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Poser M, Sing KEA, Ebert T, Ziebolz D, Schmalz G. The rosetta stone of successful ageing: does oral health have a role? Biogerontology 2023; 24:867-888. [PMID: 37421489 PMCID: PMC10615965 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is an inevitable aspect of life and thus successful ageing is an important focus of recent scientific efforts. The biological process of ageing is mediated through the interaction of genes with environmental factors, increasing the body's susceptibility to insults. Elucidating this process will increase our ability to prevent and treat age-related disease and consequently extend life expectancy. Notably, centenarians offer a unique perspective on the phenomenon of ageing. Current research highlights several age-associated alterations on the genetic, epigenetic and proteomic level. Consequently, nutrient sensing and mitochondrial function are altered, resulting in inflammation and exhaustion of regenerative ability.Oral health, an important contributor to overall health, remains underexplored in the context of extreme longevity. Good masticatory function ensures sufficient nutrient uptake, reducing morbidity and mortality in old age. The relationship between periodontal disease and systemic inflammatory pathologies is well established. Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease are among the most significant disease burdens influenced by inflammatory oral health conditions. Evidence suggests that the interaction is bi-directional, impacting progression, severity and mortality. Current models of ageing and longevity neglect an important factor in overall health and well-being, a gap that this review intends to illustrate and inspire avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Poser
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Katie E A Sing
- Department of Medicine, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Li Z, Shue F, Zhao N, Shinohara M, Bu G. APOE2: protective mechanism and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33148290 PMCID: PMC7640652 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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3
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Iacono D, Feltis GC. Impact of Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism during normal and pathological conditions of the brain across the lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:787-816. [PMID: 30677746 PMCID: PMC6366964 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the cellular substrate for the integration of complex, dynamic, constant, and simultaneous interactions among endogenous and exogenous stimuli across the entire human lifespan. Numerous studies on aging-related brain diseases show that some genes identified as risk factors for some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases - such as the allele 4 of APOE gene (APOE4) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) - have a much earlier neuro-anatomical and neuro-physiological impact. The impact of APOE polymorphism appears in fact to start as early as youth and early-adult life. Intriguingly, though, those same genes associated with aging-related brain diseases seem to influence different aspects of the brain functioning much earlier actually, that is, even from the neonatal periods and earlier. The APOE4, an allele classically associated with later-life neurodegenerative disorders as AD, seems in fact to exert a series of very early effects on phenomena of neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis that begin from the earliest periods of life such as the fetal ones.We reviewed some of the findings supporting the hypothesis that APOE polymorphism is an early modifier of various neurobiological aspects across the entire human lifespan - from the in-utero to the centenarian life - during both normal and pathological conditions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iacono
- Neuropathology Research, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA.,MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.,Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Atlantic Health System (AHS), Overlook Medical Center, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Gloria C Feltis
- Neuropathology Research, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA
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4
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Hayden KM, Gaussoin SA, Hunter JC, Manson JE, Sachs BC, Shadyab AH, Tindle HA, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Mozhui K, Snively BM, Rapp SR, Resnick SM. Cognitive resilience among APOE ε4 carriers in the oldest old. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1833-1844. [PMID: 31418472 PMCID: PMC7143252 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relatively few APOE ε4+ carriers survive to old age (age 80+) without cognitive impairment (CI); thus, little is known about distinguishing characteristics of resilient APOE ε4+ carriers. Herein, we describe the sociodemographic characteristics of a large sample of resilient APOE ε4+ women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and compare them to noncarriers and APOE ε4+ women who developed CI before age 80. METHODS Women were recruited for clinical trials evaluating postmenopausal hormone therapy and incidence of dementia. During posttrial follow-up, cognitive status was adjudicated annually. Among 5716 women, we compared groups by APOE ε4 status using logistic regression, covarying for treatment, demographics, lifestyle, cardiovascular and physical function, well-being, and self-rated general health. RESULTS Among 557 APOE ε4+ women, those who survived to age 80+ without CI had higher baseline self-rated general health (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.04) and cognitive scores (OR: 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.25) than those who did not reach age 80 without CI. Baseline high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were similar across APOE ε4+ groups but were higher compared with APOE ε4- women. Among women who survived to 80+ without CI, more APOE ε4+ women had a history of high total cholesterol (P = .003) and LDL cholesterol (OR: 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01). There were no differences in hypertension, diabetes, or other vascular risk factors in APOE ε4+ women compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of baseline cognitive function and general health for late-life cognition among ε4+ women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarah A Gaussoin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jaimie C Hunter
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie C Sachs
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Geriatrics and Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Beverly M Snively
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Rapp
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Tindale LC, Salema D, Brooks-Wilson AR. 10-year follow-up of the Super-Seniors Study: compression of morbidity and genetic factors. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:58. [PMID: 30819100 PMCID: PMC6394013 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Super-Seniors are healthy, long-lived individuals who were recruited at age 85 years or older with no history of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia, or major pulmonary disease. In a 10-year follow-up, we aimed to determine whether surviving Super-Seniors showed compression of morbidity, and to test whether the allele frequencies of longevity-associated variants in APOE and FOXO3 were more extreme in such long-term survivors. METHODS Super-Seniors who survived and were contactable were re-interviewed 10 years after initial characterization. Health and lifestyle were characterized via questionnaire. Geriatric tests including the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) were administered, and data were compared to results from on average 10 years earlier. As well, genotype and allele frequencies for SNPs rs7412 and rs429358 in APOE, and rs2802292 in FOXO3 were compared to the frequencies in the original collection of Super-Seniors and mid-life controls. RESULTS Of the 480 Super-Seniors recruited from 2004 to 2007, 13 were alive, contactable, and consented to re-interview (mean age = 100.1 ± 3.3). Eight of these 13 participants (62%) still met Super-Senior health criteria. Diseases that occurred in late life were cardiovascular (5 of 13; 38%) and lung disease (1 of 13; 8%). MMSE and IADL scores declined in the decade between interviews, and GDS and TUG scores increased. The surviving group of centenarians had a higher frequency of APOE and FOXO3 longevity-associated variants even when compared to the original long-lived Super-Senior cohort. CONCLUSIONS Although physical and mental decline occurred in the decade between interviews, the majority of Super-Seniors re-interviewed still met the original health criteria. These observations are consistent with reports of compression of morbidity at extreme ages, particularly in centenarians. The increased frequency of longevity- associated variants in this small group of survivors is consistent with studies that reported genetics as a larger contributor to longevity in older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Tindale
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
| | - Diane Salema
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Angela R. Brooks-Wilson
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
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6
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Tindale LC, Leach S, Spinelli JJ, Brooks-Wilson AR. Lipid and Alzheimer's disease genes associated with healthy aging and longevity in healthy oldest-old. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20612-20621. [PMID: 28206976 PMCID: PMC5400530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have found that long-lived individuals do not appear to carry lower numbers of common disease-associated variants than ordinary people; it has been hypothesized that they may instead carry protective variants. An intriguing type of protective variant is buffering variants that protect against variants that have deleterious effects. We genotyped 18 variants in 15 genes related to longevity or healthy aging that had been previously reported as having a gene-gene interaction or buffering effect. We compared a group of 446 healthy oldest-old ‘Super-Seniors’ (individuals 85 or older who have never been diagnosed with cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, diabetes or major pulmonary disease) to 421 random population-based midlife controls. Cases and controls were of European ancestry. Association tests of individual SNPs showed that Super-Seniors were less likely than controls to carry an APOEε4 allele or a haptoglobin HP2 allele. Interactions between APOE/FOXO3, APOE/CRYL1, and LPA/CRYL1 did not remain significant after multiple testing correction. In a network analysis of the candidate genes, lipid and cholesterol metabolism was a common theme. APOE, HP, and CRYL1 have all been associated with Alzheimer’s Disease, the pathology of which involves lipid and cholesterol pathways. Age-related changes in lipid and cholesterol maintenance, particularly in the brain, may be central to healthy aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Tindale
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
| | - Stephen Leach
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - John J Spinelli
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Angela R Brooks-Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada
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7
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Tanisawa K, Arai Y, Hirose N, Shimokata H, Yamada Y, Kawai H, Kojima M, Obuchi S, Hirano H, Yoshida H, Suzuki H, Fujiwara Y, Ihara K, Sugaya M, Arai T, Mori S, Sawabe M, Sato N, Muramatsu M, Higuchi M, Liu YW, Kong QP, Tanaka M. Exome-wide Association Study Identifies CLEC3B Missense Variant p.S106G as Being Associated With Extreme Longevity in East Asian Populations. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:309-318. [PMID: 27154906 PMCID: PMC5861862 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Life span is a complex trait regulated by multiple genetic and environmental factors; however, the genetic determinants of extreme longevity have been largely unknown. To identify the functional coding variants associated with extreme longevity, we performed an exome-wide association study (EWAS) on a Japanese population by using an Illumina HumanExome Beadchip and a focused replication study on a Chinese population. The EWAS on two independent Japanese cohorts consisting of 530 nonagenarians/centenarians demonstrated that the G allele of CLEC3B missense variant p.S106G was associated with extreme longevity at the exome-wide level of significance (p = 2.33×10–7, odds ratio [OR] = 1.50). The CLEC3B gene encodes tetranectin, a protein implicated in the mineralization process in osteogenesis as well as in the prognosis and metastasis of cancer. The replication study consisting of 448 Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians showed that the G allele of CLEC3B p.S106G was also associated with extreme longevity (p = .027, OR = 1.51), and the p value of this variant reached 1.87×10–8 in the meta-analysis of Japanese and Chinese populations. In conclusion, the present study identified the CLEC3B p.S106G as a novel longevity-associated variant, raising the novel hypothesis that tetranectin, encoded by CLEC3B, plays a role in human longevity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Tanisawa
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimokata
- Section of Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute for Longevity Sciences (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawai
- Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Motonaga Kojima
- Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Shuichi Obuchi
- Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirano
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Hideyo Yoshida
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Public Health, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Sugaya
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Japan
| | - Seijiro Mori
- Center for Promotion of Clinical Investigation, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Japan
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Masaaki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yao-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Japan
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8
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Lancaster C, Tabet N, Rusted J. The APOE paradox: do attentional control differences in mid-adulthood reflect risk of late-life cognitive decline. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:114-121. [PMID: 27661410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Possession of an Apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, whereas the less commonly studied e2 variant is premised to offer some protection. This research explores the purported deleterious-protective dichotomy of APOE variants on attentional control in mid-adulthood. Sixty-six volunteers, aged 45-55 years, completed 3 tasks that provided complementary measures of attentional control: prospective memory, sustained attention, and inhibition. Performance was compared between e2 carriers, e4 carriers, and e3 homozygotes (the population norm). Carriers of the e4 allele showed subtle disadvantages, compared with the e3 group, in accuracy of Stroop task and prospective memory performance. Contrary to expectations, e2 carriers showed performance disadvantages in sustained attention. The finding of detrimental effects in attentional control for both e4 and e2 complicates the current model that proposes opposing effects of these variants on later-life cognition. Future research is needed to understand how cognitive differences develop with increasing age, and the physiological mechanisms that underpin these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lancaster
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - Naji Tabet
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Institute of Postgraduate Medicine, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer Rusted
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK.
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9
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Konishi K, Bhat V, Banner H, Poirier J, Joober R, Bohbot VD. APOE2 Is Associated with Spatial Navigational Strategies and Increased Gray Matter in the Hippocampus. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:349. [PMID: 27468260 PMCID: PMC4942687 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has a strong association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The ε4 allele is a well-documented genetic risk factor of AD. In contrast, the ε2 allele of the APOE gene is known to be protective against AD. Much of the focus on the APOE gene has been on the ε4 allele in both young and older adults and few studies have looked into the cognitive and brain structure correlates of the ε2 allele, especially in young adults. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between APOE genotype, navigation behavior, and hippocampal gray matter in healthy young adults. One-hundred and twenty-four healthy young adults were genotyped and tested on the 4on8 virtual maze, a task that allows for the assessment of navigation strategy. The task assesses the spontaneous use of either a hippocampus-dependent spatial strategy or a caudate nucleus-dependent response strategy. Of the 124 participants, 37 underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We found that ε2 carriers use a hippocampus-dependent spatial strategy to a greater extent than ε3 homozygous individuals and ε4 carriers. We also found that APOE ε2 allele carriers have more gray matter in the hippocampus compared to ε3 homozygous individuals and ε4 carriers. Our findings suggest that the protective effects of the ε2 allele may, in part, be expressed through increased hippocampus gray matter and increased use of hippocampus-dependent spatial strategies. The current article demonstrates the relationship between brain structure, navigation behavior, and APOE genotypes in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Konishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Harrison Banner
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique D Bohbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Verdun, QC, Canada
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10
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Santos-Lozano A, Santamarina A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, Bernal-Pino A, Lucia A, Garatachea N. The genetics of exceptional longevity: Insights from centenarians. Maturitas 2016; 90:49-57. [PMID: 27282794 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As the world population ages, so the prevalence increases of individuals aged 100 years or more, known as centenarians. Reaching this age has been described as exceptional longevity (EL) and is attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Many genetic variations known to affect life expectancy exist in centenarians. This review of studies conducted on centenarians and supercentenarians (older than 110 years) updates knowledge of the impacts on longevity of the twenty most widely investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; GIDFYS, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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11
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Megale RZ, de Loyola Filho AI, Firmo JOA, Lima-Costa MF, Peixoto SV. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and functional disability in Brazilian elders: the Bambuí Health and Aging Study. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 32:e00080115. [PMID: 26958821 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00080115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have associated the apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε4 allele with worse health status, but few have assessed the existence of genotype-dependent variations in functional performance. Among participants in the Bambuí Health and Aging Study, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 1,408 elderly underwent apoE genotyping. Functionality was assessed with a questionnaire, and individuals were classified as dependent in basic activities of daily living (BADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and mobility. The association between apoE genotype and functional status was assessed by logistic regression, taking confounding factors into account. Presence of ε4 allele was associated with lower odds of mobility deficit (OR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.47-0.92) in the adjusted analysis. There were no significant differences in relation to presence of dependency in BADLs and IADLs. The reasons are not entirely understood, but they may involve the role of ε4 allele as a "thrifty gene" in a sample exposed to high risk of infectious and nutritional diseases in the past.
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Rea JNM, Carvalho A, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Rea IM. Genes and life-style factors in BELFAST nonagenarians: Nature, Nurture and Narrative. Biogerontology 2015; 16:587-97. [PMID: 25773008 PMCID: PMC4552771 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how to 'Age Longer and Age Well' is a priority for people personally, for populations globally and for government policy. Nonagenarians are the oldest members of our societies and survivors of their generation. Approximately 10 % of nonagenarians reach 90 years and beyond in good condition and seem to have a combination of both age-span and health-span. But what are the factors which help people reach their ninetieth birthday and beyond in good condition? Are they genetics, as in 'nature', or do they depend on 'nurture' and are related to environment, or are both factors inextricably intertwined within the concept of behavioural genetics? Nonagenarians have rich life experiences that can teach us much about ageing well; they are reservoirs of genetic, life-style and behavioural information which can help dissect out how to live not only longer but better. Personal family history and narrative are powerful tools that help to determine familial traits, beliefs and social behaviours and when used in parallel with new biotechnology methods inform and elaborate causality. Here we present themes and insights from personal narrative enquiry from nonagenarian participants from the Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Ageing STudy (BELFAST) about factors they consider important for good quality ageing and relate these insights to the emerging genetics and life-style evidence associated with healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nicola M. Rea
- Research Department Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley Carvalho
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Susan E. McNerlan
- Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - H. Denis Alexander
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Irene Maeve Rea
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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13
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Rea IM, Dellet M, Mills KI. Living long and ageing well: is epigenomics the missing link between nature and nurture? Biogerontology 2015; 17:33-54. [PMID: 26133292 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex trait and increasingly we understand that both genes and lifestyle interact in the longevity phenotype. Non-genetic factors, including diet, physical activity, health habits, and psychosocial factors contribute approximately 50% of the variability in human lifespan with another 25% explained by genetic differences. Family clusters of nonagenarian and centenarian siblings, who show both exceptional age-span and health-span, are likely to have inherited facilitatory gene groups, but also have nine decades of life experiences and behaviours which have interacted with their genetic profiles. Identification of their shared genes is just one small step in the link from genes to their physical and psychological profiles. Behavioural genomics is beginning to demonstrate links to biological mechanisms through regulation of gene expression, which directs the proteome and influences the personal phenotype. Epigenetics has been considered the missing link between nature and nurture. Although there is much that remains to be discovered, this article will discuss some of genetic and environmental factors which appear important in good quality longevity and link known epigenetic mechanisms to themes identified by nonagenarians themselves related to their longevity. Here we suggest that exceptional 90-year old siblings have adopted a range of behaviours and life-styles which have contributed to their ageing-well-phenotype and which link with important public health messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maeve Rea
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Margaret Dellet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ken I Mills
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Corella D, Ordovás JM. Aging and cardiovascular diseases: the role of gene-diet interactions. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:53-73. [PMID: 25159268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study of longevity, increasing importance is being placed on the concept of healthy aging rather than considering the total number of years lived. Although the concept of healthy lifespan needs to be defined better, we know that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main age-related diseases. Thus, controlling risk factors will contribute to reducing their incidence, leading to healthy lifespan. CVDs are complex diseases influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Numerous gene variants that are associated with a greater or lesser risk of the different types of CVD and of intermediate phenotypes (i.e., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes) have been successfully identified. However, despite the close link between aging and CVD, studies analyzing the genes related to human longevity have not obtained consistent results and there has been little coincidence in the genes identified in both fields. The APOE gene stands out as an exception, given that it has been identified as being relevant in CVD and longevity. This review analyzes the genomic and epigenomic factors that may contribute to this, ranging from identifying longevity genes in model organisms to the importance of gene-diet interactions (outstanding among which is the case of the TCF7L2 gene).
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15
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Apolipoprotein E and lipid homeostasis in the etiology and treatment of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35 Suppl 2:S3-10. [PMID: 24973118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that the apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε4 allele is genetically linked to both sporadic and familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) raises the possibility that a dysfunction of the lipid transport system could seriously affect lipid homeostasis in the brain of AD subjects. The presence of the ε4 allele has been associated with lower levels of apoE in both serum and brain tissues of normal and AD subjects. In an attempt to reverse the apoE deficit in AD, we identified and characterized several apoE inducer agents using a low-throughput in vitro screening assay. The most promising of these compounds is called probucol. Administration of probucol, an old cholesterol-lowering drug, in a pilot trial in mild-to-moderate sporadic AD led to a significant increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) apoE levels and a decrease in CSF in both phosphorylated tau 181 and beta-amyloid 1-42 concentrations without significant modifications of lipid hydroperoxide levels.
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Suri S, Heise V, Trachtenberg AJ, Mackay CE. The forgotten APOE allele: a review of the evidence and suggested mechanisms for the protective effect of APOE ɛ2. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2878-86. [PMID: 24183852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing efforts to improve survival, and enhance quality of life have led biomedical research to focus on disease and the mechanisms that increase risk for disease. The other side of that coin may be as important, i.e. examining the protective factors that allow some individuals to enjoy long, healthy lives. One of the best examples of a gene that positively influences cognitive health is the apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ2 allele. The APOE ɛ4 allele is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has thus dominated the APOE literature, with the putative protective role of ɛ2 receiving little attention. This review describes the effects of APOE ɛ2 on the structure and function of the brain. With a focus on neurodegeneration, we discuss evidence for APOE ɛ2's protective effects, explore some key mechanisms through which this protection may be conferred, and address a few inconsistencies in the literature. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the association between APOE ɛ2, cognition and longevity may provide new targets for research on promoting life-long health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom; FMRIB Centre (Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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Tindale LC, Leach S, Ushey K, Daley D, Brooks-Wilson AR. Rare and common variants in the Apolipoprotein E gene in healthy oldest old. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:727.e1-3. [PMID: 24126160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles are associated with longevity in genome-wide scans, with ε4 correlated with shorter life, and ε2 with longer life, than ε3. We hypothesized that rare APOE variants with large individual effects might also contribute to long-term good health. The APOE exons and promoter were resequenced in DNA samples from 376 healthy oldest old aged ≥ 85 yrs with no self-reported history of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, major pulmonary disease or Alzheimer disease ("Super-Seniors") and 376 population-based controls aged 41-54. Forty variants were observed: 32 were rare (minor allele frequency <2%); 9 were nonsynonymous. Controls were more likely to have an ε4 allele (Pearson χ(2) = 6.61, p = 0.04). Among the Super-Seniors, APOE allele status was not associated with body mass index or Mini Mental State Examination score. There was no excess of rare APOE variants in healthy oldest old compared with midlife controls, or vice-versa; however, this does not rule out an effect of some variants on ApoE function. Our findings were consistent with ε4 being a risk factor for early mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Tindale
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Zigman WB. Atypical aging in down syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:51-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren B. Zigman
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Community Psychology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island; New York
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19
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Lindahl-Jacobsen R, Tan Q, Mengel-From J, Christensen K, Nebel A, Christiansen L. Effects of the APOE ε2 allele on mortality and cognitive function in the oldest old. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:389-94. [PMID: 23051975 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies indicate that the APOE ε2 allele may have a protective effect on mortality and mental health among the elderly adults. We investigated the effect of the APOE ε2 allele on cognitive function and mortality in 1651 members of the virtually extinct Danish 1905 birth cohort. We found no protective effect of the APOE ε2 allele on mortality compared with the APOE ε3 allele. The point estimates indicated an increased protection against cognitive decline over time for persons with the APOE ε2 allele. Cognitive score did not significantly modify the mortality risk of the various APOE genotypes. We did not find a protective effect of the APOE ε2 allele on mortality among the oldest old, but in agreement with our previous findings, we found a 22% increased mortality risk for APOE ε4 carriers. The APOE ε2 allele may be protective on cognitive decline among the oldest old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
- Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Shi H, Belbin O, Medway C, Brown K, Kalsheker N, Carrasquillo M, Proitsi P, Powell J, Lovestone S, Goate A, Younkin S, Passmore P, Morgan K. Genetic variants influencing human aging from late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1849.e5-18. [PMID: 22445811 PMCID: PMC4120742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetics plays a crucial role in human aging with up to 30% of those living to the mid-80s being determined by genetic variation. Survival to older ages likely entails an even greater genetic contribution. There is increasing evidence that genes implicated in age-related diseases, such as cancer and neuronal disease, play a role in affecting human life span. We have selected the 10 most promising late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) susceptibility genes identified through several recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These 10 LOAD genes (APOE, CLU, PICALM, CR1, BIN1, ABCA7, MS4A6A, CD33, CD2AP, and EPHA1) have been tested for association with human aging in our dataset (1385 samples with documented age at death [AAD], age range: 58-108 years; mean age at death: 80.2) using the most significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in the previous studies. Apart from the APOE locus (rs2075650) which showed compelling evidence of association with risk on human life span (p = 5.27 × 10(-4)), none of the other LOAD gene loci demonstrated significant evidence of association. In addition to examining the known LOAD genes, we carried out analyses using age at death as a quantitative trait. No genome-wide significant SNPs were discovered. Increasing sample size and statistical power will be imperative to detect genuine aging-associated variants in the future. In this report, we also discuss issues relating to the analysis of genome-wide association studies data from different centers and the bioinformatic approach required to distinguish spurious genome-wide significant signals from real SNP associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Medway
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kristelle Brown
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Noor Kalsheker
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Minerva Carrasquillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Goate
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Hausman DB, Fischer JG, Johnson MA. Protein, lipid, and hematological biomarkers in centenarians: Definitions, interpretation and relationships with health. Maturitas 2012; 71:205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Feng J, Xiang L, Wan G, Qi K, Sun L, Huang Z, Zheng C, Lv Z, Hu C, Yang Z. Is APOE ε3 a favourable factor for the longevity: an association study in Chinese population. J Genet 2012; 90:343-7. [PMID: 21869487 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-011-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Flachsbart F, Ufer M, Kleindorp R, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Nebel A. Genetic Variation in the CYP2C Monooxygenase Enzyme Subfamily Shows No Association With Longevity in a German Population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:1186-91. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Chung WH, Dao RL, Chen LK, Hung SI. The role of genetic variants in human longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9 Suppl 1:S67-78. [PMID: 20708717 PMCID: PMC7105197 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex phenotype with a strong genetic predisposition. Increasing evidence has revealed the genetic antecedents of human longevity. This article aims to review the data of various case/control association studies that examine the difference in genetic polymorphisms between long-lived people and younger subjects across different human populations. There are more than 100 candidate genes potentially involved in human longevity; this article particularly focuses on genes of the insulin/IGF-1 pathway, FOXO3A, FOXO1A, lipoprotein metabolism (e.g., APOE and PON1), and cell-cycle regulators (e.g., TP53 and P21). Since the confirmed genetic components for human longevity are few to date, further precise assessment of the genetic contributions is required. Gaining a better understanding of the contribution of genetics to human longevity may assist in the design of improved treatment methods for age-related diseases, delay the aging process, and, ultimately, prolong the human lifespan.
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Matera MG, Sancarlo D, Panza F, Gravina C, D’Onofrio G, Frisardi V, Longo G, D’Ambrosio LP, Addante F, Copetti M, Solfrizzi V, Seripa D, Pilotto A. Apolipoprotein E-related all-cause mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:411-420. [PMID: 20640544 PMCID: PMC2926860 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The most common apolipoprotein E (APOE) allelic variation is implicated in many age-related diseases and human longevity with controversial findings. We investigated the effect of APOE gene polymorphism on all-cause mortality in elderly patients taking into consideration the functional disability, cognitive impairment, malnutrition, and the occurrence of common age-related diseases. APOE genotypes were determined in 2,124 geriatric hospitalized patients (46.5% men and 53.5% women; mean age, 78.2 +/- 7.1 years; range, 65-100 years). At hospital admission, all patients underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment to evaluate functional disability, cognitive status, nutritional status, and comorbidity. The main and secondary diagnoses at hospital discharge were also recorded. Mortality status was evaluated in all patients after a maximum follow-up of 5 years (range, from 1.26 to 5.23 years; median, 2.86 years). During the study period, 671 patients died (32.0%). At hospital admission, these patients showed a significant higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (56.3% vs 53.4%; p = 0.007), neoplasias (32.3% vs 13.7%; p < 0.001), and lower prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (17.7% vs 20.7%; p < 0.001) than survived patients. Moreover, they also showed an higher prevalence of disability (52.0% vs 25.6%; p < 0.001), cognitive impairment (31.0% vs 18.8%; p < 0.001), and malnutrition (74.0% vs 46.1%; p < 0.001) than survived patients. In the overall study population, the APOE epsilon2 allele was significantly associated to neurodegenerative diseases (odds ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.94). No significant association between the APOE polymorphism and disability, malnutrition, co-morbidity status, and with all-cause mortality was observed. In patients with cardiovascular diseases, however, a decreased risk of all-cause mortality was found in the epsilon2 allele carriers (hazard ratio = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36-0.88). In this population, APOE allele variants might play a role on cardiovascular disease-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Matera
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniele Sancarlo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carolina Gravina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Grazia D’Onofrio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenza Frisardi
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Longo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi P. D’Ambrosio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Filomena Addante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatrics Unit & Gerontology-Geriatric Research Laboratory, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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Rea IM. BELFAST nonagenarians: nature or nurture? Immunological, cardiovascular and genetic factors. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2010; 7:6. [PMID: 20507630 PMCID: PMC2902418 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonagenarians are the fastest growing sector of populations across Western European and the developed world. They are some of the oldest members of our societies and survivors of their generation and may help us understand how to age not only longer, but better. The Belfast Longevity Group enlisted the help of 500 community-living, mobile, mentally competent, 'elite' nonagenarians, as part of an ongoing study of ageing. We assessed some immunological, cardiovascular, nutritional and genetic factors and some aspects of their interaction in this group of 'oldest old'. Here we present some of the evidence related to genetic and nutritional factors which seem to be important for good quality ageing in nonagenarians from the Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Ageing STudy (BELFAST).
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rea
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland.
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Drenos F, Kirkwood TBL. Selection on alleles affecting human longevity and late-life disease: the example of apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10022. [PMID: 20368805 PMCID: PMC2848859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often claimed that genes affecting health in old age, such as cardiovascular and Alzheimer diseases, are beyond the reach of natural selection. We show in a simulation study based on known genetic (apolipoprotein E) and non-genetic risk factors (gender, diet, smoking, alcohol, exercise) that, because there is a statistical distribution of ages at which these genes exert their influence on morbidity and mortality, the effects of selection are in fact non-negligible. A gradual increase with each generation of the ε2 and ε3 alleles of the gene at the expense of the ε4 allele was predicted from the model. The ε2 allele frequency was found to increase slightly more rapidly than that for ε3, although there was no statistically significant difference between the two. Our result may explain the recent evolutionary history of the epsilon 2, 3 and 4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene and has wider relevance for genes affecting human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Drenos
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne, United Kingdom.
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APOE-related mortality: Effect of dementia, cardiovascular disease and gender. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1545-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bostock CV, Soiza RL, Whalley LJ. Genetic determinants of ageing processes and diseases in later life. Maturitas 2009; 62:225-9. [PMID: 19203848 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of genetic factors in diseases of later life. METHODS Review of literature relevant to the role of genetic factors in variation of incidence of age-related diseases of later life using Medline, Web of Science, to search publications in English since 1980 and citations found in relevant publications. RESULTS The identity of ageing and longevity genes remains unknown despite lively interest in lipoprotein metabolism, genomic instability, oxidative stress, cellular response to damage, inflammatory processes, insulin/IGF1-signalling and Sirtuins. Genes involved in lifespan appear remarkably conserved across species but genes that convey increased susceptibility to specific age-dependent diseases are not yet identified. CONCLUSION Individual differences in rates of ageing and incidence of the common diseases of later life require explanation. The Sirtuins and the field of epigenetics are emerging as potentially informative research priorities. Further research includes the development of biomarkers and a greater understanding of the interaction between genes and the environment. The hypothetical treatment of ageing could retard or prevent age-associated diseases resulting in widespread health, social and economic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare V Bostock
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, Woodend Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, aging research has expanded to include not only age-related disease models, and conversely, longevity and disease-free models, but also focuses on biological mechanisms related to the aging process. By viewing aging on multiple research frontiers, we are rapidly expanding knowledge as a whole and mapping connections between biological processes and particular age-related diseases that emerge. This is perhaps most true in the field of genetics, where variation across individuals has improved our understanding of aging mechanisms, etiology of age-related disease, and prediction of therapeutic responses. A close partnership between gerontologists, epidemiologists, and geneticists is needed to take full advantage of emerging genome information and technology and bring about a new age for biological aging research. Here we review current genetic findings for aging across both disease-specific and aging process domains. We then highlight the limitations of most work to date in terms of study design, genomic information, and trait modeling and focus on emerging technology and future directions that can partner genetic epidemiology and aging research fields to best take advantage of the rapid discoveries in each.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Poirier J. Apolipoprotein E represents a potent gene-based therapeutic target for the treatment of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4:S91-7. [PMID: 18632009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judes Poirier
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Panza F, D'introno A, Capurso C, Colacicco AM, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Santamato A, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. Lipoproteins, vascular-related genetic factors, and human longevity. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 10:441-58. [PMID: 17990970 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships among lipoprotein metabolism, genetic vascular factors, vascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease suggest that the examination of centenarian populations in relation to certain genes or lipoprotein metabolism provide insights into human longevity. The findings on the higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in middle-aged subjects than in centenarians were substantially confirmed. On the contrary, recent findings did not confirm previous data on increased prevalence of the high-risk angiotensin I converting enzyme D allele in French centenarians. The variability in the strength of association between angiotensin I converting enzyme polymorphism and longevity could be related to regional differences in angiotensin I converting enzyme D allele frequency in Europe recently showed, as also recently reported for apolipoprotein Eepsilon2 and epsilon4 allele in centenarians. Indeed some studies of lipoprotein profiles in centenarians have also had contradictory outcomes, with evidence of lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with higher high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol subfraction, larger high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particle sizes, and higher lipoprotein(a) concentration in centenarians, which is apparently disadvantageous for human longevity. Elevated lipoprotein(a) serum levels, increasing the risk for cerebrovascular disease, may play a role in determining clinical Alzheimer's disease, but lipoprotein(a) elevation in centenarians, in the absence of other coronary artery disease risk factors, appears as a positive survival factor. In different populations, there are significant trends in the reduction of serum apolipoprotein E levels from apolipoprotein E epsilon2- to epsilon4-carriers and significant differences in serum apolipoprotein E levels with respect to age in epsilon4-carriers but only after adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. While further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of apolipoprotein E concentration as putative longevity factor this paper provides an overview of many of the investigated vascular factors with respect to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari, Italy.
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Zubenko GS, Hughes HB, Zubenko WN, Maher BS. Genome survey for loci that influence successful aging: results at 10-cM resolution. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:184-93. [PMID: 16905685 DOI: 10.1097/01.jgp.0000231681.89741.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic genome survey was initiated to identify loci that affect the likelihood of reaching age 90 with preserved cognition (successful aging). METHODS The genome survey was conducted at 10-cM resolution for simple sequence tandem repeat polymorphisms (SSTRPs) that identify genes for Successful AGing (SAG loci) by virtue of linkage disequilibrium. Efficiency was enhanced by genotyping pools of DNA from 100 cognitively intact elders and 100 young (18-25 years) adults. The comparison groups included equal numbers of white men and women of similar ethnicity that were recruited from the southwestern Pennsylvania region. RESULTS Our genome survey identified nine SAG candidate loci that may influence the likelihood of reaching age 90 or more with preserved cognition. Two of the autosomal SAG loci revealed stronger allelic associations with successful aging in men than women (D1S1728, D8S264) and two were located on sex chromosomes (DXS9902, DYS390). DXS9902 resides within a predicted gene, whereas six of the SAG loci are located within regions previously reported to show linkage to other phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that loci with differential effects on the successful aging of men and women may be common. The majority of the SAG candidate loci detected in this study overlap with regions previously reported to show linkage to susceptibility genes for cardiovascular disorders, psychiatric disorders, and the accumulation of tissue damage resulting from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Zubenko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA, USA.
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Stathakos D, Pratsinis H, Zachos I, Vlahaki I, Gianakopoulou A, Zianni D, Kletsas D. Greek centenarians: assessment of functional health status and life-style characteristics. Exp Gerontol 2006; 40:512-8. [PMID: 15935588 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Centenarians represent an intriguing model for ageing studies, since they demonstrate extreme longevity by definition, and at the same time a proportion of them have aged successfully. Here, we present data from the first nationwide study on Greek centenarians concerning their functional health status and life-style characteristics. We have identified 489 individuals (77% women) born in 1900 or before who were still alive between the years 2000 and 2002. Socio-demographic characteristics, activities of daily living (ADLs), living conditions, dependence on other people, former and current diseases and health disorders, current medication, nutrition and personal habits were recorded for every subject. Interestingly, only 2% of Greek centenarians lived in nursing homes, while the majority lived with their family or relatives. Furthermore, 6% were free from severe health disorders, autonomous (based on simple criteria for ADLs) and also leading an active social life, and hence may be considered as being in optimal condition. This group of centenarians may serve as a valuable source of information on genetic, environmental, and psychosocial determinants of successful ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Stathakos
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biology, NCSR 'Demokritos', 15310 Athens, Greece.
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Blain JF, Sullivan PM, Poirier J. A deficit in astroglial organization causes the impaired reactive sprouting in human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21:505-14. [PMID: 16171999 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein (apo)E associates with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as an earlier age of onset. However, the exact mechanisms by which apoE4 confers such susceptibility is currently unknown. We used a human apoE targeted replacement (hE-TR) mouse model to investigate the allele-specific response to entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL). We observed a marked impairment in reactive sprouting in hE4 mice compared to hE3 mice. ApoE expression was similar between genotypes at days post-lesion (DPL) 2 and 14. Thirty days post-lesion, hE4 mice had more reactive astrocytes as well as a defective outward migration pattern of the astrocytes in the dentate gyrus. The expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ra was delayed in hE4 mice compared to hE3 mice. ApoE and beta-amyloid (Abeta) 1-40 accumulated at 30 DPL in hE4 mice. These results suggest that the presence of apoE4 delays the astroglial repair process and indirectly compromises synaptic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Blain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the quest for longevity is as old as civilization itself, only recently have technical and conceptual advances in genomics research brought us to the point of understanding the precise molecular events that make us age. This heralds an era when manipulations of these will enable us to live longer, healthier lives. The present review describes how recent experimental strategies have identified key genes and intracellular pathways that are responsible for ageing and longevity. FINDINGS In diverse species transcription factors belonging to the forkhead/winged helix box gene, group O (FOXO) subfamily have been found to be crucial in downstream suppression of the life-shortening effects of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling pathways that, when upregulated, accelerate ageing by suppression of FOXO. The various adverse processes activated upon FOXO suppression include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are pivotal for the onset of various common conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer's disease, each of which shortens lifespan. In humans, FOXO3a, as well as FOXO1 and -4, and their downstream effectors, could hold the key to counteracting ageing and common diseases. An understanding of the processes controlled by these FOXOs should permit development of novel classes of agents that will more directly counteract or prevent the damage associated with diverse life-threatening conditions, and so foster a life of good health to a ripe old age. Just like caloric restriction, lifespan can be increased in various species by plant-derived polyphenols, such as resveratrol, via activation of sirtuins in cells. Sirtuins, such as SIRT1 in mammals, utilize FOXO and other pathways to achieve their beneficial effects on health and lifespan. CONCLUSION Lifespan is tractable and basic mechanisms are now known. Longevity research complements and overlaps research in most major medical disciplines. Current progress bodes well for an ever-increasing length of healthy life for those who adapt emerging knowledge personally (so-called 'longevitarians').
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, Building F13, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Panza F, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Palasciano R, Capurso S, Gadaleta A, Capurso A, Kehoe PG, Solfrizzi V. Molecular Determinants of Human Longevity. Adv Clin Chem 2005; 39:185-210. [PMID: 16013672 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)39007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for the Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, 11-70124, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Although current research on brain aging is dominated by Alzheimer's disease (AD), many other brain changes arise during middle age in humans and in rodent models that are independent of AD-like neurodegeneration. Differences and continuities between normal and pathological aspects of neuronal aging reveal the relative contributions and interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Apolipoprotein E alleles might be prototypes for genetic polymorphisms associated with functional changes that arise during middle age. Mice are valuable models for these aspects of aging because most genotypes show little neurodegeneration, and none accumulate beta-amyloid unless human transgenes are introduced. As further human genes are found to modify normal and pathological neuronal aging, this zoo of aging-animal variants will facilitate analysis both of pathways of age-related neuronal dysfunction and of environmental influences on these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Teter
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 16111 Plummer Street, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA
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Capurso C, Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso SA, Semeraro C, Capurso A, Panza F. Interleukin 6 −174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism in centenarians: no evidence of association with human longevity or interaction with apolipoprotein E alleles. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:1109-14. [PMID: 15236771 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The C allele at position -174 in the promoter of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene has been associated with reduced gene expression and reduced plasma levels of IL-6. Given that IL-6 tracks with functional disability and age-related diseases, there may be attrition or reduction in the frequency of the homozygous subjects, who produce higher IL-6 serum levels, in older survivors in a population. In fact, a marked reduction of the IL-6*G/*G genotype was recently demonstrated in male though not female Italian centenarians compared with younger age groups. First aim of the present study was to investigate whether there was evidence of an association among IL-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism and extreme longevity in a population of 81 centenarians compared with a control group of 122 middle-aged healthy subjects (mean age: 51+/-18 SD; range: 19-73 years), from Apulia (Southern Italy). Secondly, we also tested possible interaction of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles with the IL-6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism in view of our recent findings for reduced APOE epsilon4 allele in centenarians. No differences have been found in the IL-6 -174 G/C promoter allele and genotype frequencies between centenarians and controls nor was there any observed interaction with APOE alleles that are also reputed to be linked to longevity. Regional genetic differences in conjunction with differing environmental factors may explain in part previous results suggesting a role of this polymorphism in longevity.
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Raber J, Huang Y, Ashford JW. ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:641-50. [PMID: 15172743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, evidence is provided that apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype accounts for the majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and pathology. The three major human isoforms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, are encoded by different alleles (2, 3, 4) and regulate lipid metabolism and redistribution. ApoE isoforms differ in their effects on AD risk and pathology. Clinical and epidemiological data have indicated that the 4 allele may account for 50% of AD in the United States. Further, the rarity of AD among carriers of the 2 allele suggests that allelic variations in the gene encoding this protein may account for over 95% of AD cases. ApoE4 disrupts memory function in rodents. Further studies have indicated that fragments of apoE may contribute to both plaque and tangle formation. Thus, the epidemiologic and basic science evidence suggest that apoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Neurology, L470, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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Rea IM, McKeown PP, McMaster D, Young IS, Patterson C, Savage MJ, Belton C, Marchegiani F, Olivieri F, Bonafe M, Franceschi C. Paraoxonase polymorphisms PON1 192 and 55 and longevity in Italian centenarians and Irish nonagenarians. A pooled analysis. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:629-35. [PMID: 15050299 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2003.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PON1, an arylesterase, associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), protects low density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidative modification. Common polymorphisms PON1 55 (L/M) and 192 (Q/R) in the PON1 gene associate with atherosclerosis and heart disease. Because long-lived people seem protected from premature vascular death, we conducted a pooled statistical analysis to assess any association between these polymorphisms and longevity in a large combined group of Italian centenarians and octo/nonagenarians from Northern Ireland (NI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Separated DNA was available from 1479 subjects from Italy and Northern Ireland (NI). In Italy 308 centenarians (males 67, females 241, mean age 100.8, SD2.1 years) and 579 young controls (males 347, females 232, mean age 40.7, SD 12.7 years) were included in the study. In NI, 296 octo/nonagenarians (males 92, females 204, mean age 89.8, SD 5.7 years) and 296 young sex-matched subjects (mean age 13.0, SD 1.4 years) had available DNA. PON1 55 (L/M) and 192 (Q/R) polymorphisms were studied using a PCR-RFLP approach. RESULTS There was a significant difference in PON1 192 genotypes in Italian centenarians compared to younger controls (X(2)= 6.8, df = 2 p= 0.03) and a similar but non significant trend between octo/nonagenarian and young subjects in NI (X(2) = 4.0, df=2, p=0.14). Using logistic regression analysis on the combined Italian and Irish datasets, there was a small survival advantage for centenarian and octo/nonagenarian subjects who were heterozygous for PON1 192 R allele, (OR 1.3, CI 1-1.6; p=0.04 with a stepwise increase for RR homozygous subjects (OR 1.7, CI 1.1-2.6; p = 0.02) compared to QQ subjects. Comparing R and Q alleles there was a survival advantage for octo/nonagenarian/centenarian subjects who carried the R allele (OR 1.3, CI 1.1-1.5; p = 0.007) but there was no sex-specific effect p =0.77) LL, LM and MM genotypes of PON 55 polymorphisms showed similar frequencies in Italy (39.9, 47.0, 13.1%) and Ireland (39.5, 48.6, 11.9%) with no age or sex-related differences. The PON1 192R/Q and PON55L/M loci were in strong linkage disequilibrium with a Lewontin's D' coefficient -0.928 (elderly) and -0.965 (young). There was a significant difference in haplotype frequency of these linked loci in older compared to younger subjects (Likelihood Ratio X(2) = 9.60, df = 3, p= 0.02). CONCLUSION These data suggest a modest association between the 192R allele and longevity in two very elderly populations in two European countries. Being homozygous for 192 RR further enhances survival advantage but this effect was not found to be sex specific. This finding is of interest because the 192R allele has previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, the 192R allele shows higher enzymatic activity, using paraoxon as substrate, and we postulate that its role in the metabolism of potentially toxic chemicals or other metabolic pathways may be important in survival to very old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Rea
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Queens University of Belfast, Whilta Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT7 9AB UK
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Panza F, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Capurso S, Kehoe PG, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. Vascular genetic factors and human longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:169-78. [PMID: 15013661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex inter-relationships between age-associated illnesses, such as vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggest that biological and genetic pathways may be worthy of examination in centenarian populations to provide insights into human longevity. This is also borne out by the involvement of lipoprotein metabolism and a number of vascular genetic risk factors. Repeated findings of a higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele in middle-aged subjects compared with centenarians were reported. Furthermore, we have also shown how in different populations there is a significant trend in reduction of serum APOE levels from APOE epsilon2- to epsilon4-carrier as well as significant differences in serum APOE levels respect to age in epsilon4-carriers but only after adjustment for HDL cholesterol. In contrast, findings of increased prevalence of the angiotensin I converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) D allele in French centenarians have not been replicated, suggesting the possibility that regional differences may occur in ACE1(*)D frequency within Europe in centenarians, as has been recently reported for APOE epsilon2 and epsilon4 alleles. A number of studies have examined the potential role in longevity of other genes involved in vascular risk, haemostasis, and blood pressure regulation [methyltetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA-I), apolipoprotein C3 (APOC-III), apolipoprotein A4 (APOA-IV), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1)], with contrasting results. While further studies are needed to confirm the possible role of APOE concentration as putative longevity factor, this paper provides an overview of genetic vascular factors potentially involved in human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11-70124 Bari, Italy.
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Choi YH, Kim JH, Kim DK, Kim JW, Kim DK, Lee MS, Kim CH, Park SC. Distributions of ACE and APOE polymorphisms and their relations with dementia status in Korean centenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:227-31. [PMID: 12634288 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.3.m227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) have been reported to be associated with human longevity and dementia in the elderly. However, whether such putative longevity genes exert the same effects on different ethnic groups living in different environments is not well known. METHODS We investigated the distributions of the ACE and APOE genotypes and their relations with dementia status in Korean centenarians by cross-sectional study. A total of 103 centenarians (13 men and 90 women, mean age 102.4 +/- 2.6 years) were included in this study. The allele frequencies of the genes were compared with those of two control groups: 7232 apparently healthy adults (4100 men and 3132 women) of mean age 48.5 +/- 9.6 years for the ACE genotyping, and 6435 adults (5008 men and 1427 women) of mean age 50.7 +/- 7.9 years for the APOE genotyping. The dementia status of the centenarians was assessed by clinical psychologist using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score. RESULTS The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the ACE and APOE genes of the centenarians were not significantly different from those of the control groups. There was a lack of association between presence of the D allele on the ACE gene and dementia status. However, the frequency of the epsilon4 allele of the APOE gene was significantly higher in centenarians with dementia than in centenarians without definitive dementia (9.1% versus 1.5%, p <.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neither the ACE nor the APOE gene is significantly associated with longevity in the Korean population, but that the APOE epsilon4 allele is still related with dementia even at age 100 and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ho Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Genome Survey for Loci That Influence Successful Aging: Sample Characterization, Method Validation, and Initial Results for the Y Chromosome. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200209000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zuliani G, Cherubini A, Volpato S, Palmieri E, Mecocci P, De Rango P, Cao P, Costantini F, Mezzetti A, Mascoli F, Senin U, Fellin R. Genetic factors associated with the absence of atherosclerosis in octogenarians. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57:M611-5. [PMID: 12196500 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.9.m611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis (ATS) is a common age-related disease of large arteries. The prevalence of older subjects with vascular successful aging (VaSA), defined as the absence of clinical symptoms and instrumental signs of ATS, is low in Western countries. The possible contribution of genetics to the VaSA phenomenon is not known. METHODS We investigated the distribution of four genetic polymorphisms (angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE], methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR], apolipoprotein E [apo E], and paraoxonase [PON] genes) in 30 subjects with VaSA, 30 subjects with moderate carotid atherosclerosis (ATS group), and 161 controls with a negative history for cardiovascular disease. Clinical examination; ultrasonographic examination of carotid, vertebral, abdominal aortic, iliac, and femoral arteries; and electrocardiogram were performed. RESULTS The frequency of PON 192 B allele was lower in VaSA patients (13%) compared with ATS patients (37%) and controls (46%) ( p =.06 and.006, respectively); B/B homozygotes were 27% in the ATS group, 12% in controls, and 0% in the VaSA group. The frequency of the MTHFR thermolable + allele was higher in VaSA (0.51) compared with ATS (0.39) and controls (0.40) (VaSA vs C, p =.006). No differences in the distribution of ACE I/D and apo E alleles emerged between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS The low prevalence of the PON 192 B allele in the VaSA subjects suggests that this polymorphism might have an important role in VaSA, probably by hydrolyzing lipid peroxides and thus preventing low-density lipoprotein from undergoing the oxidative modification. This finding further supports the oxidative hypothesis of ATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine II. Vascular Surgery, University of Ferrara, Italy
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47
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Abstract
One of the goals of modern medicine is to foster successful aging. In order to age successfully, one must accomplish two things: first, survive; and second, survive with good health and a sharp mind. In this discussion of apolipoproteins and aging, the focus will be on apolipoprotein E (apoE), a protein with three common isoforms, which has a large impact on longevity and successful aging. One variant of apoE (E4) is associated with increased risk for heart disease, stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, some of the potential mechanisms for the observed effects of apoE on aging will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Smith
- Lab. Biochem. Gen. & Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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48
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Abstract
To live beyond the octogenarian years, population and molecular genetic studies of centenarian sibships indicate that genetic factors play an increasingly important role as the limit of life span is approached. These factors are likely to influence basic mechanisms of aging that in turn broadly influence susceptibility to age-related illnesses. Lacking genetic variations that predispose to disease as well as having variations that confer disease resistance (longevity enabling genes) are probably both important to achieving exceptional old age. The AGE (aging, genetics, environment) nomogram is introduced as an illustrative construct for understanding the influence of environmental and genetic factors on survival to various ages, depending on variations in the hypothesized relative importance of genes and environment to longevity. The rapid rise in the incidence of centenarians could indicate that many more people than we originally thought have the optimal set of genetic factors necessary to get to 100 and beyond. Recent studies indicate the likelihood that such factors will be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Abstract
The highest attained age has increased by about 20 years since the beginning of the 19th century. In the course of the 1990s, more than ten individuals reached 115 years or more, including Jeanne Calment who attained the age of 122 years. In low-mortality countries, the number of centenarians has doubled every decade since 1950. This dramatic increase was mainly due to periodical effects related to the drastic fall in mortality among the elderly. The fact that centenarians are survivors does not mean that they are healthy. A high prevalence of comorbidity is found, and many centenarians have survived major diseases thanks to medical treatment and surgery. It is, however, possible that the comorbidity is less serious than in younger elderly. Certain personality traits may also be important in surviving health-threatening conditions. Furthermore, a number of biological and cognitive functions seem to be well-preserved in several centenarians. The influence of the apoE-gene and other genes involved in fundamental mechanisms illustrates that with advancing age and increasing mortality even small risks may have a substantial effect on survival to 100 years. A small proportion of long-livers may be considered as relatively autonomous, and this proportion will probably increase in the future. We are living longer and seem to postpone the terminal dependent phase to higher ages. Longevity may thus be perceived as part of our postmodern condition with its mix of pleasure and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Jeune
- Institute of Public Health, and Ageing Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
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50
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Abstract
The 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with increased risk of two major causes of death in low-mortality populations: ischemic heart disease and Alzheimer's disease. It is less common among centenarians than at younger ages. Therefore, it is likely that it is associated with excess risk of death. This article extends demographic models that estimate relative mortality risks from changes in gene frequencies with age. The resulting demographic synthesis combines gene frequencies with data on mortality by genotype from cohort studies. The model was applied to data from Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States. Near age 50, the 3/4 genotype is associated with a risk of death of 1.34 times that of the 3/3 (95% CI 1.18-1.67). The relative risk for 4/4 is the square of the relative risk for 3/4, 1.81. The 2/3 genotype is protective with a relative risk of 0.84 (0.68-0.93) near age 50. These relative risks move toward 1.0 at the oldest ages and APOE genotype is associated with little variation in mortality over age 100. There are no significant differences in the relative risks by sex. There is little evidence of differences within Europe in the effects of APOE. This approach can be generalized to combine data on genetic risk factors for disease from a wide variety of study designs and sample characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Ewbank
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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