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Thijssen VLJL. Vascular galectins in tumor angiogenesis and cancer immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38990363 PMCID: PMC11239785 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustained tumor angiogenesis, i.e., the induction and maintenance of blood vessel growth by tumor cells, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The vascularization of malignant tissues not only facilitates tumor growth and metastasis, but also contributes to immune evasion. Important players in all these processes are the endothelial cells which line the luminal side of blood vessel. In the tumor vasculature, these cells are actively involved in angiogenesis as well in the hampered recruitment of immune cells. This is the result of the abnormal tumor microenvironment which triggers both angiostimulatory and immune inhibitory gene expression profiles in endothelial cells. In recent years, it has become evident that galectins constitute a protein family that is expressed in the tumor endothelium. Moreover, several members of this glycan-binding protein family have been found to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and stimulate immune suppression. All this has identified galectins as potential therapeutic targets to simultaneously hamper tumor angiogenesis and alleviate immune suppression. The current review provides a brief introduction in the human galectin protein family. The current knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of galectins in endothelial cells is summarized. Furthermore, an overview of the role that endothelial galectins play in tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunomodulation is provided. Finally, some outstanding questions are discussed that should be addressed by future research efforts. This will help to fully understand the contribution of endothelial galectins to tumor progression and to exploit endothelial galectins for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L J L Thijssen
- Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Niu B, Ma L, Yao L, Zhang Y, Su H. HCV affects K ATP channels through GnT-IVa-mediated N-glycosylation of GLUT2 on the surface of pancreatic β-cells leading to impaired insulin secretion. Endocrine 2024; 84:427-440. [PMID: 37962815 PMCID: PMC11076383 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the mechanism of insulin secretion dysfunction in pancreatic beta cells induced by N-glycosylation mediated by an infection from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Min6 cell models infected with HCV and stimulated with glucose were constructed. Meanwhile, an HCV-infected animal model and a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model were constructed. Glucose uptake in the Min6 cells was detected, and insulin secretion was detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and lectin blotting were used to detect the expression levels of related proteins and mRNA, as well as the level of N-glycosylation. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the pancreatic tissue, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to evaluate the glucose tolerance of the rats. RESULTS Compared with the NC group, the expression levels of GnT-IVa, GLUT2, galectin-9, and voltage-dependent calcium channel 1.2 (Cav1.2) were significantly downregulated in the HCV-infected group. The ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) component proteins SUR1 and Kir6.2 were significantly upregulated, while intracellular glucose intake and insulin secretion decreased, N-glycosylation levels and ATP levels significantly decreased, and the overexpression of GnT-IVa reversed the effect of the HCV infection. However, treatment with the glycosylation inhibitor kifunensine (KIF) or the KATP channel activator diazine (Dia) reversed the effects of the overexpression of GnT-IVa. In the animal experiments, HE staining revealed serious pathological injuries in the pancreatic tissue of the HCV-infected rats, with decreased glucose tolerance and glycosylation levels, decreased insulin secretion, downregulated expression of GnT-IVa, GLUT2, and Cav1.2, and upregulated expression of SUR1 and Kir6.2. The overexpression treatment of GnT-IVa or the KATP channel antagonist miglinide reversed the effects of HCV. CONCLUSION HCV infection inhibits GLUT2 N-glycosylation on the pancreatic β cell surface by downregulating the expression of GnT-IVa and then activates the KATP pathway, which ultimately leads to disturbances in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lijing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lixuan Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Bao Ji People's Hospital, Baoji, 721000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Rodrigues CF, Santos FA, Amorim LAA, da Silva ALC, Marques LGA, Rocha BAM. Galectin-9 is a target for the treatment of cancer: A patent review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127768. [PMID: 38287577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Galectins, which correspond to a group of proteins capable of recognizing and reversibly binding to β-galactoside carbohydrates, have been the subject of innovation and development of technological products. Galectins play biological roles, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, and some studies showed differences in the concentrations of galectins dispersed in serum of patients with cancer. For this reason, different studies have evaluated the biotechnological potential of these proteins as biomarkers for the prognosis and/or diagnosis of physiological disorders. Thus, this review discusses recent technological advancements in targeting galectins for the treatment of cancer and using galectins for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Data mining was performed using the search descriptors "Galectin 9* and cancer*" and the ESPACENET and Cortellis Drug Discovery Intelligence (CDDI) databases. PRISMA guidelines were followed as a basis for literature review which aimed to conduct a systematic study of galectin-9 patents related to cancer prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. Results showed the importance of galectin-9 protein patents in furthering biomedical advancements in the global fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Alves Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - André Luis Coelho da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Anderson Matias Rocha
- RENORBIO, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Ko FCF, Yan S, Lee KW, Lam SK, Ho JCM. Chimera and Tandem-Repeat Type Galectins: The New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:902. [PMID: 37371482 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, a total of 12 galectins have been identified. Their intracellular and extracellular biological functions are explored and discussed in this review. These galectins play important roles in controlling immune responses within the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the infiltration of immune cells, including different subsets of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, to fight against cancer cells. However, these infiltrating cells also have repair roles and are hijacked by cancer cells for pro-tumorigenic activities. Upon a better understanding of the immunomodulating functions of galectin-3 and -9, their inhibitors, namely, GB1211 and LYT-200, have been selected as candidates for clinical trials. The use of these galectin inhibitors as combined treatments with current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is also undergoing clinical trial investigations. Through their network of binding partners, inhibition of galectin have broad downstream effects acting on CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and macrophages as well as playing pro-inflammatory roles, inhibiting T-cell exhaustion to support the fight against cancer cells. Other galectin members are also included in this review to provide insight into potential candidates for future treatment(s). The pitfalls and limitations of using galectins and their inhibitors are also discussed to cognise their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Chi Fat Ko
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Wai Lee
- Pathology Department, Baptist Hospital, Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Kwan Lam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Chung Man Ho
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Suszczyk D, Skiba W, Pawłowska A, Polak G, Tarkowski R, Wertel I. Expression of Gal-9 on Dendritic Cells and Soluble Forms of TIM-3/Gal-9 in Patients Suffering from Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065948. [PMID: 36983021 PMCID: PMC10056739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system dysregulation is clinically evident in the pathogenesis of endometriosis (EMS). Changes in the dendritic cells (DCs) activity or phenotype may be involved in the implantation and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus in the disease. The TIM-3/Gal-9 axis is implicated in the development of immune tolerance. However, the knowledge about the exact role of this pathway in the EMS is extremely poor. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of Gal-9 on myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in the peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) of both EMS patients (n = 82) and healthy subjects (n = 10) via flow cytometry. We also investigated the concentrations of soluble Gal-9 and TIM-3 in the plasma and PF of EMS patients and the control group using ELISA. We showed significantly elevated percentages of mDCs-Gal-9+ and pDCs-Gal-9+, and significantly higher concentrations of the soluble form of Gal-9 and TIM-3 in the PF of EMS patients than in circulation. Our results led us to conclude that the accumulation of Gal-9 expressing mDCs and pDCs in the PF and high sTIM-3/Gal-9 production in the peritoneal cavity could represent the hallmark of immune regulation in EMS patients, which may augment the inflammatory process and development/maintenance of local immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Suszczyk
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Skiba
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Pawłowska
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Polak
- I Chair and Department of Gynaecologic Oncology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Tarkowski
- I Chair and Department of Gynaecologic Oncology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wertel
- Independent Laboratory of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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YUAN Z, GIRON LB, HART C, GYAMPOH A, KOSHY J, HONG KY, NIKI T, PREMEAUX TA, NDHLOVU LC, DELEAGE C, MONTANER LJ, ABDEL-MOHSEN M. Human galectin-9 promotes the expansion of HIV reservoirs in vivo in humanized mice. AIDS 2023; 37:571-577. [PMID: 36460646 PMCID: PMC9975043 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human endogenous protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) reactivates latently HIV-infected cells in vitro and ex vivo , which may allow for immune-mediated clearance of these cells. However, Gal-9 also activates several immune cells, which could negatively affect HIV persistence by promoting chronic activation/exhaustion. This potential 'double-edged sword' effect of Gal-9 raises the question of the overall impact of Gal-9 on HIV persistence in vivo . DESIGN We used the BLT (bone marrow, liver, thymus) humanized mouse model to evaluate the impact of Gal-9 on HIV persistence in vivo during antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Two independent cohorts of ART-suppressed HIV-infected BLT mice were treated with either recombinant Gal-9 or phosphate-buffered saline control. Plasma viral loads and levels of tissue-associated HIV DNA and RNA were measured by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry and HIV RNAscope were used to quantify CD4 + T, myeloid, and HIV RNA+ cells in tissues. T cell activation and exhaustion were measured by flow cytometry, and plasma markers of inflammation were measured by multiplex cytokine arrays. RESULTS Gal-9 did not induce plasma markers of inflammation or T cell markers of activation/exhaustion in vivo . However, the treatment significantly increased levels of tissue-associated HIV DNA and RNA compared to controls ( P = 0.0007 and P = 0.011, respectively, for cohort I and P = 0.002 and P = 0.005, respectively, for cohort II). RNAscope validated the Gal-9 mediated induction of HIV RNA in tissue-associated myeloid cells, but not T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the overall adverse effects of Gal-9 on HIV persistence and the potential need to block Gal-9 interactions during ART-suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe YUAN
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Colin HART
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jane KOSHY
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Toshiro NIKI
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Thomas A. PREMEAUX
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lishomwa C. NDHLOVU
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire DELEAGE
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
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Lau LS, Mohammed NBB, Dimitroff CJ. Decoding Strategies to Evade Immunoregulators Galectin-1, -3, and -9 and Their Ligands as Novel Therapeutics in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15554. [PMID: 36555198 PMCID: PMC9778980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding proteins that play a variety of roles in normal physiology. In cancer, their expression levels are typically elevated and often associated with poor prognosis. They are known to fuel a variety of cancer progression pathways through their glycan-binding interactions with cancer, stromal, and immune cell surfaces. Of the 15 galectins in mammals, galectin (Gal)-1, -3, and -9 are particularly notable for their critical roles in tumor immune escape. While these galectins play integral roles in promoting cancer progression, they are also instrumental in regulating the survival, differentiation, and function of anti-tumor T cells that compromise anti-tumor immunity and weaken novel immunotherapies. To this end, there has been a surge in the development of new strategies to inhibit their pro-malignancy characteristics, particularly in reversing tumor immunosuppression through galectin-glycan ligand-targeting methods. This review examines some new approaches to evading Gal-1, -3, and -9-ligand interactions to interfere with their tumor-promoting and immunoregulating activities. Whether using neutralizing antibodies, synthetic peptides, glyco-metabolic modifiers, competitive inhibitors, vaccines, gene editing, exo-glycan modification, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, these methods offer new hope of synergizing their inhibitory effects with current immunotherapeutic methods and yielding highly effective, durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Norhan B. B. Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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He J, Hou Y, Lu F. Blockage of Galectin-Receptor Interactions Attenuates Mouse Hepatic Pathology Induced by Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896744. [PMID: 35911679 PMCID: PMC9327616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), one of the most important Apicomplexan protozoa, causes toxoplasmosis in human throughout the world. Galectin (Gal)-9 triggers a series of immune events via binding to its receptors, including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3, CD137, CD44, and protein disulfide isomerase. To examine the regulatory role of galectin-receptor interactions in anti-toxoplasmic activities, C57BL/6 mice were infected with T. gondii RH strain and intraperitoneally injected with alpha (α)-lactose to block the interactions of galectins and their receptors. Heatmaps showed upregulated values for Gal-9 and CD137 in the livers of T. gondii-infected mice and T. gondii-infected mice treated with α-lactose. Compared with T. gondii-infected mice, T. gondii-infected mice treated with α-lactose showed significantly increased survival rate, decreased tissue parasite burden, attenuated liver histopathology, increased mRNA expression levels of CD137, IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-10 in the liver, and increased Gal-9 mRNA expression level in the spleen. Correlation analysis showed that significant positive correlations existed between the mRNA expression levels of Gal-9 and CD137, Gal-9 and IFNγ, as well as between CD137 and IFNγ in the liver and spleen of T. gondii-infected mice; between CD137 and IFNγ in the liver of T. gondii-infected mice treated with α-lactose. In addition, blockage of galectin-receptor interactions showed enhanced M2 macrophage polarization in the liver of T. gondii-infected mice. Our data indicate that Gal-9-CD137 interaction may play an important role in T. gondii proliferation and liver inflammation in mice during acute T. gondii infection, through regulating T cell and macrophage immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongheng Hou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fangli Lu,
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Shi Y, Tang D, Li X, Xie X, Ye Y, Wang L. Galectin Family Members: Emerging Novel Targets for Lymphoma Therapy? Front Oncol 2022; 12:889034. [PMID: 35677161 PMCID: PMC9168125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.889034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The galectin family of proteins has high affinity with β-galactoside-containing glycans. These proteins participate in cell growth and differentiation, cell adhesion, cell signal transduction, cell apoptosis, and other cellular activities. In recent years, a large number of studies have described the expression and correlation of galectins in different tumors. Each member of the family plays a vital role in tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, adhesion, and tumor immune escape. Studies on the roles of galectins in lymphoma have mainly involved galectin-1, -3, -7, and -9. The results suggest that galectins may become novel targets for precise tumor treatment. This article reviews current research progress regarding galectins in lymphoma and provides new ideas for exploring them as novel targets for treating lymphoma and other important medical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Shi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Danting Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yufu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, China
- Linyi Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi, China
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Zhi Z, Jooss NJ, Sun Y, Colicchia M, Slater A, Moran LA, Cheung HYF, Di Y, Rayes J, Poulter NS, Watson SP, Iqbal AJ. Galectin-9 activates platelet ITAM receptors glycoprotein VI and C-type lectin-like receptor-2. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:936-950. [PMID: 34936188 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are multifunctional cellular mediators in many physiological and pathophysiological processes such as thrombosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Several members of galectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a broad range of immunomodulatory actions, have been reported to activate platelets. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a novel ligand for platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). METHODS Platelet spreading, aggregation, and P-selectin expression in response to Gal-9 were measured in washed platelet suspensions via static adhesion assay, light transmission aggregometry, and flow cytometry, respectively. Solid-phase binding assay and protein phosphorylation studies were utilized to validate the interaction between Gal-9 and GPVI, and immunoprecipitation for detecting CLEC-2 phosphorylation. Wild-type (WT), GPVI-knockout (Gp6-/- ), and GPVI and CLEC-2-double knockout (Gp6-/- /Gp1ba-Cre-Clec1bfl/fl ) mice were used. RESULTS We have shown that recombinant Gal-9 stimulates aggregation in human and mouse washed platelets dose-dependently. Platelets from both species adhere and spread on immobilized Gal-9 and express P-selectin. Gal-9 competitively inhibited the binding of human recombinant D1 and D2 domains of GPVI to collagen. Gal-9 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of CLEC-2 and proteins known to lie downstream of GPVI and CLEC-2 including spleen tyrosine kinase and linker of activated T cells in human platelets. GPVI-deficient murine platelets exhibited significantly impaired aggregation in response to Gal-9, which was further abrogated in GPVI and CLEC-2-double-deficient platelets. CONCLUSIONS We have identified Gal-9 as a novel platelet agonist that induces activation through interaction with GPVI and CLEC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogong Zhi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Natalie J Jooss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Martina Colicchia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luis A Moran
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hilaire Yam Fung Cheung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ying Di
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Adeniji OS, Giron LB, Abdel-Mohsen M. Examining the Impact of Galectin-9 on Latent HIV Transcription. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:463-474. [PMID: 35320541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The β-galactoside-binding protein Galectin-9 (Gal-9) functions as a double-edged sword during HIV infection. On the one hand, Gal-9 can reactivate HIV latently infected cells, the main barrier to achieving HIV eradication, making them visible to immune clearance. On the other hand, Gal-9 induces latent HIV transcription by activating T cell Receptor (TCR) signaling pathways. These signaling pathways induce undesirable pro-inflammatory responses. While these unwanted responses can be mitigated by rapamycin without impacting Gal-9-mediated latent HIV reactivation, this effect raises the concern that Gal-9 may play a role in the chronic immune activation/inflammation that persists in people living with HIV despite antiretroviral therapy. Together, these data highlight the need to understand the positive and negative impacts of galectin interactions on immunological functions during HIV infection. In this chapter, we describe methods that can be used to investigate the effects of galectins, in particular Gal-9, on latent HIV transcription in vitro and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Modulation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 Immune Checkpoint with α-Lactose. Does Anomery of Lactose Matter? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246365. [PMID: 34944985 PMCID: PMC8699133 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The disaccharide lactose is a common excipient in pharmaceutical products. In addition, the two anomers α- and β-lactose can exert immuno-modulatory effects. α-Lactose functions as a major regulator of the T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3)/Galectin-9 (Gal-9) immune checkpoint, through direct binding to the β-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-9. The blockade of TIM-3 with monoclonal antibodies or small molecules represents a promising approach to combat onco-hematological diseases, in particular myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myeloid leukemia. Alternatively, the activity of the checkpoint can be modulated via targeting of Gal-9 with both α- and β-lactose. In fact, lactose is a quasi-pan-galectin ligand, capable of modulating the functions of most of the 16 galectin molecules. This review discusses the capacity of lactose and Gal-9 to modulate the TIM-3/Gal-9 and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in oncology. The immuno-regulatory roles of lactose and Gal-9 are highlighted. Abstract The disaccharide lactose is an excipient commonly used in pharmaceutical products. The two anomers, α- and β-lactose (α-L/β-L), differ by the orientation of the C-1 hydroxyl group on the glucose unit. In aqueous solution, a mutarotation process leads to an equilibrium of about 40% α-L and 60% β-L at room temperature. Beyond a pharmaceutical excipient in solid products, α-L has immuno-modulatory effects and functions as a major regulator of TIM-3/Gal-9 immune checkpoint, through direct binding to the β-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-9. The blockade of the co-inhibitory checkpoint TIM-3 expressed on T cells with anti-TIM-3 antibodies represents a promising approach to combat different onco-hematological diseases, in particular myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. In parallel, the discovery and development of anti-TIM-3 small molecule ligands is emerging, including peptides, RNA aptamers and a few specifically designed heterocyclic molecules. An alternative option consists of targeting the different ligands of TIM-3, notably Gal-9 recognized by α-lactose. Modulation of the TIM-3/Gal-9 checkpoint can be achieved with both α- and β-lactose. Moreover, lactose is a quasi-pan-galectin ligand, capable of modulating the functions of most of the 16 galectin molecules. The present review provides a complete analysis of the pharmaceutical and galectin-related biological functions of (α/β)-lactose. A focus is made on the capacity of lactose and Gal-9 to modulate both the TIM-3/Gal-9 and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in oncology. Modulation of the TIM-3/Gal-9 checkpoint is a promising approach for the treatment of cancers and the role of lactose in this context is discussed. The review highlights the immuno-regulatory functions of lactose, and the benefit of the molecule well beyond its use as a pharmaceutical excipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, 59290 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Xavier Thuru
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020—UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020—UMR1277—Canther—Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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Iqbal AJ, Krautter F, Blacksell IA, Wright RD, Austin-Williams SN, Voisin MB, Hussain MT, Law HL, Niki T, Hirashima M, Bombardieri M, Pitzalis C, Tiwari A, Nash GB, Norling LV, Cooper D. Galectin-9 mediates neutrophil capture and adhesion in a CD44 and β2 integrin-dependent manner. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22065. [PMID: 34847625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100832r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil trafficking is a key component of the inflammatory response. Here, we have investigated the role of the immunomodulatory lectin Galectin-9 (Gal-9) on neutrophil recruitment. Our data indicate that Gal-9 is upregulated in the inflamed vasculature of RA synovial biopsies and report the release of Gal-9 into the extracellular environment following endothelial cell activation. siRNA knockdown of endothelial Gal-9 resulted in reduced neutrophil adhesion and neutrophil recruitment was significantly reduced in Gal-9 knockout mice in a model of zymosan-induced peritonitis. We also provide evidence for Gal-9 binding sites on human neutrophils; Gal-9 binding induced neutrophil activation (increased expression of β2 integrins and reduced expression of CD62L). Intra-vital microscopy confirmed a pro-recruitment role for Gal-9, with increased numbers of transmigrated neutrophils following Gal-9 administration. We studied the role of both soluble and immobilized Gal-9 on human neutrophil recruitment. Soluble Gal-9 significantly strengthened the interaction between neutrophils and the endothelium and inhibited neutrophil crawling on ICAM-1. When immobilized, Gal-9 functioned as an adhesion molecule and captured neutrophils from the flow. Neutrophils adherent to Gal-9 exhibited a spread/activated phenotype that was inhibited by CD18 and CD44 neutralizing antibodies, suggesting a role for these molecules in the pro-adhesive effects of Gal-9. Our data indicate that Gal-9 is expressed and released by the activated endothelium and functions both in soluble form and when immobilized as a neutrophil adhesion molecule. This study paves the way for further investigation of the role of Gal-9 in leukocyte recruitment in different inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isobel A Blacksell
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael D Wright
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shani N Austin-Williams
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed T Hussain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah L Law
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Research Division, GalPharma Company, Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alok Tiwari
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy V Norling
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Wu P, Xiang T, Wang J, Lv R, Ma S, Yuan L, Wu G, Che X. Identification of immunization-related new prognostic biomarkers for papillary renal cell carcinoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:241. [PMID: 34620162 PMCID: PMC8499437 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) being the second most common type of kidney cancer, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Targeted therapies in the past have not been successful because of the lack of a clear understanding of the molecular mechanism. Hence, exploring the underlying mechanisms and seeking novel biomarkers for pursuing a precise prognostic biomarker and appropriate therapies are critical. Material and methods In our research, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from the TCGA and GEO databases, and a total of 149 upregulated and 285 downregulated genes were sorted. This was followed by construction of functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, and then the top 15 DEGs were selected for further analysis. The P4HB gene was chosen as our target gene by repetitively validating multiple datasets, and higher levels of P4HB expression predicted lower overall survival (OS) in patients with pRCC. Results We found that P4HB not only connects with immune cell infiltration and co-expression with PD-1, PD-L2, and CTLA-4, but also has a strong connection with the newly discovered hot gene, TOX. Conclusion We speculate that P4HB is a novel gene involved in the progression of pRCC through immunomodulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01092-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Tingting Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Liguang Rehabilitation Hospital of Dalian Development Zone, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Run Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shaoxin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Limei Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
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Xu X, Chiu J, Chen S, Fang C. Pathophysiological roles of cell surface and extracellular protein disulfide isomerase and their molecular mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2911-2930. [PMID: 33837960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the prototypic member of the thiol isomerase family that catalyses disulfide bond rearrangement. Initially identified in the endoplasmic reticulum as folding catalysts, PDI and other members in its family have also been widely reported to reside on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Although how PDI is exported and retained on the cell surface remains a subject of debate, this unique pool of PDI is developing into an important mechanism underlying the redox regulation of protein sulfhydryls that are critical for the cellular activities under various disease conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiological roles of surface and extracellular PDI and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Understanding the involvement of extracellular PDI in these diseases will advance our knowledge in the molecular aetiology to facilitate the development of novel pharmacological strategies by specifically targeting PDI in extracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary Institute, National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Nunoue T, Yamaguchi S, Teshigawara S, Katayama A, Nakatsuka A, Eguchi J, Niki T, Wada J. Lgals9 deficiency ameliorates obesity by modulating redox state of PRDX2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5991. [PMID: 33727589 PMCID: PMC7966757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue is regarded as an endocrine organ and secretes bioactive adipokines modulating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity. Gal-9 is secreted out upon cell injuries, interacts with T-cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3) and induces apoptosis in activated Th1 cells. Gal-9 also binds to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), maintains PDI on surface of T cells, and increases free thiols in the disulfide/thiol cycles. To explore the molecular mechanism of obesity, we investigated Gal-9−/− and Gal-9wt/wt C57BL/6J mice fed with high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) chow. Gal-9−/− mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity associated with reduction of epididymal and mesenteric fat tissues and improved glucose tolerance compared with Gal-9wt/wt mice. However, the number of M1, M2 macrophages, and M1/M2 ratio in epididymal fat were unaltered. Under HFHS chow, Gal-9−/− mice receiving Gal-9−/− or Gal-9wt/wt bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) demonstrated significantly lower body weight compared with Gal-9wt/wt mice receiving Gal-9−/− BMCs. We identified the binding between Gal-9 and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2) in sugar chain-independent manner by nanoLC-MS/MS, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assay. In 3T3L1 adipocytes, Gal-9 knockdown shifts PRDX2 monomer (reduced form) dominant from PRDX2 dimer (oxidized form) under oxidative stress with H2O2. The inhibition of Gal-9 in adipocytes may be a new therapeutic approach targeting the oxidative stress and subsequent glucose intolerance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Nunoue
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sanae Teshigawara
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Katayama
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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17
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Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Hattori T. Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030430. [PMID: 33804076 PMCID: PMC7998537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-866-22-9454
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18
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Moar P, Tandon R. Galectin-9 as a biomarker of disease severity. Cell Immunol 2021; 361:104287. [PMID: 33494007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside binding lectin known for its immunomodulatory role in various microbial infections. Gal-9 is expressed in all organ systems and localized in the nucleus, cell surface, cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix. It mediates host-pathogen interactions and regulates cell signalling via binding to its receptors. Gal-9 is involved in many physiological functions such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, communication and death. However, recent studies have emphasized on the elevated levels of Gal-9 in autoimmune disorders, viral infections, parasitic invasion, cancer, acute liver failure, atopic dermatitis, chronic kidney disease, type-2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and benign infertility-related gynecological disorders. In this paper we have reviewed the potential of Gal-9 as a reliable, sensitive and non-invasive biomarker of disease severity. Tracking changes in Gal-9 levels and its implementation as a biomarker in clinical practice will be an important tool to monitor disease activity and facilitate personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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19
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Chakraborty A, Staudinger C, King SL, Erickson FC, Lau LS, Bernasconi A, Luscinskas FW, Perlyn C, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 bridges human B cells to vascular endothelium while programming regulatory pathways. J Autoimmun 2020; 117:102575. [PMID: 33285511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is reliant on efficient recruitment of circulating naïve B cells from blood into peripheral lymph nodes (LN) and timely transition of naive B cells to high affinity antibody (Ab)-producing cells. Current understanding of factor(s) coordinating B cell adhesion, activation and differentiation within LN, however, is incomplete. Prior studies on naïve B cells reveal remarkably strong binding to putative immunoregulator, galectin (Gal)-9, that attenuates BCR activation and signaling, implicating Gal-9 as a negative regulator in B cell biology. Here, we investigated Gal-9 localization in human tonsils and LNs and unearthed conspicuously high expression of Gal-9 on high endothelial and post-capillary venules. Adhesion analyses showed that Gal-9 can bridge human circulating and naïve B cells to vascular endothelial cells (EC), while decelerating transendothelial migration. Moreover, Gal-9 interactions with naïve B cells induced global transcription of gene families related to regulation of cell signaling and membrane/cytoskeletal dynamics. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7) was among key immunoregulators elevated by Gal-9-binding, while SLAMF7's cytosolic adapter EAT-2, which is required for cell activation, was eliminated. Gal-9 also activated phosphorylation of pro-survival factor, ERK. Together, these data suggest that Gal-9 promotes B cell - EC interactions while delivering anergic signals to control B cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmi Chakraborty
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frances Clemente Erickson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Angela Bernasconi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Francis W Luscinskas
- Department of Pathology, Vascular Research Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chad Perlyn
- Department of Surgery, Nicholas Children's Hospital, Division of Plastic Surgery, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Lorenzen I, Eble JA, Hanschmann EM. Thiol switches in membrane proteins - Extracellular redox regulation in cell biology. Biol Chem 2020; 402:253-269. [PMID: 33108336 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox-mediated signal transduction depends on the enzymatic production of second messengers such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfite, as well as specific, reversible redox modifications of cysteine-residues in proteins. So-called thiol switches induce for instance conformational changes in specific proteins that regulate cellular pathways e.g., cell metabolism, proliferation, migration, gene expression and inflammation. Reduction, oxidation and disulfide isomerization are controlled by oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin family, including thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins and protein dsisulfide isomerases. These proteins are located in different cellular compartments, interact with substrates and catalyze specific reactions. Interestingly, some of these proteins are released by cells. Their extracellular functions and generally extracellular redox control have been widely underestimated. Here, we give an insight into extracellular redox signaling, extracellular thiol switches and their regulation by secreted oxidoreductases and thiol-isomerases, a topic whose importance has been scarcely studied so far, likely due to methodological limitations. We focus on the secreted redox proteins and characterized thiol switches in the ectodomains of membrane proteins, such as integrins and the metalloprotease ADAM17, which are among the best-characterized proteins and discuss their underlying mechanisms and biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Lorenzen
- Centre of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Structural Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Life Science Center, Merowingerplatz 1a, D-40225Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Characterisation of endogenous Galectin-1 and -9 expression in monocyte and macrophage subsets under resting and inflammatory conditions. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Tanaka LY, Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:280-307. [PMID: 31910038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Supracellular redox networks regulating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and organ system architecture merge with structural and functional (catalytic or allosteric) properties of disulfide bonds. This review addresses emerging evidence that exported thiol oxidoreductases (TORs), such as thioredoxin, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), quiescin sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX)1, and peroxiredoxins, composing a peri/epicellular (pec)TOR pool, mediate relevant signaling. pecTOR functions depend mainly on kinetic and spatial regulation of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions governed by redox potentials, which are modulated by exported intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols, together conferring signal specificity. Recent Advances: pecTOR redox-modulates several targets including integrins, ECM proteins, surface molecules, and plasma components, although clear-cut documentation of direct effects is lacking in many cases. TOR catalytic pathways, displaying common patterns, culminate in substrate thiol reduction, oxidation, or isomerization. Peroxiredoxins act as redox/peroxide sensors, contrary to PDIs, which are likely substrate-targeted redox modulators. Emerging evidence suggests important pecTOR roles in patho(physio)logical processes, including blood coagulation, vascular remodeling, mechanosensing, endothelial function, immune responses, and inflammation. Critical Issues: Effects of pecPDIs supporting thrombosis/platelet activation have been well documented and reached the clinical arena. Roles of pecPDIA1 in vascular remodeling/mechanosensing are also emerging. Extracellular thioredoxin and pecPDIs redox-regulate immunoinflammation. Routes of TOR externalization remain elusive and appear to involve Golgi-independent routes. pecTORs are particularly accessible drug targets. Future Directions: Further understanding mechanisms of thiol redox reactions and developing assays for assessing pecTOR redox activities remain important research avenues. Also, addressing pecTORs as disease markers and achieving more efficient/specific drugs for pecTOR modulation are major perspectives for diagnostic/therapeutic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, LIM-64 (Translational Cardiovascular Biology), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Cook GM, Sousa C, Schaeffer J, Wiles K, Jareonsettasin P, Kalyanasundaram A, Walder E, Casper C, Patel S, Chua PW, Riboni-Verri G, Raza M, Swaddiwudhipong N, Hui A, Abdullah A, Wajed S, Keynes RJ. Regulation of nerve growth and patterning by cell surface protein disulphide isomerase. eLife 2020; 9:54612. [PMID: 32452761 PMCID: PMC7269675 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact repulsion of growing axons is an essential mechanism for spinal nerve patterning. In birds and mammals the embryonic somites generate a linear series of impenetrable barriers, forcing axon growth cones to traverse one half of each somite as they extend towards their body targets. This study shows that protein disulphide isomerase provides a key component of these barriers, mediating contact repulsion at the cell surface in chick half-somites. Repulsion is reduced both in vivo and in vitro by a range of methods that inhibit enzyme activity. The activity is critical in initiating a nitric oxide/S-nitrosylation-dependent signal transduction pathway that regulates the growth cone cytoskeleton. Rat forebrain grey matter extracts contain a similar activity, and the enzyme is expressed at the surface of cultured human astrocytic cells and rat cortical astrocytes. We suggest this system is co-opted in the brain to counteract and regulate aberrant nerve terminal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Mw Cook
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catia Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Grenoble Institute des Neurosciences, La Tronche, France
| | - Julia Schaeffer
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Wiles
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Independent researcher, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Jareonsettasin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Exeter College, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asanish Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Walder
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catharina Casper
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Winter, Brandl, Fürniss, Hübner, Röss, Kaiser & Polte, Partnerschaft mbB, Patent und Rechtsanwaltskanzlei, München, Germany
| | - Serena Patel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Wei Chua
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Gioia Riboni-Verri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor Raza
- Cambridge Innovation Capital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nol Swaddiwudhipong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hui
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ameer Abdullah
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saj Wajed
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Roger J Keynes
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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25
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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26
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Hirashima M, Niki T, Masaki T. Galectin-9 Changes Its Function to Maintain Homeostasis. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1741.1sj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
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27
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Hirashima M, Niki T, Masaki T. Galectin-9 Changes Its Function to Maintain Homeostasis. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1741.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
- GalPharma Co., Ltd
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
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