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Chen PS, Lin JL, Lin HW, Lin SH, Li YH. Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke among Patients Treated with High-Intensity Statins versus Pitavastatin-Ezetimibe: A Population Based Study. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2024; 263:105-113. [PMID: 38382969 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2024.j019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
High-intensity statin (HIS) is recommended for high-risk patients in current guidelines. However, the risk of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) with HIS is a concern for Asians. Pitavastatin carries pharmacological differences compared with other statins. We compared the risk of HS in patients treated with pitavastatin-ezetimibe vs. HIS. We conducted a population-based, propensity score-matched cohort study using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. From January 2013 to December 2018, adults (≥ 18 years) who received pitavastatin 2-4 mg/day plus ezetimibe 10 mg/day (combination group, N = 3,767) and those who received atorvastatin 40 mg/day or rosuvastatin 20 mg/day (HIS group, N = 37,670) were enrolled. The primary endpoint was HS. We also assessed the difference of a composite safety endpoint of hepatitis or myopathy requiring hospitalization and new-onset diabetes mellitus. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the relationship between study endpoints and different treatment. After a mean follow-up of 3.05 ± 1.66 years, less HS occurred in combination group (0.74%) than in HIS group (1.35%) [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.95]. In subgroup analysis, the lower risk of HS in combination group was consistent among all pre-specified subgroups. There was no significant difference of the composite safety endpoint between the 2 groups (aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.81-1.02). In conclusion, pitavastatin-ezetimibe combination treatment had less HS compared with high-intensity atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Pitavastatin-ezetimibe may be a favorable choice for Asians who need strict lipid control but with concern of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Sheng Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Yi-Heng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
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Park SY, Jun JE, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Chung HY, Hwang YC. Comparison of the Efficacy of Ezetimibe Combination Therapy and High-Intensity Statin Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1883-1890. [PMID: 38175670 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering therapy is considerably important in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with diabetes. Studies comparing CVD, stroke, and mortality outcomes of low- or moderate-intensity statins with ezetimibe combination therapy and high-intensity statin monotherapy in patients with diabetes remain lacking. OBJECTIVE This study compared the primary prevention effect of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause death between combination therapy of low- or moderate-intensity statins and ezetimibe and high-intensity statin monotherapy in patients with diabetes using the Korean National Health Insurance claims database. METHODS Patients aged ≥20 years with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia were enrolled. The combination therapy of low- or moderate-intensity statin and ezetimibe was compared with high-intensity statin monotherapy after a propensity score-matched analysis. The incidence of composite outcomes consisting of MI, stroke, and all-cause death and each component were analyzed. RESULTS In moderate-intensity statin therapy with ezetimibe combination therapy, LDL-C (74 ± 37.9 mg/dL vs 80.8 ± 38.8 mg/dL, P < .001) and the incidence of composite outcomes were lower (hazard ratio 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98) than those in high-intensity statin monotherapy. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in the LDL-C levels and composite outcomes between low-intensity statins with ezetimibe combination therapy and high-intensity statin monotherapy. CONCLUSION Adding ezetimibe to a moderate-intensity statin in patients with type 2 diabetes has a greater LDL-C-lowering effect and greater primary prevention of composite outcomes than that of high-intensity statin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jun
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyung Jeong
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jeung Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Chung
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Cheol Hwang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
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Mahajan K, Nagendra L, Dhall A, Dutta D. Impact of early initiation of ezetimibe in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 124:99-107. [PMID: 38336550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scant data is available on the efficacy and safety of adding ezetimibe to high-intensity statin therapy for early and rapid reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) within 4-12 weeks of an acute-event in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We undertook this meta-analysis to address this knowledge-gap. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for RCTs involving patients with ACS receiving ezetimibe in intervention arm, and placebo/active comparator in control arm. Primary outcome was to evaluate changes in LDL-C levels post-ACS. Secondary outcomes were to evaluate alterations in other lipid parameters and adverse events. RESULTS From initially screened 4561 articles, data from 11 studies (20,291 patients) were analyzed. Compared to controls, patients receiving ezetimibe had significantly lower LDL-C at 7-days [MD -19.55 mg/dl(95 %CI:-36.46 to -2.63);P = 0.02;I2 = 91 %], 1-month [MD-24.67 mg/dl (95 %CI:-34.59 to -14.76);P < 0.001;I2 = 81 %], 3-months [MD -18.01 mg/dl(95 %CI:-24.11 to -11.90);P < 0.001;I2 = 92 %] and 10-12 months [MD -16.90 mg/dl (95 % CI: -17.67 to -16.12); P < 0.001; I2 = 0 %] of treatment. Compared to controls, patients receiving ezetimibe had significantly lower total cholesterol at 7-days [MD-21.05 mg/dl(95 %CI:-26.73 to -15.37);P < 0.001;I2 = 0 %], 1-month [MD-25.56 mg/dl(95 %CI:-38.29 to -12.83);P < 0.001;I2 = 85 %], 3-months [MD-22.54 mg/dl(95 %CI:-36.90 to -8.19);P = 0.002;I2 = 22 %] and 12-months [MD-19.68 mg/dl(95 %CI:-20.78 to -18.59);P < 0.001;I2 = 0 %] of treatment. Death from any cause, ACS and non-fatal stroke [OR0.89(95 %CI:0.83-0.96);P = 0.002;I2 = 0 %], non-fatal myocardial infarction [OR0.86(95 %CI:0.79-0.94);P = 0.001;I2 = 0 %] and ischemic stroke [OR0.80(95 %CI:0.68-0.94);P = 0.009;I2 = 0 %] was significantly reduced in patients receiving ezetimibe. CONCLUSION Addition of ezetimibe to high-intensity statin therapy at the time of ACS event is associated with significantly better cholesterol reduction at day-7,1-month, 3- months and 1-year of follow-up, which translates into a significantly lower recurrent cardiovascular events post an index event of ACS. CONCISE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Addition of ezetimibe to high-intensity statin therapy at the time of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) index event is associated with significantly better low density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol reduction at day-7, 1-month, 3-months and 1-year of follow-up, which translates into a significantly lower recurrent cardiovascular events (death from any cause, major ACS, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke) post an index event of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Mahajan
- Department of Cardiology, Himachal Heart Institute, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Lakshmi Nagendra
- Department of Endocrinology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India.
| | - Anil Dhall
- Department of Cardiology, Janakpuri Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Deep Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Center for Endocrinology Diabetes Arthritis & Rheumatism (CEDAR) Superspeciality Healthcare, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
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Okamura T, Tsukamoto K, Arai H, Fujioka Y, Ishigaki Y, Koba S, Ohmura H, Shoji T, Yokote K, Yoshida H, Yoshida M, Deguchi J, Dobashi K, Fujiyoshi A, Hamaguchi H, Hara M, Harada-Shiba M, Hirata T, Iida M, Ikeda Y, Ishibashi S, Kanda H, Kihara S, Kitagawa K, Kodama S, Koseki M, Maezawa Y, Masuda D, Miida T, Miyamoto Y, Nishimura R, Node K, Noguchi M, Ohishi M, Saito I, Sawada S, Sone H, Takemoto M, Wakatsuki A, Yanai H. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2022. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:641-853. [PMID: 38123343 DOI: 10.5551/jat.gl2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Okamura
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate school of Medicine
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital
| | | | - Juno Deguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Cardiovascular Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Takumi Hirata
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University
| | - Mami Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center
| | - Yoshiyuki Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine
- Current affiliation: Ishibashi Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic
| | - Hideyuki Kanda
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University graduate School of medicine
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital
| | - Satoru Kodama
- Department of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promotion of Health Checkup, Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Masahiro Koseki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Innovative Medicine and Therapeutics, Dementia Care Center, Doctor's Support Center, Health Care Center, Rinku General Medical Center
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Rimei Nishimura
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University
| | - Midori Noguchi
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Division of Metabolism and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, International University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital
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Xie S, Galimberti F, Olmastroni E, Luscher TF, Carugo S, Catapano AL, Casula M. Effect of lipid-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein levels: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:333-344. [PMID: 38373008 PMCID: PMC10981526 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-degree inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease. To assess the effect of lipid-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation, we conducted a meta-analysis according to the PRISMA guidelines. Databases were searched from inception to July 2023. Inclusion criteria were: (i) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in human, Phase II, III, or IV; (ii) English language; (iii) comparing the effect of lipid-lowering drugs vs. placebo; (iv) reporting the effects on CRP levels; (v) with intervention duration of more than 3 weeks; (vi) and sample size (for both intervention and control group) over than 100 subjects. The between-group (treatment-placebo) CRP absolute mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each drug class separately. A total of 171 668 subjects from 53 RCTs were included. CRP levels (mg/L) were significantly decreased by statins [-0.65 (-0.87 to -0.43), bempedoic acid; -0.43 (-0.67 to -0.20), ezetimibe; -0.28 (-0.48 to -0.08)], and omega-3 fatty acids [omega3FAs, -0.27 (-0.52 to -0.01)]. CRP was reduced by -0.40 (-1.17 to 0.38) with fibrates, although not statistically significant. A slight increase of CRP concentration was observed for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors [0.11 (0.07-0.14)] and cholesteryl-ester transfer protein inhibitors [0.10 (0.00-0.21)], the latter being not statistically significant. Meta-regression analysis did not show a significant correlation between changes in CRP and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) or triglycerides. Statins, bempedoic acid, ezetimibe, and omega3FAs significantly reduce serum CRP concentration, independently of LDL-C reductions. The impact of this anti-inflammatory effect in terms of CV prevention needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Xie
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20033 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Galimberti
- IRCCS MultiMedica, via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (Milan), Italy
| | - Elena Olmastroni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20033 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (Milan), Italy
| | - Thomas F Luscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren (Zurich), Switzerland
- Cardiac Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals GSTT, Imperial College and King’s College London, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP London, UK
| | - Stefano Carugo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via della Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20033 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (Milan), Italy
| | - Manuela Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20033 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (Milan), Italy
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Yadav S, Sawhney JPS. Treatment of dyslipidemia in acute coronary syndrome. Indian Heart J 2024; 76 Suppl 1:S51-S57. [PMID: 38307382 PMCID: PMC11019335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous improvements in the management of acute coronary syndrome(ACS), it is a major cause of mortality in India. Lipids play a critical role in pathogenesis of ACS and reduction of lipid parameters plays a pivotal role in secondary prevention. High total cholesterol and high low-density lipoprotein(LDL) are the major lipid abnormalities globally as well as in Indians. Among all the lipid parameters, LDL is the primary target of lipid-lowering therapies across the globe. High-dose statins, ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, and bempedoic acid are recommended therapies for LDL reduction in ACS patients. Statins have pleiotropic effects on the modulation of thrombogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial protection. Multiple randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses have shown that the use of high-dose statin has significant benefits in ACS. LDL reduction goal is < 55 mg/dl or at least 50 % reduction from the baseline regardless of age or gender. Non-fasting LDL should be measured soon after the ACS as it varies minimally with food intake. The first line of therapy after ACS is to advise lifestyle modifications, combination therapy including high-dose statin with ezetimibe, and evaluation after 4-6 weeks of the index event. If the goal is not achieved then PCSK 9 inhibitors or Bempedoic acid should be used in combination with statins and ezetimibe to reduce recurrent ischaemic events. Despite the proven effect of these lipid-lowering therapies, undertreatment is still a big hurdle across the globe. Prohibitive costs, adverse effects, medication non-adherence, variation in health practice in different countries, and clinical inertia to prescribe this medication by physicians are the main reasons for the undertreatment.
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Terasaki M, Izumi M, Yamagishi SI. A Clinical Case of Probable Sitosterolemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1535. [PMID: 38338819 PMCID: PMC10855567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a rare genetic lipid disorder characterized by elevated plant sterols in the serum. A 24-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital due to a high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of 332 mg/dL. At first, she was suspected to suffer from familial hypercholesterolemia, and thus received lipid-lowering agents. Although her LDL-C level remained high (220 mg/dL) with diet therapy plus 10 mg/day rosuvastatin, it was drastically decreased to 46 mg/dL with the addition of 10 mg/day ezetimibe. Finally, her LDL-C level was well-controlled at about 70 mg/dL with 10 mg/day ezetimibe alone. Furthermore, while her serum sitosterol level was elevated at 10.5 μg/mL during the first visit to our hospital, it decreased to 3.6 μg/mL with the 10 mg/day ezetimibe treatment alone. These observations suggest that she might probably suffer from sitosterolemia. Therefore, targeted gene sequencing analysis was performed using custom panels focusing on the exome regions of 21 lipid-associated genes, including ABCG5, ABCG8, and familial hypercholesterolemia-causing genes (LDL receptor, LDLRAP1, PCSK9, and apolipoprotein B). We finally identified a heterozygous ABCG8 variant (NM_022437.2:c.1285A>G or NP_071882.1:p.Met429Val) in our patient. The same gene mutation was detected in her mother. We report here a rare case exhibiting probable sitosterolemia caused by a heterozygous Met429Val variant in the ABCG8 gene and additional unknown variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michishige Terasaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
| | - Mikiko Izumi
- Center for Clinical Genetics, Showa University Hospital, 1-5-8 Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
| | - Sho-ichi Yamagishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
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8
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Katsuki S, Matoba T, Akiyama Y, Yoshida H, Kotani K, Fujii H, Harada-Shiba M, Ishibashi Y, Ishida T, Ishigaki Y, Kabata D, Kihara Y, Kurisu S, Masuda D, Matsuki K, Matsumura T, Mori K, Nakagami T, Nakazato M, Taniuchi S, Ueno H, Yamashita S, Yoshida H, Tsutsui H, Shoji T. Association of Serum Levels of Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis Markers with the Presence of Cardiovascular Disease: The CACHE Study CVD Analysis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2023; 30:1766-1777. [PMID: 37100627 DOI: 10.5551/jat.64119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Serum levels of cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers have been associated with cardiovascular risk in the United States and European countries. In this study, we examined the relevance of these biomarkers and the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Japanese individuals. METHODS The CACHE consortium, comprising of 13 research groups in Japan possessing data on campesterol, an absorption marker, and lathosterol, a synthesis marker measured by gas chromatography, compiled the clinical data using the REDCap system. RESULTS Among the 2,944 individuals in the CACHE population, those with missing campesterol or lathosterol data were excluded. This cross-sectional study was able to analyze data from 2,895 individuals, including 339 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, 108 cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) patients, and 88 peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients. The median age was 57 years, 43% were female, and the median low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 118 mg/dL and 98 mg/dL, respectively. We assessed the associations of campesterol, lathosterol, and the ratio of campesterol to lathosterol (Campe/Latho ratio) with the odds of CVD using multivariable-adjusted nonlinear regression models. The prevalence of CVD, especially CAD, showed positive, inverse, and positive associations with campesterol, lathosterol, and the Campe/Latho ratio, respectively. These associations remained significant even after excluding individuals using statins and/or ezetimibe. The associations of the cholesterol biomarkers with PAD were determined weaker than those with CAD. Contrarily, no significant association was noted between cholesterol metabolism biomarkers and CeVD. CONCLUSION This study showed that both high cholesterol absorption and low cholesterol synthesis biomarker levels were associated with high odds of CVD, especially CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Katsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yusuke Akiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Hisako Fujii
- Department of Health and Medical Innovation, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Yutaka Ishibashi
- Department of General Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
- Jinjyukai Education & Training Center for Healthcare Professionals
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Daijiro Kabata
- Department of Medical Statistics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Satoshi Kurisu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Kota Matsuki
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kenta Mori
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kobe University Hospital
| | - Tomoko Nakagami
- Division of Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women fs Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Satsuki Taniuchi
- Department of Medical Statistics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Ueno
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | | | - Hisako Yoshida
- Department of Medical Statistics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
- Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine
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9
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Lee B, Hong SJ, Rha SW, Heo JH, Hur SH, Choi HH, Kim KJ, Kim JH, Kim HK, Kim U, Choi YJ, Lee YJ, Lee SJ, Ahn CM, Ko YG, Kim BK, Choi D, Hong MK, Jang Y, Kim JS. Moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe vs high-intensity statin according to baseline LDL-C in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A post-hoc analysis of the RACING randomized trial. Atherosclerosis 2023; 386:117373. [PMID: 37995599 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whether the effect of a combination strategy rather than increasing doses of one drug to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels is consistent across baseline LDL-C levels remains uncertain. METHODS In the RACING trial, which showed a non-inferiority of moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe (rosuvastatin 10 mg with ezetimibe 10 mg) to high-intensity statin (rosuvastatin 20 mg) for the primary outcome (3-year composite of cardiovascular death, major cardiovascular event, or stroke), the heterogeneity in treatment effect according to baseline LDL-C levels was assessed for the primary and secondary outcomes (clinical efficacy and safety). RESULTS Of 3780 participants, 2817 participants (74.5%) had LDL-C <100 mg/dL, and 963 participants (25.5%) had LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL. The treatment effect of combination therapy versus high-intensity statin monotherapy was similar among the lower LDL-C subset (8.8% vs. 10.2%; hazard ratio [HR] 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67 to 1.08, p = 0.19) and the higher LDL-C subset (10.8% vs. 9.6 %; HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.7, p = 0.53) without a significant interaction (interaction p = 0.22). Of the secondary outcomes, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year achievement of LDL-C <70 mg/dL was greater in the combination therapy group regardless of baseline LDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS Among ASCVD patients, there was no heterogeneity in the effect of moderate-intensity statin plus ezetimibe combination therapy in the higher and lower baseline LDL-C levels for the 3-year composite of cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bom Lee
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Hong
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jung Ho Heo
- Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Hur
- Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Choi
- Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- Ewha Woman's University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kuk Kim
- Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ung Kim
- Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Choi
- Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Lee
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Min Ahn
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Guk Ko
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Keuk Kim
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Ki Hong
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Deng CJ, Yan J, Zheng YY, Wu TT, Pan Y, Hou XG, Wang SF, Sirajidin S, Aimaitijiang M, Xie X. Effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy on mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070827. [PMID: 37967998 PMCID: PMC10660972 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can quickly restore myocardial perfusion after acute coronary syndrome. Whether and which lipid-lowering regimens are effective in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and mortality risk after PCI remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the benefits of different lipid-lowering regimens on the risk of MACEs and mortality in the post-PCI population by network meta-analysis. METHODS Public databases, including PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library, were searched from inception to August 2022. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on lipid-lowering regimens in post-PCI populations were included and analysed. The outcomes were the incidence of all-cause mortality and MACEs, whether reported as dichotomous variables or as HRs. RESULTS Thirty-nine RCTs were included. For MACEs, alirocumab plus rosuvastatin (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.44), evolocumab plus ezetimibe and statins (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.59), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus pitavastatin (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.96) and icosapent ethyl plus statins (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.86) had significant advantages and relatively high rankings. For mortality, rosuvastatin (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.84), ezetimibe plus statins (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.89) and icosapent ethyl plus statins (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.96) had significant advantages compared with the control. CONCLUSION EPA, especially icosapent ethyl, plus statins had a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of MACEs and mortality in post-PCI patients. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 inhibitors plus statins were able to reduce the risk of MACEs, but the risk of mortality remained unclear. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018099600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ju Yan
- cardiovascular medicine department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xian-Geng Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Si-Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Subinur Sirajidin
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mikereyi Aimaitijiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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11
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Tsujita K, Yokote K, Ako J, Tanigawa R, Tajima S, Suganami H. Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin/Ezetimibe Fixed-Dose Combination vs. Pitavastatin: Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Atheroscler Thromb 2023; 30:1580-1600. [PMID: 36908150 PMCID: PMC10627746 DOI: 10.5551/jat.64006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We compared the efficacy and safety of pitavastatin/ezetimibe fixed-dose combination with those of pitavastatin monotherapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS This trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group trial. A total of 293 patients were randomly assigned into four groups receiving 2 mg pitavastatin, 4 mg pitavastatin, 2 mg pitavastatin/10 mg ezetimibe (K-924 LD), and 4 mg pitavastatin/10 mg ezetimibe (K-924 HD) once daily for 12 weeks. RESULTS The percentage changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the primary endpoint, were -39.5% for 2 mg pitavastatin, -45.2% for 4 mg pitavastatin, -51.4% for K-924 LD, and -57.8% for K-924 HD. Compared with pitavastatin monotherapy, the pitavastatin/ezetimibe fixed-dose combination significantly reduced LDL-C, total cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Meanwhile, the cholesterol synthesis marker, lathosterol, was significantly decreased with pitavastatin monotherapy and the pitavastatin/ezetimibe fixed-dose combination, although the decrease was attenuated in the latter. On the other hand, the cholesterol absorption markers, beta-sitosterol and campesterol, were reduced with the fixed-dose combination but not with pitavastatin monotherapy. The incidence of adverse events and adverse drug reactions was not significantly different between the two groups receiving the fixed-dose combination and monotherapy. The mean values of laboratory tests that are related to liver function and myopathy increased but remained within the reference range in all groups. CONCLUSIONS The pitavastatin/ezetimibe fixed-dose combination showed an excellent LDL-C-reducing effect by the complementary pharmacological action of each component, and its safety profile was similar to that of pitavastatin monotherapy (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04289649).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology, and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tanigawa
- Clinical Development Department, Kowa Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tajima
- Medical Affairs Department, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Lee J, Lee SH. Expanding the therapeutic landscape: ezetimibe as non-statin therapy for dyslipidemia. Korean J Intern Med 2023; 38:797-809. [PMID: 37866817 PMCID: PMC10636547 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and statins are the primary therapeutic options for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. However, it can be challenging to achieve optimal LDL-C goals with statin monotherapy. Ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, offers a potential non-statin therapy to optimize LDL-C management. Key clinical trials, such as IMPROVE-IT and RACING, have demonstrated that the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy leads to further decreases in LDL-C or significant decreases in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), particularly in patients with high ASCVD risk. Subsequent meta-analyses and clinical trials have further supported the beneficial effect of ezetimibe, suggesting additive decreases in LDL-C and MACEs, as well as pleiotropic effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical implications of ezetimibe for managing dyslipidemia; it also evaluates the available evidence that supports the role of ezetimibe as an adjunct non-statin therapy for long-term use. However, the long-term pleiotropic effects of ezetimibe remain controversial because of limited clinical data. Therefore, additional research is needed to clarify its potential benefits beyond LDL-C reduction. Nonetheless, an understanding of the role of ezetimibe in dyslipidemia management will help clinicians to develop effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
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13
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Lewek J, Niedziela J, Desperak P, Dyrbuś K, Osadnik T, Jankowski P, Witkowski A, Bielecka‐Dąbrowa A, Dudek D, Gierlotka M, Gąsior M, Banach M. Intensive Statin Therapy Versus Upfront Combination Therapy of Statin and Ezetimibe in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis Based on the PL-ACS Data. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030414. [PMID: 37671618 PMCID: PMC10547305 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to compare statin monotherapy and upfront combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Methods and Results The study included consecutive patients with ACS included in the PL-ACS (Polish Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes), which is a national, multicenter, ongoing, prospective observational registry that is mandatory for patients with ACS hospitalized in Poland. Data were matched using the Mahalanobis distance within propensity score matching calipers. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis, including all variables, was next used in propensity score matching analysis. Finally, 38 023 consecutive patients with ACS who were discharged alive were included in the analysis. After propensity score matching, 2 groups were analyzed: statin monotherapy (atorvastatin or rosuvastatin; n=768) and upfront combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe (n=768 patients). The difference in mortality between groups was significant during the follow-up and was present at 1 (5.9% versus 3.5%; P=0.041), 2 (7.8% versus 4.3%; P=0.019), and 3 (10.2% versus 5.5%; P=0.024) years of follow-up in favor of the upfront combination therapy, as well as for the overall period. For the treatment, rosuvastatin significantly improved prognosis compared with atorvastatin (odds ratio [OR], 0.790 [95% CI, 0.732-0.853]). Upfront combination therapy was associated with a significant reduction of all-cause mortality in comparison with statin monotherapy (OR, 0.526 [95% CI, 0.378-0.733]), with absolute risk reduction of 4.7% after 3 years (number needed to treat=21). Conclusions The upfront combination lipid-lowering therapy is superior to statin monotherapy for all-cause mortality in patients with ACS. These results suggest that in high-risk patients, such an approach, rather than a stepwise therapy approach, should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lewek
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and LipidologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of AdultsPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodzPoland
| | - Jacek Niedziela
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
- 3rd Department of CardiologySilesian Centre for Heart DiseaseZabrzePoland
| | - Piotr Desperak
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
| | - Krzysztof Dyrbuś
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
- 3rd Department of CardiologySilesian Centre for Heart DiseaseZabrzePoland
| | - Tadeusz Osadnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric CardiologyCentre of Postgraduate Medical EducationWarsawPoland
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Center of Postgraduate Medical EducationSchool of Public HealthWarszawaPoland
| | - Adam Witkowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and AngiologyNational Institute of CardiologyWarszawaPoland
| | - Agata Bielecka‐Dąbrowa
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and LipidologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of AdultsPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodzPoland
| | - Dariusz Dudek
- Interventional Cardiology UnitGVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia HospitalCotignolaItaly
- Institute of CardiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Marek Gierlotka
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of OpoleOpolePoland
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
- 3rd Department of CardiologySilesian Centre for Heart DiseaseZabrzePoland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and LipidologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of AdultsPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodzPoland
- Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of Zielona GoraZielona GoraPoland
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14
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Makhmudova U, Samadifar B, Maloku A, Haxhikadrija P, Geiling JA, Römer R, Lauer B, Möbius-Winkler S, Otto S, Schulze PC, Weingärtner O. Intensive lipid-lowering therapy for early achievement of guideline-recommended LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction ("Jena auf Ziel"). Clin Res Cardiol 2023; 112:1212-1219. [PMID: 36602598 PMCID: PMC10449699 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-022-02147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Currently, less than 20% of patients at very high-risk achieve ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guideline-recommended LDL-C target levels in Europe. "Jena auf Ziel-JaZ" is a prospective cohort study in which early combination therapy with atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg was initiated on admission in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and lipid-lowering therapy was escalated during follow-up with bempedoic acid and PCSK9 inhibitors to achieve recommended LDL-C targets in all patients. Moreover, we evaluated side-effects of lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS Patients admitted with STEMI at Jena University Hospital were started on atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg on admission. Patients were followed for EAS/ESC LDL-C target achievement during follow-up. RESULTS A total of 85 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. On discharge, 32.9% achieved LDL-C targets on atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg. After 4-6 weeks, 80% of all patients on atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe started at the index event were on ESC/EAS LDL-C targets. In 20%, combined lipid-lowering therapy was escalated with either bempedoic acid or PCSK9 inhibitors. All patients achieved LDL-C levels of or below 55 mg/dL during follow-up on triple lipid-lowering therapy. Combined lipid-lowering therapy was well-tolerated with rare side effects. CONCLUSIONS Early combination therapy with a high-intensity statin and ezetimibe and escalation of lipid-lowering therapy with either bempedoic acid or PCSK9 inhibitors gets potentially all patients with STEMI on recommended ESC/EAS LDL-C targets without significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umidakhon Makhmudova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Beasat Samadifar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Aurel Maloku
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Pellumb Haxhikadrija
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Jens-Arndt Geiling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Römer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernward Lauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Möbius-Winkler
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvia Otto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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15
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De Luca L, Riccio C, Navazio A, Valente S, Cipriani M, Corda M, De Nardo A, Francese GM, Napoletano C, Tizzani E, Roncon L, Caldarola P, Gulizia MM, Gabrielli D, Oliva F, Colivicchi F. ANMCO position paper on the management of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023; 25:D312-D322. [PMID: 37213800 PMCID: PMC10194822 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) present a high risk of recurrence and new adverse cardiovascular events after hospital discharge. Elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have been shown to be a causal factor for the development of coronary heart disease, and robust clinical evidence has documented that LDL-C levels decrease linearly correlates with a reduction in cardiovascular events. Recent studies have also demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an early and significant reduction in LDL-C levels in patients with ACS. In this position paper, Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists proposes a decision algorithm on early adoption of lipid-lowering strategies at hospital discharge and short-term follow-up of patients with ACS, in the light of the multiple evidence generated in recent years on the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and the available therapeutic options, considering current reimbursement criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo De Luca
- Corresponding author. Tel: 00390658704419, Fax: 00390658704423, ;
| | - Carmine Riccio
- UOSD Follow-up del Paziente Post-Acuto, Dipartimento Cardio-Vascolare, AORN Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Navazio
- SOC Cardiologia Ospedaliera, Presidio Ospedaliero Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Reggio Emilia 42121, Italy
| | - Serafina Valente
- Dipartimento Cardio-Toracico, AOU Senese, Ospedale Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Manlio Cipriani
- UOC Cardiologia, ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Palermo 90121, Italy
| | - Marco Corda
- S.C. Cardiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera G. Brotzu, Cagliari 09121, Italy
| | - Alfredo De Nardo
- UO Cardiologia-UTIC, Ospedale Civile ‘G. Jazzolino’, Vibo Valentia 89900, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maura Francese
- UOC Cardiologia, Ospedale Garibaldi-Nesima, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e Alta Specializzazione ‘Garibaldi’, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Cosimo Napoletano
- UOC Cardiologia-UTIC-Emodinamica, Presidio Ospedaliero ‘G. Mazzini’, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Tizzani
- Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Ospedale degli Infermi, Rivoli (TO), Torino 10098, Italy
| | - Loris Roncon
- UOC Cardiologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Rovigo 45100, Italy
| | | | - Michele Massimo Gulizia
- UOC Cardiologia, Ospedale Garibaldi-Nesima, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e Alta Specializzazione ‘Garibaldi’, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Domenico Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari, UOC Cardiologia, AO San Camillo-Forlanini, Circonvallazione Gianicolense, 87, 00152 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Oliva
- Unità di Cure Intensive Cardiologiche, Cardiologia 1-Emodinamica, Dipartimento Cardiotoracovascolare ‘A. De Gasperis’, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano 20162, Italy
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- UOC Cardiologia Clinica e Riabilitativa, Presidio Ospedaliero San Filippo Neri—ASL Roma 1, Roma 00176, Italia
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16
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Tufaro V, Serruys PW, Räber L, Bennett MR, Torii R, Gu SZ, Onuma Y, Mathur A, Baumbach A, Bourantas CV. Intravascular imaging assessment of pharmacotherapies targeting atherosclerosis: advantages and limitations in predicting their prognostic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:121-135. [PMID: 35394014 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular imaging has been often used over the recent years to examine the efficacy of emerging therapies targeting plaque evolution. Serial intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, or near-infrared spectroscopy-intravascular ultrasound studies have allowed us to evaluate the effects of different therapies on plaque burden and morphology, providing unique mechanistic insights about the mode of action of these treatments. Plaque burden reduction, a decrease in necrotic core component or macrophage accumulation-which has been associated with inflammation-and an increase in fibrous cap thickness over fibroatheromas have been used as surrogate endpoints to assess the value of several drugs in inhibiting plaque evolution and improving clinical outcomes. However, some reports have demonstrated weak associations between the effects of novel treatments on coronary atheroma and composition and their prognostic implications. This review examines the value of invasive imaging in assessing pharmacotherapies targeting atherosclerosis. It summarizes the findings of serial intravascular imaging studies assessing the effects of different drugs on atheroma burden and morphology and compares them with the results of large-scale trials evaluating their impact on clinical outcome. Furthermore, it highlights the limited efficacy of established intravascular imaging surrogate endpoints in predicting the prognostic value of these pharmacotherapies and introduces alternative imaging endpoints based on multimodality/hybrid intravascular imaging that may enable more accurate assessment of the athero-protective and prognostic effects of emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tufaro
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lorenz Räber
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ryo Torii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Zhaotao Gu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoshinobu Onuma
- Department of Cardiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anthony Mathur
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Baumbach
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christos Vasileios Bourantas
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Windler E, Beil FU, Berthold HK, Gouni-Berthold I, Kassner U, Klose G, Lorkowski S, März W, Parhofer KG, Plat J, Silbernagel G, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Weingärtner O, Zyriax BC, Lütjohann D. Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Risk Evaluated against the Background of Phytosterolemia Cases-A German Expert Panel Statement. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040828. [PMID: 36839186 PMCID: PMC9963617 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) have been proposed as dietary means to lower plasma LDL-C. However, concerns are raised that PSs may exert atherogenic effects, which would offset this benefit. Phytosterolemia was thought to mimic increased plasma PSs observed after the consumption of PS-enriched foods. This expert statement examines the possibility of specific atherogenicity of PSs based on sterol metabolism, experimental, animal, and human data. Observational studies show no evidence that plasma PS concentrations would be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular (CV) events. Since variants of the ABCG5/8 transporter affect the absorption of cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols, Mendelian randomization studies examining the effects of ABCG5/8 polymorphisms cannot support or refute the potential atherogenic effects of PSs due to pleiotropy. In homozygous patients with phytosterolemia, total PS concentrations are ~4000% higher than under physiological conditions. The prevalence of atherosclerosis in these individuals is variable and may mainly relate to concomitant elevated LDL-C. Consuming PS-enriched foods increases PS concentrations by ~35%. Hence, PSs, on a molar basis, would need to have 20-40 times higher atherogenicity than cholesterol to offset their cholesterol reduction benefit. Based on their LDL-C lowering and absence of adverse safety signals, PSs offer a dietary approach to cholesterol management. However, their clinical benefits have not been established in long-term CV endpoint studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Windler
- Preventive Medicine, University Heart Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52-Bldg. N26, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Ulrich Beil
- Ambulanzzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiner K. Berthold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Bethel Clinic, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ursula Kassner
- Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Klose
- Praxen Dres. T. Beckenbauer & S. Maierhof, Am Markt 11, 28195 Bremen und Dres. I. van de Loo & K. Spieker, Gerold Janssen Straße 2 A, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Science and Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- SYNLAB Akademie für Ärztliche Fortbildung, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, P5,7, 68161 Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Klaus G. Parhofer
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Günter Silbernagel
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- Arbeitsbereich Lipidstoffwechsel der Medizinischen Klinik für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselmedizin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätskliniken Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit-Christiane Zyriax
- Midwifery Science—Health Care Research and Prevention, Research Group, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Cai R, Chang C, Zhong X, Su Q. Lowering of Blood Lipid Levels with a Combination of Pitavastatin and Ezetimibe in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2023.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: According to the findings of randomized controlled trials, blood lipid levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) can be significantly decreased through a combination of pitavastatin and ezetimibe; however, the effects and clinical applications of this treatment remain controversial. This meta-analysis was aimed at objectively assessing the efficacy and safety of pitavastatin and ezetimibe in lowering blood lipid levels.
Design: Relevant studies were retrieved from electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and WanFang Data, from database inception to June 8, 2022. The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients’ serum after treatment were the primary endpoint.
Results: Nine randomized controlled trials (2586 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis indicated that pitavastatin plus ezetimibe resulted in significantly lower levels of LDL-C [standardized mean difference (SMD)=−0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) (−1.15 to −0.58), P<0.01], TC [SMD=−0.84, 95% CI (−1.10 to −0.59), P<0.01], and TG [SMD=−0.59, 95% CI (−0.89 to −0.28), P<0.01] than pitavastatin alone.
Conclusions: Pitavastatin plus ezetimibe significantly decreased serum LDL-C, TC, and TG levels in patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Nanning People’s Hospital, Nanning, 530031, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Guilin Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541000, China
| | - Xingjie Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Nanning People’s Hospital, Nanning, 530031, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Cardiology, Guilin Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541000, China
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Huang J, Li H, Wang X, Liang X, Zhao T, Hu J, Bai H, Ge J, Sun S, He J. Impacts of ezetimibe on risks of various types of cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer Prev 2023; 32:89-97. [PMID: 35352704 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezetimibe is a widely used medication to reduce the plasma cholesterol level, particularly low-density lipoprotein level. However, its impact on cancer remains controversial. Here, its impacts on risks of various types of cancers were meta-analyzed. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched and randomized controlled trials with followed up for at least 24 weeks were selected and included. The experimental group was defined as those patients treated with ezetimibe alone or with other medications, and the control group was defined as those who received a placebo or the matched medication. The number of new cancer cases or cancer-related deaths was extracted. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (version 5.3). RESULTS Nine trials enrolling 35 222 patients were included in the analyses. Compared with the control group, ezetimibe increased the number of new intestine cancer patients [relative risk (RR), 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.67; P = 0.03] and had a trend to increase the number of new breast cancer patients (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.98-1.98; P = 0.07). There was no significant difference in new hepatobiliary cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer or cancer of other sites. Ezetimibe did not significantly increase the risk of new cancer in total (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96-1.11; P = 0.38), cancer-related death (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.98-1.26; P = 0.10) or cancer events (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.12; P = 0.30). In terms of lipid-lowering effect, ezetimibe significantly reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION Ezetimibe may increase the risk of intestine cancer and has a trend of increasing the risk of breast cancer. There is no evidence to support that it increases or decreases the risk of other types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Huijing Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xi Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Tianhe Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Haiyan Bai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianli Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shijiang Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jianming He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Gastroenterology Research (Hebei), Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Aeschbacher‐Germann M, Kaiser N, Speierer A, Blum MR, Bauer DC, Del Giovane C, Aujesky D, Gencer B, Rodondi N, Moutzouri E. Lipid-Lowering Trials Are Not Representative of Patients Managed in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exclusion Criteria. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 12:e026551. [PMID: 36565207 PMCID: PMC9973576 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) might not be representative of the real-world population because of unreasonable exclusion criteria. We sought to determine which groups of patients are excluded from RCTs that included lipid-lowering therapy. Methods and Results We retrieved all trials from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration and systematically searched for large (≥1000 participants) lipid-lowering therapy RCTs, defined as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors. We predefined groups: older adults (>70 or >75 years), women, non-Whites, chronic kidney failure, heart failure, immunosuppression, cancer, dementia, treated thyroid disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental illness, atrial fibrillation, multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases), and polypharmacy. We counted the number of RCTs excluding patients of the predefined groups and meta-analyzed the prevalence of included patients to obtain pooled estimates with a random-effects model. We included 42 RCTs (298 605 patients). Eighty-one percent of trials excluded patients with severe and 76% those with moderate kidney failure. Seventy-one percent of trials excluded groups of women, 64% excluded patients with moderate to severe heart failure, 64% those with immunosuppressant conditions, 48% those with cancer, 29% those with dementia, and 29% of trials excluded older adults. The pooled prevalence for patients >70 years of age was 25% (95% CI, 0%-49%), 11% (3%-18%) for >75 years of age, and 51% (38%-63%) for multimorbidity. Conclusions The majority of lipid-lowering therapy trials excluded patients with common diseases, such as moderate-to-severe kidney disease or heart failure or with immunosuppression. Underrepresenting certain populations, including women and older adults, might lead to limited transportability of study results and uncertainty on possible side-effects and efficacy in these groups. Future trials should promote diversity in the recruitment strategies and improve equity in cardiovascular research. Registration URL: ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifier: CRD42021253909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Aeschbacher‐Germann
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernSwitzerland
| | - Nathalie Kaiser
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernSwitzerland
| | - Alexandre Speierer
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland
| | - Manuel R. Blum
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernSwitzerland
| | - Douglas C. Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
| | | | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland
| | - Baris Gencer
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernSwitzerland,Division of CardiologyGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernSwitzerland
| | - Elisavet Moutzouri
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernSwitzerland,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernSwitzerland
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21
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Liao G, Wang X, Li Y, Chen X, Huang K, Bai L, Ye Y, Peng Y. Antidyslipidemia Pharmacotherapy in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010006. [PMID: 36678635 PMCID: PMC9862001 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The benefits and safety of antidyslipidemia pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic kidney disease were not well defined so the latest evidence was summarized by this work. METHODS This systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) included searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to 28 February 2022, for randomized controlled trials of any antilipidaemic medications administered to adults with chronic kidney disease [CKD: defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 not undergoing transplantation], using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS 55 trials and 30 works of them were included in our systematic review and NMA, respectively. In comparisons with no antidyslipidemia therapy or placebo, proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 9 inhibitors plus statin (PS) was the most effective drug regimen for reducing all-cause mortality (OR 0.62, 95% CI [0.40, 0.93]; GRADE: moderate), followed by moderate-high intensity statin (HS, OR 0.76, 95% CI [0.60, 0.93]; I2 = 66.9%; GRADE: moderate). PS, HS, low-moderate statin (LS), ezetimibe plus statin (ES), and fibrates (F) significantly decreased the composite cardiovascular events. The subgroup analysis revealed the null effect of statins on death (OR 0.92, 95% CI [0.81, 1.04]) and composite cardiovascular events (OR 0.94, 95% CI [0.82, 1.07]) in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION In nondialysis CKD patients, statin-based therapies could significantly and safely reduce all-cause death and major composite cardiovascular events despite the presence of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL-c levels. Aggressive medication regimens, PS and HS, appeared to be more effective, especially in patients with established CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Liao
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ke Huang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuyang Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-85423362; Fax: +86-28-85423169
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22
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Elserafy AS, Bendary A, Elbahry A, Farag E, Mostafa T, Sanad O, Elkersh A, Selim M, Ragy H, Khamis H, Abdo W, Reda A. The Egyptian Association of Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis (EAVA) Perspectives on the Usage of Inclisiran. Cardiol Ther 2022; 11:461-471. [PMID: 36053454 PMCID: PMC9652189 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-022-00277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is still a hugely unmet need in the reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In the published CardioRisk project in Egypt, up to 71% of female participants had dyslipidemia. Control of LDL-c levels and thus improvement of hyperlipidemia is quite often very difficult. With the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, the decrease of significant cardiac adverse events, the patient control rate, and the death rate have all been improved. Inhibition of the formation of PCSK9 through inclisiran, which is a novel method of reducing LDL-c and is only given twice per year, seems alluring. After revision of published data, we analyzed the potential advantages of the use of inclisiran. CONCLUSION The Egyptian Association for Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis (EAVA) analyzed the data necessary for obtaining clear indications for the usage of inclisiran. We propose the addition of inclisiran to statins with or without ezetimibe for patients with documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or similar risk, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with another major risk factor, and very high and high risk diabetes mellitus, who did not reach LDL-c goals and/or with true statin intolerance. Inclisiran is also recommended as upfront therapy, with triple combination, in extreme risk subjects such as those with post acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Bendary
- Department of Cardiology, Benha University, Behna, Egypt.
| | - Atef Elbahry
- Cardiology Unit, Port Foad Centre, Port Foad, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Farag
- Department of Cardiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tamer Mostafa
- Department of Cardiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Osama Sanad
- Department of Cardiology, Benha University, Behna, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elkersh
- Department of Cardiology, Menufiya University, Menufiya, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Selim
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany Ragy
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hazem Khamis
- Department of Cardiology, MTI University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waleed Abdo
- Department of Cardiology, Menufiya University, Menufiya, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Reda
- Department of Cardiology, Menufiya University, Menufiya, Egypt
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23
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Banach M, Surma S, Reiner Z, Katsiki N, Penson PE, Fras Z, Sahebkar A, Paneni F, Rizzo M, Kastelein J. Personalized management of dyslipidemias in patients with diabetes-it is time for a new approach (2022). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:263. [PMID: 36443827 PMCID: PMC9706947 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (DMT2) is one of the worst controlled worldwide, with only about 1/4 of patients being on the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target. There are many reasons of this, including physicians' inertia, including diabetologists and cardiologists, therapy nonadherence, but also underusage and underdosing of lipid lowering drugs due to unsuitable cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification. In the last several years there is a big debate on the risk stratification of DMT2 patients, with the strong indications that all patients with diabetes should be at least at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Moreover, we have finally lipid lowering drugs, that not only allow for the effective reduction of LDL-C and do not increase the risk of new onset diabetes (NOD), and/or glucose impairment; in the opposite, some of them might effectively improve glucose control. One of the most interesting is pitavastatin, which is now available in Europe, with the best metabolic profile within statins (no risk of NOD, improvement of fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, HbA1c), bempedoic acid (with the potential for the reduction of NOD risk), innovative therapies-PCSK9 inhibitors and inclisiran with no DMT2 risk increase, and new forthcoming therapies, including apabetalone and obicetrapib-for the latter one with the possibility of even decreasing the number of patients diagnosed with prediabetes and DMT2. Altogether, nowadays we have possibility to individualize lipid lowering therapy in DMT2 patients and increase the number of patients on LDL-C goal without any risk of new onset diabetes and/or diabetes control worsening, and in consequence to reduce the risk of CVD complications due to progression of atherosclerosis in this patients' group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland ,grid.415071.60000 0004 0575 4012Department of Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland ,grid.28048.360000 0001 0711 4236Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Stanisław Surma
- grid.411728.90000 0001 2198 0923Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland ,Club of Young Hypertensiologists, Polish Society of Hypertension, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zeljko Reiner
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Internal Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Niki Katsiki
- grid.449057.b0000 0004 0416 1485Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece ,grid.440838.30000 0001 0642 7601School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Peter E. Penson
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK ,grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zlatko Fras
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705Department of Vascular Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Francesco Paneni
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Promise Department, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy ,grid.510259.a0000 0004 5950 6858College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - John Kastelein
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Pedicino D, Volpe M. Combination of ezetimibe and moderate-intensity statin for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a paradigm shift in lipid management landscape. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:4227-4228. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli—IRCCS , Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Cardiology Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant’Andrea Hospital , Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, Rome 00189 , Italy
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Extent of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Benefit: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 81:35-44. [PMID: 36027598 PMCID: PMC9812424 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lipid-modifying agents steadily lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with the aim of reducing mortality. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine whether all-cause or cardiovascular (CV) mortality effect size for lipid-lowering therapy varied according to the magnitude of LDL-C reduction. Electronic databases were searched, including PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov , from inception to December 31, 2019. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials that compared lipid-modifying agents (statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK-9 inhibitors) versus placebo, standard or usual care or intensive versus less-intensive LDL-C-lowering therapy in adults, with or without known history of CV disease with a follow-up of at least 52 weeks. All-cause and CV mortality as primary end points, myocardial infarction, stroke, and non-CV death as secondary end points. Absolute risk differences [ARD (ARDs) expressed as incident events per 1000 person-years], number needed to treat (NNT), and rate ratios (RR) were assessed. Sixty randomized controlled trials totaling 323,950 participants were included. Compared with placebo, usual care or less-intensive therapy, active or more potent lipid-lowering therapy reduced the risk of all-cause death [ARD -1.33 (-1.89 to -0.76); NNT 754 (529-1309); RR 0.92 (0.89-0.96)]. Intensive LDL-C percent lowering was not associated with further reductions in all-cause mortality [ARD -0.27 (-1.24 to 0.71); RR 1.00 (0.94-1.06)]. Intensive LDL-C percent lowering did not further reduce CV mortality [ARD -0.28 (-0.83 to 0.38); RR 1.02 (0.94-1.09)]. Our findings indicate that risk reduction varies across subgroups and that overall NNTs are high. Identifying patient subgroups who benefit the most from LDL-C levels reduction is clinically relevant and necessary.
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Kim BK, Hong SJ, Lee YJ, Hong SJ, Yun KH, Hong BK, Heo JH, Rha SW, Cho YH, Lee SJ, Ahn CM, Kim JS, Ko YG, Choi D, Jang Y, Hong MK. Long-term efficacy and safety of moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe combination therapy versus high-intensity statin monotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (RACING): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2022; 400:380-390. [PMID: 35863366 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug combinations rather than increasing doses of one drug can achieve greater efficacy and lower risks. Thus, as an alternative to high-intensity statin monotherapy, moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe combination therapy can lower LDL cholesterol concentrations effectively while reducing adverse effects. However, evidence from randomised trials to compare long-term clinical outcomes is needed. METHODS In this randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial, patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) at 26 clinical centres in South Korea were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe combination therapy (rosuvastatin 10 mg with ezetimibe 10 mg) or high-intensity statin monotherapy (rosuvastatin 20 mg). The primary endpoint was the 3-year composite of cardiovascular death, major cardiovascular events, or non-fatal stroke, in the intention-to-treat population with a non-inferiority margin of 2·0%. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03044665 and is complete. FINDINGS Between Feb 14, 2017, and Dec 18, 2018, 3780 patients were enrolled: 1894 patients to the combination therapy group and 1886 to the high-intensity statin monotherapy group. The primary endpoint occurred in 172 patients (9·1%) in the combination therapy group and 186 patients (9·9%) in the high-intensity statin monotherapy group (absolute difference -0·78%; 90% CI -2·39 to 0·83). LDL cholesterol concentrations of less than 70 mg/dL at 1, 2, and 3 years were observed in 73%, 75%, and 72% of patients in the combination therapy group, and 55%, 60%, and 58% of patients in the high-intensity statin monotherapy group (all p<0·0001). Discontinuation or dose reduction of the study drug by intolerance was observed in 88 patients (4·8%) and 150 patients (8·2%), respectively (p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Among patients with ASCVD, moderate-intensity statin with ezetimibe combination therapy was non-inferior to high-intensity statin monotherapy for the 3-year composite outcomes with a higher proportion of patients with LDL cholesterol concentrations of less than 70 mg/dL and lower intolerance-related drug discontinuation or dose reduction. FUNDING Hanmi Pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Keuk Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jung Ho Heo
- Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | | | | | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Min Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Guk Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Department of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea.
| | - Myeong-Ki Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Khan SU, Yedlapati SH, Lone AN, Hao Q, Guyatt G, Delvaux N, Bekkering GET, Vandvik PO, Riaz IB, Li S, Aertgeerts B, Rodondi N. PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe with or without statin therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2022; 377:e069116. [PMID: 35508321 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the impact of ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in adults taking maximally tolerated statin therapy or who are statin intolerant. DESIGN Network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library up to 31 December 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomised controlled trials of ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors with ≥500 patients and follow-up of ≥6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We performed frequentist fixed-effects network meta-analysis and GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation) to assess certainty of evidence. Results included relative risks (RR) and absolute risks per 1000 patients treated for five years for non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal stroke, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. We estimated absolute risk differences assuming constant RR (estimated from network meta-analysis) across different baseline therapies and cardiovascular risk thresholds; the PREDICT risk calculator estimated cardiovascular risk in primary and secondary prevention. Patients were categorised at low to very high cardiovascular risk. A guideline panel and systematic review authors established the minimal important differences (MID) of 12 per 1000 for MI and 10 per 1000 for stroke. RESULTS We identified 14 trials assessing ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors among 83 660 adults using statins. Adding ezetimibe to statins reduced MI (RR 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.94)) and stroke (RR 0.82 (0.71 to 0.96)) but not all-cause mortality (RR 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06)) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.97 (0.87 to 1.09)). Similarly, adding PCSK9 inhibitor to statins reduced MI (0.81 (0.76 to 0.87)) and stroke (0.74 (0.64 to 0.85)) but not all-cause (0.95 (0.87 to 1.03)) or cardiovascular mortality (0.95 (0.87 to 1.03)). Among adults with very high cardiovascular risk, adding PCSK9 inhibitor was likely to reduce MI (16 per 1000) and stroke (21 per 1000) (moderate to high certainty); whereas adding ezetimibe was likely to reduce stroke (14 per 1000), but the reduction of MI (11 per 1000) (moderate certainty) did not reach MID. Adding ezetimibe to PCSK9 inhibitor and statin may reduce stroke (11 per 1000), but the reduction of MI (9 per 1000) (low certainty) did not reach MID. Adding PCSK9 inhibitors to statins and ezetimibe may reduce MI (14 per 1000) and stroke (17 per 1000) (low certainty). Among adults with high cardiovascular risk, adding PCSK9 inhibitor probably reduced MI (12 per 1000) and stroke (16 per 1000) (moderate certainty); adding ezetimibe probably reduced stroke (11 per 1000), but the reduction in MI did not achieve MID (8 per 1000) (moderate certainty). Adding ezetimibe to PCSK9 inhibitor and statins did not reduce outcomes beyond MID, while adding PCSK9 inhibitor to ezetimibe and statins may reduce stroke (13 per 1000). These effects were consistent in statin-intolerant patients. Among moderate and low cardiovascular risk groups, adding PCSK9 inhibitor or ezetimibe to statins yielded little or no benefit for MI and stroke. CONCLUSIONS Ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitors may reduce non-fatal MI and stroke in adults at very high or high cardiovascular risk who are receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy or are statin-intolerant, but not in those with moderate and low cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safi U Khan
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siva H Yedlapati
- Department of Medicine, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ahmad N Lone
- Guthrie Health System/Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA, USA
| | - Qiukui Hao
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics/National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nicolas Delvaux
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care and MAGIC Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Per Olav Vandvik
- Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation
| | - Irbaz Bin Riaz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Sheyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Guideline and Rapid Recommendation, Cochrane China Center, MAGIC China Center, Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care and MAGIC Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Analyzing IMPROVE-IT Beyond LDL Cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:e151-e152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ri T, Saito C, Arashi H, Yamaguchi J, Ogawa H, Hagiwara N. Increased left atrial volume index is associated with more cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: HIJ-PROPER study findings. Echocardiography 2022; 39:260-267. [PMID: 35043458 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between the left atrial volume index (LAVI) and the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who did not have atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS In this sub-analysis of the HIJ-PROPER study, 226 ACS patients who did not have a history of AF were enrolled. Participants were divided into two groups according to the LAVI cut-off level calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict the primary endpoint, and cardiovascular events were compared between groups. The primary endpoint was the first occurrence of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure. RESULTS ROC curve analysis for the occurrence of composite of cardiovascular events indicated a LAVI cut-off point of 34 mL/m2 . Based on this, 131 patients (58.0%) were in the LAVI < 34 mL/m2 group and 95 (42.0%) were in the LAVI ≥ 34 mL/m2 group. Over a median follow-up period of 4.0 years [interquartile range: 3.2, 5.1], cardiovascular events were noted in 7 and 15 patients in the LAVI < 34 mL/m2 and LAVI ≥ 34 mL/m2 groups, corresponding to an incidence rate of 5.3% and 15.8%, respectively. Patients with a LAVI value ≥ 34 mL/m2 had a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular events than those with a LAVI value < 34 mL/m2 (hazard ratio: 2.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.19-7.22; P = .014). The tendency was similar after adjusting for several confounders (P = .025). CONCLUSION In ACS patients without AF, elevated LAVI was associated with increased cardiovascular events. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION International standard randomized controlled trial (URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp; UMIN000002742).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonre Ri
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arashi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Drug treatment to reduce cholesterol to new target levels is now recommended in four moderate- to high-risk patient populations: patients who have already sustained a cardiovascular event, adult diabetic patients, individuals with low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ≥190 mg/dL and individuals with an estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk ≥7.5%. Achieving these cholesterol target levels did not confer any additional benefit in a systematic review of 35 randomised controlled trials. Recommending cholesterol lowering treatment based on estimated cardiovascular risk fails to identify many high-risk patients and may lead to unnecessary treatment of low-risk individuals. The negative results of numerous cholesterol lowering randomised controlled trials call into question the validity of using low density lipoprotein cholesterol as a surrogate target for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert DuBroff
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Aseem Malhotra
- Visiting Professor of Evidence-Based Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
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31
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Ma W, Pan Q, Pan D, Xu T, Zhu H, Li D. Efficacy and Safety of Lipid-Lowering Drugs of Different Intensity on Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713007. [PMID: 34744709 PMCID: PMC8567017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many meta-analyses for statins, ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) to evaluate clinical outcomes, but the efficacy and safety of different intensity of these three drugs on clinical outcomes was absent. PCSK9i, ezetimibe, and statins were divided into seven interventions as follows: including PCSK9i + high-intensity statins (P9i+HT), PCSK9i + moderate-intensity statins (P9i+MT), ezetimibe + high-intensity statins (Eze+HT), ezetimibe + moderate-intensity statins (Eze+MT), high-intensity statins (HT), moderate-intensity statins (MT), and low-intensity statins (LT). The risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the clinical outcomes in all randomized controlled trials included. In traditional meta-analysis, the more intensive treatment had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88-0.95), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.92), myocardial infarction (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.77-0.81), coronary revascularization (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84), and cerebrovascular events (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.80-0.88) compared with the less intensive treatment. However, the more intensive treatment had a higher risk of new-onset diabetes (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.12). The network meta-analysis demonstrated that P9i+HT, P9i+MT, HT, and MT were significantly associated with a risk reduction in coronary revascularization and cerebrovascular events compared with PLBO. LT could effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54-0.92), MI (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54-0.82), and coronary revascularization (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.65-0.91) compared with PLBO. P9i+HT was superior to HT in reducing the risk of MI (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.68-0.90), coronary revascularization (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.96), and cerebrovascular events (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.95). However, compared with PLBO, P9i+HT, HT, and MT could increase the risk of new-onset diabetes (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11-1.37; RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14-1.33; RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.15, respectively). In conclusion, PCSK9i added to background statins may be recommended as preferred lipid-lowering therapy, and did not increase the additional risk of new-onset diabetes. The safety and efficacy of ezetimibe was not superior to that of statins. LT can be recommended as the initial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinyuan Pan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Defeng Pan
- Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
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Makhmudova U, Schulze PC, Davis HR, Weingärtner O. Lipid lowering in patients 75 years and older. World J Cardiol 2021; 13:526-532. [PMID: 34754397 PMCID: PMC8554361 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v13.i10.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than twenty years ago, knowledge about the importance of cholesterol absorption and the potential therapeutic effect of its inhibition led to the discovery and clinical application of the first and only cholesterol absorption inhibitor to date – ezetimibe. Since then, ezetimibe has become a well-recognized player in lipid-lowering therapy. Recent findings of IMPROVE-IT and EWTOPIA 75 imply that elderly patients over the age of 75 years in particular benefit from ezetimibe. This review summarizes the evidence, discusses the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and calls for a change in future dyslipidemia guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harry R Davis
- Synergy Partners RD Solutions, Synergy Partners RD Solutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20850, United States
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
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Chanduluru HK, Sugumaran A. Estimation of pitavastatin and ezetimibe using UPLC by a combined approach of analytical quality by design with green analytical technique. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current study explores a design and development of the simple, fast, green and selective novel method of UPLC to quantify pitavastatin and ezetimibe simultaneously. The combined approach of Green Analytical Method with Quality by Design-based risk assessment was done using the Ishikawa fishbone diagram followed by a rotatable central composite design used for the optimization. The optimal chromatographic separation was attained through a mobile phase of 72: 28% v/v ethanol and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (pH 3.5), with a 0.31 mL min−1 flow rate. The developed UPLC-PDA method was sensitive and specific for pitavastatin and ezetimibe, with linearity ranging from 2 to 30, 10–150 μg mL−1 with an R2 of 0.9999 and 0.9997, respectively. The forced degradation study of stability-indicating assay results shows the degradation in respective stress conditions. The developed UPLC method was validated and found to have sensible results with good linearity, accuracy and precision. Further, the greenness was evaluated using five states of art metrics like NEMI, GAPI, AES, AMGS, and AGREE metrics and found the greenest results. Based on the results we concluded that the developed UPLC method could be efficient for the simultaneous determination of pitavastatin and ezetimibe in bulk and tablet dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimanyu Sugumaran
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
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Inagaki Y, Arashi H, Yamaguchi J, Ogawa H, Hagiwara N. Greater Change in the Eicosapentaenoic Acid to Arachidonic Acid Ratio Is Associated With Decreased Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Elevated Triglyceride Levels. Circ J 2021; 85:1746-1753. [PMID: 33814529 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether the percentage change (%Δ) in the eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) ratio is associated with cardiovascular event rates among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients receiving contemporary lipid-lowering therapy other than polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).Methods and Results:This post hoc subanalysis of the HIJ-PROPER study included PUFA-naïve patients for whom EPA/AA ratio data were available at baseline and after 3 months. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the median %ΔEPA/AA ratio: Group 1, change less than the median; and Group 2, change greater than or equal to the median. The 3-year rates of the primary endpoint, a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and unstable angina pectoris, were compared between the 2 groups. The median %ΔEPA/AA ratio in Groups 1 and 2 was -26.2% (n=482 patients [49.9%]) and 42.2% (n=483 patients [50.1%]), respectively. At the 3-year follow-up, the occurrence of the primary endpoint was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 (29/483 [6.0%] vs. 53/482 [11.0%]; hazard ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.82; P=0.005). The same trend was observed after adjusting for patient factors (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Among ACS patients receiving contemporary lipid-lowering therapy other than PUFAs, a greater change in the EPA/AA ratio was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Hiroyuki Arashi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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35
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[Saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular risk : Is a revision of the recommendations on nutrition indicated?]. Herz 2021; 47:354-365. [PMID: 34554285 PMCID: PMC9355924 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Die „Fetthypothese der koronaren Herzkrankheit“, derzufolge „gesättigte Fettsäuren“ („saturated fatty acids“, SFA) die LDL(„low-density lipoprotein“)-Cholesterin-Konzentration (LDL-C) steigern und folglich das Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen erhöhen, prägte die Ernährungsempfehlungen der letzten 60 Jahre, zunächst in den USA und später auch in Europa. Über die Jahre mehrte sich Evidenz aus Epidemiologie und kontrollierten klinischen Studien, dass der Konsum von SFA per se nicht mit einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko einhergeht bzw. die Einschränkung des Konsums von SFA keine präventive Wirkung zeigt. Die Fokussierung auf den SFA-Gehalt negiert die biologisch heterogenen und zum Teil biologisch günstigen Wirkungen unterschiedlicher SFA. Zudem wird hierbei außer Acht gelassen, dass SFA in intakten Lebensmitteln in unterschiedliche komplexe Matrizes eingebunden sind, die aus Dutzenden Nährstoffen mit unterschiedlicher Struktur und Begleitstoffen bestehen und damit jeweils unterschiedliche biologische Antworten und metabolische Effekte auslösen. Entsprechend sind solche nährstoffbasierten Empfehlungen prinzipiell wenig zielführend und zudem schlecht umsetzbar. Hinzu kommt, dass LDL‑C kein geeigneter Marker ist, um den Effekt von Lebensstilintervention wie der Ernährung oder aber der körperlichen Aktivität auf das globale kardiovaskuläre Risiko zu beurteilen.
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36
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Sone M, Saito C, Arashi H, Yamaguchi J, Ogawa H, Hagiwara N. Association between elevated left ventricular mass index and increased cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A sub-analysis of the HIJ-PROPER study. Echocardiography 2021; 38:1567-1573. [PMID: 34346521 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess the association between left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) under standard ACS management. METHODS AND RESULTS This study is the sub-analysis of the HIJ-PROPER study. A total of 299 patients who had echocardiographic LVMI data were included in the current analysis. The participants were divided into four groups according to the LVMI quartile [quartile 1 (Q1), 77 (25.8%); quartile 2 (Q2), 73 (24.4%); quartile 3 (Q3), 74 (24.7%); and quartile 4 (Q4), 75 (25.1%)]. The incidence of cardiovascular events was compared among the four groups. The primary endpoint was defined as the composite endpoint of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure. Mean LVMI in the four groups was 68.1±8.6, 86.2±3.8, 101.1±4.9, and 126.0±18.5 g/m2 , respectively. The primary endpoint was noted in 4, 4, 7, and 14 patients in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, corresponding to an incidence of 5.2%, 5.5%, 9.5%, and 18.7%, respectively (p = 0.03 for difference among four groups). The cumulative incidence of the primary endpoint was significantly higher in patients in Q4 than in those in Q1 and Q2 [hazard ratio (HR) 3.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23-11.4; p = 0.02 for Q4 vs Q1; HR 3.43; 95% CI, 1.13-10.4; p = 0.03 for Q4 vs Q2]. This tendency was noted even after adjusting for patient characteristics and echocardiography parameters (p = 0.039 for Q4 vs Q1). CONCLUSION Elevated LVMI was associated with increased cardiovascular events in patients with ACS under standard management. Adequately powered studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Sone
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arashi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou R, Stouffer GA, Smith SC. Targeting the Cholesterol Paradigm in the Risk Reduction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Does the Mechanism of Action of Pharmacotherapy Matter for Clinical Outcomes? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:533-549. [PMID: 34138676 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211023632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been labeled as "bad" cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as "good" cholesterol. The prevailing hypothesis is that lowering blood cholesterol levels, especially LDL-C, reduces vascular deposition and retention of cholesterol or apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins which are atherogenic. We review herein the clinical trial data on different pharmacological approaches to lowering blood cholesterol and propose that the mechanism of action of cholesterol lowering, as well as the amplitude of cholesterol reduction, are critically important in leading to improved clinical outcomes in ASCVD. The effects of bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, niacin, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, apolipoprotein A-I and HDL mimetics, apoB regulators, acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, statins, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, among other strategies are reviewed. Clinical evidence supports that different classes of cholesterol lowering or lipoprotein regulating approaches yielded variable effects on ASCVD outcomes, especially in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Statins are the most widely used cholesterol lowering agents and have the best proven cardiovascular event and survival benefits. Manipulating cholesterol levels by specific targeting of apoproteins or lipoproteins has not yielded clinical benefit. Understanding why lowering LDL-C by different approaches varies in clinical outcomes of ASCVD, especially in survival benefit, may shed further light on our evolving understanding of how cholesterol and its carrier lipoproteins are involved in ASCVD and aid in developing effective pharmacological strategies to improve the clinical outcomes of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihai Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 2332University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - George A Stouffer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 2332University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sidney C Smith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 2332University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Jin S, Nie X, Li Y, Yuan J, Cui Y, Zhao L. Effect of More Intensive LDL-C-Lowering Therapy on Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Early-Phase Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2021; 43:e217-e229. [PMID: 34092409 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of more intensive LDL-C-lowering therapy (ILLT) on long-term cardiovascular outcomes during the early phase of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) remains uncertain. We aimed to explore the influence of more intensive LDL-C-lowering therapyduring the early disease phase on long-term cardiovascular events among patients with ACSs. METHODS Randomized controlled trials that focused on the effect of more ILLT during early-phase ACSs on long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were searched in electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases) from database inception until November 23, 2019. The end points included the incidence of MACEs, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, heart failure, and death events. Study risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tools. Fixed- or random-effects models and meta-regression were performed to evaluate the association between baseline/proportional reduction of LDL-C levels during early-phase disease and the risk of end points using risk ratios with 95% CIs. FINDINGS A total of 53,199 participants were involved from 19 studies. The risk of MACEs decreased by 17% (95% CI, 0.76-0.90; P = 0.0012) for more intensive versus control therapy but varied by baseline and proportional reduction of LDL-C levels during early disease phase. The risk reduction of MACEs for more intensive versus control therapy among different subgroups was 26% (95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = 0.06) with a baseline level >130 mg/dL, 23% (95% CI, 0.63-0.94; P = 0.02) with a baseline level of 100 to 130 mg/dL, and 10% (95% CI, 0.83-0.99; P = 0.07) with a baseline level <100 mg/dL. A significant difference of risk reduction for MACEs existed between patients treated with statin plus ezetimibe versus statin alone in the subgroup with a baseline level >130 mg/dL and proportional reduction >50%. Patients treated with more intensive therapy benefited from reduced risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, and heart failure compared with control therapy. IMPLICATIONS More ILLT during early disease phase could significantly reduce the risk of long-term cardiovascular outcome in patients with ACSs. This benefit was most pronounced in patients with higher baseline and larger reduction of LDL-C levels in MACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Jin
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Nie
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Libo Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
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Tan H, Liu L, Zheng Q, Zhang D, Liu Q, Cui D, Gao L, Wang Z, Wang WL, Liu J. Effects of Combined Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Variability and Cardiovascular Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3389-3398. [PMID: 34018147 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the effect of combined lipid-lowering therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) variability and cardiovascular adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS A total of 200 patients with acute coronary syndrome, admitted to the first Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2018 to June 2019, were randomly divided into the observation group (100 cases were treated with combined lipid-lowering drugs, including 10 mg/day atorvastatin and 10 mg/day ezetimibe) and the control group (100 cases were given an intensive statin regimen, including 40 mg/day atorvastatin). The levels of blood lipids, creatine kinase (CK), alanine transaminase (ALT), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were observed and compared between the two groups. Focus was laid on the concentration of the above-mentioned parameters and follow-up results including the drug safety and incidence of cardiovascular adverse events. RESULTS Before treatment, there was no significant difference in total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), CK, ALT, MMP-9, hsCRP and LDL-C between the two groups (P > 0.05). After 6 months, 12 months and 24 months of treatment, TC, HDL-C, CK, ALT, MMP-9, hsCRP and LDL-C were improved in both groups, and TC, HDL-C, CK, ALT, MMP-9, hsCRP and LDL-C in the observation group elicited greater results than those in the control group with significant difference (P < 0.05). In the course of treatment, the drug safety of the two groups was compared (P > 0.05), and the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (6.59% vs. 11.96%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Combination therapy with atorvastatin and ezetimibe potentially provides remarkable effects in terms of treating acute coronary syndrome, controlling the variation of LDL-C, alleviating the inflammatory state and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events with a safe profile. Combined lipid-lowering drugs are considered valid and alternative approaches for wide clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilian Tan
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qinghou Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dahong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dong Cui
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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LDL-cholesterol reduction in chronic kidney disease: options beyond statins. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:480-488. [PMID: 32701596 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is a key modifiable cause of ASCVD and lowering LDL-C with statins reduces the risk of ASCVD events in a wide range of populations, including those with CKD. This review considers the utility of recently developed nonstatin LDL-C-lowering therapies in CKD. RECENT FINDINGS The cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, reduces LDL-C by 15-20% and is well tolerated in CKD. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduce LDL-C by 50-60% and reduce the risk of ASCVD events. However, these agents require self-administration by subcutaneous injection every 2-4 weeks. The PCSK9 synthesis inhibitor, inclisiran, is administered approximately 6 monthly and may be more suitable for widespread use, although outcome trials are awaited. These PCSK9 targeting therapies require no dose adjustment in CKD and have no drug interactions. SUMMARY Statins and ezetimibe are safe and reduce ASCVD risk in CKD populations. PCSK9 targeting agents may be useful in high-risk CKD patients, including those with prior ASCVD.
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Ogiso M, Yamaguchi J, Otsuki H, Arashi H, Sekiguchi H, Ogawa H, Hagiwara N. Association between anemia and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and contemporary lipid-lowering therapy. Heart Vessels 2021; 36:1626-1634. [PMID: 33839923 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite a clear correlation between anemia and mortality in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS), anemia as a mortality predictor in patients with ACS-receiving early invasive strategy and contemporary lipid-lowering therapy has not been examined. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between anemia and mortality in ACS patients treated with acute revascularization and contemporary lipid-lowering treatment. This was a post-hoc study of the Heart Institute of Japan-Proper level of Lipid-Lowering with Pitavastatin and Ezetimibe in acute coronary syndrome study, in which ACS patients with dyslipidemia were randomized to receive either pitavastatin and ezetimibe or pitavastatin monotherapy. The success rate of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was 95.2%. Eligible patients were divided into two groups: patients with anemia (anemia group) or without anemia (non-anemia group). Anemia was defined using the World Health Organization definition hemoglobin < 12 g/dL for women and < 13 g/dL for men. We compared the mortality between the two groups using propensity scores derived from 17 baseline variables. We identified 1721 eligible patients, including 420 (24.4%) in the anemia group and 1301 (75.6%) in the non-anemia group. One-to-one propensity score-matching created 381 pairs. Both unmatched and matched analyses found significantly high mortality in the anemia group compared to the non-anemia group (unmatched 12.3% vs. 3.8%, log-rank p < 0.01; matched 11.5% vs. 6.3%, log-rank p = 0.01). In ACS patients treated with an early invasive strategy era with a high PCI success rate and concurrent contemporary lipid-lowering management, all-cause mortality was still significantly higher in anemic patients than in non-anemic patients.Trial registration: Clinical trial registration URL: http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr . Unique identifier: UMIN00000274.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ogiso
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Hisao Otsuki
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arashi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Haruki Sekiguchi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1, Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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Baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts the benefit of adding ezetimibe on statin in statin-naïve acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7480. [PMID: 33820931 PMCID: PMC8021554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) on the outcomes of patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) receiving pitavastatin monotherapy or the combination of pitavastatin + ezetimibe. In the HIJ-PROPER study, 1734 ACS patients with dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to receive pitavastatin or pitavastatin + ezetimibe therapy. Statin-naïve participants (n = 1429) were divided into two groups based on the median LDL-C level (131 mg/dL) at enrollment. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, unstable angina, and ischemia-driven coronary revascularization. The median follow-up was 3.2 years. In the < 131 mg/dL group (n = 686), LDL-C changes were − 34.0% and − 49.8% in the pitavastatin monotherapy and pitavastatin + ezetimibe-treated groups (P < 0.0001), respectively; in the ≥ 131 mg/dL group (n = 743), LDL-C changes were − 42.9% and − 56.4% (P < 0.0001, respectively. Kaplan–Meier analyses revealed that the primary endpoint was not significantly different between the treatment groups for the < 131 mg/dL group, however, it was significantly lower in patients treated with pitavastatin + ezetimibe in the ≥ 131 mg/dL group (Hazard ratio = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.56–0.91, P = 0.007, P value for interaction = 0.012). Statin-naïve ACS patients with baseline LDL-C < 131 mg/dL did not clinically benefit from pitavastatin + ezetimibe, while patients with baseline LDL-C ≥ 131 mg/dL treated with pitavastatin + ezetimibe showed better clinical results than those treated with pitavastatin monotherapy. Clinical Trial Registration: Original HIJ PROPER study; URL: http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr. Unique Identifier; UMIN000002742, registered as an International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, Barry AR, Couture P, Dayan N, Francis GA, Genest J, Grégoire J, Grover SA, Gupta M, Hegele RA, Lau D, Leiter LA, Leung AA, Lonn E, Mancini GBJ, Manjoo P, McPherson R, Ngui D, Piché ME, Poirier P, Sievenpiper J, Stone J, Ward R, Wray W. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:1129-1150. [PMID: 33781847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2021 guidelines primary panel selected clinically relevant questions and produced updated recommendations, on the basis of important new findings that have emerged since the 2016 guidelines. In patients with clinical atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, most patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and those with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/L, statin therapy continues to be recommended. We have introduced the concept of lipid/lipoprotein treatment thresholds for intensifying lipid-lowering therapy with nonstatin agents, and have identified the secondary prevention patients who have been shown to derive the largest benefit from intensification of therapy with these agents. For all other patients, we emphasize risk assessment linked to lipid/lipoprotein evaluation to optimize clinical decision-making. Lipoprotein(a) measurement is now recommended once in a patient's lifetime, as part of initial lipid screening to assess cardiovascular risk. For any patient with triglycerides ˃ 1.5 mmol/L, either non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or apolipoprotein B are the preferred lipid parameter for screening, rather than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We provide updated recommendations regarding the role of coronary artery calcium scoring as a clinical decision tool to aid the decision to initiate statin therapy. There are new recommendations on the preventative care of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Health behaviour modification, including regular exercise and a heart-healthy diet, remain the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention. These guidelines are intended to provide a platform for meaningful conversation and shared-decision making between patient and care provider, so that individual decisions can be made for risk screening, assessment, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen J Pearson
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - George Thanassoulis
- McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Todd J Anderson
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arden R Barry
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Couture
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Gordon A Francis
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacques Genest
- McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Grégoire
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Milan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, and Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Lau
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Lonn
- Department of Medicine and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - G B John Mancini
- University of British Columbia; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Priya Manjoo
- University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ruth McPherson
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Ngui
- University of British Columbia, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - John Sievenpiper
- Department of Medicine and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital and Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Stone
- University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rick Ward
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wendy Wray
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Relation of Adiponectin to Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2021; 140:7-12. [PMID: 33144157 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The association between serum adiponectin levels and cardiovascular events, particularly how adiponectin predicts the development of cardiovascular events and mortality in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients remains unresolved. Hence, we aimed to determine whether higher adiponectin levels predict cardiovascular events and mortality in these patients. Regression analyses were performed to clarify adiponectin's ability to predict cardiovascular events and mortality among 1,641 ACS patients. Subgroup analyses were performed according to gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). The primary end point was a composite of the first all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke event. The secondary end point was all-cause death. Hazard ratios for the primary and secondary end points per 5-µg/ml increase in adiponectin levels were 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.47; p = 0.0007) and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.13 to 1.51; p = 0.001), respectively. Higher adiponectin levels were associated with increased cardiovascular events in men, patients aged ≥65 years, and those with BMI <25 kg/m2. In conclusion, higher adiponectin levels were associated with increased cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in ACS patients. Its predictive ability might be limited in women, patients aged <65 years, and patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m2.
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Efficacy of Statin/Ezetimibe for Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Asian Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:809-826. [PMID: 32671595 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical trials have investigated the effect of statin/ezetimibe combination therapy on secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the Asian population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to summarize study results regarding the effect of statin/ezetimibe combination therapy on lipid parameters and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (HsCRP) biomarkers in ASCVD patients from Asian countries. METHODS We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for relevant papers published from 2008 to June 2020. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that (1) were conducted in ASCVD patients in Asian countries; (2) examined the effects of statin/ezetimibe combination therapies compared with a control group; and (3) reported sufficient data on lipid parameters and HsCRP biomarkers. The results were reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. Funnel plots and Egger's regression test were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS Twenty-four RCTs were reviewed and 20 were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 4344 participants were included (n = 2197 in the intervention group and n = 2147 in the control group), and the intervention durations ranged from 6 weeks to 3.6 years. Ezetimibe coadministered with statin therapy, compared with control treatment, significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; n = 20 studies) [WMD - 0.39 mmol/L, 95% CI - 0.73 to - 0.05; p < 0.001], triglycerides (TG; n = 18 studies) [WMD - 0.23 mmol/L, 95% CI - 0.33 to - 0.13; p < 0.001], and total cholesterol (TC; n = 17 studies) [WMD - 0.31 mmol/L, 95% CI - 0.45 to - 0.17; p < 0.001). Although the effect of statin/ezetimibe combinations on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; n = 17 studies) [WMD 0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI - 0.05 to 0.09; p < 0.001) was very minimal and no effect was observed on HsCRP levels (n = 11 studies). CONCLUSIONS Our study found that statin/ezetimibe combinations reduced LDL-C, TC, and TG levels but had minimal effects on HDL-C and no effect HsCRP biomarkers in ASCVD patients. The statin/ezetimibe therapy enabled a more effective reduction in LDL-C levels; however, the duration of the treatment was suboptimal.
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Doggrell SA. Inclisiran, the billion-dollar drug, to lower LDL cholesterol – is it worth it? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1971-1974. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1799978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Doggrell
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Otsuki H, Arashi H, Yamaguchi J, Kawada-Watanabe E, Ogawa H, Hagiwara N. Effect of Ezetimibe + Pitavastatin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (from the HIJ-PROPER Study). Am J Cardiol 2020; 132:15-21. [PMID: 32773226 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy is necessary to reduce cardiovascular event rates in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy, which comprised pitavastatin and ezetimibe, on patients with STEMI. We therefore undertook a post hoc subanalysis of the HIJ-PROPER study's data that examined the clinical outcomes of the patients with dyslipidemia and STEMI (n = 880) who received pitavastatin and ezetimibe therapy (intensive lipid-lowering therapy group) or pitavastatin monotherapy (standard lipid-lowering therapy group), and we evaluated their cardiovascular events. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, unstable angina, and ischemia-driven revascularization. During the median 3.4-year follow-up period, the cumulative rates of the primary end point were 31.9% and 39.7% in the intensive lipid-lowering therapy and standard lipid-lowering therapy groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62 to 0.97; p = 0.02). Compared with the standard lipid-lowering therapy group, the intensive lipid-lowering therapy group had significantly lower all-cause death (6.9% vs 3.2%; HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23 to 1.84; p = 0.01) and nonfatal stroke (2.9% vs 1.6%; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.97; p = 0.02) rates. Patients with pitavastatin and ezetimibe therapy, as compared with pitavastatin monotherapy, had a lower cardiovascular event in STEMI patients. In conclusion, adding ezetimibe to statin therapy may be beneficial for patients with dyslipidemia and STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Otsuki
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arashi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Erisa Kawada-Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Arashi H, Yamaguchi J, Kawada-Watanabe E, Otsuki H, Sekiguchi H, Ogawa H, Hagiwara N. The Effects of Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Serum Eicosapentaenoic Acid to Arachidonic Acid Ratio: An HIJ-PROPER Sub-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:548-555. [PMID: 32567339 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420931621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy remains regarding the influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the effects of lipid-lowering therapy on the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS This was a post hoc sub-analysis of the Heart Institute of Japan-PRoper level of lipid-lowering with pitavastatin and ezetimibe in ACS study. We compared the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio changes from baseline to the 3-month follow-up after contemporary lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin + ezetimibe therapy and pitavastatin mono-therapy. RESULTS Among patients with ACS and dyslipidemia, the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid increased significantly in the pitavastatin mono-therapy group (0.40 ± 0.26 to 0.46 ± 0.34, P < .0001) but did not increase in the pitavastatin + ezetimibe group (0.37 ± 0.22 to 0.38 ± 0.27, P = .18). When the analysis was limited to patients who received 2 mg/day of pitavastatin during the follow-up period, these trends in changes of the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio remained unchanged. Multivariate analysis showed that ezetimibe use (P = .005; β = 0.09), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (P = .04; β = -0.01), and baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (P = .0003; β = 0.12) were independent predictors of the percentage change in the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio. These trends were similar even when the analysis was limited to patients who did not take statins at enrollment. CONCLUSION Standard lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin mono-therapy improved the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio for patients with ACS. Intensive lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin + ezetimibe did not improve the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio, although LDL-C decreased significantly. Inhibition of the improvement in the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio by adding ezetimibe may affect cardiovascular disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arashi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erisa Kawada-Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Otsuki
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Sekiguchi
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, 13131Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Colivicchi F, Imperoli G. Overcoming Statin Intolerance in Clinical Practice: An Enduring Effort. Cardiology 2020; 145:425-427. [PMID: 32506062 DOI: 10.1159/000508038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Furio Colivicchi
- Cardiology Division, Emergency Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy,
| | - Giuseppe Imperoli
- Internal Medicine Division, Emergency Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with increased cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2020; 303:21-28. [PMID: 32474302 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aimed to elucidate whether high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at 3-month follow-up for patients receiving contemporary lipid-lowering therapy after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) could predict cardiac events. METHODS The HIJ-PROPER study was a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial comparing intensive lipid-lowering therapy (pitavastatin + ezetimibe) and conventional lipid-lowering therapy (pitavastatin monotherapy) after ACS. The entire cohort was divided into three groups according to tertiles of HDL-C levels at 3-month follow-up (Group 1, HDL-C ≤43 mg/dL; Group 2, HDL-C >43, <53.6 mg/dL; Group 3; HDL-C ≥53.6 mg/dL). Baseline characteristics and incidence of the primary endpoint (a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, unstable angina pectoris, or ischemia-driven revascularization) were compared among the three groups. RESULTS The primary endpoint event occurred in 34.8%, 30.1%, and 24.6% of patients in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and its incidence was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 3 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.9; p = 0.001). Irrespective of the treatment regimen, Group 1 had significantly higher rates of the primary endpoint than Group 3 (pitavastatin + ezetimibe therapy: HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.12-2.22; p = 0.01 and pitavastatin monotherapy: HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.05-1.98; p = 0.02). These trends remained even after adjustment for baseline characteristics and lipid profiles. Multivariate analysis revealed that lower body mass index, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, higher levels of high-sensitivity C reactive protein at baseline, and lower levels of HDL-C at 3-month follow-up were independent predictors of the incidence of primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS Lower levels of HDL-C at 3-month follow-up are independently associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular events in ACS patients receiving contemporary lipid-lowering therapy.
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