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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Cheng L, Zhao Y, Ke H. Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in ischemic stroke. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29651. [PMID: 38698974 PMCID: PMC11064068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks have uncovered a novel mode of RNA interaction, and are implicated in various biological processes and the pathogenesis of IS. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the ceRNA network in IS. Methods Four public datasets containing lncRNA and mRNA (GSE22255 and GSE16561) and miRNA (GSE55937 and GSE43618) expression profiles from the GEO database were systematically analyzed to explore the role of RNAs in ischemic stroke (IS). Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between IS and normal control samples were identified. LncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA interactions were predicted, and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. The correlation between the RNAs in the ceRNA network and the clinical features of the samples was evaluated. Finally, principal component analysis was performed on the RNAs that constitute the ceRNA regulatory network, and their differential expression and principal component relationships among different types of samples were observed. Results A total of 224 DEmRNAs, 7 DEmiRNAs, and four DElncRNAs related to IS in four datasets were identified. Then, through target gene prediction, a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network that contained 3 DElncRNAs, 2 DEmiRNAs, and 24 DEmRNAs was constructed. Correlations of the clinical characteristics showed that PART1 and SERPINH1 were related to clinical diseases, WNK1 was related to lifestyle, and seven RNAs were related to age. PCA results indicate that three principal components of PC1, PC2, and PC3 can clearly distinguish between control and IS samples. Conclusion Overall, we constructed a ceRNA network in IS, which could offer insights into the molecular mechanism and potential prognostic biomarkers for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China
| | - Hong Ke
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China
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3
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Tanveer Y, Sanipini S, Khleif R, Tsenteradze T, Gapizov A, Grezenko H, Affaf M, Abdelaziz AM, Rehman A, Zia U, Jama H, Shehryar A, Mohsin SN, Ekhator C, Khan R. Transforming Medical Paradigms: A Cutting-Edge Review of Genomic and Robotic Medical and Surgical Approaches in the Battle Against Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Issues. Cureus 2023; 15:e46998. [PMID: 37965396 PMCID: PMC10641027 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an in-depth review of the current state of management for diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, focusing on advancements from genomics to robotics. It explores the role of genomic markers in personalized medicine, offering tailored treatment options for these chronic conditions. The article also examines the efficacy of various pharmacological and surgical interventions, including bariatric surgery for diabetes and device-based treatments for hypertension. A comparative analysis is presented to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and patient outcomes between medical and surgical approaches. The review concludes that while personalized medicine and minimally invasive surgical techniques show promise, more high-quality comparative research is needed. The ultimate goal is to integrate these emerging technologies within a framework of evidence-based medicine to improve patient outcomes and health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafeef Khleif
- Medical School, Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, ABW
| | - Tamar Tsenteradze
- General Surgery, Tbilisi State Medical Univerity, Tbilisi, GEO
- Cardiology, Tbilisi State Medical Univerity, Tbilisi, GEO
- Internal Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical Univerity, Tbilisi, GEO
| | - Abubakar Gapizov
- General Surgery, American University of Antigua, Saint George, ATG
| | - Han Grezenko
- Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, USA
| | - Maryam Affaf
- Internal Medicine, Women's Medical and Dental College, Abbotabad, PAK
| | - Ali M Abdelaziz
- Internal Medicine, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, EGY
| | | | - Umar Zia
- Internal Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Huda Jama
- Internal Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, PAK
| | | | | | - Chukwuyem Ekhator
- Neuro-Oncology, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Rehman Khan
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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Liu K, Liu J, Liu Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Liu J, Wen S. Association study of WNK1 genetic variants and essential hypertension risk in the Northern Han Chinese in Beijing. Front Genet 2023; 14:1234536. [PMID: 37779914 PMCID: PMC10541150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1234536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Essential hypertension (EH) is a complex disorder resulting from interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1) plays a very important role in maintaining renal potassium, sodium and chlorine ions balance as well as the regulation of blood pressure, so the WNK1 gene is considered a key gene for EH. This study thus sought to evaluate possible genetic associations between the WNK1 genetic variants and EH risk in the Northern Han Chinese population in Beijing. Methods: This study included 476 hypertensive subjects and 491 normotensive subjects. A total of 12 tag SNVs of WNK1 gene were genotyped successfully by TaqMan assay. Comparisons of the genotypic and allelic frequency between cases and controls were made by using the chi-square test. Logistic regression analyses were performed under different genetic models, and haplotype analysis was also conducted. Results: A total of 12 SNVs were identified as the tag SNVs for WNK1 gene. Significant associations were observed between WNK1 gene rs7305099 variant and EH risk, and T allele influenced hypertension risk in a protective manner. After correcting for multiple testing using Bonferroni, the significance remained for the SNV of rs7305099 in three genetic models [allele comparison, p < 0.0002, OR = 0.627, 95%CI (0.491-0.801); homozygote comparison, p < 0.0003, OR = 0.278, 95%CI (0.140-0.552); additive model, p < 0.0003, OR = 0.279, 95%CI (0.140-0.553)]. In the haplotype analyses, we found that the haplotype A-A-A-C-G-G-G was significantly associated with increased risk for EH (p = 0.043, OR = 1.23). Conclusion: Our data suggested that the rs7305099 genetic variant and the haplotype A-A-A-C-G-G-G on WNK1 gene might be associated with the susceptibility of EH in the Northern Han Chinese population. These could provide evidences to the risk assessment, early prevention and individualized therapy of EH to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Liu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zuoguang Wang
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Wen
- Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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A Possible Link between Gut Microbiome Composition and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Psoriatic Patients. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071118. [PMID: 35887615 PMCID: PMC9324618 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common comorbidities that may affect psoriatic patients. Several exogenous and endogenous factors are involved in the etiology and progression of both psoriasis and CVD. A potential genetic link between the two diseases has emerged; however, some gaps remain in the understanding of the CVD prevalence in psoriatic patients. Recently, the role of the gut microbiome dysbiosis was documented in the development and maintenance of both diseases. To investigate whether gut microbiome dysbiosis might influence the occurrence of CVD in psoriatic patients, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to characterize the gut microbiome of 28 psoriatic patients, including 17 patients with and 11 without CVD. The comparison of the gut microbiome composition between patients with and without CVD showed a higher prevalence of Barnesiellaceae and Phascolarctobacterium in patients with CVD. Among patients with CVD, those undergoing biologic therapy had lower abundance levels of Barnesiellaceae, comparable to those found in patients without CVD. Overall, these findings suggest that the co-occurrence of psoriasis and CVD might be linked to gut microbiome dysbiosis and that therapeutic strategies could help to restore the intestinal symbiosis, potentially improving the clinical management of psoriasis and its associated comorbidities.
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Analysis of the Potential Genetic Links between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169063. [PMID: 34445769 PMCID: PMC8396451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk factors are one of the most common comorbidities in psoriasis. A higher prevalence of hypertension, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, depression, as well as cardiovascular disease was confirmed in psoriatic patients in comparison to the general population. Data suggest that psoriasis and systemic inflammatory disorders may originate from the pleiotropic interactions with many genetic pathways. In this review, the authors present the current state of knowledge on the potential genetic links between psoriasis and cardiovascular risk factors. The understanding of the processes linking psoriasis with cardiovascular risk factors can lead to improvement of psoriasis management in the future.
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Meor Azlan NF, Koeners MP, Zhang J. Regulatory control of the Na-Cl co-transporter NCC and its therapeutic potential for hypertension. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1117-1128. [PMID: 34094823 PMCID: PMC8144889 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the largest risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. As blood pressure regulation is influenced by multiple physiological systems, hypertension cannot be attributed to a single identifiable etiology. Three decades of research into Mendelian forms of hypertension implicated alterations in the renal tubular sodium handling, particularly the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)-native, thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC). Altered functions of the NCC have shown to have profound effects on blood pressure regulation as illustrated by the over activation and inactivation of the NCC in Gordon's and Gitelman syndromes respectively. Substantial progress has uncovered multiple factors that affect the expression and activity of the NCC. In particular, NCC activity is controlled by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and NCC expression is facilitated by glycosylation and negatively regulated by ubiquitination. Studies have even found parvalbumin to be an unexpected regulator of the NCC. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of NCC control mechanisms, particularly via the pathway containing the with-no-lysine [K] (WNK) and its downstream target kinases, SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OSR1), which has led to the discovery of novel inhibitory molecules. This review summarizes the currently reported regulatory mechanisms of the NCC and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating hypertension.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Blood pressure regulation
- CCC, cation-coupled chloride cotransporters
- CCT, conserved carboxy-terminal
- CNI, calcineurin inhibitors
- CUL3, cullin 3
- CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1
- Ca2+, calcium ion
- Cardiovascular disease
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DCT, distal convoluted tubule
- DUSP, dual specificity phosphatases
- ECF, extracellular fluid
- ELISA, enzyme-bound immunosorbent analysis
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- EnaC, epithelial sodium channels
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293
- Hypertension
- I1, inhibitor 1
- K+, potassium ion
- KCC, potassium-chloride-cotransporters
- KLHL3, kelch-like 3
- KS-WNK1, kidney specific-WNK1
- Kinase inhibitors
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MO25, mouse protein-25
- Membrane trafficking
- NCC, sodium–chloride cotransporters
- NKCC, sodium–potassium–chloride-cotransporter
- Na+, sodium ion
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaCl-cotransporter NCC
- OSR1, oxidative stress-responsive gene 1
- PCT, proximal convoluted tubule
- PHAII, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
- PP, protein phosphatase
- PV, parvalbumin
- ROMK, renal outer medullary potassium
- RasGRP1, RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1
- SLC12, solute carrier 12
- SPAK, Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich-kinase
- TAL, thick ascending limb
- Therapeutic targets
- WNK, with-no-lysine kinases
- mDCT, mammalian DCT
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Maarten P. Koeners
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
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8
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Johnson R, Dludla P, Mabhida S, Benjeddou M, Louw J, February F. Pharmacogenomics of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide therapy and the quest for improved control of hypertension: a mini review. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 24:343-357. [PMID: 30645721 PMCID: PMC6476827 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-09765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait that is regulated by multiple physiological pathways and include but is not limited to extracellular fluid volume homeostasis, cardiac contractility, and vascular tone through renal, neural, or endocrine systems. Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) has been associated with an increased mortality risk. Therefore, understanding the genetics that underpins and influence BP regulation will have a major impact on public health. Moreover, uncontrolled HTN has been linked to inter-individual variation in the drugs’ response and this has been associated with an individual’s genetics architecture. However, the identification of candidate genes that underpin the genetic basis of HTN remains a major challenge. To date, few variants associated with inter-individual BP regulation have been identified and replicated. Research in this field has accelerated over the past 5 years as a direct result of on-going genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the progress in the identification of rare gene variants and mutations, epigenetic markers, and the regulatory pathways involved in the pathophysiology of BP. In this review we describe and enhance our current understanding of how genetic variants account for the observed variability in BP response in patients on first-line antihypertensive drugs, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Sihle Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535 South Africa
| | - Mongi Benjeddou
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535 South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Faghri February
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
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9
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Lin H, Lunetta KL, Zhao Q, Mandaviya PR, Rong J, Benjamin EJ, Joehanes R, Levy D, van Meurs JBJ, Larson MG, Murabito JM. Whole Blood Gene Expression Associated With Clinical Biological Age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:81-88. [PMID: 30010802 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biologic age may better reflect an individual's rate of aging than chronologic age. Methods We conducted a transcriptome-wide association study with biologic age estimated with clinical biomarkers, which included: systolic blood pressure, forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), total cholesterol, fasting glucose, C-reactive protein, and serum creatinine. We assessed the association between the difference between biologic age and chronologic age (∆age) and gene expression in whole blood measured using the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0st Array. Results Our discovery sample included 2,163 participants from the Framingham Offspring cohort (mean age 67 ± 9 years, 55% women). A total of 481 genes were significantly associated with ∆age (p < 2.8 × 10-6). Among them, 415 genes were validated (p < .05/481 = 1.0 × 10-4) in 2,946 participants from the Framingham Third Generation cohort (mean age 46 ± 9 years, 53% women). Many of the significant genes were involved in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway. The replication in 414 Rotterdam Study participants (mean age 59 ± 8, 52% women) found 104 of 415 validated genes reached nominal significance (p < .05). Conclusion We identified and validated 415 genes associated with ∆age in a community-based cohort. Future functional characterization of the biologic age-related gene network may identify targets to test for interventions to delay aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghuang Lin
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Pooja R Mandaviya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jian Rong
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Levy
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin G Larson
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Massachusetts.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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10
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A Molecular Docking Approach to Evaluate the Pharmacological Properties of Natural and Synthetic Treatment Candidates for Use against Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060923. [PMID: 30875817 PMCID: PMC6466102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading cause of disability and death worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension, a major cause of CVD progression, is widely attributable to genetic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors. Among the genetic reasons, angiotensin II enzyme, produced as a result of abnormal functioning of the renin⁻angiotensin system, is reported as the foremost cause of hypertension. A cascade of genes, including those encoding for WNK kinases (WNK1 and WNK4), Bp1, Bp2, angiotensinogen, and other enzymes, is involved in the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in this pathway. Therefore, ACE could be a potential therapeutic target in regulating the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and eventually controlling hypertension. In this study, a molecular docking-based approach was utilized for identifying and evaluating potential inhibitors of ACE present in herbs, other natural sources, and synthetic sources, on the basis of these compounds' binding affinities and other physicochemical features. In addition, the suitability of these inhibitors as drugs for biological systems, considering their adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), was predicted using Lipinski's rule. In conclusion, our study provides a novel and clearer insight into the interaction properties of known putative inhibitors of ACE.
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11
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Amrani-Midoun A, Kiando SR, Treard C, Jeunemaitre X, Bouatia-Naji N. Genetic association study between T-786C NOS3 polymorphism and essential hypertension in an Algerian population of the Oran city. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1317-1320. [PMID: 31336484 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Important candidate genes such as NOS3 gene have been widely studied and reported to be associated with essential hypertension (HTN) in human populations. AIM We aim in this study to analyze the relationship between NOS3 -786T/C, a common genetic variant and HTN in a sample of the Algerian population of the Oran city. METHODS A case-control study has been performed in 154 subjects including 77 hypertensives and 77 normotensives. The recruitment of these subjects was done in local Health Centers of the city of Oran, West Algeria. HTN was defined as elevated systolic blood pressure SBD≥140 mmHg and or sustained diastolic blood pressure DBP≥90 mmHg, measured using an Omron® Automatic BP Monitor - M-3W machine. Consents were obtained from all participants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restrictive fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to genotype the NOS -786T/C variant. RESULTS The distribution of the allelic frequencies did not differ between cases and controls (OR = 1.48; 95%CI [0.94-2.32], P = 0.09). However, after adjustment with the age, sex, and body mass index, we observed significant association between NOS -786C allele and HTN status (OR = 2.08; 95%CI [1.18-3.66], P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the C allele of the NOS3 gene is associated with increased risk of essential hypertension in this sample of the Algerian population of the Oran city. Further validation in larger samples is needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Amrani-Midoun
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Nature and Life, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Benbella, Oran, Algeria.
| | - Soto Romuald Kiando
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, F-75015, France; Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Cyrielle Treard
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, F-75015, France; Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, F-75015, France; Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France; AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- INSERM, UMR970 Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, F-75015, France; Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France
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Sun CJ, Li L, Li X, Zhang WY, Liu XW. Novel SNPs of WNK1 and AKR1C3 are associated with preeclampsia. Gene 2018; 668:27-32. [PMID: 29777907 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and is one of the most common causes of poor perinatal outcomes. Preeclampsia increases the risk of hypertension in the future. Variants of WNK1 (lysine deficient protein kinase 1), ADRB2 (β2 adrenergic receptor), NEDD4L (ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-like), KLK1 (kallikrein 1) contribute to hypertension, and AKR1C3 (aldo-keto reductase family1 member C3), is associated with preeclampsia. The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these five candidate preeclampsia susceptibility genes and the related traits in Chinese individuals were investigated. In this study, 13 SNPs of the five genes were genotyped in 276 preeclampsia patients and 229 age- and area-matched normal pregnancies in women of Chinese Northern Han origin. The 95% confidence interval (CI) and odds ratio (OR) were estimated by binary logistic regression. No obvious linkage disequilibrium or haplotypes were observed among these SNPs. Those with GG genotype and allele G of AKR1C3 (rs10508293) had a decreased risk of preeclampsia (adjusted OR = 3.011, 95% CI = 1.758-5.159, and adjusted OR = 1.745, 95% CI = 1.349-2.257, respectively). The AA genotype and allele A of WNK1 (rs1468326) were significantly associated with an increased risk in preeclampsia (adjusted OR = 2.307, 95% CI = 1.206-3.443, and adjusted OR = 1.663, 95% CI = 1.283-2.157, respectively). The findings indicate that the GG genotype of AKR1C3 rs10508293 is associated with decreased risk for preeclampsia and the AA genotype of WNK1 rs1468326 are related with an increased risk for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Juan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Lin Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Wei-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China.
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Shi R, Li J, He J, Meng Q, Qian Z, Shi D, Liu Q, Cai Y, Li X, Chen X. Association of with-no-lysine kinase 1 and Serine/Threonine kinase 39 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with essential hypertension in Tibetans. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:151-160. [PMID: 28945285 DOI: 10.1002/em.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tibetans have a higher essential hypertension prevalence compared with other ethnics in China. The reason might be due to their unique environmental influence, as well as genetic factor. However, limited studies focus on Tibetan genetics and its association with hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between With-No-Lysine (K) Kinase 1 (WNK1), Serine/Threonine kinase 39(STK39) genes variants and hypertension in the Tibetan population. 204 Tibetan hypertensive patients and 305 normotensive controls were recruited in an epidemiological survey conducted at 2 sites in the Ganzi Tibetan autonomous region. Patients were genotyped for nineteen WNK1 candidate tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three STK39 SNPs, and haplotype analysis was performed. Results showed that the allele A in rs1468326 was overrepresented in hypertensive patients versus control (53.4% vs 42.9%, P < 0.05). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hypertension among CA + AA genotypes carriers was 1.60 (95% CI: 1.02-2.62, P < 0.05), and they also had a higher systolic blood pressure (136.5 ± 28.6 vs 131.7 ± 24.8 mmHg, P < 0.05). However, the TT genotype ratio in rs6749447 was lower in hypertensives (5.4% vs 10.8%, P < 0.05), and the hypertension risk for the TT genotype carriers in rs6749447 decreased after adjustment (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.19-0.95, P < 0.05). Subjects with haplotype AGACAGGAATCGT showed 1.57 times higher risk of hypertension (95% CI 1.02-2.41, P < 0.05). In conclusion, SNP rs1468326 of WNK1, rs6749447 of STK39, and WNK1 haplotype AGACAGGAATCGT were associated with hypertension in Tibetan individuals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:151-160, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Jiangbo Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Jiyun He
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Zhiping Qian
- Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding 626000, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, PRC
| | - Di Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Yali Cai
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, PRC
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Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA. Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F915-F920. [PMID: 29361671 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in cullin-3 ( Cul3) cause the most severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). Cul3 mutations cause skipping of exon 9, which results in an internal deletion of 57 amino acids from the CUL3 protein (CUL3-∆9). The precise mechanism by which this altered form of CUL3 causes FHHt is controversial. CUL3 is a member of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase family that mediates ubiquitination and thus degradation of cellular proteins, including with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs). In CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt, proteasomal degradation of WNKs is abrogated, leading to overactivation of the WNK targets sterile 20/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-response kinase-1, which directly phosphorylate and activate the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter. Several groups have suggested different mechanisms by which CUL3-∆9 causes FHHt. The majority of these are derived from in vitro data, but recently the Kurz group (Schumacher FR, Siew K, Zhang J, Johnson C, Wood N, Cleary SE, Al Maskari RS, Ferryman JT, Hardege I, Figg NL, Enchev R, Knebel A, O'Shaughnessy KM, Kurz T. EMBO Mol Med 7: 1285-1306, 2015) described the first mouse model of CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt. Analysis of this model suggested that CUL3-∆9 is degraded in vivo, and thus Cul3 mutations cause FHHt by inducing haploinsufficiency. We recently directly tested this model but found that other dominant effects of CUL3-∆9 must contribute to the development of FHHt. In this review, we focus on our current knowledge of CUL3-∆9 action gained from in vitro and in vivo models that may help unravel this complex problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
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Vibhuti, Khan R, Sharma A, Jain S, Mohanty S, Prasad K. Intra-arterial transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) improves behavioral deficits and alters gene expression in rodent stroke model. J Neurochem 2017; 143:722-735. [PMID: 29049855 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a multi-factorial polygenic disease and is a major cause of death and adult disability. Administration of bone marrow stem cells protects ischemic rat brain by facilitating recovery of neurological functions. But the molecular mechanism of stem cells action and their effect on gene expression is not well explored. In this study, we have transplanted 1 × 106 human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) in middle cerebral artery occluded (MCAo) adult male Wistar rats through intracarotid artery route at 24 h after surgery. Motor behavioral tests (rotarod and open field) were performed to assess the changes in motor functions at day 0 and day1, 4, 8 and 14. The expression of studied genes at mRNA and protein level was quantified by using Q-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Further, we have assessed the methylation pattern of promoter of these genes by using methylation-specific PCR. Data were analyzed statistically and correlated. A significant improvement in behavioral deficits was observed in stem cells treated group after 14th day post stroke. Significantly (p < 0.05) increased mRNA and protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor and ANP genes in hBMMSCs treated group along with decrease in methylation level at their promoter was observed. On the other hand, significantly decreased mRNA and protein level of TSP1 and WNK1 in hBMMSCs treated group was observed. In conclusion, hBMMSCs administration significantly improves the behavioral deficits by improving motor and locomotor coordination. The promoter of TSP1 and WNK1 genes was found to be hyper-methylated in hBMMSCs group resulting in their decreased expression while the promoter of ANP and brain derived neurotrophic factor was found to be hypo-methylated. This study might shed a light on how hBMMSCs affect the gene expression by modulating methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Cai G, Zhang X, Weng W, Shi G, Xue S, Zhang B. Associations between PPARG polymorphisms and the risk of essential hypertension. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181644. [PMID: 28727849 PMCID: PMC5519177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of essential hypertension (EH). It has been suggested that polymorphisms of PPARG are associated with the risk of EH. However, findings to date remain controversial. To elucidate the associations between the PPARG Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms and EH risk, a meta-analysis was carried out. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP and Wanfang databases was conducted. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the size of the effect using the random-effects model. At the same time, the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was used for the meta-analysis of the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and blood pressure. Results Finally, Fifteen papers (seventeen studies) including 4,151 cases and 4,997 controls to evaluate the association of the PPARGPro12Ala polymorphism and EH risk, were included in this study. Overall, the results suggested that Ala allele was associated with the decreased EH risk (for allelic model, OR = 0.757, 95%CI: 0.624–0.918, P = 0.005; for dominant model, OR = 0.771, 95%CI: 0.627–0.946, P = 0.013). The subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity showed that the significant association between the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and EH was only detected in the Asian subgroup. There was no difference in blood pressure values between Ala carriers and non-carriers. For the C161T polymorphism, only 5 studies comprising 1,118 cases and 1,357 controls met the inclusion criteria. The overall results showed that the PPARG C161T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of EH. But in the subgroup analysis, we found that the PPARG C161T polymorphism significantly associated with the risk of EH in the Asian subgroup (for allelic model, OR = 0.719, 95% CI: 0.537–0.963, P = 0.027; for dominant model, OR = 0.653, 95% CI: 0.439–0.972, P = 0.036). Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggested that the PPARG polymorphisms might be associated with the risk of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xinyong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huai’an second people’s hospital, the affiliated Huai’an hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijin Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ganwei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheliang Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Lv YB, Wang Y, Ma WG, Yan DY, Zheng WL, Chu C, Guo TS, Yuan ZY, Mu JJ. Association of Renalase SNPs rs2296545 and rs2576178 with the Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158880. [PMID: 27434211 PMCID: PMC4951046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Two renalase single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2296545 and rs2576178 have been reported to be associated with the susceptibility to hypertension (HT). Given the inconsistent results, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between these two SNPs and the risk of HT. Methods Electronic databases were systematically searched to find relevant studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the different concomitant diseases and ethnicities in the study population. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect models. Results A total of six case–control studies on rs2296545 and six studies on rs2576178 were included. In the combined analysis, results showed a significant association between SNP rs2296545 and risk of HT in all genetic models (dominant model CG+CC/GG: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.24–1.65; recessive model CC/CG+GG: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.09–1.69; codominant model CC/GG: OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.20–2.20, CG/GG: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.12–1.52; allelic model C/G: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10–1.51). In subgroup analysis, we observed a significant association between rs2296545 and risk of essential HT. Although we did not observe an association between rs2576178 polymorphism and HT in the combined analysis, an increased risk was observed in the essential HT patients versus healthy controls (subgroup 1) analysis under the dominant, recessive, and codominant genetic models. Conclusions Renalase gene rs2296545 polymorphism is significantly associated with increased risk of HT, whereas rs2576178 polymorphism may not be associated with the susceptibility to HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang-Ge Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Ding-Yi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen-Ling Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Chu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Tong-Shuai Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA. The CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a target for antihypertensive therapy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1389-96. [PMID: 27076645 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00132.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) is the most common disease in the Unites States. While several classes of drugs exist to treat it, many patients (up to 10 million Americans) respond poorly to therapy, even when multiple classes are used. Recent evidence suggests that a significant portion of patients will always remain hypertensive despite maximum therapy with the drugs currently available. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel antihypertensive agents. One limitation has been the identification of new targets, a limitation that has been overcome by recent insights into the mechanisms underlying monogenic forms of hypertension. The disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by mutations in with-no-lysine (WNK) kinases 1 and 4 and in cullin-3 and kelch-like 3, components of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that promotes WNK kinase degradation. The study of the mechanisms by which this pathway regulates blood pressure has identified several candidates for the development of new antihypertensive agents. This pathway is particularly attractive since its inhibition may not only reduce renal sodium reabsorption along multiple segments but may also reduce vascular tone. Here, we will describe the mechanisms by which this pathway regulate blood pressure and discuss the potential of targeting it to develop new antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Persu A, Evenepoel L, Jin Y, Mendola A, Ngueta G, Yang WY, Gruson D, Horman S, Staessen JA, Vikkula M. STK39 and WNK1 Are Potential Hypertension Susceptibility Genes in the BELHYPGEN Cohort. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2968. [PMID: 27082544 PMCID: PMC4839787 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase With-No-Lysine (K) Kinase 1 (WNK1) activates the thiazide-sensitive Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter through phosphorylation of STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase, another serine/threonine kinase encoded by STK39. The aim of this study was to look for association between WNK1 and STK39 gene variants, and blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. Seven hundred seventy-nine Caucasian hypertensive patients (HYP) recruited in 6 academic centers from Belgium, and 906 normotensive (NT) controls were genotyped for 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms-rs3754777, rs6749447, rs35929607 (STK39), rs1468326, and rs765250 (WNK1)-using the Snapshot method. The rare TT genotype at the rs3754777 locus (STK39) was overrepresented in HYP versus NT (7.3% vs 3.0%, P = 0.0002). In the whole study population, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having hypertension associated with the TT genotype was 5.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.2-15.6), and systolic BP was 10 mm Hg higher in TT compared with wild-type subjects (140.1 vs 130.4 mm Hg, P = 0.002). Similarly, the AA genotype at the rs1468326 locus (WNK1) was twice as frequent in HYP versus NT (5.5% vs 2.3%, P < 0.0001), and associated with an increased adjusted OR of hypertension (4.1; 1.5-11.7) and a higher systolic BP (139.8 vs 130.1 mm Hg, P = 0.003). In the whole cohort, a dose-dependent increase in systolic BP was observed according to the number of at-risk genotypes (0: 129.8 mm Hg; 1: 133.0 mm Hg; 2: 149.3 mm Hg, P = 0.02). Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs3754777 (STK39) and rs1468326 (WNK1) were associated with hypertension and BP in our multicenter Belgian case-control study, which supports the role of STK39 and WNK1 as potential hypertension susceptibility genes. Replication in different clinical settings and study of other candidate loci belonging to the same molecular pathway is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Persu
- From the Pole of Cardiovascular Research (AP, LE, SH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Cardiology Department (AP, GN), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Human Molecular Genetics (LE, AM, MV), de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Studies Coordinating Centre (YJ, W-YY, JAS), Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit (GN), CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada; Pôle de recherche en Endocrinologie (DG), Diabète et Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine (DG), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Research and Development VitaK Group (JAS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Recent Advances in the Genetics of Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:561-581. [PMID: 27957710 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a silent killer worldwide, caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Until now, genetic and genomic association studies of hypertension are reporting different degree of association on hypertension. Hence, it is essential to gather all the available information on the reported genetic loci and to determine if any biomarker(s) is/are significantly associated with hypertension. Current review concluded the potential biomarkers for hypertension, with regards to electrolyte and fluid transports, as well as sodium/potassium ions homeostasis, which are supported by the results of case-controls and meta-analyses.
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Liu F, Lian Q, Ren J, Ren K, Wang Y, Wang D, Chu C, Wang L, Guo T, Liu E, Mu J, Yuan Z. Lack of family-based association between common variations in WNK1 and blood pressure level. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1958-62. [PMID: 25321950 PMCID: PMC4211417 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNK1 (With No-lysine Kinase 1) modulates numerous sodium transport-related ion channels involved in regulation of blood pressure. Several studies have indicated associations between the common variants of the WNK1 gene and hypertension or blood pressure levels. However, little data exists on Asian populations and normotensive or pre-hypertensive subjects. Our aim was to detect whether the common variations in the WNK1 gene are potential contributors to individual variations in blood pressure in a family-based sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS 525 individuals from 116 families were selected from a rural community of Northern China. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from the WNK1 gene. Single-marker and haplotype analyses were conducted using the Family-Based Association Test program. RESULTS Regretful, no associations for the 5 WNK1 SNPs and the constructed haplotype blocks of WNK1 with blood pressure level reached nominal statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that although multiple candidate genes are involved in development of hypertension, the genetic polymorphism in WNK1 is not a major contributor to the observed variability in blood pressure and familial clustering risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Qiufang Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Keyu Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Tongshuai Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Jianjun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (mainland)
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Guo XG, Ding J, Xu H, Xuan TM, Jin WQ, Yin X, Shang YP, Zhang FR, Zhu JH, Zheng LR. Comprehensive assessment of the association of WNK4 polymorphisms with hypertension: evidence from a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6507. [PMID: 25266424 PMCID: PMC4195396 DOI: 10.1038/srep06507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between with-no-lysine [K] kinase 4 (WNK4) gene polymorphisms and hypertension has been widely investigated, However, the studies yielded contradictory results. To evaluate these inconclusive findings comprehensively, we therefore performed a meta-analysis. Ten articles encompassing 16 independent case-control studies with 6089 hypertensive cases and 4881 normotensive controls were selected for this meta-analysis. Four WNK4 gene polymorphisms were identified (G1155942T, G1156666A, T1155547C, and C6749T). The results showed statistically significant associations of G1155942T polymorphism (allelic genetic model: odds ration or OR = 1.62, 95% confidence interval or CI: 1.11–2.38, P = 0.01; dominant model: OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.07–3.19, P = 0.03) and C6749T polymorphism (allele contrast: OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.60–2.59, P<0.01; dominant model: OR = 2.04, 95%CI: 1.59–2.62, P<0.01; and homozygous model: OR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.29–19.54, P = 0.02) with hypertension risk. However, neither C1155547T nor G1156666A was associated significantly with hypertension susceptibility. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that WNK4 G1155942T and C6749T gene polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility and development of hypertension. Further well-designed studies with larger sample size are required to elucidate the association of WNK4 gene multiple polymorphisms with hypertension risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-gang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui Xu
- 1] Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China [2] Xiuzhou District, Gaozhao Street Community Health Service Center, Jiaxing 314031, China
| | - Tian-ming Xuan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei-quan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yun-peng Shang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fu-rong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian-hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang-rong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Esteva-Font C, Guillén-Gómez E, Diaz JM, Guirado L, Facundo C, Ars E, Ballarin JA, Fernández-Llama P. Renal sodium transporters are increased in urinary exosomes of cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant patients. Am J Nephrol 2014; 39:528-35. [PMID: 24942911 DOI: 10.1159/000362905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cyclosporine (CsA) is a calcineurin inhibitor widely used as an immunosuppressant in organ transplantation. Previous studies demonstrated the relationship between CsA and renal sodium transporters such as the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the loop of Henle (NKCC2). Experimental models of CsA-induced hypertension have shown an increase in renal NKCC2. METHODS Using immunoblotting of urinary exosomes, we investigated in CsA-treated kidney transplant patients (n = 39) the excretion of NKCC2 and Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) and its association with blood pressure (BP) level. We included 8 non-CsA-treated kidney transplant patients as a control group. Clinical data, immunosuppression and hypertension treatments, blood and 24-hour urine tests, and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring were recorded. RESULTS CsA-treated patients tended to excrete a higher amount of NKCC2 than non-CsA-treated patients (mean ± SD, 175 ± 98 DU and 90 ± 70.3 DU, respectively; p = 0.05) and showed higher BP values (24-hour systolic BP 138 ± 17 mm Hg and 112 ± 12 mm Hg, p = 0.003; 24-hour diastolic BP, 83.8 ± 9.8 mm Hg and 72.4 ± 5.2 mm Hg, p = 0.015, respectively). Within the CsA-treated group, there was no correlation between either NKCC2 or NCC excretion and BP levels. This was confirmed by a further analysis including potential confounding factors. On the other hand, a significant positive correlation was observed between CsA blood levels and the excretion of NKCC2 and NCC. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the hypothesis that CsA induces an increase in NKCC2 and NCC in urinary exosomes of renal transplant patients. The fact that the increase in sodium transporters in urine did not correlate with the BP level suggests that in kidney transplant patients, other mechanisms could be implicated in CsA-induced hypertension.
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Abstract
The elucidation of genes implicated in Mendelian forms of hypertension demonstrates rare variants with substantial effects are responsible, and often these genes lie within pathways managing sodium homeostasis. More recently with advances in affordable high-throughput genotyping strategies, multiple common genetic variants with modest effects on blood pressure (<1 mmHg systolic) have been discovered in the population. In aggregate, these common variants explain <3% of the variance of blood pressure. Although these findings may offer new mechanistic insights into the biology of blood pressure, a key question is can these findings translate into patient benefit? It is timely to reflect on recent advances in genomics, and the use of new resources, such as the 1000 Genomes Project and the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, to annotate likely causal variants, and their relevance to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the advances in relation to our knowledge of the genetic architecture of blood pressure, and whether gene discoveries might influence cardiovascular risk assessment, help to stratify patient response to medicine, or identify new biological pathways for novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute and Barts National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ United Kingdom
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Levine AJ, Miller JA, Shapshak P, Gelman B, Singer EJ, Hinkin CH, Commins D, Morgello S, Grant I, Horvath S. Systems analysis of human brain gene expression: mechanisms for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and common pathways with Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23406646 PMCID: PMC3626801 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) infection frequently results in neurocognitive impairment. While the cause remains unclear, recent gene expression studies have identified genes whose transcription is dysregulated in individuals with HIV-association neurocognitive disorder (HAND). However, the methods for interpretation of such data have lagged behind the technical advances allowing the decoding genetic material. Here, we employ systems biology methods novel to the field of NeuroAIDS to further interrogate extant transcriptome data derived from brains of HIV + patients in order to further elucidate the neuropathogenesis of HAND. Additionally, we compare these data to those derived from brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in order to identify common pathways of neuropathogenesis. Methods In Study 1, using data from three brain regions in 6 HIV-seronegative and 15 HIV + cases, we first employed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to further explore transcriptome networks specific to HAND with HIV-encephalitis (HIVE) and HAND without HIVE. We then used a symptomatic approach, employing standard expression analysis and WGCNA to identify networks associated with neurocognitive impairment (NCI), regardless of HIVE or HAND diagnosis. Finally, we examined the association between the CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) of antiretroviral regimens and brain transcriptome. In Study 2, we identified common gene networks associated with NCI in both HIV and AD by correlating gene expression with pre-mortem neurocognitive functioning. Results Study 1: WGCNA largely corroborated findings from standard differential gene expression analyses, but also identified possible meta-networks composed of multiple gene ontology categories and oligodendrocyte dysfunction. Differential expression analysis identified hub genes highly correlated with NCI, including genes implicated in gliosis, inflammation, and dopaminergic tone. Enrichment analysis identified gene ontology categories that varied across the three brain regions, the most notable being downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial functioning. Finally, WGCNA identified dysregulated networks associated with NCI, including oligodendrocyte and mitochondrial functioning. Study 2: Common gene networks dysregulated in relation to NCI in AD and HIV included mitochondrial genes, whereas upregulation of various cancer-related genes was found. Conclusions While under-powered, this study identified possible biologically-relevant networks correlated with NCI in HIV, and common networks shared with AD, opening new avenues for inquiry in the investigation of HAND neuropathogenesis. These results suggest that further interrogation of existing transcriptome data using systems biology methods can yield important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Levine
- Department of Neurology, National Neurological AIDS Bank, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Li YY. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha g308α gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: a meta-analysis involving 2244 participants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35408. [PMID: 22536381 PMCID: PMC3334913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) G308A gene polymorphism has been implicated in susceptibility to essential hypertension (EH), but study results are still controversial. Objective and Methods The present meta-analysis is performed to investigate the relationship between the TNFα G308A gene polymorphism and EH. Electronic databases were searched and seven separate studies on the association of the TNF α G308A gene polymorphism with EH were analyzed. The meta-analysis involved 1092 EH patients and 1152 controls. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by a fixed or random effect model. Results A significant relationship between the TNFα G308A gene polymorphism and EH was found in an allelic genetic model (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.80, P = 0.0008), a recessive genetic model (OR: 3.181, 95% CI: 1.204 to 8.408, P = 0.02), and a homozygote model (OR: 3.454, 95% CI: 1.286 to 9.278, P = 0.014). No significant association between them was detected in both a dominant genetic model (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 0.99 to 2.42, P = 0.06) or a heterozygote genetic model (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.90 to 2.33, P = 0.13). Conclusion The TNFα G308A gene polymorphism is associated with EH susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Li Y. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and essential hypertension in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis including 21 058 participants. Intern Med J 2012; 42:439-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Horsley L, Marti K, Jayson GC. Is the toxicity of anti-angiogenic drugs predictive of outcome? A review of hypertension and proteinuria as biomarkers of response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:283-93. [PMID: 22283844 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.656845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prototypic anti-angiogenic agents, VEGF inhibitors, are increasingly used in clinical practice to treat a variety of tumours. Although generally well tolerated, their toxicities can be significant or occasionally life threatening. The ability to identify those patients whose disease will respond to VEGF inhibitors would minimise exposure to ineffective drugs for some patients. To date, there are no validated predictive or prognostic biomarkers for anti-angiogenic drugs. Toxicities such as hypertension and proteinuria are related to the effect of VEGF inhibition on the vasculature. This has led to the investigation of these toxicities as potential biomarkers of clinical outcome in patients treated with these agents. AREAS COVERED Putative mechanisms for the development of hypertension and proteinuria, and their potential role as clinically useful biomarkers in relation to anti-angiogenic drugs are discussed in this article. PUBMED, EMBASE and abstracts presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology until July 2011 were searched to identify relevant English language articles. Studies of anti-angiogenic therapies testing the relationship of either hypertension or proteinuria with outcome were included. EXPERT OPINION The evidence in support of the hypothesis that hypertension and proteinuria are biomarkers of response to anti-angiogenic drugs is inconclusive. Current evidence suggests that hypertension is a pharmacodynamic effect of anti-angiogenic agents. Future studies should aim to measure and report toxicities in a standardised manner to facilitate comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Horsley
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Han Y, Fan X, Sun K, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhen Y, Zhang W, Hui R. Hypertension associated polymorphisms in WNK1 / WNK4 are not associated with hydrochlorothiazide response. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1045-1049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Shibata S, Fujita T. The kidneys and aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:109-15. [PMID: 21207253 PMCID: PMC3047054 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence supports the ability of the aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) system to dominate long-term blood pressure control. It is also increasingly recognized as an important mediator of cardiovascular and renal diseases, particularly in the presence of excessive salt intake. In a subgroup of individuals with metabolic syndrome, adipocyte-derived aldosterone-releasing factors cause inappropriate secretion of aldosterone in the adrenal glands during salt loading, resulting in the development of salt-induced hypertension and cardiac and renal damage. On the other hand, emerging data reveal that aldosterone is not a sole regulator of MR activity. We have identified the signaling crosstalk between MR and small GTPase Rac1 as a novel pathway to facilitate MR signaling. Such a local control system for MR can also be relevant to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension, and future studies will clarify the detailed mechanism for the intricate regulation of the aldosterone/MR cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shibata
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Putku M, Kepp K, Org E, Sõber S, Comas D, Viigimaa M, Veldre G, Juhanson P, Hallast P, Tõnisson N, Shaw-Hawkins S, Caulfield MJ, Khusnutdinova E, Kožich V, Munroe PB, Laan M. Novel polymorphic AluYb8 insertion in the WNK1 gene is associated with blood pressure variation in Europeans. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:806-14. [PMID: 21520334 PMCID: PMC3298642 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 cause familial hypertension, the Gordon syndrome. WNK1 and WNK4 conserved noncoding regions were targeted to polymorphism screening using DHPLC and DGGE. The scan identified an undescribed polymorphic AluYb8 insertion in WNK1 intron 10. Screening in primates revealed that this Alu-insertion has probably occurred in human lineage. Genotyping in 18 populations from Europe, Asia, and Africa (n = 854) indicated an expansion of the WNK1 AluYb8 bearing chromosomes out of Africa. The allele frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa was ∼3.3 times lower than in other populations (4.8 vs. 15.8%; P = 9.7 × 10−9). Meta-analysis across three European sample sets (n = 3,494; HYPEST, Estonians; BRIGHT, the British; CADCZ, Czech) detected significant association of the WNK1 AluYb8 insertion with blood pressure (BP; systolic BP, P = 4.03 × 10−3, effect 1.12; diastolic BP, P = 1.21 × 10−2, effect 0.67). Gender-stratified analysis revealed that this effect might be female-specific (n = 2,088; SBP, P = 1.99 × 10−3, effect 1.59; DBP P = 3.64 × 10−4, effect 1.23; resistant to Bonferroni correction), whereas no statistical support was identified for the association with male BP (n = 1,406). In leucocytes, the expressional proportions of the full-length WNK1 transcript and the splice-form skipping exon 11 were significantly shifted in AluYb8 carriers compared to noncarriers. The WNK1 AluYb8 insertion might affect human BP via altering the profile of alternatively spliced transcripts. Hum Mutat 32:1–9, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Putku
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Kepp
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Elin Org
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - David Comas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), CEXS-UPF-PRBB, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margus Viigimaa
- Centre of Cardiology, North Estonia Medical CentreTallinn, Estonia
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chair of Medical PhysicsTallinn, Estonia
| | - Gudrun Veldre
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Department of Cardiology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Juhanson
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Hallast
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Neeme Tõnisson
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Sue Shaw-Hawkins
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Science Center, Russian Academy of SciencesUfa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Charles University—First Faculty of MedicinePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence to: Maris Laan, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. E-mail:
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Cun Y, Li J, Tang W, Sheng X, Yu H, Zheng B, Xiao C. Association of WNK1 exon 1 polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Hani and Yi minorities of China. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:165-71. [PMID: 21530900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The association of polymorphisms in exon 1 of the WNK1 gene with essential hypertension in the minority groups of Hani and Yi of China was investigated in the case-control study. The sequence of 1257bp containing the WNK1 gene exon 1 was determined in 1307 individuals (649 essential hypertension subjects and 658 controls) to identify SNPs in Hani and Yi minority groups. Four of eleven previously known SNPs (rs3168640, rs11885, rs11554421 and rs34880640) were identified. The SNP analysis indicated that SNPs rs11885 and rs11554421 were significantly associated with hypertension in both Hani and Yi populations, and rs34880640 was significantly associated with hypertension in Hani but not in Yi population, adjusted for covariates. Haplotype analysis indicated that the haplotype H1 significantly decreased the risk of hypertension in both populations. These results suggested that WNK1 polymorphisms were involved in the predisposition of essential hypertension in Hani and Yi populations and its effects showed a clear population specificity. This finding supported the importance of population specificity in determining the genetic factors associated with diseases and thus disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Cun
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources and Human Genetics, Center of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Abstract
We provide an overview of ongoing discovery efforts in the genetics of blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HTN) traits. Two large genome-wide association meta-analyses of individuals of European descent were recently published, revealing ~13 new loci for BP traits. Only two of these loci harbor genes in a pathway known to affect BP (CYP17A1 and NPPA/NPPB). Functional variants in these loci are still unknown. Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex diseases have been published from non-European populations. The study of populations with different evolutionary history and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, such as individuals of African ancestry, may provide an opportunity to further narrow these regions to identify the causal gene(s). Several collaborative efforts toward discovery of low-frequency variants and copy number variation for BP traits are currently underway. As evidence for new loci for complex diseases accumulates the assessment of the epidemiologic architecture of these variants in populations assumes higher priority. The impact of public health-relevant contexts such as diet, physical activity, psychosocial factors, and aging has not been examined for most common variants associated with BP.
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Hoorn EJ, Nelson JH, McCormick JA, Ellison DH. The WNK kinase network regulating sodium, potassium, and blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:605-14. [PMID: 21436285 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between renal salt handling and hypertension is intertwined historically. The discovery of WNK kinases (With No lysine = K) now offers new insight to this relationship because WNKs are a crucial molecular pathway connecting hormones such as angiotensin II and aldosterone to renal sodium and potassium transport. To fulfill this task, the WNKs also interact with other important kinases, including serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1, STE20/SPS1-related, proline alanine-rich kinase, and oxidative stress responsive protein type 1. Collectively, this kinase network regulates the activity of the major sodium and potassium transporters in the distal nephron, including thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporters and ROMK channels. Here we show how the WNKs modulate ion transport through two distinct regulatory pathways, trafficking and phosphorylation, and discuss the physiologic and clinical relevance of the WNKs in the kidney. This ranges from rare mutations in WNKs causing familial hyperkalemic hypertension to acquired forms of hypertension caused by salt sensitivity or diabetes mellitus. Although many questions remain unanswered, the WNKs hold promise for unraveling the link between salt and hypertension, potentially leading to more effective interventions to prevent cardiorenal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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McCormick JA, Ellison DH. The WNKs: atypical protein kinases with pleiotropic actions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:177-219. [PMID: 21248166 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WNKs are serine/threonine kinases that comprise a unique branch of the kinome. They are so-named owing to the unusual placement of an essential catalytic lysine. WNKs have now been identified in diverse organisms. In humans and other mammals, four genes encode WNKs. WNKs are widely expressed at the message level, although data on protein expression is more limited. Soon after the WNKs were identified, mutations in genes encoding WNK1 and -4 were determined to cause the human disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (also known as pseudohypoaldosteronism II, or Gordon's Syndrome). For this reason, a major focus of investigation has been to dissect the role of WNK kinases in renal regulation of ion transport. More recently, a different mutation in WNK1 was identified as the cause of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II, an early-onset autosomal disease of peripheral sensory nerves. Thus the WNKs represent an important family of potential targets for the treatment of human disease, and further elucidation of their physiological actions outside of the kidney and brain is necessary. In this review, we describe the gene structure and mechanisms regulating expression and activity of the WNKs. Subsequently, we outline substrates and targets of WNKs as well as effects of WNKs on cellular physiology, both in the kidney and elsewhere. Next, consequences of these effects on integrated physiological function are outlined. Finally, we discuss the known and putative pathophysiological relevance of the WNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Pacheco-Alvarez D, Gamba G. WNK3 is a Putative Chloride-sensing Kinase. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:1123-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000335848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Macdonald AH, Rodríguez L, Aceña I, Martínez-Fernández ML, Sánchez-Izquierdo D, Zuazo E, Martínez-Frías ML. Subtelomeric deletion of 12p: Description of a third case and review. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1561-6. [PMID: 20503336 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Only 12 cases with a cytogenetically visible deletion of the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p) have been reported so far. The difference in clinical features observed in these patients indicates that there is no distinct phenotype associated with this short arm deletion, although the existence of a del(12p) syndrome was previously suggested. Besides those 12 reports, only two patients have been described with a subtelomeric 12p deletion; both present in the same family in which the son showed a mild phenotype of moderate mental retardation and behavioral problems and his carrier mother had no apparent phenotype. In this article, we describe the third known patient with a subtelomeric 12p deletion in a young boy with mental retardation and microcephaly, and review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Macdonald
- Estudio Colaborativo Español de Malformaciones Congénitas, Centro de Investigación sobre Anomalías Congénitas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Blood pressure and hypertension have significant genetic underpinnings that may be age-dependent. The age-dependency, significant contributions from environmental factors such as diet and exercise, and inherent moment-to-moment variability complicate the identification of the genes contributing to the development of hypertension. Although genetic abnormalities may have moderate effects, the physiologic pathways involving these genes have redundant compensating mechanisms to bring the system back into equilibrium. This has the effect of reducing or completely masking the initial genetic defects, one of the hypothesized reasons for the small genetic effects found by the recent genome-wide association studies. This review article discusses the concept of initiators versus compensators in the context of finding genes related to hypertension development. A brief review is provided of some key genes found to be associated with hypertension, including the genes identified from the nine genome-wide association studies published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Morphine-mediated alteration of hypertension-related gene expression in human white blood cells and multilineage progenitor cells. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:713-20. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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41
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Signaling mechanisms that link salt retention to hypertension: endogenous ouabain, the Na(+) pump, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and TRPC proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:1219-29. [PMID: 20211726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salt retention as a result of chronic, excessive dietary salt intake, is widely accepted as one of the most common causes of hypertension. In a small minority of cases, enhanced Na(+) reabsorption by the kidney can be traced to specific genetic defects of salt transport, or pathological conditions of the kidney, adrenal cortex, or pituitary. Far more frequently, however, salt retention may be the result of minor renal injury or small genetic variation in renal salt transport mechanisms. How salt retention actually leads to the increase in peripheral vascular resistance (the hallmark of hypertension) and the elevation of blood pressure remains an enigma. Here we review the evidence that endogenous ouabain (an adrenocortical hormone), arterial smooth muscle α2 Na(+) pumps, type-1 Na/Ca exchangers, and receptor- and store-operated Ca(2+) channels play key roles in the pathway that links salt to hypertension. We discuss cardenolide structure-function relationships in an effort to understand why prolonged administration of ouabain, but not digoxin, induces hypertension, and why digoxin is actually anti-hypertensive. Finally, we summarize recent observations which indicate that ouabain upregulates arterial myocyte Ca(2+) signaling mechanisms that promote vasoconstriction, while simultaneously downregulating endothelial vasodilator mechanisms. In sum, the reports reviewed here provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms by which salt retention leads to hypertension.
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Wang H, Wang J, Chang P, Cao F, Liu X, Ma Y, Zhai G, Gao H. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension in Han Chinese. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:1896-907. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-3gmr946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Delles C, McBride MW, Graham D, Padmanabhan S, Dominiczak AF. Genetics of hypertension: from experimental animals to humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:1299-308. [PMID: 20035862 PMCID: PMC2977068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension affects 20 to 30% of the population worldwide and contributes significantly to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Heridability of blood pressure is around 15 to 40% but there are also substantial environmental factors affecting blood pressure variability. It is assumed that blood pressure is under the control of a large number of genes each of which has only relatively mild effects. It has therefore been difficult to discover the genes that contribute to blood pressure variation using traditional approaches including candidate gene studies and linkage studies. Animal models of hypertension, particularly in the rat, have led to the discovery of quantitative trait loci harbouring one or several hypertension related genes, but translation of these findings into human essential hypertension remains challenging. Recent development of genotyping technology made large scale genome-wide association studies possible. This approach and the study of monogenic forms of hypertension has led to the discovery of novel and robust candidate genes for human essential hypertension, many of which require functional analysis in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Delles
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, UK
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44
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Munroe PB, Johnson T, Caulfield MJ. The genetic architecture of blood pressure variation. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-009-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Variations in the WNK1 gene modulates the effect of dietary intake of sodium and potassium on blood pressure determination. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:474-8. [PMID: 19609280 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1) is a member of the WNK family of serine/threonine kinases with no lysine (K), and these kinases have been implicated as important modulators of salt homeostasis in the kidney. It is well known that high dietary sodium and low dietary potassium have been implicated in the etiology of increased blood pressure. However, the blood pressure response to dietary sodium and potassium intake varies considerably among individuals. In this study, we have detected that the haplotypes of the WNK1 gene are associated with blood pressure variations in the general Japanese population. In addition, we investigated the interactions between the haplotypes of the WNK1 gene and dietary sodium and potassium intake for determining inter-individual variations in blood pressure. Our data support the hypothesis that part of the variation in blood pressure response to dietary sodium and potassium intake among individuals can be explained by variations in the WNK1 gene.
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46
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Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Bochud M, Coin L, Najjar SS, Zhao JH, Heath SC, Eyheramendy S, Papadakis K, Voight BF, Scott LJ, Zhang F, Farrall M, Tanaka T, Wallace C, Chambers JC, Khaw KT, Nilsson P, van der Harst P, Polidoro S, Grobbee DE, Onland-Moret NC, Bots ML, Wain LV, Elliott KS, Teumer A, Luan J, Lucas G, Kuusisto J, Burton PR, Hadley D, McArdle WL, Brown M, Dominiczak A, Newhouse SJ, Samani NJ, Webster J, Zeggini E, Beckmann JS, Bergmann S, Lim N, Song K, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Waterworth DM, Yuan X, Groop L, Orho-Melander M, Allione A, Di Gregorio A, Guarrera S, Panico S, Ricceri F, Romanazzi V, Sacerdote C, Vineis P, Barroso I, Sandhu MS, Luben RN, Crawford GJ, Jousilahti P, Perola M, Boehnke M, Bonnycastle LL, Collins FS, Jackson AU, Mohlke KL, Stringham HM, Valle TT, Willer CJ, Bergman RN, Morken MA, Döring A, Gieger C, Illig T, Meitinger T, Org E, Pfeufer A, Wichmann HE, Kathiresan S, Marrugat J, O’Donnell CJ, Schwartz SM, Siscovick DS, Subirana I, Freimer NB, Hartikainen AL, McCarthy MI, O’Reilly PF, Peltonen L, Pouta A, de Jong PE, Snieder H, van Gilst WH, Clarke R, Goel A, Hamsten A, Peden JF, Seedorf U, Syvänen AC, Tognoni G, Lakatta EG, Sanna S, Scheet P, Schlessinger D, Scuteri A, Dörr M, Ernst F, Felix SB, Homuth G, Lorbeer R, Reffelmann T, Rettig R, Völker U, Galan P, Gut IG, Hercberg S, Lathrop GM, Zeleneka D, Deloukas P, Soranzo N, Williams FM, Zhai G, Salomaa V, Laakso M, Elosua R, Forouhi NG, Völzke H, Uiterwaal CS, van der Schouw YT, Numans ME, Matullo G, Navis G, Berglund G, Bingham SA, Kooner JS, Paterson AD, Connell JM, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Watkins H, Spector TD, Tuomilehto J, Altshuler D, Strachan DP, Laan M, Meneton P, Wareham NJ, Uda M, Jarvelin MR, Mooser V, Melander O, Loos RJF, Elliott P, Abecasis GR, Caulfield M, Munroe PB. Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure. Nat Genet 2009; 41:666-76. [PMID: 19430483 PMCID: PMC2891673 DOI: 10.1038/ng.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 918] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure is a common, heritable cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. To date, identification of common genetic variants influencing blood pressure has proven challenging. We tested 2.5 million genotyped and imputed SNPs for association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 34,433 subjects of European ancestry from the Global BPgen consortium and followed up findings with direct genotyping (N ≤ 71,225 European ancestry, N ≤ 12,889 Indian Asian ancestry) and in silico comparison (CHARGE consortium, N = 29,136). We identified association between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and common variants in eight regions near the CYP17A1 (P = 7 × 10(-24)), CYP1A2 (P = 1 × 10(-23)), FGF5 (P = 1 × 10(-21)), SH2B3 (P = 3 × 10(-18)), MTHFR (P = 2 × 10(-13)), c10orf107 (P = 1 × 10(-9)), ZNF652 (P = 5 × 10(-9)) and PLCD3 (P = 1 × 10(-8)) genes. All variants associated with continuous blood pressure were associated with dichotomous hypertension. These associations between common variants and blood pressure and hypertension offer mechanistic insights into the regulation of blood pressure and may point to novel targets for interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Toby Johnson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Institute for Social and Preventative Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
| | - Vesela Gateva
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute for Social and Preventative Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Samer S Najjar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21224
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon C Heath
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Susana Eyheramendy
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Facultad de Matematicas, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile, 7820436
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Papadakis
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Martin Farrall
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Medstar Research Institute, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA
| | - Chris Wallace
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
- JDRF/WT Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, CB2 0XY
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics - DBG, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 2.2112, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louise V Wain
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH
| | - Katherine S Elliott
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gavin Lucas
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine University of Kuopio 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul R Burton
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH
| | - David Hadley
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- ALSPAC Laboratory, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Morris Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK CB2 2QQ
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8TA
| | - Stephen J Newhouse
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Dept of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
| | - Noha Lim
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Kijoung Song
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Xin Yuan
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital, Malmö
- Lund University, Malmö S-205 02, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Allione
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Gregorio
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, 80100, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Valeria Romanazzi
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin and Centre for Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (CPO Piemonte), Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
| | - Inês Barroso
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Gabriel J. Crawford
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Welfare and Health P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Welfare and Health P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Public Health Institute
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timo T Valle
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Physiology and Biophysics USC School of Medicine 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR 626 Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Elin Org
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arne Pfeufer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Ludwig Maximilians University, IBE, Chair of Epidemiology, Munich
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Jaume Marrugat
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher J O’Donnell
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Framingham Heart Study and National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Stephen M Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98101 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195 USA
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98101 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195 USA
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Gonda Center, Room 3506, 695 Charles E Young Drive South, Box 951761, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, P.O. Box 5000 Fin-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK OX3 7LJ
| | - Paul F O’Reilly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki and National Public Health Institute
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, P.O. Box 5000 Fin-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Aapistie 1, P.O. Box 310, FIN-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Paul E de Jong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Building L8:03, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John F Peden
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung an der Universität Münster, Domagkstr. 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine, Dept. Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Tognoni
- Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21224
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, Univ. of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21224
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Unitá Operativa Geriatria, Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani (INRCA) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Ernst
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reffelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pilar Galan
- U557 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U1125 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Ivo G Gut
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- U557 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U1125 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Diana Zeleneka
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91 057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Frances M Williams
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Welfare and Health P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine University of Kuopio 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cuno S Uiterwaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- ISI Foundation (Institute for Scientific Interchange), Villa Gualino, Torino, 10133, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sheila A Bingham
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, U.K
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5T 3M7
| | - John M Connell
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8TA
| | - Stefania Bandinelli
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), 50125, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21250 USA
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Dept. Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Dept of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - David Altshuler
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Maris Laan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pierre Meneton
- U872 Institut National de la Santét de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Medé0cine, 75270 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Aapistie 1, P.O. Box 310, FIN-90101 Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, Aapistie 1, FIN-90101, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge - Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) Consortium, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Mark Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ
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Ikram MA, Seshadri S, Bis JC, Fornage M, DeStefano AL, Aulchenko YS, Debette S, Lumley T, Folsom AR, van den Herik EG, Bos MJ, Beiser A, Cushman M, Launer LJ, Shahar E, Struchalin M, Du Y, Glazer NL, Rosamond WD, Rivadeneira F, Kelly-Hayes M, Lopez OL, Coresh J, Hofman A, DeCarli C, Heckbert SR, Koudstaal PJ, Yang Q, Smith NL, Kase CS, Rice K, Haritunians T, Roks G, de Kort PLM, Taylor KD, de Lau LM, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, Psaty BM, Mosley TH, van Duijn CM, Breteler MMB, Longstreth WT, Wolf PA. Genomewide association studies of stroke. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1718-28. [PMID: 19369658 PMCID: PMC2768348 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes underlying the risk of stroke in the general population remain undetermined. METHODS We carried out an analysis of genomewide association data generated from four large cohorts composing the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium, including 19,602 white persons (mean [+/-SD] age, 63+/-8 years) in whom 1544 incident strokes (1164 ischemic strokes) developed over an average follow-up of 11 years. We tested the markers most strongly associated with stroke in a replication cohort of 2430 black persons with 215 incident strokes (191 ischemic strokes), another cohort of 574 black persons with 85 incident strokes (68 ischemic strokes), and 652 Dutch persons with ischemic stroke and 3613 unaffected persons. RESULTS Two intergenic single-nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 12p13 and within 11 kb of the gene NINJ2 were associated with stroke (P<5x10(-8)). NINJ2 encodes an adhesion molecule expressed in glia and shows increased expression after nerve injury. Direct genotyping showed that rs12425791 was associated with an increased risk of total (i.e., all types) and ischemic stroke, with hazard ratios of 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 1.42) and 1.33 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.47), respectively, yielding population attributable risks of 11% and 12% in the discovery cohorts. Corresponding hazard ratios were 1.35 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.79; P=0.04) and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.91; P=0.02) in the large cohort of black persons and 1.17 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.37; P=0.03) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.41; P=0.04) in the Dutch sample; the results of an underpowered analysis of the smaller black cohort were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS A genetic locus on chromosome 12p13 is associated with an increased risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Polymorphisms in the WNK1 gene are associated with blood pressure variation and urinary potassium excretion. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5003. [PMID: 19347040 PMCID: PMC2661139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WNK1 - a serine/threonine kinase involved in electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure (BP) control - is an excellent candidate gene for essential hypertension (EH). We and others have previously reported association between WNK1 and BP variation. Using tag SNPs (tSNPs) that capture 100% of common WNK1 variation in HapMap, we aimed to replicate our findings with BP and to test for association with phenotypes relating to WNK1 function in the British Genetics of Hypertension (BRIGHT) study case-control resource (1700 hypertensive cases and 1700 normotensive controls). We found multiple variants to be associated with systolic blood pressure, SBP (7/28 tSNPs min-p = 0.0005), diastolic blood pressure, DBP (7/28 tSNPs min-p = 0.002) and 24 hour urinary potassium excretion (10/28 tSNPs min-p = 0.0004). Associations with SBP and urine potassium remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01 respectively). The major allele (A) of rs765250, located in intron 1, demonstrated the strongest evidence for association with SBP, effect size 3.14 mmHg (95%CI:1.23–4.9), DBP 1.9 mmHg (95%CI:0.7–3.2) and hypertension, odds ratio (OR: 1.3 [95%CI: 1.0–1.7]).We genotyped this variant in six independent populations (n = 14,451) and replicated the association between rs765250 and SBP in a meta-analysis (p = 7×10−3, combined with BRIGHT data-set p = 2×10−4, n = 17,851). The associations of WNK1 with DBP and EH were not confirmed. Haplotype analysis revealed striking associations with hypertension and BP variation (global permutation p<10−7). We identified several common haplotypes to be associated with increased BP and multiple low frequency haplotypes significantly associated with lower BP (>10 mmHg reduction) and risk for hypertension (OR<0.60). Our data indicates that multiple rare and common WNK1 variants contribute to BP variation and hypertension, and provide compelling evidence to initiate further genetic and functional studies to explore the role of WNK1 in BP regulation and EH.
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49
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Delles C, McBride MW, Padmanabhan S, Dominiczak AF. The genetics of cardiovascular disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:309-16. [PMID: 18819818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genotyping technology and insights into disease mechanisms have increased interest in the genetics of cardiovascular disease. Several candidate genes involved in cardiovascular diseases were identified from studies using animal models, and the translation of these findings to human disease is an exciting challenge. There is a trend towards large-scale genome-wide association studies that are subject to strict quality criteria with regard to both genotyping and phenotyping. Here, we review some of the strategies that have been developed to translate findings from experimental models to human disease and outline the need for optimizing global approaches to analyze such results. Findings from ongoing studies are interpreted in the context of disease pathways instead of the more traditional focus on single genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Delles
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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50
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Tobin MD, Timpson NJ, Wain LV, Ring S, Jones LR, Emmett PM, Palmer TM, Ness AR, Samani NJ, Smith GD, Burton PR. Common Variation in the
WNK1
Gene and Blood Pressure in Childhood. Hypertension 2008; 52:974-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.118414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WNK1
gene variants have been associated with adult blood pressure. We aimed to investigate relationships between
WNK1
variants and blood pressure, as well as blood pressure change with age, in a longitudinal childhood study. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in
WNK1
and blood pressure and the rate of blood pressure change between 7 and 11 years were examined in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parent and Children Study (n=5326 for systolic blood pressure at 11 years). We observed associations (
P
<0.05) with diastolic blood pressure gradient with age for 33 of 82 typed and imputed polymorphisms, including polymorphisms in exons 4, 10, and 11 (rs10774466, rs1012729, and rs9804992). The minor allele (G) of rs1012729 (frequency: 25.6%) was associated with a gender-adjusted change in a diastolic blood pressure gradient of −0.11 mm Hg/y (95% CI: −0.20 to −0.03 mm Hg/y;
P
=0.0054). No associations were shown with the systolic blood pressure gradient. At age 11 years, 30 polymorphisms showed association (
P
<0.05) with systolic blood pressure, including variants in exons 4 and 10 (rs10774466 and rs1012729). Only 3 polymorphisms were associated with diastolic blood pressure at 11 years. In exploration of polymorphism-dietary cation interactions on systolic blood pressure at 11 years, 59 reached significance (
P
<0.05; 12.3 expected by chance), mostly (n=33) related to dietary calcium. The findings show that common intronic and exonic
WNK1
variants are associated with diastolic blood pressure gradient from 7 to 11 years and with systolic blood pressure at 11 years. Our study suggests that previously reported effects of
WNK1
variants on blood pressure are mediated via effects on the gradient of blood pressure change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Tobin
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise V. Wain
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Ring
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise R. Jones
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Palmer
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Burton
- From the Departments of Health Sciences and Genetics (M.D.T., L.V.W., T.M.P., P.R.B.) and Cardiovascular Sciences (N.J.S.), University of Leicester, United Kingdom; and the Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (N.J.T., G.D.S.) and Departments of Social Medicine (S.R., L.R.J.), Community Based Medicine (P.M.E.), and Oral and Dental Science (A.R.N.), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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