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Haar R, Rayes D, Tappis H, Rubenstein L, Rihawi A, Hamze M, Almhawish N, Wais R, Alahmad H, Burbach R, Abbara A. The cascading impacts of attacks on health in Syria: A qualitative study of health system and community impacts. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002967. [PMID: 38870115 PMCID: PMC11175436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Syria has experienced over a decade of armed conflict, characterized by targeted violence against healthcare. The impacts of these attacks have resulted in both direct and indirect attacks on health and reverberating effects on local communities. This study aims to explore the perspectives of health workers based in northern Syria who have experienced such attacks on health to understand the impacts on the health system as well as communities served. In-depth interviews were conducted with health workers in the northern regions of Syria where attacks on health have been frequent. Participants were identified using purposive and snowball sampling. Interviews were coded and analyzed using the Framework Method. Our inductive and deductive codes aligned closely with the WHO Health System Building Blocks framework, and we therefore integrated this framing into the presentation of findings. We actively sought to include female and non-physician health workers as both groups have been under-represented in previous research in northern Syria. A total of 40 health workers (32.5% female, 77.5% non-physicians) who experienced attacks in northern Syria between 2013 and 2020 participated in interviews in 2020-2021. Participants characterized attacks on health as frequent, persistent over years, and strategically targeted. The attacks had both direct and indirect impacts on the health system and consequently the wider health of the community. For the health system, participants noted compounded impacts on the delivery of care, health system governance, and challenges to financing, workforce, and infrastructure. Reconstructing health facilities or planning services in the aftermath of attacks on health was challenging due to poor health system governance and resource challenges. These impacts had ripple effects on the health of the community, particularly the most vulnerable. The impacts of attacks on health in Syria are multiple, with both short- and long-term consequences for the health system(s) across Syria as well as the health of communities in these respective areas. Though such attacks against healthcare are illegal under international humanitarian law, this and other legal frameworks have led to little accountability in the face of such attacks both in Syria and elsewhere. Characterizing their impacts is essential to improving our understanding of the consequences of attacks as a public health issue and supporting protection and advocacy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Haar
- Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley School of Public Health Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Rayes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Syrian Public Health Network, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Tappis
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonard Rubenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anas Rihawi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Hamze
- Syrian American Medical Society, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Naser Almhawish
- Syrian Public Health Network, London, United Kingdom
- Assistance Coordination Unit, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Reham Wais
- Syrian American Medical Society, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Ryan Burbach
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aula Abbara
- Syrian Public Health Network, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mubiri P, Ssengooba F, O'Byrne T, Aryaija-Keremani A, Namakula J, Chikaphupha K, Aikins M, Martineau T, Vallières F. A new scale to assess health-facility level management: the development and validation of the facility management scale in Ghana, Uganda, and Malawi. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:371. [PMID: 38528595 PMCID: PMC10964570 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased recognition of governance, leadership, and management as determinants of health system performance has prompted calls for research focusing on the nature, quality, and measurement of this key health system building block. In low- or middle-income contexts (LMIC), where facility-level management and performance remain a challenge, valid tools to measure management have the potential to boost performance and accelerate improvements. We, therefore, sought to develop a Facility-level Management Scale (FMS) and test its reliability in the psychometric properties in three African contexts. METHODS The FMS was administered to 881 health workers in; Ghana (n = 287; 32.6%), Malawi (n = 66; 7.5%) and Uganda (n = 528; 59.9%). Half of the sample data was randomly subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Monte Carlo Parallel Component Analysis to explore the FMS' latent structure. The construct validity of this structure was then tested on the remaining half of the sample using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The FMS' convergent and divergent validity, as well as internal consistency, were also tested. RESULTS Findings from the EFA and Monte Carlo PCA suggested the retention of three factors (labelled 'Supportive Management', 'Resource Management' and 'Time management'). The 3-factor solution explained 51% of the variance in perceived facility management. These results were supported by the results of the CFA (N = 381; χ2 = 256.8, df = 61, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.92; RMSEA [95% CI] = 0.065 [0.057-0.074]; SRMR = 0.047). CONCLUSION The FMS is an open-access, short, easy-to-administer scale that can be used to assess how health workers perceive facility-level management in LMICs. When used as a regular monitoring tool, the FMS can identify key strengths or challenges pertaining to time, resources, and supportive management functions at the health facility level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mubiri
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Thomasena O'Byrne
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, 7-9 Leinster Street South, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Moses Aikins
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tim Martineau
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Frédérique Vallières
- Trinity Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, 7-9 Leinster Street South, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
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Edelman A, Allen T, Devine S, Horwood PF, McBryde ES, Mudd J, Warner J, Topp SM. "Hospitals respond to demand. Public health needs to respond to risk": health system lessons from a case study of northern Queensland's COVID-19 surveillance and response. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:104. [PMID: 38238735 PMCID: PMC10797896 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast region of northern Queensland (NQ) in Australia experiences poorer health outcomes and a disproportionate burden of communicable diseases compared with urban populations in Australia. This study examined the governance of COVID-19 surveillance and response in NQ to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement. METHODS The manuscript presents an analysis of one case-unit within a broader case study project examining systems for surveillance and response for COVID-19 in NQ. Data were collected between October 2020-December 2021 comprising 47 interviews with clinical and public health staff, document review, and observation in organisational settings. Thematic analysis produced five key themes. RESULTS Study findings highlight key strengths of the COVID-19 response, including rapid implementation of response measures, and the relative autonomy of NQ's Public Health Units to lead logistical decision-making. However, findings also highlight limitations and fragility of the public health system more generally, including unclear accountabilities, constraints on local community engagement, and workforce and other resourcing shortfalls. These were framed by state-wide regulatory and organisational incentives that prioritise clinical health care rather than disease prevention, health protection, and health promotion. Although NQ mobilised an effective COVID-19 response, findings suggest that NQ public health systems are marked by fragility, calling into question the region's preparedness for future pandemic events and other public health crises. CONCLUSIONS Study findings highlight an urgent need to improve governance, resourcing, and political priority of public health in NQ to address unmet needs and ongoing threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Edelman
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tammy Allen
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan Devine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma S McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie Mudd
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Topp
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
- James Cook University, Building 41, Level 2, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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Vaid S, Gupta A, Houchens N. Quality and safety in the literature: January 2024. BMJ Qual Saf 2023; 33:66-70. [PMID: 38097250 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2023-016782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwin Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan Houchens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Clarke D, Appleford G, Cocozza A, Thabet A, Bloom G. The governance behaviours: a proposed approach for the alignment of the public and private sectors for better health outcomes. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012528. [PMID: 38084487 PMCID: PMC10711895 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Health systems are 'the ensemble of all public and private organisations, institutions and resources mandated to improve, maintain or restore health.' The private sector forms a major part of healthcare practice in many health systems providing a wide range of health goods and services, with significant growth across low-income and middle-income countries. WHO sees building stronger and more effective health systems through the participation and engagement of all health stakeholders as the pathway to further reducing the burden of disease and meeting health targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. However, there are governance and public policy gaps when it comes to interaction or engagement with the private sector, and therefore, some governments have lost contact with a major area of healthcare practice. As a result, market forces rather than public policy shape private sector activities with follow-on effects for system performance. While the problem is well described, proposed normative solutions are difficult to apply at country level to translate policy intentions into action. In 2020, WHO adopted a strategy report which argued for a major shift in approach to engage the private sector based on the performance of six governance behaviours. These are a practice-based approach to governance and draw on earlier work from Travis et al on health system stewardship subfunctions. This paper elaborates on the governance behaviours and explains their application as a practice approach for strengthening the capacity of governments to work with the private sector to achieve public policy goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Clarke
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Gabrielle Appleford
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Anna Cocozza
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Aya Thabet
- Special Programme on Primary Health Care, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
- Health Systems, World Health Organisation Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gerald Bloom
- Health and Nutrition Cluster, Institute of Development Study, Brighton, UK
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Chilumpha M, Chatha G, Umar E, McKee M, Scott K, Hutchinson E, Balabanova D. 'We stay silent and keep it in our hearts': a qualitative study of failure of complaints mechanisms in Malawi's health system. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:ii14-ii24. [PMID: 37995264 PMCID: PMC10666912 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A responsive health system must have mechanisms in place that ensure it is accountable to those it serves. Patients in Malawi have to overcome many barriers to obtain care. Many of these barriers reflect weak accountability. There are at least 30 mechanisms through which Malawian patients in the public sector can assert their rights, yet few function well and, as a consequence, they are underused. Our aim was to identify the various channels for complaints and why patients are reluctant to use them when they experience poor quality or inappropriate care, as well as the institutional, social and political factors that give rise to these problems. The study was set in the Blantyre district. We used qualitative methods, including ethnographic observations, focus group discussions, document analysis and interviews with stakeholders involved in complaint handling both in Blantyre and in the capital, Lilongwe. We found that complaints mechanisms and redress procedures are underutilized because of lack of trust, geographical inaccessibility and lack of visibility leading to limited awareness of their existence. Drawing on these results, we propose a series of recommendations for the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Chilumpha
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gertrude Chatha
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Eric Umar
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Scott
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Canada
| | | | - Dina Balabanova
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Sandhu HS, Otterman V, Tjaden L, Shephard R, Apatu E, Di Ruggiero E, Musto R, Pawa J, Steinberg M, Betker C. The Governance of Core Competencies for Public Health: A Rapid Review of the Literature. Public Health Rev 2023; 44:1606110. [PMID: 37767458 PMCID: PMC10520247 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2023.1606110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Core competencies for public health (CCPH) define the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required of a public health workforce. Although numerous sets of CCPH have been established, few studies have systematically examined the governance of competency development, review, and monitoring, which is critical to their implementation and impact. This rapid review included 42 articles. The findings identified examples of collaboration and community engagement in governing activities (e.g., using the Delphi method to develop CCPH) and different ways of approaching CCPH review and revision (e.g., every 3 years). Insights on monitoring and resource management were scarce. Preliminary lessons emerging from the findings point towards the need for systems, structures, and processes that support ongoing reviews, revisions, and monitoring of CCPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Singh Sandhu
- National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lynda Tjaden
- National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | | | - Emma Apatu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Erica Di Ruggiero
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Musto
- Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmine Pawa
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm Steinberg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Claire Betker
- National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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Tshabalala K, Rispel LC. Piercing the veil on the functioning and effectiveness of district health system governance structures: perspectives from a South African province. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:89. [PMID: 37653433 PMCID: PMC10469879 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leadership and governance are critical for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). In South Africa, aspirations for UHC are expressed through the proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) system, which underscores the importance of primary health care, delivered through the district health system (DHS). Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the existence of legislated District Health Councils (DHCs) in Gauteng Province (GP), and the perceptions of council members on the functioning and effectiveness of these structures. METHODS This was a mixed-methods, cross-sectional study in GP's five districts. The population of interest was members of existing governance structures who completed an electronic-self-administered questionnaire (SAQ). Using a seven-point Likert scale, the SAQ focuses on members' perceptions on the functioning and effectiveness of the governance structures. In-depth interviews with the chairpersons of the DHCs and its technical committees complemented the survey. STATA® 13 and thematic analysis were used to analyze the survey data and interviews respectively. RESULTS Only three districts had constituted DHCs. The survey response rate was 73%. The mean score for perceived functioning of the structures was 4.5 (SD = 0.7) and 4.8. (SD = 0.7) for perceived effectiveness. The interviews found that a collaborative district health development approach facilitated governance. In contrast, fraught inter-governmental relations fueled by the complexity of governing across two spheres of government, political differences, and contestations over limited resources constrained DHS governance. Both the survey and interviews identified gaps in accountability to communities. CONCLUSION In light of South Africa's move toward NHI, strengthening DHS governance is imperative. The governance gaps identified need to be addressed to ensure support for the implementation of UHC reforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisile Tshabalala
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 31 Bophelo Rd, Prinshof, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Community Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 27 St Andrew's Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Laetitia C Rispel
- Centre for Health Policy & South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 27 St Andrew's Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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Alaref M, Al-Abdulla O, Al Zoubi Z, Al Khalil M, Ekzayez A. Health system governance assessment in protracted crisis settings: Northwest Syria. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:88. [PMID: 37649119 PMCID: PMC10466772 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the withdrawal of government forces from Northwest Syria due to the conflict, several national initiatives have aimed to create alternative governance approaches to replace the central governmental system. One of the recent initiatives was the formulation of so-called 'Central Bodies' as institutional governance structures responsible for thematic planning and service provision; for example, the referral unit is responsible for planning and delivering medical referral services. However, the governance and administrative rules of procedures of these bodies could be immature or unsystematic. Assessing the governance of this approach cannot be condoned, especially with the urgent need for a methodical approach to strategic planning, achieving strategic humanitarian objectives, and efficiently utilizing available resources. Multiple governance assessment frameworks have been developed. However, none were created to be applied in protracted humanitarian settings. This research aims to assess the extent to which the existing health governance structure (central bodies) was capable of performing the governance functions in the absence of a legitimate government in Northwest Syria. METHODS AND MATERIALS A governance assessment framework was adopted after an extensive literature review and group discussions. Four principles for the governance assessment framework were identified; legitimacy, accountability and transparency, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Focus Group Discussions were held to assess the levels of the selected principles on the governance thermometer scale. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using NVivo 12 and SPSS 22 software programs, respectively. RESULTS The level of the four principles on the governance thermometer scale was between the lowest and middle quintiles; 'very poor or inactive' and 'fair and requires improvement', respectively. The results indicate that the governance approach of Central Bodies in NWS is underdeveloped and summons comprehensive systematic development. The poor internal mechanisms, poor planning and coordination, and the absence of strategic vision were among the most frequent challenges to developing the approach. CONCLUSION Humanitarian actors and donors should pay more attention to health governance approaches and tools in protracted crises. The central bodies must improve coordination with the stakeholders and, most importantly, strategic planning. Establishing or utilizing an independent planning committee, with financial and administrative independence, is crucial to maintain and improving contextual governance mechanisms in Northwest Syria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Alaref
- Research for Health System Strengthening in Northern Syria (R4HSSS), Union for Medical and Relief Organizations, Incili Pinar MAH, 27090, Gaziantep, Turkey.
- Strategic Research Center (ÖZ SRC), Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | | | - Zedoun Al Zoubi
- Research for Health System Strengthening in Northern Syria (R4HSSS), Union for Medical and Relief Organizations, Incili Pinar MAH, 27090, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Munzer Al Khalil
- Research for Health System Strengthening in Northern Syria (R4HSSS), Union for Medical and Relief Organizations, Incili Pinar MAH, 27090, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Syria Public Health Network, London, UK
| | - Abdulkarim Ekzayez
- Syria Public Health Network, London, UK
- The Centre for Conflict & Health Research (CCHR), King's College London, London, UK
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Nasir N, Molyneux S, Were F, Aderoba A, Fuller SS. Medical device regulation and oversight in African countries: a scoping review of literature and development of a conceptual framework. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012308. [PMID: 37558270 PMCID: PMC10414093 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory and other governance arrangements influence the introduction of medical devices into health systems and are essential for ensuring their effective and safe use. Challenges with medical device safety, quality and use are documented globally, with evidence suggesting these are linked to poor governance. Yet, medical device regulation and oversight remain inadequately defined and described, particularly in low-income and middle-income settings. Through this review, we sought to examine the literature available on regulatory and oversight processes for medical devices in African countries.Following a systematic approach, we searched academic databases including PubMed, Embase (Ovid) and MEDLINE (Ovid), supplemented by search for grey literature and relevant organisational websites, for documents describing medical device regulation and oversight in African countries. We summarised the data to present key actors, areas for regulation and oversight and challenges.A total of 39 documents reporting regulation and oversight of medical devices were included for analysis. Regulatory and oversight guidelines and processes were reported as inadequate, including limited pre-market testing, reliance on international certifications and limited processes for post-market monitoring and reporting of adverse events. Challenges for regulation and oversight reported included inadequate funding, personnel and technical expertise to perform regulatory functions. The literature highlighted gaps in guidelines for donated medical devices and in information on governance processes at the national level.The current literature provides a general overview of medical device regulatory guidelines and limited evidence on the implementation of regulatory/oversight processes at national and especially subnational levels. We recommend further research to elucidate existing governance arrangements for medical devices within African countries and propose a conceptual framework to inform future studies. The framework provides entry points for careful examination of governance and oversight in policy and practice, the exploration of governance realities across the health system and the influence of wider system dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Nasir
- Health Systems Collaborative, Center for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- Health Systems Collaborative, Center for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Systems and Research Ethics, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Fred Were
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Paediatric Research Consortium, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Adeniyi Aderoba
- Reproductive, Maternal Health, and Healthy Ageing Unit, Universal Health Coverage-Life Course Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Center for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastian S Fuller
- Health Systems Collaborative, Center for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Marzouk M, Durrance-Bagale A, Lam ST, Nagashima-Hayashi M, Ung M, Aribou ZM, Zaseela A, Ibrahim NM, Agarwal S, Omar M, Newaz S, Mkhallalati H, Howard N. Health system evaluation in conflict-affected countries: a scoping review of approaches and methods. Confl Health 2023; 17:30. [PMID: 37337225 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-023-00526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strengthening health systems in conflict-affected settings has become increasingly professionalised. However, evaluation remains challenging and often insufficiently documented in the literature. Many, particularly small-scale health system evaluations, are conducted by government bodies or non-governmental organisations (NGO) with limited capacity to publish their experiences. It is essential to identify the existing literature and main findings as a baseline for future efforts to evaluate the capacity and resilience of conflict-affected health systems. We thus aimed to synthesise the scope of methodological approaches and methods used in the peer-reviewed literature on health system evaluation in conflict-affected settings. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's method and synthesised findings using the WHO health system 'building blocks' framework. RESULTS We included 58 eligible sources of 2,355 screened, which included examination of health systems or components in 26 conflict-affected countries, primarily South Sudan and Afghanistan (7 sources each), Democratic Republic of the Congo (6), and Palestine (5). Most sources (86%) were led by foreign academic institutes and international donors and focused on health services delivery (78%), with qualitative designs predominating (53%). Theoretical or conceptual grounding was extremely limited and study designs were not generally complex, as many sources (43%) were NGO project evaluations for international donors and relied on simple and lower-cost methods. Sources were also limited in terms of geography (e.g., limited coverage of the Americas region), by component (e.g., preferences for specific components such as service delivery), gendered (e.g., limited participation of women), and colonised (e.g., limited authorship and research leadership from affected countries). CONCLUSION The evaluation literature in conflict-affected settings remains limited in scope and content, favouring simplified study designs and methods, and including those components and projects implemented or funded internationally. Many identified challenges and limitations (e.g., limited innovation/contextualisation, poor engagement with local actors, gender and language biases) could be mitigated with more rigorous and systematic evaluation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Marzouk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Anna Durrance-Bagale
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Sze Tung Lam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Michiko Nagashima-Hayashi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Mengieng Ung
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Zeenathnisa Mougammadou Aribou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Ayshath Zaseela
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Nafeesah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Sunanda Agarwal
- Distinguished Careers Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Omar
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Sanjida Newaz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Hala Mkhallalati
- Research for Health System Strengthening in North-West of Syria, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Natasha Howard
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
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MacVane Phipps FE. IJHGReview 28.1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GOVERNANCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhg-03-2023-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Meagher K, Mkhallalati H, El Achi N, Patel P. A missing piece in the Health for Peace agenda: gender diverse leadership and governance. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007742. [PMID: 36210063 PMCID: PMC9535196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore how gender diverse leadership and governance of health systems may contribute to the Health for Peace Agenda. Despite recent momentum, the evidence base to support, implement and evaluate ‘Health for Peace’ programmes remains limited and policy-makers in conflict settings do not consider peace when developing and implementing interventions and health policies. Through this analysis, we found that gender diverse leadership in health systems during active conflict offers greater prospects for sustainable peace and more equitable social economic recovery in the post-conflict period. Therefore, focusing on gender diversity of leadership and governance in health systems strengthening offers a novel way of linking peace and health, particularly in active conflict settings. While components of health systems are beginning to incorporate a gender lens, there remains significant room for improvement particularly in complex and protracted conflicts. Two case studies are explored, north-west Syria and Afghanistan, to highlight that an all-encompassing health systems focus may provide an opportunity for further understanding the link between gender, peace and health in active conflict and advocate for long-term investment in systems impacted by conflict. This approach may enable women and gender minorities to have a voice in the decision-making of health programmes and interventions that supports systems, and enables the community-led and context-specific knowledge and action required to address the root causes of inequalities and inequities in systems and societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Meagher
- Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hala Mkhallalati
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nassim El Achi
- School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, UK
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Shukla A, Vazquez-Quesada L, Vieitez I, Acharya R, RamaRao S. Quality of care in abortion in the era of technological and medical advancements and self-care. Reprod Health 2022; 19:191. [PMID: 36109756 PMCID: PMC9479303 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Discussions around quality of abortion care have been focused mainly on service-delivery aspects inside healthcare facilities. More recently, with availability of medical abortion (MA), increase in its self-use, and emergence of other delivery platforms such as telemedicine, the responsibility of quality care has broadened to actors outside of facilities.
Body of text
This commentary discusses the meaning of quality of abortion care with the paradigm shift brought by medical and technological advancement in abortions, and raises questions on the role of the state in ensuring quality in abortion management—especially in settings where abortion is decriminalized, but also in countries where abortion is permitted under certain circumstances. It consolidates the experience gained thus far in the provision of safe abortion services and also serves as a forward-thinking tool to keep pace with the uptake of newer health technologies (e.g., availability of medical abortion drugs), service delivery platforms (e.g., telemedicine, online pharmacies), and abortion care providers (e.g., community based pharmacists).
Conclusions
This commentary provides context and rationale, and identifies areas for action that different stakeholders, including health advocates, policymakers, program managers, and women themselves, can adopt to fit into an alternative regime of abortion care.
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Asefa A, Dossou JP, Hanson C, Hounsou CB, Namazzi G, Meja S, Mkoka DA, Agballa G, Babirye J, Semaan A, Annerstedt KS, Delvaux T, Marchal B, Van Belle S, Pleguezuelo VC, Benova L. Methodological reflections on health system oriented assessment of maternity care in 16 hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa: an embedded case study. Health Policy Plan 2022; 37:1257-1266. [PMID: 36087095 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Health Facility Assessments (HFAs) assessing facilities' readiness to provide services are well-established. However, HFA questionnaires are typically quantitative and lack depth to understand systems in which health facilities operate-crucial to designing context-oriented interventions. We report lessons from a multiple embedded case study exploring the experiences of HFA data collectors in implementing a novel HFA tool developed using systems thinking approach. We assessed 16 hospitals in four countries (Benin, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda) as part of a quality improvement implementation research. Our tool was organized in 17 sections and included dimensions of hospital governance, leadership, and financing; maternity care standards and procedures; ongoing quality improvement practices; interactions with communities; and mapping of the areas related to maternal care. Data for this study was collected using in-depth interviews with senior experts who conducted the HFA in the countries one to three months after completion of the HFAs. Data were analyzed using the inductive thematic analysis approach. Our HFA faced challenges in logistics (accessing key hospital-based respondents, high turnover of managerial staff, and difficulty accessing information considered sensitive in the context) and methodology (response bias, lack of data quality, and data entry into an electronic platform). Data elements of governance, leadership, and financing were the most affected. Opportunities and strategies adopted aimed at enhancing data collection (building on prior partnerships, understanding local and institutional bureaucracies) and enhancing data richness (identifying respondents with institutional memory, learning from experience, and conducting observations at various times). Moreover, HFA data collectors conducted abstraction of records and interviews in a flexible and adaptive way to enhance data quality. Lessons and new skills learned from our HFA could be used as inputs to respond to the growing need of integrating the systems thinking approach in HFA to improve contextual understanding of operations and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Asefa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Dossou
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Claudia Hanson
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Gertrude Namazzi
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samuel Meja
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dickson Ally Mkoka
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gottfried Agballa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Josephine Babirye
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aline Semaan
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Therese Delvaux
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Marchal
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Belle
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Lenka Benova
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Naidoo V, Stewart AV, Maleka ME. A tool to evaluate physiotherapy clinical education in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2022; 78:1759. [PMID: 36092966 PMCID: PMC9453145 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v78i1.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physiotherapy clinical education is complex. The dynamic learning milieu is fluid and multidimensional, which contributes to the complexity of the clinical learning experience. Consequently, there are numerous factors which impact the clinical learning experience which cannot be measured objectively – a gap which led to the development of our study. Objectives To develop, validate, and test the reliability of an assessment tool that evaluates the effectiveness and quality of physiotherapy clinical education programmes. Method A mixed methods approach in three phases included physiotherapy academics, clinical educators, and clinicians throughout South Africa. Phase One was a qualitative study: focus group discussions determined items and domains of the tool. Phase Two established the content and construct validity of the tool, a scoring system and a name for the tool, using the Delphi method. In Phase Three, factor analysis reduced the number of items, and the feasibility and utility of the tool was determined cross-sectionally. Results The Vaneshveri Naidoo Clinical Programme Evaluation Tool (VN-CPET) of 58 items and six domains was developed and found to be valid, reliable (α = 0.75) and useful. The six domains of VN-CPET include governance; academic processes; learning exposure; clinical orientation; clinical supervision and quality assurance and monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion The Vaneshveri Naidoo Clinical Programme Evaluation Tool is a valid, reliable and standardised tool, that evaluates the quality and effectiveness of physiotherapy clinical education programmes. Clinical implications This tool can objectively evaluate the quality and effectiveness of physiotherapy clinical education programmes in South Africa, and other health science education programmes, both locally and globally, with minor modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneshveri Naidoo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aimée V. Stewart
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Morake E.D. Maleka
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Toward good governance for the prosthetics and orthotics sector in Iran: Evidence from a qualitative study. Prosthet Orthot Int 2022; 46:e398-e406. [PMID: 35324548 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prosthetics and orthotics (P&O) services are essential health services whose desired provision is considered as prerequisite to achieving universal health coverage. However, the P&O sector is sometimes not audited and governed, leading to groups that receive and offer the services to face challenges for benefits in Iran. OBJECTIVES To identify common challenges of governance for the P&O sector and provide some potential policy recommendations to strengthen it. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative study. METHODS This study was conducted using semistructured in-depth interviews with prosthetists and orthotists (n = 13), P&O academicians (n = 6), and healthcare policy-makers (n = 8). The interview guide was also established based on 10 dimensions of the Framework for Governance of Healthcare System. RESULTS Challenges identified included no legislation on P&O services, insufficient government support, uninformed policy-makers, and lack of interest by powerful stakeholders. In addition, nontransparent policy-making, inadequate distribution of workforce across the country, and lack of insurance coverage for P&O services were also raised as other challenges. The respondents identified the need for clear legislation to inform policy-makers and to seek advocacy from the government. CONCLUSIONS The governance of the P&O sector in Iran has faced with a number of challenges that have made it unable to respond to existing demands desirably. Hence, it is important and necessary to adopt effective and comprehensive policies to reduce current challenges and barriers and improve the governance for P&O services.
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Huang A, Lin Y, Zhang L, Dong J, He Q, Tang K. Assessing health governance across countries: a scoping review protocol on indices and assessment tools applied globally. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063866. [PMID: 35840296 PMCID: PMC9295668 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most global health indices or assessment tools focus on health outcomes rather than governance, and they have been developed primarily from the perspective of high-income countries. To benchmark global health governance for equity and solidarity, it becomes necessary to reflect on the current state of indices or assessment tools evaluating health governance across countries. This scoping review aims to review the existing multicountry indices and assessment tools applied globally with measurable indicators assessing health governance; summarise their differences and commonalities; identify the lessons learnt through analysis of their advantages and gaps; and evaluate the feasibility and necessity to establish a new index or consensus framework for assessing global health governance. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This scoping review protocol follows Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework, the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses methodology for scoping reviews. Key information sources will be bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science Core Collection), grey literature and citation tracking. The time frame will be from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2021. Only indices or assessment tools that are globally applicable and provide measurable indicators of health governance will be eligible. A qualitative content analysis will follow the proposed data extraction form to explicate and compare each eligible index or assessment tool. An analysis based on a proposed preliminary evaluation framework will identify the advantages and gaps and summarise the lessons learnt. This scoping review will also discuss the feasibility and necessity of developing a new global health governance index or consensus framework to inform future research and practices. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This scoping review does not require ethics approval. Dissemination will include a peer-review article, policy briefs and conference presentations. This protocol has been registered in the Open Science Framework (osf.io/y93mj).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jingwen Dong
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Juárez-Ramírez C, Reyes-Morales H, Gutiérrez-Alba G, Reartes-Peñafiel DL, Flores-Hernández S, Muños-Hernández JA, Escalante-Castañón A, Malo M. Local Health Systems Resilience in Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from Mexico. Health Policy Plan 2022; 37:1278-1294. [PMID: 35799347 PMCID: PMC9278258 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of resilience was applied to the public health field to investigate the way health systems are impacted by health crises, what conditions allow them to mitigate the blow, and how they reorganize once the crisis is over. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus represented a global challenge demanding immediate response to an unprecedented health crisis. Various voices drew attention to the intensity of the crisis in countries with greater inequalities, where the pandemic converged with other social emergencies. We documented the experiences of health personnel who faced the pandemic at the primary care level while simultaneously maintaining the functioning of other areas of medical care. Our results derived from a qualitative study comprising 103 participants from five states of Mexico. We aimed to show through inferential analysis their perspective on what we call “the resilience of local health systems.” We observed three stages of experience during the crisis: (a) Preparation (official guidelines received to organize care, training, and planning of epidemiological surveillance); (b) Adaptation (performance of community-based prevention activities, infrastructure modifications, telehealth); (c) Learning (participatory governance with city councils, business sector, and organized population). The study suggests that the local health systems analyzed benefited from the initiatives of health personnel that in some cases positively exceeded their duties. In terms of the resilience analysis, they were able to handle the impact of the crisis and cope with it. Their transformative capacity came from the strategies implemented to adapt health services by managing institutional resources. Their experience represents a lesson on the strengthening of the essential functions of health systems and shows a way to address successfully the increasingly complex health challenges of the present and future times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Juárez-Ramírez
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, 7a privada de Fray Pedro de Gante, Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000, CDMX, México
| | - Hortensia Reyes-Morales
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Mor. CP 62100
| | - Gaudencio Gutiérrez-Alba
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, C.P.91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Sergio Flores-Hernández
- Dirección de Estadística CIEE. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655 Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62100, México
| | - José Alberto Muños-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Animas, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - André Escalante-Castañón
- Independent Consultor, Av. Venustiano Carranza 1115, C.P. 78230, Tequisquiapan, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Miguel Malo
- Pan American Health Organization, Montes Urales 440, Lomas Virreyes. C.P. 11000, Ciudad de México, México
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Pyone T, Mirzoev T. Feasibility of Good Governance at Health Facilities: A Proposed Framework and its Application Using Empirical Insights From Kenya. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1102-1111. [PMID: 33619930 PMCID: PMC9808192 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Governance is a social phenomenon which permeates throughout systemic, organisational and individual levels. Studies of health systems governance traditionally assessed performance of systems or organisations against principles of good governance. However, understanding key pre-conditions to embed good governance required for healthcare organisations is limited. We explore the feasibility of embedding good governance at healthcare facilities in Kenya. METHODS Our conceptualisation of organisational readiness for embedding good governance stems from a theory of institutional analysis and frameworks for understanding organisational readiness for change. Four inter-related constructs underpin to embed good governance: (i) individual motivations, determined by (ii) mechanisms for encouraging adherence to good governance through (iii) organisation's institutional arrangements, all within (iv) a wider context. We propose a framework, validated through qualitative methods and collected through 39 semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers, county and national-level policy-makers in Kenya. Data was analysed using framework approach, guided by the four constructs of the theoretical framework. We explored each construct in relation to three key principles of good governance: accountability, participation and transparency of information. RESULTS Embedding good governance in healthcare organisations in Kenya is influenced by political and socio-cultural contexts. Individual motivations were a critical element of self-enforcement to embed principles of good governance by healthcare providers within their facilities. Healthcare providers possess strong moral incentives to self-enforce accountability to local populations, but their participation in decision-making was limited. Health facilities lacked effective mechanisms for enforcing good governance such as combating corruption, which led to a proliferation of informal institutional arrangements. CONCLUSION Organisational readiness for good governance is context-specific so future work should recognise different interpretations of acceptable degrees of transparency, accountability and participation. While good governance involves collective social action, organisational readiness relies on individual choices and decisions within the context of organisational rules and cultural and historical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidar Pyone
- Department of Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tolib Mirzoev
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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Lokot M, Bou-Orm I, Zreik T, Kik N, Fuhr DC, El Masri R, Meagher K, Smith J, Asmar MK, McKee M, Roberts B. Health System Governance in Settings with Conflict-Affected Populations: A Systhematic Review. Health Policy Plan 2022; 37:655-674. [PMID: 35325120 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Health system governance has been recognised as critical to strengthening healthcare responses in settings with conflict-affected populations. The aim of this review was to examine existing evidence on health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations globally. The specific objectives were: (i) to describe the characteristics of the eligible studies; (ii) to describe the principles of health system governance; (iii) to examine evidence on barriers and facilitators for stronger health system governance; and (iv) to analyse the quality of available evidence. A systematic review methodology was used following PRISMA criteria. We searched six academic databases, and used grey literature sources. We included papers reporting empirical findings on health system governance among populations affected by armed conflict, including refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced populations, conflict-affected non-displaced populations and post-conflict populations. Data were analysed according to the study objectives and informed primarily by the Siddiqi et al. (2009) governance framework. Quality appraisal was conducted using an adapted version of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Of the 6,511 papers identified through database searches, 34 studies met eligibility criteria. Few studies provided a theoretical framework or definition for governance. The most frequently identifiable governance principles related to participation and coordination, followed by equity and inclusiveness and intelligence and information. The least frequently identifiable governance principles related to rule of law, ethics and responsiveness. Across studies, the most common facilitators of governance were collaboration between stakeholders, bottom-up and community-based governance structures, inclusive policies, and longer-term vision. The most common barriers related to poor coordination, mistrust, lack of a harmonised health response, lack of clarity on stakeholder responsibilities, financial support, and donor influence. This review highlights the need for more theoretically informed empirical research on health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations that draws on existing frameworks for governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lokot
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH
| | - Ibrahim Bou-Orm
- Saint Joseph University of Beirut, B.P. 11-5076 Riad El Solh, Beyrouth 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Thurayya Zreik
- War Child Holland, Verdun, Hussein Oweini street, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nour Kik
- Ministry of Public Health, Lebanese University Central Directorate, 4th Floor, Museum Square, Beirut 9800, Lebanon
| | - Daniela C Fuhr
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH
| | - Rozane El Masri
- War Child Holland, Verdun, Hussein Oweini street, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - James Smith
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH
| | | | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH
| | - Bayard Roberts
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH
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Lugada E, Komakech H, Ochola I, Mwebaze S, Olowo Oteba M, Okidi Ladwar D. Health supply chain system in Uganda: current issues, structure, performance, and implications for systems strengthening. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35232485 PMCID: PMC8886751 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The health supply chain system is essential for the optimum performance of the healthcare system. Despite increased investments in the health supply chain system, access to quality Essential Medicines and Health Supplies remain a big challenge in Uganda. This article discusses the structure, performance, and challenges of the health supply chain system in Uganda. It provides reflections and implications for ongoing interventions for system strengthening. Discussions The findings highlight several issues and challenges affecting the health supply chain system from functioning optimally across all levels of the health system. The challenges identified include an ineffective structure to support planning, coordination and management, inadequate funding, shortage of skilled staff, weak regulatory and governance structures at national and sub-national levels, and slow adoption and use of Electronic Logistics Information Systems to support supply chain processes and functions. Overcoming these challenges will require greater investments to improve policy development and implementation, infrastructure, equipment and support systems, knowledge and skills of supply chain personnel, increased funding and improving governance and accountability.
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Liu K, Wang T, Bai C, Liu L. Strengthening Local Governance in Health Financing in China: A Text-Mining Analysis of Policy Changes between 2009 and 2020. Health Policy Plan 2021; 37:677-689. [PMID: 34932797 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, developing countries have increasingly engaged in improving the governance of their health systems and promoting policy design to strengthen their health governance capacity. Although many well-designed national policy strategies have been promulgated, obstacles to policy implementation and compliance among localities may undermine these efforts, particularly in decentralized health systems. Studies on health governance have rarely adopted a central-local analysis to investigate in detail local governments' distinct experiences, orientations, and dynamics in implementing the same national policy initiative. This study examines the policy orientations of prefectural governments in strengthening governance in health financing in China, which has transitioned from emphasizing the approach of fiscal resource input to that of marketization promotion and cost-containment regulation enforcement at the national level since 2009. Employing text-mining methodologies, we analyzed health policy documents issued by multi-level governments after 2009. The analysis revealed three salient findings. First, compared to higher-level authorities, prefectural governments generally opted to use fiscal resource input over marketization promotion and cost-containment regulation enforcement between 2009 and 2020. Second, policy choices of prefectural governments varied considerably in terms of enforcing cost-containment regulations during the same period. Third, the extent of the prefectural government's orientation toward marketization promotion or cost-containment regulation enforcement was not only determined by the top-down orders of higher-level authorities but was also incentivized by the government's fiscal dependency and the policy orientations of peer governments. These findings contribute to the health governance literature by providing an overview of local discretion in policy choices, and the political and fiscal dynamics of local policy orientations in promoting health governance in a decentralized health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Social Security, School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Social Security, School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Bai
- Department of Social Security, School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lingrui Liu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.,Global Health Leadership Initiative, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Ibragimova I, Phagava H. Editorial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GOVERNANCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhg-09-2021-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Lewin S, Lehmann U, Perry HB. Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 3. Programme governance. Health Res Policy Syst 2021; 19:129. [PMID: 34641914 PMCID: PMC8506073 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-021-00749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community health workers (CHWs) can play a critical role in primary healthcare and are seen widely as important to achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the key role of CHWs. Improving how CHW programmes are governed is increasingly recognized as important for achieving universal access to healthcare and other health-related goals. This paper, the third in a series on "Community Health Workers at the Dawn of a New Era", aims to raise critical questions that decision-makers need to consider for governing CHW programmes, illustrate the options for governance using examples of national CHW programmes, and set out a research agenda for understanding how CHW programmes are governed and how this can be improved. METHODS We draw from a review of the literature as well as from the knowledge and experience of those involved in the planning and management of CHW programmes. RESULTS Governing comprises the processes and structures through which individuals, groups, programmes, and organizations exercise rights, resolve differences, and express interests. Because CHW programmes are located between the formal health system and communities, and because they involve a wide range of stakeholders, their governance is complex. In addition, these programmes frequently fall outside of the governance structures of the formal health system or are poorly integrated with it, making governing these programmes more challenging. We discuss the following important questions that decision-makers need to consider in relation to governing CHW programmes: (1) How and where within political structures are policies made for CHW programmes? (2) Who implements decisions regarding CHW programmes and at what levels of government? (3) What laws and regulations are needed to support the programme? (4) How should the programme be adapted across different settings or groups within the country or region? CONCLUSION The most appropriate and acceptable models for governing CHW programmes depend on communities, on local health systems, and on the political system in which the programme is located. Stakeholders in each setting need to consider what systems are currently in place and how they might be adapted to local needs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lewin
- Division of Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Uta Lehmann
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Henry B Perry
- Health Systems Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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Buch Mejsner S, Kristiansen M, Eklund Karlsson L. Civil Servants and Non-Western Migrants' Perceptions on Pathways to Health Care in Serbia-A Grounded Theory, Multi-Perspective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10247. [PMID: 34639551 PMCID: PMC8547138 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Informal patient payments continue to persist in the Serbian health care system, exposing vulnerable groups to private spending on health care. Migrants may in particular be subject to such payments, as they often experience barriers in access to health care. Little is known about migrants paying informally to access health care in Serbia. The study aims to explore pathways of accessing health care, including the role of informal patient payments, from the perspectives of civil servants and non-western migrants in Serbia. (2) Methods: Respondents (n = 8 civil servants and n = 6 migrants) were recruited in Belgrade in 2018, where semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were analysed applying the grounded theory methodological steps. (3) Results: Data reveal different pathways to navigate the Serbian health care system, and ultimately whether paying informally occurs. Migrants appear less prone to paying informally and receive the same or better-quality health care. Locals experience the need to pay informal patient payments, quasi-formal payments and to bring medicine, materials or equipment when in health facilities. (4) Conclusions: Paying informally or using private care in Serbia appear to have become common. Despite a comprehensive health insurance coverage, high levels of out-of-pocket payments show barriers in accessing health care. It is highly important to not confuse the cultural beliefs with forced spending on health care and such private spending should be reduced to not push people into poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Buch Mejsner
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Degnevej 14, 6705 Esbjerg, Denmark;
| | - Maria Kristiansen
- Department of Public Health, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Leena Eklund Karlsson
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Degnevej 14, 6705 Esbjerg, Denmark;
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Osei Afriyie D, Hooley B, Mhalu G, Tediosi F, Mtenga SM. Governance factors that affect the implementation of health financing reforms in Tanzania: an exploratory study of stakeholders' perspectives. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005964. [PMID: 34413077 PMCID: PMC8378361 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective and inclusive health financing reforms is crucial for the progressive realisation of universal health coverage in low-income and middle-income countries. Tanzania has been reforming health financing policies to expand health insurance coverage and achieve better access to quality healthcare for all. Recent reforms have included improved community health funds (iCHFs), and others are underway to implement a mandatory national health insurance scheme in order to expand access to services and improve financial risk protection. Governance is a crucial structural determinant for the successful implementation of health financing reforms, however there is little understanding of the governance elements that hinder the implementation of health financing reforms such as the iCHF in Tanzania. Therefore, this study used the perspectives of health sector stakeholders to explore governance factors that influence the implementation of health financing reforms in Tanzania. We interviewed 36 stakeholders including implementers of health financing reforms, policymakers and health insurance beneficiaries in the regions of Dodoma, Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro. Normalisation process theory and governance elements guided the structure of the in-depth interviews and analysis. Governance factors that emerged from participants as facilitators included a shared strategic vision for a single mandatory health insurance, community engagement and collaboration with diverse stakeholders in the implementation of health financing policies and enhanced monitoring of iCHF enrolment due to digitisation of registration process. Governance factors that emerged as barriers to the implementation were a lack of transparency, limited involvement of the private sector in service delivery, weak accountability for revenues generated from community level and limited resources due to iCHF design. If stakeholders do not address the governance factors that hinder the implementation of health financing reforms, then current efforts to expand health insurance coverage are unlikely to succeed on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Osei Afriyie
- Household Economics and Health Systems Research Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brady Hooley
- Household Economics and Health Systems Research Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grace Mhalu
- Health Systems, Impact Evaluation and Policy Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | - Fabrizio Tediosi
- Household Economics and Health Systems Research Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally M Mtenga
- Health Systems, Impact Evaluation and Policy Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Abd Rahim A, Abdul Manaf R, Juni MH, Ibrahim N. Health System Governance for the Integration of Mental Health Services into Primary Health Care in the Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Region: A Systematic Review. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2021; 58:469580211028579. [PMID: 34275346 PMCID: PMC8293855 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211028579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Governance has been highlighted as an important building block underpinning the process of mental health integration into primary healthcare. This qualitative systematic review aims to identify the governance issues faced by countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Region in the implementation of integrated primary mental healthcare. PRISMA guideline was used to conduct a systematic search of relevant studies from 4 online databases that were filtered according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) Qualitative Checklist, a quality appraisal of the selected articles was performed. By drawing upon institutional theory, data was extracted based on a pre-constructed matrix. The CERQual approach synthesized evidence and rank confidence level as low, moderate or high for 5 key findings. From 567 references identified, a total of 8 studies were included. Respondents were policymakers or implementers involved in integrated primary mental healthcare from the national, state, and district level. Overall, the main governance issues identified were a lack of leadership and mental health prioritization; inadequate financing and human resource capacity; and negative mental health perceptions/attitudes. The implication of the findings is that such issues must be addressed for long-term health system performance. This can also improve policymaking for better integration of primary mental health services into the health systems of countries in the Sub-Saharan and South Asia region.
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Waiswa P, Mpanga F, Bagenda D, Kananura RM, O'Connell T, Henriksson DK, Diaz T, Ayebare F, Katahoire AR, Ssegujja E, Mbonye A, Peterson SS. Child health and the implementation of Community and District-management Empowerment for Scale-up (CODES) in Uganda: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-006084. [PMID: 34103326 PMCID: PMC8189926 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Uganda’s district-level administrative units buttress the public healthcare system. In many districts, however, local capacity is incommensurate with that required to plan and implement quality health interventions. This study investigates how a district management strategy informed by local data and community dialogue influences health services. Methods A 3-year randomised controlled trial (RCT) comprised of 16 Ugandan districts tested a management approach, Community and District-management Empowerment for Scale-up (CODES). Eight districts were randomly selected for each of the intervention and comparison areas. The approach relies on a customised set of data-driven diagnostic tools to identify and resolve health system bottlenecks. Using a difference-in-differences approach, the authors performed an intention-to-treat analysis of protective, preventive and curative practices for malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea among children aged 5 and younger. Results Intervention districts reported significant net increases in the treatment of malaria (+23%), pneumonia (+19%) and diarrhoea (+13%) and improved stool disposal (+10%). Coverage rates for immunisation and vitamin A consumption saw similar improvements. By engaging communities and district managers in a common quest to solve local bottlenecks, CODES fostered demand for health services. However, limited fiscal space-constrained district managers’ ability to implement solutions identified through CODES. Conclusion Data-driven district management interventions can positively impact child health outcomes, with clinically significant improvements in the treatment of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea as well as stool disposal. The findings recommend the model’s suitability for health systems strengthening in Uganda and other decentralised contexts. Trial registration number ISRCTN15705788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Waiswa
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda .,Makerere University Centre of Excellence for Maternal Newborn & Child Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Busoga Health Forum, Jinja, Uganda
| | | | - Danstan Bagenda
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rornald Muhumuza Kananura
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Centre of Excellence for Maternal Newborn & Child Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | | | - Theresa Diaz
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organizations, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Ayebare
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Eric Ssegujja
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony Mbonye
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stefan Swartling Peterson
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Programme Division, Health Section, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, New York, USA
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Gonçalves C, Santinha G, Santiago A, Barros G. Collaborative place-based health governance systems: stakeholders' perceptions in the Portuguese Baixo Vouga sub-region. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:2415-2430. [PMID: 34133623 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021266.1.40822020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the Baixo Vouga sub-region (Portugal) governance system through 15 interviews with leaders of institutions with decision-making power and provide healthcare. The interviews were subjected to a content analysis, organized in matrices by cases, categories, subcategories, and indicators. Recording units were extracted from the interviews to produce data for each indicator. A Collaborative Place-based Governance Framework systematizing operational definitions of collaborative governance was implemented to serve as a benchmark for assessing the collaborative and place-based dimensions. The Baixo Vouga sub-Region governance system is collaborative because it is based on a shared structure of principles that translates into the services provided. It has a multilevel and multisector collaboration, and can undertake shared decisions. These dimensions could be reinforced through increased participation, autonomy, subsidiarity if more place-based information and practical knowledge were sought. The system would also benefit from an extensive adoption of bottom-up methods to formulate and implement policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonçalves
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Políticas e do Território, Unidade de Investigação em Governança, Competitividade e Políticas Públicas (GOVCOPP), Universidade de Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal.
| | - Gonçalo Santinha
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Políticas e do Território, Unidade de Investigação em Governança, Competitividade e Políticas Públicas (GOVCOPP), Universidade de Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal.
| | - Anabela Santiago
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Políticas e do Território, Unidade de Investigação em Governança, Competitividade e Políticas Públicas (GOVCOPP), Universidade de Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal.
| | - Gonçalo Barros
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Políticas e do Território, Unidade de Investigação em Governança, Competitividade e Políticas Públicas (GOVCOPP), Universidade de Aveiro. Campus Universitário de Santiago. 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal.
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Robert E, Rajan D, Koch K, Muggleworth Weaver A, Porignon D, Ridde V. Policy dialogue as a collaborative tool for multistakeholder health governance: a scoping study. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 4:bmjgh-2019-002161. [PMID: 32816823 PMCID: PMC7437973 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Health system governance is the cornerstone of performant, equitable and sustainable health systems aiming towards universal health coverage. Global health actors have increasingly been using policy dialogue (PD) as a governance tool to engage with both state and non-state stakeholders. Despite attempts to frame PD practices, it remains a catch-all term for both health systems professionals and researchers. Method We conducted a scoping study on PD. We identified 25 articles published in English between 1985 and 2017 and 10 grey literature publications. The analysis was guided by the following questions: (1) How do the authors define PD? (2) What do we learn about PD practices and implementation factors? (3) What are the specificities of PD in low-income and middle-income countries? Results The analysis highlighted three definitions of policy dialogue: a knowledge exchange and translation platform, a mode of governance and an instrument for negotiating international development aid. Success factors include the participants’ continued and sustained engagement throughout all the relevant stages, their ability to make a constructive contribution to the discussions while being truly representative of their organisation and their high interest and stake in the subject. Prerequisites to ensuring that participants remained engaged were a clear process, a shared understanding of the goals at all levels of the PD and a PD approach consistent with the PD objective. In the context of development aid, the main challenges lie in the balance of power between stakeholders, the organisational or technical capacity of recipient country stakeholders to drive or contribute effectively to the PD processes and the increasingly technocratic nature of PD. Conclusion PD requires a high level of collaborative governance expertise and needs constant, although not necessarily high, financial support. These conditions are crucial to make it a real driver of health system reform in countries’ paths towards universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Robert
- Institut universitaire SHERPA, CIUSSS du Centre-Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Kira Koch
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Valery Ridde
- CEPED (French Centre for Population and Development), IRD (French Research Institute for Development) (IRD-Paris Descartes University), Paris, France
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Jones CM, Gautier L, Ridde V. A scoping review of theories and conceptual frameworks used to analyse health financing policy processes in sub-Saharan Africa. Health Policy Plan 2021; 36:1197-1214. [PMID: 34027987 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Health financing policies are critical policy instruments to achieve Universal Health Coverage, and they constitute a key area in policy analysis literature for the health policy and systems research (HPSR) field. Previous reviews have shown that analyses of policy change in low- and middle-income countries are under-theorised. This study aims to explore which theories and conceptual frameworks have been used in research on policy processes of health financing policy in sub-Saharan Africa and to identify challenges and lessons learned from their use. We conducted a scoping review of literature published in English and French between 2000 and 2017. We analysed 23 papers selected as studies of health financing policies in sub-Saharan African countries using policy process or health policy-related theory or conceptual framework ex ante. Theories and frameworks used alone were from political science (35%), economics (9%) and HPSR field (17%). Thirty-five per cent of authors adopted a 'do-it-yourself' (bricolage) approach combining theories and frameworks from within political science or between political science and HPSR. Kingdon's multiple streams theory (22%), Grindle and Thomas' arenas of conflict (26%) and Walt and Gilson's policy triangle (30%) were the most used. Authors select theories for their empirical relevance, methodological rational (e.g. comparison), availability of examples in literature, accessibility and consensus. Authors cite few operational and analytical challenges in using theory. The hybridisation, diversification and expansion of mid-range policy theories and conceptual frameworks used deductively in health financing policy reform research are issues for HPSR to consider. We make three recommendations for researchers in the HPSR field. Future research on health financing policy change processes in sub-Saharan Africa should include reflection on learning and challenges for using policy theories and frameworks in the context of HPSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Jones
- London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Health, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Lara Gautier
- Département de Gestion, d'Évaluation et de Politique de Santé, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada.,Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Valéry Ridde
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre Population et Développement - CEPED (IRD-Université de Paris), Université de Paris ERL INSERM SAGESUD, 45 rue des Saints-Peres, Paris 75006, France
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Hutchinson E, Naher N, Roy P, McKee M, Mayhew SH, Ahmed SM, Balabanova D. Targeting anticorruption interventions at the front line: developmental governance in health systems. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-003092. [PMID: 33272939 PMCID: PMC7716661 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2008, Vian reported an increasing interest in understanding how corruption affects healthcare outcomes and asked what could be done to combat corruption in the health sector. Eleven years later, corruption is seen as a heterogeneous mix of activity, extensive and expensive in terms of loss of productivity, increasing inequity and costs, but with few examples of programmes that have successfully tackled corruption in low-income or middle-income countries. The commitment, by multilateral organisations and many governments to the Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage has renewed an interest to find ways to tackle corruption within health systems. These efforts must, however, begin with a critical assessment of the existing theoretical models and approaches that have underpinned action in the health sector in the past and an assessment of the potential of innovations from anticorruption work developed in sectors other than health. To that end, this paper maps the key debates and theoretical frameworks that have dominated research on corruption in health. It examines their limitations, the blind spots that they create in terms of the questions asked, and the capacity for research to take account of contextual factors that drive practice. It draws on new work from heterodox economics which seeks to target anticorruption interventions at practices that have high impact and which are politically and economically feasible to address. We consider how such approaches can be adopted into health systems and what new questions need to be addressed by researchers to support the development of sustainable solutions to corruption. We present a short case study from Bangladesh to show how such an approach reveals new perspectives on actors and drivers of corruption practice. We conclude by considering the most important areas for research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hutchinson
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nahitun Naher
- Centre of Excellence for Universal Health Coverage at Centre for Equity and Health Systems, James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pallavi Roy
- Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, Department of Politics and International Studies, SOAS University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK
| | - Susannah H Mayhew
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Syed Masud Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence for Universal Health Coverage at Centre for Equity and Health Systems, James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dina Balabanova
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Unsworth S, Barsosio HC, Achieng F, Juma D, Tindi L, Omiti F, Kariuki S, Nabwera HM. Caregiver experiences and healthcare worker perspectives of accessing healthcare for low-birthweight. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 41:145-153. [PMID: 33645452 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2021.1881269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-birthweight (LBW) infants (<2500 g) are at greatest risk of mortality in the neonatal period, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Timely access to quality healthcare averts adverse outcomes. AIM To explore caregiver experiences and healthcare provider perspectives of accessing healthcare for LBW infants in rural Kenya. METHODS This qualitative study was undertaken in Homa Bay County of in rural western Kenya in June 2019. In-depth interviews with eleven caregivers and four healthcare providers were conducted by a trained research assistant. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts in the local languages were translated into English. A thematic framework was used to analyse the data. RESULTS At the community and individual level,community misconceptions about LBW infants, inadequate infant care practices after discharge, lack of maternal support networks, long distances from healthcare facilities and lack of financial support were key challenges. In addition, long hospital waiting times, healthcare worker strikes and the apparent inadequate knowledge and skills of healthcare providers were disincentives among caregivers. Among healthcare providers, health system deficiencies (staff shortages and inadequate resources for optimal assessment and treatment of LBW infants) and maternal illiteracy were key challenges. Education by staff during antenatal visits and community support groups were enablers. CONCLUSION Accessing healthcare for LBW infants in this community is fraught with challenges which have implications for their post-discharge outcome. There is an urgent need to develop and test strategies to address the barriers at the community and health system level to optimise outcome..
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Unsworth
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool UK
| | - Hellen C Barsosio
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Florence Achieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Juma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Linda Tindi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Homa Bay County Teaching and Referral Hospital, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Fred Omiti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Helen M Nabwera
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool UK
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Mayhew SH, Kyamusugulwa PM, Kihangi Bindu K, Richards P, Kiyungu C, Balabanova D. Responding to the 2018-2020 Ebola Virus Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Rethinking Humanitarian Approaches. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:1731-1747. [PMID: 33953623 PMCID: PMC8092619 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s219295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) presents a challenging context in which to respond to public health crises. Its 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak was the second largest in history. Lessons were known from the previous West African outbreak. Chief among these was the recognition that local action and involvement are key to establishing effective epidemic-response. It remains unclear whether and how this was achieved in DRC's Ebola response. Additionally, there is a lack of scholarship on how to build resilience (the ability to adapt or transform under pressure) in crisis-response. In this article, we critically review literature to examine evidence on whether and how communities were involved, trust built, and resilience strengthened through adaptation or transformation of DRC's 2018-2020 Ebola response measures. Overall, we found limited evidence that the response adapted to engage and involve local actors and institutions or respond to locally expressed concerns. When adaptations occurred, they were shaped by national and international actors rather than enabling local actors to develop locally trusted initiatives. Communities were "engaged" to understand their perceptions but were not involved in decision-making or shaping responses. Few studies documented how trust was built or analyzed power dynamics between different groups in DRC. Yet, both these elements appear to be critical in building effective, resilient responses. These failures occurred because there was no willingness by the national government or international agencies to concede decision-making power to local people. Emergency humanitarian response is entrenched in highly medicalized, military style command and control approaches which have no space for decentralizing decision-making to "non-experts". To transform humanitarian responses, international responders can no longer be regarded as "experts" who own the knowledge and control the response. To successfully tackle future humanitarian crises requires a transformation of international humanitarian and emergency response systems such that they are led, or shaped, through inclusive, equitable collaboration with local actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah H Mayhew
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Patrick Milabyo Kyamusugulwa
- Bukavu Medical University College/Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Bukavu (ISTM-Bukavu), Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Kennedy Kihangi Bindu
- Centre de Recherche sur la Démocratie et le Développement en Afrique (CREDDA), Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Paul Richards
- School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Cyrille Kiyungu
- Hygiene, State Administration, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dina Balabanova
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Sitienei J, Manderson L, Nangami M. Community participation in the collaborative governance of primary health care facilities, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248914. [PMID: 33788868 PMCID: PMC8011762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community participation in the governance of health services is an important component in engaging stakeholders (patients, public and partners) in decision-making and related activities in health care. Community participation is assumed to contribute to quality improvement and goal attainment but remains elusive. We examined the implementation of community participation, through collaborative governance in primary health care facilities in Uasin Gishu County, Western Kenya, under the policy of devolved governance of 2013. METHODS Utilizing a multiple case study methodology, five primary health care facilities were purposively selected. Study participants were individuals involved in the collaborative governance of primary health care facilities (from health service providers and community members), including in decision-making, management, oversight, service provision and problem solving. Data were collected through document review, key informant interviews and observations undertaken from 2017 to 2018. Audio recording, notetaking and a reflective journal aided data collection. Data were transcribed, cleaned, coded and analysed iteratively into emerging themes using a governance attributes framework. FINDINGS A total of 60 participants representing individual service providers and community members participated in interviews and observations. The minutes of all meetings of five primary health care facilities were reviewed for three years (2014-2016) and eight health facility committee meetings were observed. Findings indicate that in some cases, structures for collaborative community engagement exist but functioning is ineffective for a number of reasons. Health facility committee meetings were most frequent when there were project funds, with discussions focusing mainly on construction projects as opposed to the day-to-day functioning of the facility. Committee members with the strongest influence and power had political connections or were retired government workers. There were no formal mechanisms for stakeholder forums and how these worked were unclear. Drug stock outs, funding delays and unclear operational guidelines affected collaborative governance performance. CONCLUSION Implementing collaborative governance effectively requires that the scope of focus for collaboration include both specific projects and the routine functioning of the primary health care facility by the health facility committee. In the study area, structures are required to manage effective stakeholder engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackline Sitienei
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Health Policy and Management Department, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Lenore Manderson
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mabel Nangami
- Health Policy and Management Department, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
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Chen N, Raghavan M, Albert J, McDaniel A, Otiso L, Kintu R, West M, Jacobstein D. The Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform Perspective. GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021; 9:S32-S46. [PMID: 33727319 PMCID: PMC7971380 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To develop guidance for governments and partners seeking to scale community health worker programs, we developed a conceptual framework, collected observations from the scale-up efforts of 7 countries, workshopped the framework with technical groups and with country stakeholders, and reviewed literature in the areas of health and policy reform, change management, institutional development, health systems, and advocacy. We observed that successful scale-up is a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale-up: (1) depends on a carefully choreographed, problem-driven political process; (2) requires that scaled program models are drawn from solutions that are available in a given health system context and aligned with the resources, capabilities, and commitments of key health sector stakeholders; and (3) emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement, rather than a single, linear scale-up effort. We identify stages of the reform process associated with each of these 3 findings: problem prioritization, coalition building, solution gathering, design, program readiness, launch, governance, and management and learning. The resulting Community Health Systems Reform Cycle can be used by government, donors, and nongovernmental partners to prioritize and design community health worker scale-up efforts, diagnose challenges or gaps in successful scale-up and integration, and coordinate the contributions of diverse stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Last Mile Health, Washington, DC, USA.
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Naveed Z, Saeed A, Kakar A, Khalid F, Alnaji N, Kumar G. Understanding the accountability issues of the immunization workforce for the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Balochistan: An exploratory study. J Glob Health 2021; 11:06001. [PMID: 33692897 PMCID: PMC7916446 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.06001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among all provinces of Pakistan, immunization coverage is poorest in Balochistan. There is no provincial immunization policy for Balochistan including a lack of human resource management policy. Maladministration and lack of accountability leading to health workforce demotivation and poor performance can be a crucial reason behind an inefficient and ineffective immunization program in Balochistan. The objective of this study was to better understand the accountability issues of EPI workforce at provincial and district level leading to poor program performance and to identify governance strategies for management of inefficiency, demotivation and absenteeism. Methods An exploratory qualitative study was carried out to explore issues related to human resource (HR) accountability within immunization program of Balochistan for developing strategies to improve performance of the program. Five districts were selected using purposive sampling based on the comparative poor and good routine immunization coverages and Human Development Index (HDI). Interviews were conducted with EPI Staff and District Health Officers (DHOs) in each district including provincial EPI Staff. A semi-structured and open-ended questionnaire was used. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results Major barriers to HR accountability included lack of a written HR policy, proper service structure including promotions and benefits and understanding of accurate job description coupled with inadequate HR development budget and activities. Most important demotivating factors were inadequate number of vaccinators, deficient budget with delayed wage and salary disbursements resulting in poor immunization coverage and a lack of appreciation/feedback from senior management for the frontline workers. Key challenge for vaccinators was poor community orientation and mobilization. Although, the participants proposed some solutions based on their perspective, none were elaborate or precise. Conclusions Adaptation of National Immunization Policy tailored to the provincial context and proper implementation is much needed. Review of current allocations of vaccinators and need based relocation along with recruitment of new vaccinators with clear job description and terms of reference is desirable. Review of current incentive structure is required. Finally, trust building between community and the vaccination program and social mobilization about the benefits of vaccinations through community influential is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaeema Naveed
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Abid Saeed
- Provincial Disease Surveillance & Rapid Response Unit (PDSRU), Provincial Directorate of Health, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Kakar
- N-STOP (FELTP), Provincial Directorate of Health Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | | | - Nada Alnaji
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Lim MYH, Lin V. Governance in health workforce: how do we improve on the concept? A network-based, stakeholder-driven approach. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:1. [PMID: 33388068 PMCID: PMC7777277 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health workforce governance has been proposed as key to improving health services delivery, yet few studies have examined the conceptualisation of health workforce governance in detail and exploration in literature remains limited. METHODS A literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar and grey literature search was conducted to map out the current conceptualisation of health workforce governance. We identified all published literature relating to governance in health workforce since 2000 and analysed them on two fronts: the broad definition of governance, and the operationalisation of broad definition into key dimensions of governance. RESULTS Existing literature adopts governance concepts established in health literature and does not adapt understanding to the health workforce context. Definitions are largely quoted from health literature whilst dimensions are focused around the sub-functions of governance which emphasise operationalising governance practices over further conceptualisation. Two sub-functions are identified as essential to the governance process: stakeholder participation and strategic direction. CONCLUSIONS Although governance in health systems has gained increasing attention, governance in health workforce remains poorly conceptualised in literature. We propose an improved conceptualisation in the form of a stakeholder-driven network governance model with the national government as a strong steward against vested stakeholder interests. Further research is needed to explore and develop on the conceptual thinking behind health workforce governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ying Hao Lim
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Vivian Lin
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Godoi H, Castro RG, Santos JLGD, Moyses SJ, Mello ALSFD. [Obstacles to public governance and their influence on oral healthcare in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36:e00184719. [PMID: 33237203 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00184719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze public governance in the regionalized healthcare network in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its influence on decision-making in the organization of oral healthcare. This was an exploratory analytical study with a qualitative approach, with the methodology based on Grounded Theory. Thirty in-depth interviews were held with managers from the Regional Inter-Managers Commissions and Bipartite Commissions (CIR and CIB, respectively, in Portuguese), under the State Health Department, representatives from the State Health Councils, and administrators of specialized oral healthcare services, in two sample groups, in addition to non-participant observation in CIB meetings. After comparative data analysis, the theoretical model was formulated in which the central category was expressed in the title Influence of Failures in Governance on the Oral Healthcare Network: The Erratic Expansion of Services by Vertical Induction and Confirmation of the Peripheral Status Assigned to Oral Health. The governance practiced in the Santa Catarina State Health System displays well-established formal support structures, such as the consolidation of the CIR. However, weaknesses were identified that reveal problems in the governance systems' legitimacy. The situation perpetuates the peripheral status assigned to the structuring of oral healthcare in network format and the erratic expansion of services, characterized by vertical induction and without contextualized recognition of oral health problems as guidance for planning the services. There is a need for greater public awareness and the inclusion of professionals and managers that can advocate for the importance of oral health as a major priority in public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Godoi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil
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Pyone T, Aung TT, Endericks T, Myint NW, Inamdar L, Collins S, Pwint KH, Hein BB, Wilson A. Health system governance in strengthening International Health Regulations (IHR) compliance in Myanmar. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e003566. [PMID: 33139302 PMCID: PMC7607592 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR) is a legally binding framework which requires 196 WHO Member States to take actions to prevent, protect against, control and provide public health response to the international spread of disease. Improving IHR compliance provides grounds for better health system strengthening, which is key to moving countries closer towards Universal Health Coverage. Multisectoral, collaborative working within and across sectors is fundamental to improving IHR (2005) compliance, and for that, governance is the best lever of the health system. This paper highlights the importance of the relationship between governance and IHR in the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which follow the fundamental principle of interdependence; SDGs interlink with one another. We consider governance (SDG 16) and how it influences the IHR capacity of SDG 3 (health and well-being for all at all ages). This paper considers the successes of the Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports thus far in improving IHR compliance and highlights that an even greater focus on health system governance would lead to more sustainable outcomes. Nurturing an institutional culture with enforced rules, which are conducive for improved accountability through inclusive participation would further improve Myanmar IHR strengthening efforts. Without those principles of good governance, the developed IHR capacities cannot be sustained or owned by Myanmar people. This has now become even more urgent given the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidar Pyone
- Department of Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Toe Thiri Aung
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Naypyidaw Union Territory, Myanmar
| | - Tina Endericks
- Department of Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Nyan Win Myint
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Naypyidaw Union Territory, Myanmar
| | - Leena Inamdar
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Leeds, UK
| | - Samuel Collins
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - Khin Hnin Pwint
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Bo Bo Hein
- Department of Global Public Health, Public Health England, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Anne Wilson
- Department of Global Public Health, Public Health England, London, UK
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Tediosi F, Lönnroth K, Pablos-Méndez A, Raviglione M. Build back stronger universal health coverage systems after the COVID-19 pandemic: the need for better governance and linkage with universal social protection. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e004020. [PMID: 33122298 PMCID: PMC7597511 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Tediosi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Knut Lönnroth
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bigdeli M, Rouffy B, Lane BD, Schmets G, Soucat A. Health systems governance: the missing links. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:bmjgh-2020-002533. [PMID: 32784214 PMCID: PMC7422628 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bigdeli
- Health Systems Governance Collaborative, Geneva, Switzerland.,Morocco Country Office, World Health Organization, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Benjamin Rouffy
- Health Systems Governance Collaborative, Geneva, Switzerland.,Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Downs Lane
- Health Systems Governance Collaborative, Geneva, Switzerland.,Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Schmets
- Health Systems Governance Collaborative, Geneva, Switzerland.,Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Soucat
- Health Systems Governance Collaborative, Geneva, Switzerland .,Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
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Meessen B. Health system governance: welcoming the reboot. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002404. [PMID: 32784213 PMCID: PMC7422629 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Seye Abimbola
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hamra R, Siddiqi S, Carmel E, Ammar W. Assessing the governance of the health policy-making process using a new governance tool: the case of Lebanon. Health Res Policy Syst 2020; 18:66. [PMID: 32539774 PMCID: PMC7294613 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-020-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the international agenda, it has become common to assert that the assessment of health system governance using a practical tool is crucial. This approach can help us better understand how health systems are being steered as well as to identify gaps in the decision-making process and their causes. The authors developed a new assessment tool, the Health Policymaking Governance Guidance Tool (HP-GGT), that was designed to be conceptually sound and practical. This tool enables policy-makers and stakeholders to systematically review and assess health system governance at policy-making level. This article presents first use of the HP-GGT in Lebanon, together with generated results, recommendations, and discusses how these results improve governance practices when initiating new health policy formulation processes. Methods The HP-GGT, which is a multidimensional structured tool, was used retrospectively to assess and review the process used to develop a new mental health strategy; this process was compared against consensus-based good governance principles, focusing on participation, transparency, accountability, information and responsiveness. The assessment was conducted through face-to-face interviews with 11 key informants who were involved in the development of the strategy. Results The HP-GGT enabled policy-makers to reflect on their governance practices when developing a mental health strategy and was able to identify key areas of strengths and weaknesses using good governance practice checklists given by the questions. The insights generated from the assessment equipped the national policy-makers with a better understanding of the practice and meaning of policy-making governance. Identifying weaknesses to be addressed in future attempts to develop other national health policies helped in this regard. Using the tool also increased awareness of alternative good practices among policy-makers and stakeholders. Conclusions Assessing a health policy formulation process from a governance perspective is essential for improved policy-making. The HP-GGT was able to provide a general overview and an in-depth assessment of a policy formulation process related to governance issues according to international good practices that should be applied while formulating health policies in any field. The HP-GGT was found to be a practical tool that was useful for policy-makers when used in Lebanon and awaits applications in other low- and middle-income countries to further show its validity and utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Hamra
- Health Education Department, Ministry of Public Health, None, Lebanon.
| | - Sameen Siddiqi
- Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Emma Carmel
- Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Walid Ammar
- Ministry of Public Health and Lebanese University, None, Lebanon
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Sajadi HS, Gholamreza Kashi F, Majdzadeh R. Identifying National Health Priorities: Content Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Iran's General Health Policies (GHPs). WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jacobs E, Baez Camargo C. Local health governance in Tajikistan: accountability and power relations at the district level. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:30. [PMID: 32122333 PMCID: PMC7053113 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-1143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relationships of power, responsibility and accountability between health systems actors are considered central to health governance. Despite increasing attention to the role of accountability in health governance a gap remains in understanding how local accountability relations function within the health system in Central Asia. This study addresses this gap by exploring local health governance in two districts of Tajikistan using principal-agent theory. Methods This comparative case study uses a qualitative research methodology, relying on key informant interviews and focus group discussions with local stakeholders. Data analysis was guided by a framework that conceptualises governance as a series of principal-agent relations between state actors, citizens and health providers. Special attention is paid to voice, answerability and enforceability as crucial components of accountability. Results The analysis has provided insight into the challenges to different components making up an effective accountability relationship, such as an unclear mandate, the lack of channels for voice or insufficient resources to carry out a mandate. The findings highlight the weak position of health providers and citizens towards state actors and development agents in the under-resourced health system and authoritarian political context. Contestation over resources among local government actors, and informal tools for answerability and enforceability were found to play an important role in shaping actual accountability relations. These accountability relationships form a complex institutional web in which agents are subject to various accountability demands. Particularly health providers find themselves to be in this role, being held accountable by state actors, citizens and development agencies. The latter were found to have established parallel principal-agent relationships with health providers without much attention to the role of local state actors, or strengthening the short accountability route from citizens to providers. Conclusion The study has provided insight into the complexity of local governance relations and constraints to formal accountability processes. This has underlined the importance of informal accountability tools and the political-economic context in shaping principal-agent relations. The study has served to demonstrate the use and limitations of agency theory in health governance analysis, and points to the importance of entrenched positions of power in local health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Jacobs
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland. .,KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Mauritskade 63, Amsterdam, 1092 AD, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudia Baez Camargo
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.,Basel Institute on Governance, Steinenring 60, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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Pyone T, Karvande S, Gopalakrishnan S, Purohit V, Nelson S, Balakrishnan SS, Mistry N, Mathai M. Factors governing the performance of Auxiliary Nurse Midwives in India: A study in Pune district. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226831. [PMID: 31881071 PMCID: PMC6934276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) cadre was created to focus on maternal and child health. ANMs are respected members of their communities and established providers of maternal and child health care within the community and at the facility level. Over time, additional roles and responsibilities have been added. Despite the importance of ANMs in the primary healthcare system in India, studies that consider factors governing the performance of ANMs in their workplaces are limited. We aimed to study factors governing performance of ANMs in Pune district, India. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 purposely selected key informants at facility, district, state, and national levels. Focus group discussions were conducted with 41 ANMs and 25 members of the community. Non-participatory observations with eight ANMs provided information to expand on and scrutinise findings that emerged from the other lines of inquiry. A realist lens was applied to identify ANMs' performance as a result of "mechanisms" (training, supervision, accountability mechanisms) within the given "context" (regulatory system, infrastructure and resources, ANMs' expanded scope of work, gender roles and norms). RESULTS Weak enforcement of regulatory system led to poor standardisation of training quality among training institutions. Challenges in internal accountability mechanisms governing ANMs within the health system hierarchy made it difficult to ensure individual accountability. Training and supervision received were inadequate to address current responsibilities. The supervisory approach focused on comparing information in periodic reports against expected outputs. Clinical support in workplaces was insufficient, with very little problem identification and solving. CONCLUSION Focusing on the tasks of ANMs with technical inputs alone is insufficient to achieve the full potential of ANMs in a changing context. Systematic efforts tackling factors governing ANMs in their workplaces can produce a useful cadre, that can play an important role in achieving universal health coverage in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidar Pyone
- Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Karvande
- The Foundation for Research in Community Health, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Somasundari Gopalakrishnan
- Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vidula Purohit
- The Foundation for Research in Community Health, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah Nelson
- Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Subha Sri Balakrishnan
- Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nerges Mistry
- The Foundation for Research in Community Health, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Matthews Mathai
- Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tremblay D, Touati N, Poder T, Vasiliadis HM, Bilodeau K, Berbiche D, Denis JL, Pomey MP, Hébert J, Roch G, Prady C, Lévesque L. Collaborative governance in the Quebec Cancer Network: a realist evaluation of emerging mechanisms of institutionalization, multi-level governance, and value creation using a longitudinal multiple case study design. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:752. [PMID: 31653231 PMCID: PMC6814997 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with and beyond cancer (PLC) receive various forms of specialty care at different locations and many interventions concurrently or over time. They are affected by the operation of professional and organizational silos. This results in undue delays in access, unmet needs, sub-optimal care experiences and clinical outcomes, and human and financial costs for PLCs and healthcare systems. National cancer control programs advocate organizing in a network to coordinate actions, solve fragmentation problems, and thus improve clinical outcomes and care experiences for every dollar invested. The variable outcomes of such networks and factors explaining them have been documented. Governance is the "missing link" for understanding outcomes. Governance refers to the coordination of collective action by a body in a position of authority in pursuit of a common goal. The Quebec Cancer Network (QCN) offers the opportunity to study in a natural environment how, why, by whom, for whom, and under what conditions collaborative governance contributes to practices that produce value-added outcomes for PLCs, healthcare providers, and the healthcare system. METHODS/DESIGN The study design consists of a longitudinal case study, with multiple nested cases (4 local networks nested in the QCN), mobilizing qualitative and quantitative data and mixed data from various sources and collected using different methods, using the realist evaluation approach. Qualitative data will be used for a thematic analysis of collaborative governance. Quantitative data from validated questionnaires will be analyzed to measure relational coordination and teamwork, care experience, clinical outcomes, and health-related health-related quality of life, as well as a cost analysis of service utilization. Associations between context, governance mechanisms, and outcomes will be sought. Robust data will be produced to support decision-makers to guide network governance towards optimized clinical outcomes and the reduction of the economic toxicity of cancer for PLCs and health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Tremblay
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Campus de Longueuil - Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
| | - Nassera Touati
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
- École Nationale d’Administration Publique, 4750 Henri-Julien Avenue, Montréal, Québec, H2T 3E5 Canada
| | - Thomas Poder
- Département de gestion, d’évaluation et de politique de santé, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, 3e étage, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9 Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, 7331, rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec, H1N 3V2 Canada
- École de gestion, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1 Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke (CR-CHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Helen-Maria Vasiliadis
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Campus de Longueuil - Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
| | - Karine Bilodeau
- Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1A8 Canada
| | - Djamal Berbiche
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Denis
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 850, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9 Canada
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9 Canada
- Centre de recherche en droit public, Université de Montréal, 3101, chemin de la Tour, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J7 Canada
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9 Canada
| | - Marie-Pascale Pomey
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), 850, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9 Canada
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9 Canada
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9 Canada
| | - Johanne Hébert
- Département des sciences infirmières, Campus de Lévis - Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR, 1595, boulevard Alphonse-Desjardins, Lévis, Québec, G6V 0A6 Canada
- Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis, Centre de recherche du CISSS de Chaudière-Appalaches, 143, rue Wolfe, Lévis, Québec, G6V 3Z1 Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CRCHUQ), 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, Québec, G1R 2J6 Canada
- Équipe de recherche Michel-Sarrazin en oncologie psychosociale et soins palliatifs (ERMOS), Maison Michel-Sarrazin, 9, rue McMahon, Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3 Canada
| | - Geneviève Roch
- Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis, Centre de recherche du CISSS de Chaudière-Appalaches, 143, rue Wolfe, Lévis, Québec, G6V 3Z1 Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CRCHUQ), 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, Québec, G1R 2J6 Canada
- Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 10, rue de l’Espinay, Québec, Québec, G1L 3L5 Canada
- Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l’Université Laval (CERSSPL‐UL), 2525, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, Québec G1J 0A4 Canada
| | - Catherine Prady
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Campus de Longueuil - Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
- Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 3120 boulevard Taschereau, Greenfield Park, Québec, J4V 2H1 Canada
- Centre intégré de cancérologie de la Montérégie, 3120 Boulevard Taschereau, Greenfield Park, Québec, J4V 2G9 Canada
| | - Lise Lévesque
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Campus de Longueuil - Université de Sherbrooke, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de la Montérégie-Centre, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8 Canada
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