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Tan YB, Tay EH, Shahwan S, Zhang Y, Sambasivam R, Subramaniam M. Associations between parental bonding and health-related quality of life in a clinical sample of youths aged 14-35 years in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2024:00077293-990000000-00127. [PMID: 38993101 DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2023-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with psychiatric disorders tend to report having poorer bonds with their parents during their early years. These individuals often experience lower quality of life as well. This study investigated the associations between aspects of parental bonding and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a clinical sample of youths. It was hypothesised that high parental care and low parental overprotectiveness would be associated with higher levels of HRQOL. METHODS Data were obtained from a larger cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 400 psychiatric outpatients: 191 patients aged 14-21 (mean ± standard deviation 18.1 ± 2.22) years and 209 patients aged 22-35 (28.0 ± 4.33) years. The Parental Bonding Instrument was used to measure parental care and overprotectiveness. Short Form-12 measured physical health (physical component summary [PCS]) and mental health (mental component summary [MCS]) components of HRQOL, and the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire assessed depressive symptoms. These scales and a sociodemographic form were self-administered. Multivariable linear regression was used for analysis. RESULTS About half of the sample reported affectionless control for mothers (46.6%) and fathers (45.9%). After controlling for sociodemographic variables, no significant relationship was found between aspects of parental bonding and PCS scores. Maternal care was associated with MCS scores (β = 0.32, P < 0.01) and PHQ-8 scores (β = -0.12, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that youths who experienced quality care from their mothers exhibit better mental health functioning despite their clinical diagnoses, which suggests that early maternal care exerts an overall long-term protective effect. Early parental education that promotes positive parenting practices could improve the overall HRQOL of individuals in adulthood despite their clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Boon Tan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Porras-Mendoza Y, Celdrán M, Zacarés JJ. Continuity in Socialization Styles: Typologies of Socialization in the Different Life Stages of Older People. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2024:914150241240127. [PMID: 38515305 DOI: 10.1177/00914150241240127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to identify the socialization styles of the older person (such as authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and negligent) in three different roles: (1) nowadays as a grandparent, (2) considering the style used to educate their own children in the past; and (3), considering the socialization style they received when they were children. The sample (317 people over 65 years old with at least one grandchild aged up to 16 years old participated) received the questionnaire on socialization styles in those roles. The results showed the predominance of the indulgent style in their role as grandparents. Almost 80% showed intergenerational continuity between at least two roles, with the exception of those with a neglectful style. Continuity in socialization style is crucial to understanding the dynamics within family relationships, which have highly durable intergenerational ties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoselyn Porras-Mendoza
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Celdrán
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Zacarés
- Departament of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Whitaker RC, Dearth-Wesley T, Herman AN. The Association of Childhood Parental Connection With Adult Flourishing and Depressive Symptoms. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064690. [PMID: 38425226 PMCID: PMC10904890 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether a common measure of childhood emotional neglect, scored instead as a continuous measure of increasing parental connection, is associated with adult flourishing and depressive symptoms, and to compare the magnitude of these 2 associations. METHODS We pooled cross-sectional survey data from the Midlife in the United States study, collected from 2 national cohorts (2004-2006 and 2011-2014) of English-speaking, US adults, aged 25 to 74 years. Using the 5-item emotional neglect subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, a score of increasing childhood parental connection was created by not reverse-scoring responses. The adult outcomes were standardized scores of flourishing, from Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale, and depressive symptoms, from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. RESULTS Data were available for 2079 of 2118 participants (98.2%). The mean (SD) age was 53.1 (12.6) years and 54.6% were female. After adjusting for covariates (age, gender, race and ethnicity, marital status, chronic disease, socioeconomic disadvantage), the adult flourishing score was 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.63-0.86) SD units higher in those in the highest quartile of childhood parental connection compared with the lowest, whereas the depressive symptoms score was lower by a similar magnitude (-0.65 [95% confidence interval -0.77 to -0.54] SD units). CONCLUSIONS When emotional neglect is reframed as parental connection, it has associations with adult flourishing and depressive symptoms that are of similar magnitude but opposite direction. Clinicians and researchers should consider the more positive and aspirational frame of parental connection and its potential contribution to life course flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Whitaker
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Tracy Dearth-Wesley
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
| | - Allison N. Herman
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
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Klanjšek R, Vazsonyi AT, Javakhishvili M. Is the Effect of Parenting on Substance Use among Adolescents and Young Adults Context Dependent? Evidence from Ten Countries of Southeastern Europe. J Genet Psychol 2023; 184:303-321. [PMID: 36705143 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2171849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Related to some inconsistent evidence in the literature, the current study tested the links between three parenting styles and four measures of substance use in samples of adolescents and young adults from ten, socio-economically diverse countries in Southeastern Europe (N = 10,909, 50.3% males, Mage = 21.70, SD = 4.5); it also tested whether these links were moderated by a measure of social progress. Results indicated that only authoritative parenting style was negatively associated with substance use; both authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were positively associated with substance use. The country-level effect on substance use was modest, yet significant; it explained between 1% and 4% of the total variance. Findings also provided some evidence of a moderation effects by social progress. Exploratory follow-up HLM analyses also provided evidence of significant country level social progress effects on alcohol use, soft drug use, and hard drug use; however, no significant cross-level interactions effects were found. Key study implications include positive effects by both authoritarian and permissive parenting on young adult substance use, but importantly, negative ones by authoritative parenting. Findings have important implications for potential intervention and prevention efforts, in addition to addressing potential country-level differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Klanjšek
- Sociology Department, University of Maribor, Maribor, EU, Slovenia
| | | | - Magda Javakhishvili
- Psychology Department, John Jay College, City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
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GÖKDAĞ C, KIZILTEPE R. Risk Factors in Depression and Anxiety Disorders from the Framework of Developmental Psychopathology. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1118163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders that negatively affect individuals’ life in many ways. Understanding how these highly comorbid emotional disorders develop and persist might guide prevention, intervention, and treatment studies. Some common vulnerability factors underlie depression and anxiety disorders. Developmental psychopathology deals with these vulnerabilities and risk factors from a lifetime perspective. The aim of this review is to present the risk factors associated with depression and anxiety from the perspective of developmental psychopathology. For this purpose, we discussed genetic and biological factors, temperament, negative childhood experiences, family and peer relationships, and some cognitive and emotional factors as risk factors. Also, we discussed how these risk factors lead to depression and anxiety disorders. This review emphasizes that some common transdiagnostic risk factors underlie emotional disorders and highlights the importance of a developmental psychopathology perspective to understand the developmental pathways of depression and anxiety disorders.
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Elucidating the Roles of Maternal Overcontrol and Warmth in the Development of Childhood Anxiety and Depression: A Moderated Mediation Framework. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:609-622. [PMID: 34705125 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have linked childhood anxiety and depression with parenting characterized by high control and low warmth. However, few studies have examined how control and warmth may work together to influence internalizing symptoms in children. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the moderating effect of warmth on the relationship between overcontrol and anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as whether negative thoughts serve as a mediator of these pathways. A total of 182 fourth and fifth grade children completed measures of maternal parenting behavior, negative thoughts, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results showed an interaction between overcontrol and warmth for depressive but not anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, low warmth increased the strength of the mediating relationship between overcontrol and depression via thoughts of personal failure. Findings may signal a need for early interventions to address parenting behaviors, such as controlling behaviors, in parents of children at risk for internalizing difficulties.
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Hassert DL. Self and Others: Empirical and Neuropsychoanalytic Considerations of Superego and Conscience. Psychoanal Rev 2023; 110:1-22. [PMID: 36856482 DOI: 10.1521/prev.2023.110.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Freud's mature theorizing about human morality entrenched the functioning of the superego in anxiety stemming from the fear of punishment, a view with which many later psychoanalysts took issue, producing a debate as to the distinction between superego and conscience. This debate would later be mirrored more broadly in academic psychology concerning distinctions between shame and guilt. This is an area where the clinical observations and theoretical discussions of psychoanalysis have subtly guided research in cognitive psychology and the cognitive and affective neurosciences. These areas, in turn, have both clarified and supported psychoanalytic theory and practice without negating the rich phenomenological and theoretical basis on which psychoanalysis rests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick L Hassert
- Trinity College, 6601 West College Dr. Palos Heights, IL 60463 E-mail:
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8
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Baumbach A, Hughes MC, Derain L, Liu Y. Parenting style in childhood and attitudes toward caregiving in adulthood: a qualitative study. Home Health Care Serv Q 2023; 42:54-68. [PMID: 36047603 DOI: 10.1080/01621424.2022.2118096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore how relationships with parents during childhood can influence an individual's attitude toward caregiving later in life. The qualitative data came from 47 respondents who care for adult loved ones, with a caregiver mean age of 46.7. The respondents reflected on their recent experience of providing care for their loved ones and how experiences with their caregivers growing up may have influenced their caregiving attitudes. Using a codebook thematic analysis, themes were generated linking childhood experiences to current attitudes toward caregiving. Themes included reciprocating good care, performing obligatory care, and stopping the generational transference of negative care. For most participants, providing quality care for adult loved ones happened regardless of whether the one's childhood experiences with caregivers were positive or negative. Knowledge about the impact of childhood experiences can help health professionals develop interventions to support family caregivers that consider childhood experiences with parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Baumbach
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - M Courtney Hughes
- School of Health Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Lily Derain
- School of Nursing, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Yujun Liu
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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9
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Martinez-Escudero JA, Garcia OF, Alcaide M, Bochons I, Garcia F. Parental Socialization and Adjustment Components in Adolescents and Middle-Aged Adults: How are They Related? Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1127-1139. [PMID: 37063616 PMCID: PMC10103705 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s394557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Classic studies mainly of European-American families broadly identify the benefits of parental strictness combined with parental warmth. However, current research tends to identify parental warmth as positive for adjustment, even without parental strictness. In addition, less is known about the relationship between parenting and adjustment beyond adolescence. The present study examined warmth and strictness and its relationship with self, sexism, and stimulation values. Self-esteem, academic-professional self-concept, benevolent sexism, and stimulation values were used to capture adjustment. Patients and Methods Participants (n = 1125) were adolescents and adult children of middle-age from Spain. The statistical analyses used were correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results In general, the relationship between parenting and adjustment was found to have a similar pattern for adolescent and middle-aged adult children, although more marked in adolescents. Parental warmth and strictness were predictors of adjustment, but in a different direction. Specifically, parental warmth positively predicted academic-professional self-concept and self-esteem, whereas parental strictness was detrimental as a predictor of higher benevolent sexism. Conclusion Overall, the present findings suggest that an effective socialization during the socialization years and even beyond can be positively predicted by parental warmth, whereas parental strictness might be unnecessary or even detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Correspondence: Oscar F Garcia, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain, Tel +34 963983846, Email
| | - Marta Alcaide
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Isabel Bochons
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
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Whitaker RC, Dearth-Wesley T, Herman AN, van Wingerden ASN, Winn DW. Family Connection and Flourishing Among Adolescents in 26 Countries. Pediatrics 2022; 149:188014. [PMID: 35574657 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-055263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether higher levels of family connection are associated with a greater prevalence of flourishing in adolescence. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the International Survey of Children's Well-Being collected in 26 countries between 2016 and 2019 from 11- to 13-year-olds. Family connection was based on a mean score of 5 items that asked about care, support, safety, respect, and participation using a Likert-type scale (range 0-4). Flourishing was based on a mean score of 6 items that asked about self-acceptance, purpose in life, positive relations with others, personal growth, environmental mastery, and autonomy using a Likert-type scale (range 0-10). A mean score of >8 was considered flourishing. RESULTS The analysis involved 37 025 of 39 286 (94.2%) adolescents, after excluding those with missing data. The mean (SD) age was 11.9 (0.6) years and 51.4% were girls. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of flourishing was 65.8% (65.3-66.3). Adolescents were distributed across 5 increasing levels of the family connection score: <2.5 (11.2%), 2.5 to <3.0 (8.8%), 3.0 to <3.5 (24.2%), 3.5 to <4.0 (25.1%), and 4.0 (30.7%). After controlling for covariates, including material resources and food sufficiency, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) of flourishing increased across the 5 levels of increasing family connection: 34.9% (33.3-36.5), 45.0% (43.2-46.8), 58.2% (57.2-59.3), 72.6% (71.6-73.5), and 84.3% (83.6-85.1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents from 26 countries, greater family connection was associated with a higher prevalence of flourishing. Family connection may contribute to flourishing, not just the avoidance of negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Whitaker
- Columbia-Bassett Program.,Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Columbia-Bassett Program.,Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
| | - Tracy Dearth-Wesley
- Columbia-Bassett Program.,Columbia-Bassett Program.,Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
| | - Allison N Herman
- Columbia-Bassett Program.,Columbia-Bassett Program.,Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
| | - Anne-Sophie N van Wingerden
- Columbia-Bassett Program.,Columbia-Bassett Program.,Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
| | - Delaine W Winn
- Columbia-Bassett Program.,Columbia-Bassett Program.,Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
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Ding R, He P. Parenting styles and health in mid- and late life: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:463. [PMID: 35643447 PMCID: PMC9145460 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The impact of relationships in early childhood may be long-lasting and reaching to mid to late life. Limited studies have investigated the associations between parenting style and different aspects of well-being beyond adolescence. The current study aims to examine the association between parenting styles and multiple dimensions of functioning in mid-and later-life adults. Methods We used data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was applied to examine the association between retrospective parenting styles/behaviors in childhood and health outcome. Results Compared with authoritative style, authoritarian style predicted worse self-rated health (coefficient = − 0.13, P < 0.001), cognitive function (− 0.23, P < 0.05) and depressive symptom (0.87, P < 0.001). Paternal affection was associated with more health outcome in mid- and late life than maternal affection. Only paternal affection was a significant predictor of mid- and late life health among male adults, while both paternal and maternal affection were strong predictors among female adults. Authoritative style was associated more positive health outcomes in mid- and late life among adults with literate parents than those with illiterate parents. Conclusion This study provides evidence for the link between parenting behaviors in early life stage and physical and psychological functioning in mid- to late adulthood. Authoritative style, and the memory of parental affection, particularly from father and educated parents, could have long-lasting positive influence on children’s physical and mental well-being, which further support the life-course perspective on human development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-03157-6.
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Adebiyi BO, Goldschmidt T, Benjamin F, Sonn IK, Rich E, Roman NV. Enablers and barriers to effective parenting within the first 1000 days: an exploratory study of South African parents and primary caregivers in low socio-economic communities. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:793. [PMID: 35443633 PMCID: PMC9019930 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first 1000 days is the period between conception and a child’s second birthday. Globally, research on parenting is in an advanced stage, but parenting research focusing specifically on parenting in this developmental phase is limited in South Africa. Therefore, this study explores the enablers and barriers to effective parenting within the first 1000 days through the lens of parents and caregivers in low socio-economic communities. Methods This study was conducted in communities in South Africa considered low socio-economic communities in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. An exploratory qualitative research design explored the enablers and barriers to effective parenting within the first 1000 days of life. Thirty participants were purposively selected and interviewed in this study. A semi-structured interview schedule was used for all interviews. The data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Two main categories emerged (effective parenting enablers and effective parenting barriers) during the data analysis. The main enablers of effective parenting within the first 1000 days of life include a support system, healthy behaviours/environment, unemployment/job opportunities, religion, information/knowledge, and professional assistance. On the other hand, the main barriers to effective parenting were low socio-economic circumstances, environmental circumstances, lack of partner’s support, the negative impact of technology, and lack of access to services. Conclusion Enablers that need to be promoted for effective parenting range from support systems to professional assistance for parents. Also, barriers that need to be removed for effective parenting range from low socio-economic circumstances to a lack of partner’s support for parents. This is because effective parenting is vital in improving developmental outcomes for children within the first 1000 days of life. Therefore, there is a need to develop policies and interventions to promote effective parenting within the first 1000 days in the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatope O Adebiyi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tessa Goldschmidt
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatiema Benjamin
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Inge K Sonn
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edna Rich
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicolette V Roman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Whitaker RC, Dearth-Wesley T, Herman AN. Childhood Family Connection and Adult Flourishing: Associations Across Levels of Childhood Adversity. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21:1380-1387. [PMID: 33713838 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether higher levels of childhood family connection were associated with greater adult flourishing and if this association was present across levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and childhood socioeconomic disadvantage (SED). METHODS We pooled cross-sectional data from telephone and mailed surveys in the Midlife in the United States study that were collected from 2 nationally representative cohorts (2004-06 and 2011-14) of English-speaking, US adults, aged 25 to 74 years. Adult flourishing z score, standardized to the study population, was created from Ryff's 42-item Psychological Well-being Scale and quartiles of childhood family connection from a 7-item scale assessing parental attention, affection, and communication during childhood. RESULTS Data were analyzed for the 4199 (72.0% of 5834) participants with complete data. The mean age of participants was 53.9 years and 85.4% were White. After adjusting for covariates, including adult chronic disease, ACEs, and childhood and current SED, mean (95% CI) flourishing z scores increased from the lowest to highest quartiles of family connection: -0.41 (-0.49, -0.33), -0.18 (-0.25, -0.12), -0.01 (-0.07, 0.06), and 0.25 (0.18, 0.32), respectively. For each 1 SD increase in the family connection score, there was a 0.25 (95% CI, 0.20, 0.29) unit increase in the adjusted flourishing z score. This positive association was also present across levels of ACEs and childhood SED. CONCLUSIONS Greater childhood family connection was associated with greater flourishing in US adults across levels of childhood adversity. Supporting family connection in childhood may influence flourishing decades later, even with early adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Whitaker
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), New York, NY; Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), Cooperstown, NY; Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), Cooperstown, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (RC Whitaker), New York, NY.
| | - Tracy Dearth-Wesley
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), New York, NY; Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), Cooperstown, NY; Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), Cooperstown, NY
| | - Allison N Herman
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), New York, NY; Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), Cooperstown, NY; Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center (RC Whitaker, T Dearth-Wesley, and AN Herman), Cooperstown, NY
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Yee AZH. Examining the Moderating Effect of Parenting Style and Parental Guidance on Children's Beliefs about Food: A Test of the Parenting Style-as-Context Model. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 26:553-565. [PMID: 34546148 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1978593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research examining the effect of parenting practices on child food consumption has often neglected the role in which global aspects of parenting - such as parenting style - play in shaping children's dietary behaviors. To address this gap, the parenting style-as-context model was used to examine the moderating effects of parenting style - defined as the perceived emotional climate communicated to children by their parents - on the association between parental guidance of food consumption and children's beliefs surrounding food. A cross-sectional survey of 1,113 child/adolescent participants between the ages of 9 and 18 was conducted to test the theoretical propositions derived from the parenting style-as-context model. Results suggest desirable relationships between different dimensions of parental guidance of food consumption on children's beliefs surrounding foods were stronger among children who were under an authoritative parenting style compared to other parenting styles. The results offer some support for the parenting style-as-context model and has theoretical and practical implications for research targeted at understanding the role parents play in inculcating healthy dietary habits among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z H Yee
- Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
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Exploring the Perspectives of South African Parents and Primary Caregivers Living in Low-Income Communities on What Children Need to Thrive within the First 1000 Days of Life. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060483. [PMID: 34200273 PMCID: PMC8229791 DOI: 10.3390/children8060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The first 1000 days is recognised as a critical period for the development of children. What children need to thrive in this particular phase of development may be different from any other phase. In South Africa, parents’ perception of children’s needs within the first 1000 days of life could be considered as emerging. Therefore, this study aims to explore the perspectives of South African parents and primary caregivers on what children need to thrive within the first 1000 days. An exploratory qualitative study design was used to explore the parents’ understanding of what children need to thrive in the first 1000 days. A purposive sampling approach was employed to select parents and primary caregivers in low-income communities. In all, thirty respondents participated in the study. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. During the analysis, four themes emerged. The themes included (1) the importance of parenting, care and support; (2) children’s need for holistic development; (3) parental roles; and (4) sharing responsibilities. Parents and primary caregivers living in low-income communities understand what children need to thrive within the first thousand days of life. The study could assist policymakers and service providers to design appropriate interventions for parents within these communities.
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Relationship between psychological resilience and parental acceptance-rejection: The mediating role of self-compassion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Parental Emotional Support and Health Problems: The Role of Social Support and Social Strain. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-021-09379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Garcia OF, Fuentes MC, Gracia E, Serra E, Garcia F. Parenting Warmth and Strictness across Three Generations: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207487. [PMID: 33076230 PMCID: PMC7602436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent emergent research is seriously questioning whether parental strictness contributes to children’s psychosocial adjustment in all cultural contexts. We examined cross-generational differences in parental practices characterized by warmth and practices characterized by strictness, as well as the relationship between parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) and psychosocial adjustment in adulthood. Parenting practices characterized by warmth (affection, reasoning, indifference, and detachment) and strictness (revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment) were examined. Psychosocial adjustment was captured with multidimensional self-concept and well-being (life satisfaction and happiness). Participants were 871 individuals who were members of three generations of Spanish families: College students (G3), their parents (G2), and their grandparents (G1). Results showed two different cross-generational patterns in parenting practices, with an increased tendency toward parental warmth (parents use more affection and reasoning but less indifference across generations) and a decreased tendency toward parental strictness (parents use revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment less across generations). Interestingly, despite cross-generational differences in parenting practices, a common pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment was found: indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better self-concept and well-being than authoritative parenting, whereas parenting characterized by non-warmth (authoritarian and neglectful) was related to poor scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria C. Fuentes
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Enrique Gracia
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Farber MJ, Gee DG, Hariri AR. Normative range parenting and the developing brain: A scoping review and recommendations for future research. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:2341-2358. [PMID: 33051903 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of early adversity such as trauma, abuse, and neglect highlight the critical importance of quality caregiving in brain development and mental health. However, the impact of normative range variability in caregiving on such biobehavioral processes remains poorly understood. Thus, we lack an essential foundation for understanding broader, population-representative developmental mechanisms of risk and resilience. Here, we conduct a scoping review of the extant literature centered on the question, "Is variability in normative range parenting associated with variability in brain structure and function?" After removing duplicates and screening by title, abstract, and full-text, 23 records were included in a qualitative review. The most striking outcome of this review was not only how few studies have explored associations between brain development and normative range parenting, but also how little methodological consistency exists across published studies. In light of these limitations, we propose recommendations for future research on normative range parenting and brain development. In doing so, we hope to facilitate evidence-based research that will help inform policies and practices that yield optimal developmental trajectories and mental health as well as extend the literature on the neurodevelopmental impact of early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Farber
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NA, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Clinical Affective Neuroscience & Development Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NA, USA
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Alen NV, Sloan RP, Seeman TE, Hostinar CE. Childhood Parental Warmth and Heart Rate Variability in Midlife: Implications for Health. PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2020; 27:506-525. [PMID: 33244293 PMCID: PMC7685289 DOI: 10.1111/pere.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) as a potential mediator between childhood parental warmth and later health and mortality outcomes. Participants were 1,255 adults (56.9% female). Childhood parental warmth was reported retrospectively at mean age 46; resting HF-HRV was measured at mean age 57; cardiovascular health and self-evaluated health were assessed at mean age 57 and 63, and mortality records extracted at mean age 63. Results revealed a positive association between childhood parental warmth and resting HF-HRV, as well as associations between higher HF-HRV and reduced risk of having a later cardiovascular health problem and of mortality by age 63. Mediation analyses revealed a small significant indirect effect of parental warmth, through HF-HRV, on cardiovascular health.
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Liu Y, Lachman ME. Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Style From Childhood: Long-Term Effects on Cognitive Function in Middle and Later Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:e13-e24. [PMID: 30888020 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assesses whether childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is related to cognitive function and cognitive change at mid and later life and explores the buffering effects of parenting style and adulthood SES. METHOD Data were derived from the 3 waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, a national survey including 7,108 participants aged from 24 to 75 years at baseline. We used multiple regression and multilevel models to investigate the associations between childhood SES, adulthood SES, and cognitive performance and change at midlife and the role of parents' affection and discipline. RESULTS Low childhood SES was associated with lower cognitive function and more cognitive decline at mid and later life. Adulthood SES moderated the effect of childhood SES on cognitive function. Interactions showed that paternal discipline was positively related to cognitive function among participants with low childhood SES, and negatively related to cognitive function among participants with high childhood SES. High paternal affection was associated with less cognitive decline at mid and later life. DISCUSSION The findings advance the understanding of the long-term consequences of SES and psychosocial factors in early life that can lead to optimal cognitive function in middle and old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Liu
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Margie E Lachman
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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22
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Whitaker RC, Dearth-Wesley T, Herman AN, Nagel KE, Smith HG, Weil HFC. Association of Childhood Family Connection With Flourishing in Young Adulthood Among Those With Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e200427. [PMID: 32134463 PMCID: PMC7059021 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Higher levels of childhood family connection have been associated with measures of adult flourishing or eudaimonic well-being, such as purpose, self-acceptance, positive relationships, and growth. However, this association has not been examined among those with childhood-onset chronic disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether higher levels of childhood family connection were associated with greater flourishing in young adulthood among those with type 1 diabetes and, secondarily, whether this association was present across levels of adverse childhood experiences and childhood social position. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In 2017, the cross-sectional Type 1 Flourish survey was administered to all 743 young adults, aged 18 to 29 years, with type 1 diabetes who had received outpatient care in 2016 at a diabetes specialty clinic in New York, New York. Eligible participants completed the survey online or during clinic visits. Data analyses were conducted in September and October 2019. EXPOSURES The main exposure was childhood family connection (sample-defined tertiles), based on scores from a 7-item scale assessing parental attention, affection, and communication during childhood. Adverse childhood experiences, childhood social position, and other sociodemographic characteristics were also reported. Recent hemoglobin A1c levels were abstracted from medical records. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Flourishing score calculated from the 42-item Psychological Well-being Scale developed by Ryff. RESULTS The survey was completed by 423 of 743 patients (56.9%), and the analysis included 415 participants (98.1%) with complete data on family connection and flourishing. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 25.0 (3.2) years, with 246 (59.3%) female respondents and 288 (69.6%) non-Hispanic white respondents. The mean (SD) flourishing score was 221.8 (37.7). After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, age at type 1 diabetes diagnosis, and hemoglobin A1c level, mean flourishing scores increased from the lowest (201.0; 95% CI, 195.0-207.0) to medium (225.2; 95% CI, 219.4-231.0) to highest (240.4; 95% CI, 234.4-246.4) tertiles of family connection; compared with those in the lowest tertile of family connection, the flourishing scores were 1.04 (95% CI, 0.81-1.27) SD units higher among those in the highest tertile and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.42-0.86) SD units higher among those in the middle tertile. This association was also present across levels of childhood adversity. In the subgroup of respondents with 2 or more adverse childhood experiences, those in the highest tertile of family connection had adjusted flourishing scores 0.76 (95% CI, 0.14-1.38) SD units higher than those in the lowest tertile. In the subgroup with low childhood social position, those in the highest tertile of family connection had flourishing scores 1.08 (95% CI, 0.63-1.52) SD units higher than those in the lowest tertile. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of young adults with type 1 diabetes, higher levels of childhood family connection were associated with greater flourishing in young adulthood across levels of childhood adversity. Beyond disease management, clinician support of family connection may help children with type 1 diabetes flourish in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Whitaker
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tracy Dearth-Wesley
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Allison N. Herman
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E. Nagel
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- now with School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hannah G. Smith
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- now with College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Henry F. C. Weil
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Columbia-Bassett Program, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Sharifian N, Kraal AZ, Zaheed AB, Sol K, Zahodne LB. Longitudinal socioemotional pathways between retrospective early life maternal relationship quality and episodic memory in older adulthood. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:2464-2473. [PMID: 31436459 PMCID: PMC6813874 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that social relations may play a role in explaining individual differences in cognitive functioning in older adulthood. In particular, early life maternal relationship quality (MRQ) has been shown to be a strong predictor of later-life socioemotional outcomes and may also contribute to later-life cognitive outcomes. The current study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between retrospective early life MRQ and later-life episodic memory directly and indirectly through socioemotional pathways. Three waves of data spanning 6 years of the Health and Retirement Study were used (T1: 2008, T2: 2012, T3: 2014; n = 5,263, Mage = 69.31, SD = 10.75 at T1). A longitudinal mediation model tested the direct and indirect effects of retrospectively reported MRQ at T1 on T2 memory and latent change in memory from T2 to T3 through depressive symptoms, social network size, and loneliness at T2. Analyses revealed that better MRQ at T1 was associated with less loneliness and fewer depressive symptoms at T2, and in turn, each was independently associated with less decline in memory from T2 to T3. Overall, findings suggest an enduring effect of early life social experiences on later-life cognitive functioning through socioemotional pathways. These findings further highlight the necessity of taking an integrative and life course perspective when examining the relationship between social relations and cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neika Sharifian
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - A. Zarina Kraal
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Ketlyne Sol
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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24
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Lee LO, Aldwin CM, Kubzansky LD, Mroczek DK, Spiro A. The long arm of childhood experiences on longevity: Testing midlife vulnerability and resilience pathways. Psychol Aging 2019; 34:884-899. [PMID: 31524422 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adverse early experiences have been associated with higher mortality risk, but evidence varies by type of experiences, and relatively little is known about the role of favorable early experiences on health in later life. This study evaluated the independent contributions to longevity of favorable and unfavorable early experiences, including psychosocial stressors, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), and close relationships. We also examined 4 midlife psychosocial factors as vulnerability and resilience pathways potentially mediating these associations. The sample included 1,042 men from the VA Normative Aging Study. Early experiences were assessed retrospectively in 1961-1970 and 1995. Midlife psychosocial factors were measured in 1985-1991 and included stressful life events (SLEs), negative affect, life satisfaction, and optimism. Mortality was assessed through 2016. In multiple mediator structural equation models, which account for the overlap among pathways, higher number of SLEs in midlife mediated the association of having more childhood psychosocial stressors to reduced longevity, supporting stress continuity as a vulnerability pathway. Higher optimism in midlife also mediated the association of higher childhood SES to greater longevity. In single mediator models, higher life satisfaction in midlife transmitted the benefits of higher childhood SES and presence of close relationships onto longevity. Higher optimism also mediated the association of fewer childhood psychosocial stressors to longevity. However, these indirect effects were attenuated when accounting for shared variance among mediators, suggesting overlapping pathways. Findings offer novel evidence on unique and shared pathways linking specific dimensions of early experiences to longevity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewina O Lee
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
| | | | | | | | - Avron Spiro
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center
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25
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Fuentes MC, García-Ros R, Pérez-González F, Sancerni D. Effects of Parenting Styles on Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Stress in Spanish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152778. [PMID: 31382589 PMCID: PMC6696365 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research has repeatedly highlighted the important influence of parental socialization styles on children's psychosocial adjustment. However, previous studies about their effects on school adjustment have traditionally addressed a limited set of indicators, such as academic achievement or self-concept, which should be broadened in order to increase our level of knowledge about this topic. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between parenting styles and other relevant school adjustment criteria (self-regulated learning and academic stress) in adolescence. The study participants were 437 Spanish adolescents (44.7% men) from 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.55, SD = 1.80) who were enrolled in high school. A multivariate factorial design (parenting × sex × educational level) was used for each set of criteria. The results are consistent with previous research, showing that the indulgent style was related to better school adjustment during adolescence, evaluated through self-regulated learning and academic stress, thus increasing the available evidence about the influence of parenting styles in this setting. Additionally, this relationship remains invariant with regard to sex and the educational level of the participants in the study. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of parenting practices related to high acceptance/involvement for the adequate school adjustment of Spanish adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Fuentes
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael García-Ros
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-González
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Sancerni
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Garcia F, Serra E, Garcia OF, Martinez I, Cruise E. A Third Emerging Stage for the Current Digital Society? Optimal Parenting Styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2333. [PMID: 31269653 PMCID: PMC6651095 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent-child relationships through the offspring's personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring's personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent-child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, and the adolescents' parents were classified into one of four groups (indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful). Remarkably, the greatest personal well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth and lower parental strictness (i.e., indulgent), and the greatest social well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative; p < 0.05 for all countries). Consistently, poorer personal well-being and social well-being were associated with less parental warmth (i.e., authoritarian and neglectful). Findings suggest that the parent-child relationships analyzed have a common pattern associated with personal and social well-being that coincide with a proposed third stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda de los Alfares 44, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - Edie Cruise
- Department of Economics and Social Work, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, D-54296 Trier, Germany
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Alonso-Stuyck P. Which Parenting Style Encourages Healthy Lifestyles in Teenage Children? Proposal for a Model of Integrative Parenting Styles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2057. [PMID: 31212614 PMCID: PMC6603872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given that we live in an environment in constant change-a liquid society, according to Bauman-we propose a versatile parenting style with the capacity to adapt to the variations of socio-temporal evolution. This is achieved by basing parenting guidelines on the permanent, executive, cognitive, and affective components of a person. Although the first reviews of parenting styles emphasized the Authoritative style, the emerging tendency in some geographical areas has been to prioritize the Indulgent style. Extracting the common factor of these two styles, the suggestion is to improve the affective aspect of the relationship characterized by warm and close parent-child interactions. It is important to respect the style of each family in order to support it in its educational task while offering guidelines to help consolidate healthy adolescent lifestyles. In this line, we present successful experiments that have helped families in this decisive task by highlighting the efficacy of promoting systemic educational plans that involve the whole society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Alonso-Stuyck
- Àrea de Psicologia i Salut Mental, Institut d'Estudis Superiors de la Família, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chen Y, Kawachi I, Berkman LF, Trudel-Fitzgerald C, Kubzansky LD. Does optimal parenting style help offspring maintain healthy weight into mid-life? Prev Med 2019; 123:84-90. [PMID: 30844500 PMCID: PMC6664443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An authoritative parenting style is generally associated with healthier body weight in children and adolescents. However, whether the protective effect of an authoritative style on offspring body weight may persist into adulthood has seldom been investigated. In this study we examined the longitudinal association between parenting style and body mass index (BMI) change in mid-life. Longitudinal data from the Midlife in the United States Study (N = 3929) were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for a range of relevant covariates. Parenting styles were assessed at phase I (1995-1996) using items measuring parental warmth and control, while BMI was assessed at phases I and II (2004-2006). Four parenting styles were derived following prior research: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved styles. Compared to an authoritative style, an authoritarian style was associated with 14% higher increase in the standardized BMI change score (β = 0.14, 95% confidence interval: 0.03, 0.26). While there was suggestive evidence that an uninvolved versus authoritative style might also be associated with greater BMI increase, we found no differences between a permissive and authoritative style. This study suggested that the protective effect of an authoritative parenting style on offspring body weight may persist well into mid-life, particularly as compared to the authoritarian style and possibly the uninvolved style. Such work may reinforce the importance of a public health focus on improving parenting practices and suggest the value of implementing parenting programs, as one strategy for increasing the likelihood that individuals can maintain healthy weight well into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Lisa F Berkman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America; Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, United States of America
| | - Claudia Trudel-Fitzgerald
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America
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Garcia OF, Serra E. Raising Children with Poor School Performance: Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Adolescent and Adult Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1089. [PMID: 30934673 PMCID: PMC6480465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the correlates of authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults, with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Short- and long-term socialization outcomes were captured by multidimensional self-esteem (academic/professional, emotional, and family), psychological maturity (self-competence, social competence, and empathy), and emotional maladjustment (nervousness, emotional instability, and hostility). Participants (1195 female and 874 male) consisted of a community sample of adolescents (n = 602), young adults (n = 610), middle-aged adults (n = 469) and older adults (n = 388). Design was a 4 × 3 × 2 × 4 MANOVA (parenting style × school performance × sex × age). Results indicated that the relationship between parenting styles and children's socialization outcomes does not vary as a function of school performance. The link between parenting styles and socialization outcomes shares a common short- and long- term pattern in adolescents and adults: Indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better socialization outcomes than authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles were associated with the worst socialization outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21., 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21., 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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von Bonsdorff MB, Kokko K, Salonen M, von Bonsdorff ME, Poranen-Clark T, Alastalo H, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Eriksson JG. Association of childhood adversities and home atmosphere with functioning in old age: the Helsinki birth cohort study. Age Ageing 2019; 48:80-86. [PMID: 30272114 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective childhood adversities have been linked with adverse health outcomes, but less is known about the long-term consequences of childhood home atmosphere. We investigated whether childhood adversities and home atmosphere were associated with physical and mental functioning in older age. Methods in the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study 2003, participants born in the year 1934-44 had data available on nine childhood home atmosphere items, e.g. whether it was supportive and warm (sum score ranged between 0 and 36, higher score indicating better atmosphere), and nine childhood adversities, e.g. unemployment and divorce (sum score 0-9, coded into no; one; and two or more adversities) assessed in 2001-04. Of those, 835 had data on physical and mental functioning assessed using the Short Form 36 questionnaire in 2011-13. Results those who had experienced two or more childhood adversities were more likely to have poorer physical and mental functioning in older age compared to those with no adversities. A better home atmosphere score was associated with better mental functioning (per one unit higher score β 0.24, 95% CI 0.16-0.32, P < 0.001). In models including both childhood adversities and home atmosphere, a more favourable home atmosphere was associated with better mental functioning while the association for childhood adversities attenuated. There were no associations between childhood adversities or home atmosphere and physical functioning in the models that included both childhood exposures. Conclusions childhood adversities and home atmosphere have long-term associations with physical and mental functioning in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela B von Bonsdorff
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Kokko
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna Salonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika E von Bonsdorff
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Poranen-Clark
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna Alastalo
- Ageing, Disability and Functional Capacity Unit, Department of Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
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Chen Y, Kubzansky LD, VanderWeele TJ. Parental warmth and flourishing in mid-life. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:65-72. [PMID: 30396119 PMCID: PMC6309475 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the longitudinal association between parental warmth and offspring flourishing in mid-life. We also considered associations between parental warmth and a number of mental health problems and adverse health behavioral outcomes. METHOD Longitudinal data from the Midlife in the United States Study (N = 3,929, mean baseline age = 47.4 years) were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Parental warmth in childhood was recalled at phase I (1995-1996), while flourishing and other outcomes were self-reported at phase II (2004-2006). Following an approach developed by Keyes, flourishing was operationalized as a combined measure incorporating assessments of three aspects of well-being, including emotional, psychological, and social well-being. RESULTS The results suggest that parental warmth was positively associated with the continuous score of flourishing (B = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.25). The association was not specific to any particular component (emotional, psychological, or social well-being) or subdomain of flourishing. Parental warmth was also inversely associated with several adverse health behavior outcomes such as drug use and smoking. CONCLUSIONS Parental warmth in childhood may help promote offspring functioning across multiple domains of well-being in mid-life. The findings help to strengthen the call for a public health focus on the importance of parenting for outcomes beyond childhood and well into adulthood, and suggest the value of targeting parenting practices for prevention and intervention strategies to improve population health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Role of Need-Supportive Family Behaviours on Purpose in Life and Depressive Feelings of French Older People: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app9010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grounded in a self-determination theory framework, this study aimed to examine the relationships between satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs (BPN), need-supportive family behaviours, social support, purpose in life, and depressive feelings among older people living at home. We used a partial least squares path modelling approach among 118 older people living at home (Mage = 74.42 + 8.96). Results showed that: (1) Availability of social support and family support for competence negatively predicted BPN frustration significantly; (2) family support for autonomy and competence positively predicted BPN satisfaction significantly; (3) BPN satisfaction for competence positively predicted purpose in life significantly; and (4) BPN frustration for competence and relatedness positively predicted depressive feelings significantly and negatively predicted purpose in life significantly. This study provided evidence for broadening the concept of social support by taking into account need-supportive family behaviours when one wants to study well- and ill-being in older people.
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Antunes HDA, Rivadeneira-Guerrero MF, Goulart BNGD, Oenning NSX. Familiar factors and illicit drug use among Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2015). CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00009518. [PMID: 30517308 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00009518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit drug use is related to individual characteristics; however, social and family environments seem to be associated with this consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of the relationships between parents or guardians and Brazilian adolescents that use illicit drugs. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE, 2015), in which the target population was school children from the ninth grade (eighth year). A total of 102,072 students were included in the current research, being 52,782 females and 49,290 males. Illicit drug use was the outcome and family relationship factors were the exposure. For adjustments, factors as sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, as well as tobacco and alcohol use were established. Univariate and multivariate analysis stratified by sex was conducted through Poisson regression, with a robust variance estimator to calculate the prevalence ratio and the 95% confidence interval. The general prevalence of illicit drug use was 3.8%; 3.3% among females and 4.4% among males. The following factors increase the prevalence ratio for illicit drug use in adolescents: not living with their parents, not feeling supervised by parents, and skipping classes without parents' consent. Never feeling understood by parents and frequent physical aggressions by family members were also associated with illicit drug use. Family relationships collaborate to illicit drug use among Brazilian adolescents, considering their sociodemographic factors, alcohol and smoking habits and parents and friends' profiles.
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Sideri S, Marcenes W, Stansfeld SA, Bernabé E. Family environment and traumatic dental injuries in adolescents. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34:438-444. [PMID: 30221822 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS No comprehensive assessment of the influence of the home environment on traumatic dental injuries (TDI) has been conducted to date. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between family environment and TDI among adolescents from East London. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from 646 adolescents who participated in phase III of the Research with East London Adolescents Community Health Survey (RELACHS). Family environment was measured with four indicators (non-nuclear family, discordant parental relationship and levels of parental support and parental punishment) measured through a self-administered questionnaire. Clinical examinations were performed for TDI, overjet and lip coverage. Logistic regression was used to test the crude and adjusted (controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors) association of each family environment characteristic with TDI prevalence. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent of adolescents were from non-nuclear families, and 52.3% reported a discordant parental relationship. The mean score for parental support was -0.01 (SD: 0.90, range: -0.11 to 0.08), and the mean parental punishment score was 0.03 (SD: 0.86, range: -0.04 to 0.10). Adolescents from non-nuclear families had 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.53) greater odds of having TDI than those from nuclear families. However, this association was fully attenuated after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. The other three indicators of family environment were not associated with TDI either in crude or adjusted regression models. CONCLUSION This study found weak evidence of an association between family environment and TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sideri
- Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Wagner Marcenes
- Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Stephen A Stansfeld
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Bernabé
- Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
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Moran KM, Turiano NA, Gentzler AL. Parental warmth during childhood predicts coping and well-being in adulthood. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2018; 32:610-621. [PMID: 29708363 PMCID: PMC6072567 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that early life experiences can affect well-being later in life. Additionally, previous literature has emphasized the importance of exploring the role of mediators in developmental research (e.g., coping strategies). The present study used 3 waves of longitudinal data across 20 years from the national survey Midlife Development in the United States (N = 2,088) to examine the link between retrospectively reported parental warmth and well-being in adulthood by exploring 2 categories of coping strategies (emotion- and problem-focused strategies) as possible mediators. Three cross-lagged panel models, exhibiting good fit, were conducted in Mplus. Significant indirect effects were found where both negative and positive affect (Time 2) partially mediated the association between perceived parental warmth (Time 1) and emotion-focused coping (Time 3). Further, evidence for bidirectional effects were shown by the observed significant indirect effects of problem-focused coping (Time 2) partially explaining the association between perceived parental warmth (Time 1) and eudaimonic well-being (Time 3) as well as eudaimonic well-being (Time 2) partially explaining the link between parental warmth (Time 1) and problem-focused coping (Time 3). These findings suggest that it is important to consider early life experiences when examining both well-being and coping during adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record
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36
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Llorca A, Richaud MC, Malonda E. Parenting Styles, Prosocial, and Aggressive Behavior: The Role of Emotions in Offender and Non-offender Adolescents. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1246. [PMID: 28848459 PMCID: PMC5552721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to analyse the parenting styles effects (acceptance, negative control and negligence) on prosociality and aggressive behavior in adolescents through the mediator variables empathy and emotional instability, and also, if this model fits to the same extent when we study adolescents institutionalized due to problems with the law and adolescents from the general population, and at the same time, if the values of the different analyzed variables are similar in both groups of adolescents. We carried out a cross-sectional study. 220 participants from schools in the metropolitan area of Valencia took part in the study. Also, 220 young offenders took part recruited from four Youth Detention Centres of Valencia, in which they were carrying out court sentences. The age of the subjects range from 15-18 years. The results indicate that the emotional variables act as mediators in general, in the non-offender adolescents, but it has been observed, in the offender adolescents, a direct effect of support on aggressive behavior in a negative way and on prosociality in a positive way; and of negligence on aggressive behavior and of permissiveness on prosociality in a negative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Llorca
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
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37
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Slopen N, Chen Y, Guida JL, Albert MA, Williams DR. Positive childhood experiences and ideal cardiovascular health in midlife: Associations and mediators. Prev Med 2017; 97:72-79. [PMID: 28087467 PMCID: PMC5430499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, the American Heart Association introduced a new conceptual framework to encourage a focus on primary prevention and provided a definition for "ideal cardiovascular health". In this study we examined the relationship between positive childhood experience and ideal cardiovascular health in mid-life, and the extent to which education, depression, and social support mediate this association. Data are from participants in the Midlife and Aging in the United States study who completed a clinic-based assessment of health (N=1255, aged 34-84years, 2004-2005). We created a positive childhood experiences index based on retrospective report of eight childhood experiences, and calculated a continuous ideal cardiovascular health score for each participant following the American Heart Association's definition of ideal, intermediate and poor cardiovascular health across seven health metrics (analyses conducted in 2015-2016). Positive childhood experiences were associated with ideal cardiovascular health: compared to individuals in the lowest quartile, respondents in the second, third, and fourth quartile of positive childhood experiences scored 0.42 (standard error (SE)=0.18), 0.92 (SE=0.18) and 1.04 (SE=0.18) units higher on ideal cardiovascular health, adjusting for age, sex, and race. Respondent's education, depression status, and social support fully mediated the direct effect of positive childhood experiences on ideal cardiovascular health, with the largest indirect effect for education. These results suggest that positive childhood experiences are associated with ideal cardiovascular health in midlife. Strategies to promote cardiovascular wellbeing may benefit from a focus on social interventions early in life; educational attainment, major depression, and social support may represent key points of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Slopen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, United States
| | - Jennifer L Guida
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, School of Public Health, United States
| | - Michelle A Albert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, United States; Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, United States
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Fontes AP, Neri AL. Resilience in aging: literature review. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2017; 20:1475-95. [PMID: 26017950 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015205.00502014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological resilience is comprised of an adaptive functioning standard before the current and accumulated risks of life. Furthermore, it has a comprehensive range of psychological resources which are essential to overcome adversities, such as personal competences, self-beliefs and interpersonal control which interact with the social networks support. The objectives are to show the concepts of psychological resilience in elderly, relative to dominant theoretical models and the main data about psychological resilience in aging, found in an international and Brazilian review from 2007 to 2013. The descriptors "resilience, psychological resilience and aging", "resiliência e envelhecimento, velhice e velho", were used in PubMed, PsychInfo, SciELO and Pepsic databases. Fifty three international and eleven national articles were selected. The international articles were classified in four categories: psychological and social coping resources, emotional regulation before stressing experiences, successful resilience and aging and correlates, and resilience measures. The Brazilian articles were grouped in three: psychological and social resources, resilience in carers and theory review. Articles on psychological resources and on emotional regulation prevailed as key factors associated with psychological resilience in aging.
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Zhong X, Wu D, Nie X, Xia J, Li M, Lei F, Lim HA, Kua EH, Mahendran R. Parenting style, resilience, and mental health of community-dwelling elderly adults in China. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:135. [PMID: 27391781 PMCID: PMC4938943 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increasing elderly population worldwide, the identification of potential determinants of successful ageing is important. Many studies have shown that parenting style and mental resilience may influence mental health; however, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that underpin this relationship. The current study sought to explore the relationships among mental resilience, perceptions of parents' parenting style, and depression and anxiety among community-dwelling elderly adults in China. METHODS In total, 439 community-dwelling elderly Chinese adults aged 60-91 years completed the Personal and Parents' Parenting Style Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. RESULTS Elderly adults whose parents preferred positive and authoritative parenting styles had higher levels of mental resilience and lower levels of depression and anxiety. Elderly adults parented in the authoritarian style were found to have higher levels of depression and anxiety, with lower mental resilience. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide evidence related to successful ageing and coping with life pressures, and highlight the important effects of parenting on mental health. The results suggest that examination of the proximal determinants of successful ageing is not sufficient-distal factors may also contribute to the 'success' of ageing by modifying key psychological dispositions that promote adaptation to adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhong
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxing Wu
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueqing Nie
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xia
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mulei Li
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lei
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haikel A Lim
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Heok Kua
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rathi Mahendran
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Donaldson CD, Handren LM, Crano WD. The Enduring Impact of Parents' Monitoring, Warmth, Expectancies, and Alcohol Use on Their Children's Future Binge Drinking and Arrests: a Longitudinal Analysis. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 17:606-14. [PMID: 27178008 PMCID: PMC5901752 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is associated with many health and financial costs and is linked to risks of legal consequences. As alcohol use typically is initiated during adolescence, the current study assessed the relationship between parental behaviors and strategies in forecasting adolescents' likelihood of binge drinking and later arrest. Restricted data from waves I-IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to assess hypotheses. A weighted path analytic model (N = 9421) provided a multifaceted picture of variables linked to later antisocial behavior. Low parental monitoring, low parental warmth, parent alcohol use, and parent expectancies regarding their children's alcohol use were associated with higher incidence of adolescent binge drinking. In turn, low monitoring, low warmth, parent alcohol use, parent expectancies, and underage consumption were associated with binge drinking in early adulthood. Binge drinking during both adolescence and young adulthood were predictive of respondents' likelihood of arrest 8-14 years later. Findings demonstrated the substantial, enduring effects of parental behaviors on child alcohol-related actions and have implications for parent-targeted interventions designed to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. They suggest campaigns focus on parenting strategies that involve setting effective and strict alcohol-related rules and guidelines, while maintaining a warm and supportive family environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice D Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Handren
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - William D Crano
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
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Stafford M, Kuh DL, Gale CR, Mishra G, Richards M. Parent-child relationships and offspring's positive mental wellbeing from adolescence to early older age. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 11:326-337. [PMID: 27019664 PMCID: PMC4784487 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1081971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined parent-child relationship quality and positive mental well-being using Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development data. Well-being was measured at ages 13-15 (teacher-rated happiness), 36 (life satisfaction), 43 (satisfaction with home and family life) and 60-64 years (Diener Satisfaction With Life scale and Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being scale). The Parental Bonding Instrument captured perceived care and control from the father and mother to age 16, recalled by study members at age 43. Greater well-being was seen for offspring with higher combined parental care and lower combined parental psychological control (p < 0.05 at all ages). Controlling for maternal care and paternal and maternal behavioural and psychological control, childhood social class, parental separation, mother's neuroticism and study member's personality, higher well-being was consistently related to paternal care. This suggests that both mother-child and father-child relationships may have short and long-term consequences for positive mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Stafford
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, LondonWC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Diana L. Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, LondonWC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Catharine R. Gale
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gita Mishra
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, LondonWC1B 5JU, UK
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Lee LO, Aldwin CM, Kubzansky LD, Chen E, Mroczek DK, Wang JM, Spiro A. Do cherished children age successfully? Longitudinal findings from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Psychol Aging 2015; 30:894-910. [PMID: 26436456 PMCID: PMC4679661 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although early adversity has been linked to worse mental and physical health in adulthood, few studies have investigated the pathways through which positive and negative dimensions of early experiences can jointly influence psychological well-being in later life. This study examined: (a) profiles of early experiences across multiple domains, (b) the relations of these profiles to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in later life, and (c) whether midlife social support mediated these relations. We first conducted latent class analysis of early experiences using data from 1,076 men in the VA Normative Aging Study who completed the Childhood Experiences Scale (age: M = 69, SD = 7). Analyses yielded 3 profiles of early experiences, labeled as cherished (strong support and some losses), harshly disciplined (harsh parental discipline, low positive reinforcement, and nonnormative stressors), and ordinary (few stressors and low parental attention). Next, we applied structural equation modeling to data on a subset of this sample assessed 7 years later on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being (n = 496; age: M = 76, SD = 7). In general, the cherished group reported stronger qualitative social support in midlife than the harshly disciplined and ordinary groups, which in turn was related to greater hedonic (life satisfaction, positive affect) and eudaimonic (competence, positive relations with others) well-being in later life. The cherished group also reported higher autonomy than the ordinary group, but this association was independent of midlife social support. Our findings suggest that experiencing adversity in the context of a nurturing early environment can promote successful aging through the maintenance of supportive relationships in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewina O Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Carolyn M Aldwin
- Human Development and Family Science, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston
| | | | - Joyce M Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Avron Spiro
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
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Stafford M, Gale CR, Mishra G, Richards M, Black S, Kuh DL. Childhood Environment and Mental Wellbeing at Age 60-64 Years: Prospective Evidence from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126683. [PMID: 26030929 PMCID: PMC4451971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental wellbeing, conceptualised as positive affect, life satisfaction and realisation of needs that contribute to psychological growth, captures more than the absence of mental ill health. Several nations now aim to monitor and improve mental wellbeing. Whilst many studies document associations between adverse childhood experiences and mental disorders in adulthood, possible links between childhood experiences and adult mental wellbeing have so far received less attention. METHODS Using data from 1976 men and women in the MRC National Survey for Health and Development, we investigated prospective associations between childhood socioeconomic and psychosocial environments and the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, designed to capture both hedonic and eudaimonic facets of wellbeing, at age 60-64. RESULTS Whilst there was no evidence that childhood socioeconomic circumstances were related to later wellbeing independently of other childhood experiences, elements of childrearing and parenting, parental health and adjustment, and childhood illness were related. More advantaged socioeconomic position was associated with greater wellbeing but this did not explain the links between these childhood exposures and adult wellbeing, suggesting alternative explanatory pathways should be considered. CONCLUSIONS Childhood illness and family psychosocial environment are associated with mental wellbeing in early older age, with effects sizes that are larger or comparable to socioeconomic circumstances in adulthood. Initiatives to improve the nation's mental wellbeing that include programmes targeted to supporting families and children may additionally have benefits that continue into older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Stafford
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Catharine R. Gale
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Mishra
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Black
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana L. Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
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South SC, Jarnecke AM. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Adult Mental Health: Evidence for Gene-Environment Interplay as a Function of Maternal and Paternal Discipline and Affection. Behav Genet 2015; 45:438-50. [PMID: 25842345 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have long theorized that genetic influence on mental health may differ as a function of environmental risk factors. One likely moderator of genetic and environmental influences on psychopathological symptoms is parenting behavior, as phenotypic research shows that negative aspects of parent-child relationships are associated with greater likelihood of mental illness in adulthood. The current study examined whether levels of reported parental discipline and affection experienced in childhood act as a trigger, or buffer, for adult mental health problems. Results from a nationwide twin sample suggest level of father's discipline and affection, as reported by now-adult twins, moderated genetic and environmental influences on internalizing symptoms in adulthood, such that heritability was greatest at the highest levels of discipline and affection. Father's affection also moderated the etiological influences on alcohol use problems, with greater heritability at the lowest levels of affection. No moderating effect was found for mothers. Findings suggest relationships with fathers in childhood can have long-lasting effects on the etiological influences on adult mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA,
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Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2014; 83:10-28. [PMID: 24281296 PMCID: PMC4241300 DOI: 10.1159/000353263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews research and interventions that have grown up around a model of psychological well-being generated more than two decades ago to address neglected aspects of positive functioning such as purposeful engagement in life, realization of personal talents and capacities, and enlightened self-knowledge. The conceptual origins of this formulation are revisited and scientific products emerging from 6 thematic areas are examined: (1) how well-being changes across adult development and later life; (2) what are the personality correlates of well-being; (3) how well-being is linked with experiences in family life; (4) how well-being relates to work and other community activities; (5) what are the connections between well-being and health, including biological risk factors, and (6) via clinical and intervention studies, how psychological well-being can be promoted for ever-greater segments of society. Together, these topics illustrate flourishing interest across diverse scientific disciplines in understanding adults as striving, meaning-making, proactive organisms who are actively negotiating the challenges of life. A take-home message is that increasing evidence supports the health protective features of psychological well-being in reducing risk for disease and promoting length of life. A recurrent and increasingly important theme is resilience - the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity. Implications for future research and practice are considered.
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Savla JT, Roberto KA, Jaramillo-Sierra AL, Gambrel LE, Karimi H, Butner LM. Childhood abuse affects emotional closeness with family in mid- and later life. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:388-399. [PMID: 23369347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge about the effects of early life adversity on kin relationships in later years is sparse. The purpose of this study was to examine if childhood abuse and adversity negatively influences emotional closeness with family in mid- and later life. A second goal was to determine the role of psychosocial resources and personality traits in buffering the effects of early adversities. Gender and cohort differences were explored to see if men were differentially affected than women and whether middle-aged adults (35-49 years old) were differentially affected than older adults (50-74 years old) by the effects of childhood abuse and adversity. METHODS Using retrospective accounts of early family abuse and adversities of 1,266 middle aged adults and 1,219 older adults from a large population-based survey, the National Survey of Midlife Development in United States (MIDUS), separate multiple regression analyses were conducted for the two cohorts to examine the effects of childhood emotional and physical abuse and family adversities on perceived emotional closeness with family. Interaction effects between childhood abuse and adversity (e.g., being expelled from school, death of sibling, parental divorce, losing a home to a natural disaster) with psychosocial resources (perceived control and self acceptance), personality characteristics (extraversion and neuroticism), and gender were examined. RESULTS Results of OLS regressions suggest emotional and physical abuse predicted family closeness in middle-aged adults. Conversely, only emotional abuse predicted family closeness in older adults. Moderation models revealed that high levels of self acceptance were associated with better maintenance of emotional closeness among middle-aged adults who were emotionally and physically abused as children. Older adults with lower extraversion who experienced emotional abuse or reported greater number of adversities in childhood were found to be at higher risk for lower emotional closeness with family. Early life adversities were more detrimental for women. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the aftermath of childhood abuse does not dissipate with time, but continues to influence family relationships in mid- and later life. Identifying the links between childhood adversities and adult relationships can help identify strategic points for intervention to reduce the long-term effects of accumulated adverse experiences over the life course.
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Tuovinen S, Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Lahti M, Heinonen K, Wahlbeck K, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and risk of severe mental disorders in the offspring in adulthood: the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:303-10. [PMID: 22169528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive disorders may affect the fetal developmental milieu and thus hint at mechanisms by which prenatal adversity associates with mental disorders in later life. We examined if hypertension without proteinuria and preeclampsia in pregnancy predict serious mental disorders in the offspring, and if sex, childhood socioeconomic status, length of gestation and parity modify these associations. METHODS We included 5970 women and men born after a normotensive, hypertensive or preeclamptic pregnancy defined by using mother's blood pressure and urinary protein measurements at maternity clinics and birth hospitals. Mental disorders requiring hospitalization or contributing to death were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge and Causes of Death Registers between years 1969 and 2004. RESULTS In comparison to the offspring born after normotensive pregnancies, offspring born after pregnancies complicated by hypertension without proteinuria were at 1.19-fold (CI: 1.01-1.41, P-value = 0.04) higher risk of any mental disorder and 1.44- (CI: 1.11-1.88, P-value < 0.01) and 1.39-fold (CI: 0.99-1.93, P-value = 0.05) higher risk of mood and anxiety disorder, respectively. In contrast, preeclampsia was associated, with a lower risk of any mental disorder in the male offspring (P-value = 0.02; P-value = 0.04 for interaction 'sex × normotension/preeclampsia'). CONCLUSIONS Hypertension without proteinuria in pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of serious mental disorders in the offspring in adulthood. Preeclampsia seems to, in turn, associate with lower risk of severe mental disorders in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tuovinen
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Control or involvement? Relationship between authoritative parenting style and adolescent depressive symptomatology. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21:149-55. [PMID: 22271064 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-012-0246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Among factors predicting adolescent mood problems, certain aspects of the parent-adolescent relationship play an important role. In previous studies, children whose parents had an authoritative style of parenting reported the best behavioral and psychological outcomes. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to investigate the role of authoritative parenting style and other family variables (negative family interactions and positive identification with parents) in adolescents' depressive symptomatology. The study was carried out in all primary and secondary schools in Mako and the surrounding region in Hungary in the spring of 2010, students of grades 7-12 (N = 2,072): 49.2% of the sample were males; 38.1% primary school pupils; and 61.9% high school students. Self-administered questionnaires contained items of measuring depressive symptoms (CDI) and parental variables beyond sociodemographics. Beyond descriptive statistics and calculation of correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression analyses were applied to detect relationships between parental variables and depressive scores by gender. Overall, our data support a negative association between authoritative parenting style and adolescent mood problems, particularly among girls. Among boys, only mother's responsiveness was a significant predictor. Among girls, father's parenting played a decisive role; not only his responsiveness but also demandingness. Interestingly, mother's demandingness went together with an elevated depressive score for girls. Prevention programs cannot guarantee success without taking into account the role of parents. Teaching positive parenting seems to be a part of these prevention programs that may include facilitating intimate yet autonomous relationships.
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Gaag EVD, Münow M. Diminishing demandingness of parents; children with recurrent infections. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.48077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Becoña E, Martínez Ú, Calafat A, Juan M, Fernández-Hermida JR, Secades-Villa R. Parental styles and drug use: A review. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2011.631060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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