whose fathers smoked with those whose fathers did not smoke among children of non-smoking mothers after adjusting for a wide range of socioeconomic and family characteristics. Results After adjusting for confounders, children exposed vs unexposed to prenatal maternal smoking had no differences in mean IQ, teacher-rated behavioral problems, adiposity, or blood pressure. Children exposed to maternal postnatal smoking had slightly increased behavioral problems [0.9, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.2 for total difficulties], higher body mass index [0.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.3], greater total skinfold thickness [0.4, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71], and higher odds of overweight or obesity [1.4, 95% CI; 1.1, 1.7]. Similar magnitudes of association were observed with postnatal paternal smoking. Conclusions No adverse cognitive, behavioral and developmental outcomes were associated with exposure to maternal prenatal smoking. Observed associations with postnatal smoking of both parents may reflect residual confounding by genetic and family environmental factors.
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Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Hands B, Mori TA. Gender difference in the relationship between passive smoking exposure and HDL-cholesterol levels in late adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2126-35. [PMID: 23633198 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are influenced by gender and by genetic and environmental factors. We aimed to assess the impact of passive smoking exposure since birth on HDL-C levels of nonsmoking adolescents at age 17 years and to determine whether there was a gender difference in the relationship between smoking exposure and HDL-C. METHODS A total of 804 nonsmoking adolescents with biochemical, anthropometric, and lifestyle data from a cohort of 1754 adolescents (mean age, 17 ± 0.25 y) of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study had data of maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking exposure in the household over 17 years. HDL-C was analyzed using multivariable linear regression, with adjustment for early-life, adiposity, and current lifestyle confounders. RESULTS HDL-C levels were significantly lower in girls exposed to passive smoking compared to those not exposed (regression coefficient b = -0.09 [95% confidence interval, -0.15, -0.03]); this was not observed in boys (b = 0.02 [95% confidence interval, -0.04, 0.08]), with a significant sex interaction P = .009. The effects of passive smoking in girls persisted after adjusting for oral contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown a gender difference in the relationship between passive smoking exposure since birth and HDL-C in late adolescence. Exposure to passive smoking in girls could have adverse consequences on their risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. These findings reinforce the need for future public health measures to reduce children's exposure to passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Le-Ha
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia.
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Hammarberg K, Setter T, Norman RJ, Holden CA, Michelmore J, Johnson L. Knowledge about factors that influence fertility among Australians of reproductive age: a population-based survey. Fertil Steril 2012; 99:502-7. [PMID: 23158832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore knowledge about the effects on fertility of age, obesity, smoking, and timing of intercourse among Australians of reproductive age. DESIGN Telephone survey of a representative sample of Australians. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Australians aged 18 to 45 years who wish to have a child or another child now or in the future. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Knowledge about the effect on fertility of age, obesity, smoking, and timing of intercourse. RESULT(S) A total of 462 interviews were conducted. The majority of respondents underestimated, by about 10 years, the age at which male and female fertility starts to decline. Only one in four correctly identified that female fertility starts to decline before age 35, and one in three identified that male fertility starts to decline before age 45. Most (59%) were aware that female obesity and smoking affect fertility, but fewer recognized that male obesity (30%) and smoking (36%) also influence fertility. Almost 40% of respondents had inadequate knowledge of when in the menstrual cycle a woman is most likely to conceive. CONCLUSION(S) Considerable knowledge gaps about modifiable factors that affect fertility were identified. These are targeted in a national education campaign to promote awareness of factors that influence fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hammarberg
- Victorian Assisted Reproductive Treatment Authority, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sanz J, Moreno PR, Fuster V. The year in atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:932-42. [PMID: 22935466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanz
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute/Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Yang B, Li M, Chen B, Xu Y, Li TD. Deterioration of endothelial function and carotid intima-media thickness in Tibetan male adolescents exposed to second-hand smoke. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:413-9. [PMID: 22465995 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312440901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been commonly accepted that second-hand smoke (SHS) is associated with atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. There is growing evidence that the changes might begin in childhood. Unfortunately, no study has focused on the early atherosclerosis of Tibetan adolescents exposed to SHS. AIMS We aimed to investigate the endothelial function and carotid atherosclerosis in healthy school-aged Tibetan male adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS All passive smoking participants (SHS) were students were 16 years old and male, and were recruited through middle schools in Lhasa city. In total 624 subjects were accepted after excluding subjects who actively smoked. The adolescents were divided into three groups according to serum cotinine level: high cotinine group (High Group) with 205 boys, intermediate cotinine group (Intermediate Group) with 210 boys, and low cotinine group (Low Group) with 209 boys. Venous blood was sampled for the measurement of cotinine concentration, lipid profile and endothelin-1 (ET-1) quantitation. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography was performed to evaluate carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and intima smoothness. The invasive vascular endothelial function was evaluated through the measurement of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) with B-mode ultrasound and ankle-brachial index (ABI) by using a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler instrument. RESULTS No statistical significance was found between groups in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, ApoA-I, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (p>0.05). In the lipid profile, only apolipoprotein B (ApoB) values were different between groups: ApoB in the High Group was higher than in the Low Group (p=0.0164). Plasma ET-1 concentrations in the High Group were also much higher than in the Intermediate and Low Groups (p=0.0112, p<0.001). The cIMT and intima smoothness had deteriorated in the High Group compared with the Low Group (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). FMD and ABI, which indicate vascular endothelial function, was decreased in the High Group compared with the Intermediate and Low Groups (FMD, p<0.001; ABI, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SHS was associated with sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in Tibetan school-aged male adolescents. Considering the widespread exposure to SHS and the clinical relevance of early atherosclerosis, this result is of public health importance in Tibet, where health education is not satisfactory. Data from our study emphasize the importance of endorsing smoke-free environments for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology. These adaptations may be beneficial for short term, but may lead to common diseases in adulthood. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one of the most important adverse fetal exposures in Western countries, and is known to be associated with a 150-200 g lower birth weight. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be involved in pathways leading to both low birth weight and common diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, in adulthood. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies focused on the associations of maternal smoking with fetal growth and development and cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. We also discuss potential biological mechanisms, and challenges for future epidemiological studies.
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Bakker H, Jaddoe VWV. Cardiovascular and metabolic influences of fetal smoke exposure. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:763-70. [PMID: 21994150 PMCID: PMC3218270 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology. These adaptations may be beneficial for short term, but may lead to common diseases in adulthood. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one of the most important adverse fetal exposures in Western countries, and is known to be associated with a 150–200 g lower birth weight. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be involved in pathways leading to both low birth weight and common diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, in adulthood. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies focused on the associations of maternal smoking with fetal growth and development and cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. We also discuss potential biological mechanisms, and challenges for future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Bakker
- The Generation R Study Group (Room Ae-012), Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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