1
|
Zhou H, Gelernter J. Human genetics and epigenetics of alcohol use disorder. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172885. [PMID: 39145449 PMCID: PMC11324314 DOI: 10.1172/jci172885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a prominent contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Its complex etiology involves genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors. We review progress in understanding the genetics and epigenetics of AUD, summarizing the key findings. Advancements in technology over the decades have elevated research from early candidate gene studies to present-day genome-wide scans, unveiling numerous genetic and epigenetic risk factors for AUD. The latest GWAS on more than one million participants identified more than 100 genetic variants, and the largest epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in blood and brain samples have revealed tissue-specific epigenetic changes. Downstream analyses revealed enriched pathways, genetic correlations with other traits, transcriptome-wide association in brain tissues, and drug-gene interactions for AUD. We also discuss limitations and future directions, including increasing the power of GWAS and EWAS studies as well as expanding the diversity of populations included in these analyses. Larger samples, novel technologies, and analytic approaches are essential; these include whole-genome sequencing, multiomics, single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, deep-learning prediction of variant function, and integrated methods for disease risk prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science
- Center for Brain and Mind Health
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, and
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szabó D, Franke V, Bianco S, Batiuk MY, Paul EJ, Kukalev A, Pfisterer UG, Irastorza-Azcarate I, Chiariello AM, Demharter S, Zea-Redondo L, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Nicodemi M, Akalin A, Khodosevich K, Ungless MA, Winick-Ng W, Pombo A. A single dose of cocaine rewires the 3D genome structure of midbrain dopamine neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593308. [PMID: 38766140 PMCID: PMC11100777 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons (DNs) respond to a first exposure to addictive drugs and play key roles in chronic drug usage1-3. As the synaptic and transcriptional changes that follow an acute cocaine exposure are mostly resolved within a few days4,5, the molecular changes that encode the long-term cellular memory of the exposure within DNs remain unknown. To investigate whether a single cocaine exposure induces long-term changes in the 3D genome structure of DNs, we applied Genome Architecture Mapping and single nucleus transcriptomic analyses in the mouse midbrain. We found extensive rewiring of 3D genome architecture at 24 hours past exposure which remains or worsens by 14 days, outlasting transcriptional responses. The cocaine-induced chromatin rewiring occurs at all genomic scales and affects genes with major roles in cocaine-induced synaptic changes. A single cocaine exposure triggers extensive long-lasting changes in chromatin condensation in post-synaptic and post-transcriptional regulatory genes, for example the unfolding of Rbfox1 which becomes most prominent 14 days post exposure. Finally, structurally remodeled genes are most expressed in a specific DN sub-type characterized by low expression of the dopamine auto-receptor Drd2, a key feature of highly cocaine-sensitive cells. These results reveal an important role for long-lasting 3D genome remodelling in the cellular memory of a single cocaine exposure, providing new hypotheses for understanding the inception of drug addiction and 3D genome plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Szabó
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vedran Franke
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science platform, Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simona Bianco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, and INFN Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mykhailo Y. Batiuk
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Eleanor J. Paul
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander Kukalev
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich G. Pfisterer
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ibai Irastorza-Azcarate
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea M. Chiariello
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, and INFN Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Samuel Demharter
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Luna Zea-Redondo
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose P. Lopez-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), 03550, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Mario Nicodemi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, and INFN Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Altuna Akalin
- Bioinformatics & Omics Data Science platform, Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Mark A. Ungless
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Warren Winick-Ng
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana Pombo
- Max-Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Architecture Group, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andrade-Brito DE, Núñez-Ríos DL, Martínez-Magaña JJ, Nagamatsu ST, Rompala G, Zillich L, Witt SH, Clark SL, Latig MC, Montalvo-Ortiz JL. Neuronal-specific methylome and hydroxymethylome analysis reveal replicated and novel loci associated with alcohol use disorder. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.28.23299094. [PMID: 38105948 PMCID: PMC10725575 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.23299094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex condition associated with adverse health consequences that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation (5mC), have been associated with AUD and other alcohol-related traits. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have identified differentially methylated genes associated with AUD in human peripheral and brain tissue. More recently, epigenetic studies of AUD have also evaluated DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) in the human brain. However, most of the epigenetic work in postmortem brain tissue has examined bulk tissue. In this study, we investigated neuronal-specific 5mC and 5hmC alterations at CpG sites associated with AUD in the human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Neuronal nuclei from the OFC were evaluated in 34 human postmortem brain samples (10 AUD, 24 non-AUD). Reduced representation oxidative bisulfite sequencing was used to assess 5mC and 5hmC at the genome-wide level. Differential 5mC and 5hmC were evaluated using the methylKit R package and significance was set at false discovery rate <0.05 and differential methylation >2. Functional enrichment analyses were performed and replication was evaluated replication in an independent dataset that assessed 5mC and 5hmC of AUD in bulk cortical tissue. We identified 417 5mC and 363 5hmC genome-wide significant differential CpG sites associated with AUD, with 59% in gene promoters. We also identified genes previously implicated in alcohol consumption, such as SYK, CHRM2, DNMT3A, and GATA4, for 5mC and GATA4, and GAD1, GATA4, DLX1 for 5hmC. Replication was observed for 28 CpG sites from a previous AUD 5mC and 5hmC study, including FOXP1. Lastly, GWAS enrichment analysis showed an association with AUD for differential 5mC genes. This study reveals neuronal-specific methylome and hydroxymethylome dysregulation associated with AUD. We replicated previous findings and identified novel associations with AUD for both 5mC and 5hmC marks within the OFC. Our findings provide new insights into the epigenomic dysregulation of AUD in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Andrade-Brito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, VA CT Healthcare, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diana L. Núñez-Ríos
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, VA CT Healthcare, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - José Jaime Martínez-Magaña
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, VA CT Healthcare, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheila T. Nagamatsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, VA CT Healthcare, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory Rompala
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shaunna L. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Maria C. Latig
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Janitza L. Montalvo-Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, VA CT Healthcare, West Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cruz B, Borgonetti V, Bajo M, Roberto M. Sex-dependent factors of alcohol and neuroimmune mechanisms. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 26:100562. [PMID: 37601537 PMCID: PMC10432974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use disrupts neuroimmune signaling across various cell types, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. The present review focuses on recent, albeit limited, evidence of sex differences in biological factors that mediate neuroimmune responses to alcohol and underlying neuroimmune systems that may influence alcohol drinking behaviors. Females are more vulnerable than males to the neurotoxic and negative consequences of chronic alcohol drinking, reflected by elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Differences in cytokine, microglial, astrocytic, genomic, and transcriptomic evidence suggest females are more reactive than males to neuroinflammatory changes after chronic alcohol exposure. The growing body of evidence supports that innate immune factors modulate synaptic transmission, providing a mechanistic framework to examine sex differences across neurocircuitry. Targeting neuroimmune signaling may be a viable strategy for treating AUD, but more research is needed to understand sex-specific differences in alcohol drinking and neuroimmune mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Cruz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92073
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang W, Singla R, Maheshwari O, Fontaine CJ, Gil-Mohapel J. Alcohol Use Disorder: Neurobiology and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1192. [PMID: 35625928 PMCID: PMC9139063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) encompasses the dysregulation of multiple brain circuits involved in executive function leading to excessive consumption of alcohol, despite negative health and social consequences and feelings of withdrawal when access to alcohol is prevented. Ethanol exerts its toxicity through changes to multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid systems. These neurotransmitter imbalances result in dysregulation of brain circuits responsible for reward, motivation, decision making, affect, and the stress response. Despite serious health and psychosocial consequences, this disorder still remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Treatment options include both psychological and pharmacological interventions, which are aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and/or promoting abstinence while also addressing dysfunctional behaviours and impaired functioning. However, stigma and social barriers to accessing care continue to impact many individuals. AUD treatment should focus not only on restoring the physiological and neurological impairment directly caused by alcohol toxicity but also on addressing psychosocial factors associated with AUD that often prevent access to treatment. This review summarizes the impact of alcohol toxicity on brain neurocircuitry in the context of AUD and discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies currently available to treat this addiction disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waisley Yang
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (W.Y.); (R.S.)
| | - Rohit Singla
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (W.Y.); (R.S.)
| | - Oshin Maheshwari
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8W 3P5, Canada;
| | | | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (W.Y.); (R.S.)
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Drug Design Targeting the Muscarinic Receptors and the Implications in Central Nervous System Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020398. [PMID: 35203607 PMCID: PMC8962391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that cholinergic system function impairment plays a significant role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. During the past three decades, muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) have been implicated in various pathologies and have been prominent targets of drug-design efforts. However, due to the high sequence homology of the orthosteric binding site, many drug candidates resulted in limited clinical success. Although several advances in treating peripheral pathologies have been achieved, targeting CNS pathologies remains challenging for researchers. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in recent years to develop functionally selective orthosteric and allosteric ligands targeting the mAChRs with limited side effect profiles. This review highlights past efforts and focuses on recent advances in drug design targeting these receptors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), schizophrenia (SZ), and depression.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsermpini EE, Redenšek S, Dolžan V. Genetic Factors Associated With Tardive Dyskinesia: From Pre-clinical Models to Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:834129. [PMID: 35140610 PMCID: PMC8819690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.834129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia is a severe motor adverse event of antipsychotic medication, characterized by involuntary athetoid movements of the trunk, limbs, and/or orofacial areas. It affects two to ten patients under long-term administration of antipsychotics that do not subside for years even after the drug is stopped. Dopamine, serotonin, cannabinoid receptors, oxidative stress, plasticity factors, signaling cascades, as well as CYP isoenzymes and transporters have been associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) occurrence in terms of genetic variability and metabolic capacity. Besides the factors related to the drug and the dose and patients’ clinical characteristics, a very crucial variable of TD development is individual susceptibility and genetic predisposition. This review summarizes the studies in experimental animal models and clinical studies focusing on the impact of genetic variations on TD occurrence. We identified eight genes emerging from preclinical findings that also reached statistical significance in at least one clinical study. The results of clinical studies are often conflicting and non-conclusive enough to support implementation in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
8
|
Moe JS, Bolstad I, Mørland JG, Bramness JG. GABA A subunit single nucleotide polymorphisms show sex-specific association to alcohol consumption and mental distress in a Norwegian population-based sample. Psychiatry Res 2022; 307:114257. [PMID: 34852975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about genetic influences on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress in the general population, where the majority report consumption and distress far below diagnostic thresholds. This study investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from candidate gene studies on alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders, for association with alcohol consumption and with mental distress in a population-based sample from the Cohort of Norway (n = 1978, 49% women). The relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress was further examined for genotype modification. There was a positive correlation between mental distress and alcohol consumption in men, as well as an association between SNPs and mental distress in men (GABRG1, GABRA2, DRD2, ANKK1, MTHFR) and women (CHRM2, MTHFR) and between SNPs and alcohol consumption in women (GABRA2, MTHFR). No modification by SNP genotype was found on the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental distress. The association between mental distress and GABRG1 in men remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The results indicate that alcohol consumption and mental distress are associated in the general population even at levels below clinical thresholds and point to SNPs in genes related to GABAergic signalling for level of mental distress in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skumsnes Moe
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ingeborg Bolstad
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Blue Cross East, Norway
| | - Jørg Gustav Mørland
- Division of Health Data and Organization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Gustav Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Human physiology is likely to have been selected for endurance physical activity. However, modern humans have become largely sedentary, with physical activity becoming a leisure-time pursuit for most. Whereas inactivity is a strong risk factor for disease, regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic disease and mortality. Although substantial epidemiological evidence supports the beneficial effects of exercise, comparatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms through which these effects operate. Genetic and genomic analyses have identified genetic variation associated with human performance and, together with recent proteomic, metabolomic and multi-omic analyses, are beginning to elucidate the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Wheeler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kang HJ, Kim KT, Park Y, Yoo KH, Kim JW, Lee JY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JH, Kim JM. Genetic markers for depressive disorders with earlier age at onset. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110176. [PMID: 33189858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age at onset has been considered a potential indicator of underlying genetic risk in depression research. However, the variants associated with earlier age at onset of depressive disorder have not been elucidated. To evaluate the genetic architecture of depression onset, whole-exome sequencing of samples from 1000 patients with depressive disorder was performed. Cox proportional hazard models with false discovery rate-adjusted P-values were used to estimate the hazard ratios; carriers and non-carriers of individual coding variants were compared in terms of age at onset of depression with adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The clinical relevance of the candidate variants was also examined. Whole-exome sequencing revealed four variants in the CCL14, FYB, GPRASP1, and CTNND2 genes associated with an increased risk of depressive disorder with earlier age at onset. Although no individual variant was associated with any clinical characteristic except AAO, together they were associated with younger AAO, younger age at visit for treatment, and recurrent and atypical depression. Our data suggest novel candidate genes for depressive disorder with earlier age at onset. These genes could serve as markers allowing early identification of patients at risk of depression, and thus earlier intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Kang
- Departments of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoomi Park
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Yoo
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Departments of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Seon Shin
- Departments of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Doostparast Torshizi A, Duan J, Wang K. Cell-Type-Specific Proteogenomic Signal Diffusion for Integrating Multi-Omics Data Predicts Novel Schizophrenia Risk Genes. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 1:100091. [PMID: 32984858 PMCID: PMC7518509 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of diverse types of omics data on schizophrenia (SCZ) requires a systems approach to model the interplay between genome, transcriptome, and proteome. We introduce Markov affinity-based proteogenomic signal diffusion (MAPSD), a method to model intra-cellular protein trafficking paradigms and tissue-wise single-cell protein abundances. MAPSD integrates multi-omics data to amplify the signals at SCZ risk loci with small effect sizes, and reveal convergent disease-associated gene modules in the brain. We predicted a set of high-confidence SCZ risk loci followed by characterizing the subcellular localization of proteins encoded by candidate SCZ risk genes, and illustrated that most are enriched in neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex as well as Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. We demonstrated how the identified genes may be involved in neurodevelopment, how they may alter SCZ-related biological pathways, and how they facilitate drug repurposing. MAPSD is applicable in other polygenic diseases and can facilitate our understanding of disease mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Doostparast Torshizi
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Farré A, Tirado J, Spataro N, Alías-Ferri M, Torrens M, Fonseca F. Alcohol Induced Depression: Clinical, Biological and Genetic Features. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082668. [PMID: 32824737 PMCID: PMC7465278 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In clinical practice, there is the need to have clinical and biological markers to identify induced depression. The objective was to investigate clinical, biological and genetic differences between Primary Major Depression (Primary MD) and Alcohol Induced MD (AI-MD). Methods: Patients, of both genders, were recruited from psychiatric hospitalisation units. The PRISM instrument was used to establish the diagnoses. Data on socio-demographic/family history, clinical scales for depression, anxiety, personality and stressful life events were recorded. A blood test was performed analysing biochemical parameters and a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) to identify genetic markers associated with AI-MD. Results: A total of 80 patients were included (47 Primary MD and 33 AI-MD). The AI-MD group presented more medical comorbidities and less family history of depression. There were differences in traumatic life events, with higher scores in the AI-MD (14.21 ± 11.35 vs. 9.30 ± 7.38; p = 0.021). DSM-5 criteria were different between groups with higher prevalence of weight changes and less anhedonia, difficulties in concentration and suicidal thoughts in the AI-MD. None of the genetic variants reached significance beyond multiple testing thresholds; however, some suggestive variants were observed. Conclusions: This study has found clinical and biological features that may help physicians to identify AI-MD and improve its therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Farré
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD), Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (M.T.)
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (J.T.); (M.A.-F.)
- Psychiatry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Tirado
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (J.T.); (M.A.-F.)
| | - Nino Spataro
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, 08208 Sabadell, Spain;
| | - María Alías-Ferri
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (J.T.); (M.A.-F.)
- Psychiatry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD), Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (M.T.)
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (J.T.); (M.A.-F.)
- Psychiatry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Fonseca
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD), Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.); (M.T.)
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (J.T.); (M.A.-F.)
- Psychiatry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bauer LO, Covault JM. GRM8 genotype is associated with externalizing disorders and greater inter-trial variability in brain activation during a response inhibition task. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1180-1186. [PMID: 32299001 PMCID: PMC7198333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present investigation tested the association of a novel measure of brain activation recorded during a simple motor inhibition task with a GRM8 genetic locus implicated in risk for substance dependence. METHODS 122 European-American adults were genotyped at rs1361995 and evaluated against DSM-IV criteria for Alcohol Dependence, Cocaine Dependence, Conduct Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Also, their brain activity was recorded in response to rare, so-called "No-Go" stimuli presented during a continuous performance test. Brain activity was quantified with two indices: (1) the amplitude of the No-Go P300 electroencephalographic response averaged across trials; and (2) the inter-trial variability of the response. RESULTS The absence of the minor allele at the candidate locus was associated with all of the evaluated diagnoses. In comparison to minor allele carriers, major allele homozygotes also demonstrated increased inter-trial variability in No-Go P300 response amplitude but no difference in average amplitude. CONCLUSIONS GRM8 genotype is associated with Alcohol and Cocaine Dependence as well as personality risk factors for dependence. The association may be mediated through an inherited instability in brain function that affects cognitive control. SIGNIFICANCE The present study focuses on a metric and brain mechanism not typically considered or theorized in studies of patients with substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Covault
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Valladares-Garrido MJ, Soriano-Moreno AN, Rodrigo-Gallardo PK, Moncada-Mapelli E, Pacheco-Mendoza J, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ. Depression among Peruvian adults with hypertension and diabetes: Analysis of a national survey. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:141-146. [PMID: 32087565 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypertension and diabetes are global health problems with an incidence that is rapidly increasing worldwide. Depression is the most frequent mental health co-morbidity and is considered an important risk factor for the development of both diseases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with depression among Peruvian adults with hypertension and diabetes. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of the 2017 Peru Demographic and Family Health Survey, using data from 10,566 adults aged 40 and older. The main outcome was depression assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Other important variables were the diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes, sex, age, level of education, geographical region, wealth index, daily smoking, harmful alcohol consumption and physical disability. RESULTS The overall prevalence of depression was 23.15% (CI 95%: 21.42%-24.88%) and among adults with hypertension and diabetes it was 34.96% (CI 95%: 29.33%-40.59%) and 35.56% (CI 95%: 24.49%-46.63%), respectively. Whereas the prevalence of depression among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was higher in the physical disability group (PRa: 1.28; CI 95%: 1.12-1.45), the prevalence of depression among adults with hypertension was higher in the female group (PRa: 1.36; CI 95%: 1.20-1.54) and among those with harmful alcohol consumption (PRa: 1.50; CI 95%: 1.01-2.24). CONCLUSION Peru has a considerable burden of depression in the hypertensive and diabetic populations. While the variables positively associated with depression in hypertensive adults were female gender and harmful alcohol consumption, in adults with diabetes it was the presence of physical disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paola K Rodrigo-Gallardo
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Particular de Chiclayo, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Enrique Moncada-Mapelli
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carlos J Toro-Huamanchumo
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para La Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Boiko AS, Ivanova SA, Pozhidaev IV, Freidin MB, Osmanova DZ, Fedorenko OY, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Wilffert B, Loonen AJM. Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: The role of CHRM1 and CHRM2 muscarinic receptors. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:72-77. [PMID: 30623717 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1548780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Acetylcholine M (muscarinic) receptors are possibly involved in tardive dyskinesia (TD). The authors tried to verify this hypothesis by testing for possible associations between two muscarinic receptor genes (CHRM1 and CHRM2) polymorphisms and TD in patients with schizophrenia.Methods: A total of 472 patients with schizophrenia were recruited. TD was assessed cross-sectionally using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Fourteen allelic variants of CHRM1 and CHRM2 were genotyped using Applied Biosystems amplifiers (USA) and the MassARRAY System by Agena Bioscience.Results: The prevalence of the rs1824024*GG genotype of the CHRM2 gene was lower in TD patients compared to the group without it (χ2 = 6.035, p = 0.049). This suggested that this genotype has a protective effect for the development of TD (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.19-0.88). When age, gender, duration of schizophrenia and dosage of antipsychotic treatment were added as covariates in regression analysis, the results did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: This study did identify associations between CHRM2 variations and TD; the results of logistic regression analysis with covariates suggest that the association is, however, likely to be secondary to other concomitant factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia S Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Pozhidaev
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim B Freidin
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Live Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Diana Z Osmanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Arkadyi V Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,GGZ WNB, Mental health hospital, Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zink N, Bensmann W, Arning L, Stock AK, Beste C. CHRM2 Genotype Affects Inhibitory Control Mechanisms During Cognitive Flexibility. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6134-6141. [PMID: 30729426 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter systems, but knowledge about the relevance of the cholinergic muscarinergic receptor system for cognitive functions is still scarce. Evidence suggests that the cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor (CHRM2) plays an important role in the processing of cueing/prior information that help to increase the efficacy of lower-level attentional processes. In the current study, we investigated whether this is also the case for higher-level cognitive flexibility mechanisms. To this end, we tested N = 210 healthy adults with a backward inhibition task, in which prior information needs to be used to guide cognitive flexibility mechanisms. Testing different polymorphisms of the CHRM2 gene, we found that variation in this gene play a role in cognitive flexibility. It could be demonstrated that rs8191992 TT genotype carriers are better able to suppress no longer relevant information and to use prior information for cognitive flexibility, compared to A allele carriers. We further found that rs2350780 GG genotype carriers performed worse than A allele carriers. The results broaden the relevance of the CHRM2 system for cognitive functions beyond attentional selection processes. Corroborating recent theories on the relevance of the cholinergic system for cognitive processes, these results suggest that CHRM2 is important to process of "prior information" needed to inform subsequent cognitive operations. Considering the importance of prior information for adaptive behavioral control, it is possible that CHRM2 also modulates other instances of higher-level cognitive processes as long as these require the processing of "prior information."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zink
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstraße 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Bensmann
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstraße 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstraße 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstraße 42, 01309, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mustroph J, Lebek S, Maier LS, Neef S. Mechanisms of cardiac ethanol toxicity and novel treatment options. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 197:1-10. [PMID: 30557629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol can acutely and chronically alter cardiomyocyte and whole-organ function in the heart. Importantly, ethanol acutely and chronically predisposes to arrhythmias, while chronic abuse can induce heart failure. However, the molecular mechanisms of ethanol toxicity in the heart are incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the current mechanistic knowledge on cardiac ethanol toxicity, with a focus on druggable pathways. Ethanol effects on excitation-contraction coupling, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cardiac metabolism, as well as effects of ethanol metabolites will be discussed. Important recent findings have been gained by investigation of acute ethanol effects. These include a renewed focus on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of SR Ca2+ leak by CaMKII-mediated pathways downstream of ROS. Furthermore, a clinical outlook into potential novel treatment options is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mustroph
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lebek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Neef
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Obed A, Bashir A, Stern S, Jarrad A. Severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and liver transplant: A never-ending mournful story. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018; 24:358-366. [PMID: 30360030 PMCID: PMC6313024 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute alcoholic liver disease (SAAH) unresponsive to medical therapy shows one-year-mortality rates of up to 90%. Most transplant centers request six months of alcohol abstinence prior to transplantation, the so-called "6-month rule." This regulation is not based on strong evidence, repeatedly making it a topic of controversial debates. The majority of patients with SAAH will die before fulfilling the 6-month rule. Therefore, liver transplantation (LT) protocols are becoming more flexible towards the rigid abstinence regulation, especially concerning SAAH patients. We conducted a literature review regarding LT in SAAH and its outcomes, including post-transplant mortality and recidivism. We studied available data on PubMed from 2011 and onwards whilst including articles dealing with genetic components, medical therapy and historic snapshots of alcoholism. Emerging studies recommend LT in SAAH not responding to medical therapies even without realizing the required abstinence period, since the majority of these patients would die within 6 months. SAAH without response to medical therapy has one-year-mortality rates of up to 90%. The 6-month rule is not based on strong evidence and is repeatedly a topic of controversial debates. There is genetic linkage to alcoholism and medical therapy is not as effective as estimated, yet. The 6-months-regulation has not shown to evidently decrease the risk of recidivism post-LT, which is a lifesaving treatment in SAAH patients. Insisting on rigid sobriety rules results in excluding patients with a low risk of recidivism from being transplanted. Moreover, the genetic linkage of alcoholism must be recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Obed
- Division of General, Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdalla Bashir
- Division of General, Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Steffen Stern
- Faculty of Law, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anwar Jarrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Malhotra S, Basu D, Ghosh A, Khullar M, Chugh N, Kakkar N. An exploratory study of candidate gene(s) for Delirium Tremens: Adding the new cholinergic dimension to the conundrum. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 31:137-141. [PMID: 29478862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Delirium Tremens (DT) is the most severe form of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, with a potential risk of mortality. Search for the predictors of DT led to study of candidate genes, with inconsistent and inconclusive results. This study aimed to explore the association of various candidate gene polymorphisms and DT in a case-control design. METHODS This was a genetic association study with a case control design. Two hundred ten Alcohol dependent (AD) male subjects and 200 age matched controls were recruited. DT was diagnosed with the help of Semi-structured Assessment for Genetics of Alcoholism. SNP genotyping was done using TaqMan assay by real time PCR (q-PCR). RESULTS T allele carrying status (GT and TT) [rs1824024] of muscarinic cholinergic receptor 2 (CHRM2) was found to be significantly associated with DT. When compared to the general population, this genetic polymorphism was not found to be more common in alcohol dependence per se, which excludes the possibility of spurious association between CHRM2 and DT. Withdrawal seizure was more common in the DT group and came out to be one of the important predictors of DT. However, the genetic association was found to be specific for DT, not related to withdrawal seizures. CONCLUSION The present research added a new cholinergic dimension in the genetic association and biological mechanism of DT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Drug Deaddiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Drug Deaddiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Madhu Khullar
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neera Chugh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeraj Kakkar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou H, Polimanti R, Yang BZ, Wang Q, Han S, Sherva R, Nuñez YZ, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Genetic Risk Variants Associated With Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Major Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:1234-1241. [PMID: 29071344 PMCID: PMC6331050 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Alcohol dependence (AD) and major depression (MD) are leading causes of disability that often co-occur. Genetic epidemiologic data have shown that AD and MD share a common possible genetic cause. The molecular nature of this shared genetic basis is poorly understood. Objectives To detect genetic risk variants for comorbid AD and MD and to determine whether polygenic risk alleles are shared with neuropsychiatric traits or subcortical brain volumes. Design, Setting, and Participants This genome-wide association study analyzed criterion counts of comorbid AD and MD in African American and European American data sets collected as part of the Yale-Penn study of the genetics of drug and alcohol dependence from February 14, 1999, to January 13, 2015. After excluding participants never exposed to alcohol or with missing information for any diagnostic criterion, genome-wide association studies were performed on 2 samples (the Yale-Penn 1 and Yale-Penn 2 samples) totaling 4653 African American participants and 3169 European American participants (analyzed separately). Tests were performed to determine whether polygenic risk scores derived from potentially related traits in European American participants could be used to estimate comorbid AD and MD. Main Outcomes and Measures Comorbid criterion counts (ranging from 0 to 14) for AD (7 criteria) and MD (9 criteria, scaled to 7) as defined by the DSM-IV. Results Of the 7822 participants (3342 women and 4480 men; mean [SD] age, 40.1 [10.7] years), the median comorbid criterion count was 6.2 (interquartile range, 2.3-10.9). Under the linear regression model, rs139438618 at the semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A [OMIM 603961]) locus was significantly associated with AD and MD comorbidity in African American participants in the Yale-Penn 1 sample (β = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.57-1.20; P = 2.76 × 10-8). In the independent Yale-Penn 2 sample, the association was also significant (β = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.39-1.28; P = 2.06 × 10-4). Meta-analysis of the 2 samples yielded a more robust association (β = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.61-1.12; P = 2.41 × 10-11). There was no significant association identified in European American participants. Analyses of polygenic risk scores showed that individuals with a higher risk of neuroticism (β = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.50-1.52) or depressive symptoms (β = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.32-1.42) and a lower level of subjective well-being (β = -0.94; 95% CI, -1.46 to -0.42) and educational attainment (β = -1.00, 95% CI, -1.57 to -0.44) had a higher level of AD and MD comorbidity, while larger intracranial (β = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.50 to 1.64) and smaller putamen volumes (β = -1.16; 95% CI, -1.86 to -0.46) were associated with higher risks of AD and MD comorbidity. Conclusions and Relevance SEMA3A variation is significantly and replicably associated with comorbid AD and MD in African American participants. Analyses of polygenic risk scores identified pleiotropy with neuropsychiatric traits and brain volumes. Further studies are warranted to understand the biological and genetic mechanisms of this comorbidity, which could facilitate development of medications and other treatments for comorbid AD and MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven
| | - Qian Wang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shizhong Han
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yaira Z. Nuñez
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia,Veterans Integrated Service Network 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sakata K, Overacre AE. Promoter IV-BDNF deficiency disturbs cholinergic gene expression of CHRNA5, CHRM2, and CHRM5: effects of drug and environmental treatments. J Neurochem 2017; 143:49-64. [PMID: 28722769 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes maturation of cholinergic neurons. However, how activity-dependent BDNF expression affects specific cholinergic gene expression remains unclear. This study addressed this question by determining mRNA levels of 22 acetylcholine receptor subunits, the choline transporter (CHT), and the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in mice deficient in activity-dependent BDNF via promoter IV (KIV) and control wild-type mice. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed significant reductions in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 5 (CHRNA5) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM5) in the hippocampus, but significant increases in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM2) in the frontal cortex of KIV mice compared to wild-type mice. Three-week treatments with fluoxetine, phenelzine, duloxetine, imipramine, or an enriched environment treatment (EET) did not affect the altered expression of these genes except that EET increased CHRNA5 levels only in KIV frontal cortex. EET also increased levels of CHRNA7, CHT, and ChAT, again only in the KIV frontal cortex. The imipramine treatment was most prominent among the four antidepressants; it up-regulated hippocampal CHRM2 and frontal cortex CHRM5 in both genotypes, and frontal cortex CHRNA7 only in KIV mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that BDNF deficiency disturbs expression of CHRNA5, CHRM2, and CHRM5. Our results suggest that promoter IV-BDNF deficiency - which occurs under chronic stress - causes cholinergic dysfunctions via these receptors. EET is effective on CHRNA5, while its compensatory induction of other cholinergic genes or drugs targeting CHRNA5, CHRM2, and CHRM5 may become an alternative strategy to reverse these BDNF-linked cholinergic dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Sakata
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Abigail E Overacre
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Malhotra S, Basu D, Khullar M, Ghosh A, Chugh N. Candidate genes for alcohol dependence: A genetic association study from India. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:689-696. [PMID: 28361821 PMCID: PMC5393079 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1018_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Search for candidate genes for alcohol dependence (AD) has been inconsistent and inconclusive. Moreover, most of the research has been confined to a few specific ethnic groups. Hence, the aim of our study was to explore specific candidate genes for AD in north Indian male population. Methods: In this clinic-based genetic association study, 210 males with AD and 200 controls matched for age, gender and ethnicity were recruited from the clinic and the general population, respectively. Cases were diagnosed with Semi-structured Assessment for Genetics of Alcoholism-II (SSAGA-II). Single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was done by real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Taq Man assay (ABI 7500) fast real-time PCR system. Results: Both at the genotypic level and at allelic frequency, Met158 variant of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) showed significant increase in cases as compared to controls. The frequency of heterozygous genotype (A/G) of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A1 (GABRA1) was significantly lower in cases as compared to controls. Likewise, for GABRA2, the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (G/G) was significantly higher in the control group. With respect to the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) transporter long promoter region (5HTTLPR), cholinergic receptor muscarinic (CHRM2) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genes, there was no significant difference between the cases and the controls. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene was found to be monomorphic in our study population. Interpretation & conclusions: Our study findings showed COMT polymorphism conferring risk and GABRA polymorphism as a protective genotype for Indian male with AD. Genes for alcohol metabolism, serotonin transporter and cholinergic receptor gene polymorphism were perhaps not contributory to AD for Indian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Khullar
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neera Chugh
- Reliance Industries Limited, Navi Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang HC, Chen IC, Tsay YC, Li ZR, Chen CH, Hwu HG, Chen CH. Using an Event-History with Risk-Free Model to Study the Genetics of Alcoholism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1975. [PMID: 28512340 PMCID: PMC5434012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case–control genetic association studies typically ignore possible later disease onset in currently healthy subjects and assume that subjects with diseases equally contribute to the likelihood for inference, regardless of their onset age. Therefore, we used an event-history with risk-free model to simultaneously characterize alcoholism susceptibility and onset age in 65 independent non-Hispanic Caucasian males in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Following data quality control, we analysed 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 12 candidate genes. The single-SNP analysis showed that the dominant minor allele of rs2134655 on DRD3 increases alcoholism susceptibility; the dominant minor allele of rs1439047 on NTRK2 delays the alcoholism onset age, but the additive minor allele of rs172677 on GRIN2B and the dominant minor allele of rs63319 on ALDH1A1 advance the alcoholism onset age; and the dominant minor allele of rs1079597 on DRD2 shortens the onset age range. Similarly, multiple-SNPs analysis revealed joint effects of rs2134655, rs172677 and rs1079597, with an adjustment for habitual smoking. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the genetics of alcoholism than previous case–control studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Yuh-Chyuan Tsay
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Rong Li
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rinker JA, Mulholland PJ. Promising pharmacogenetic targets for treating alcohol use disorder: evidence from preclinical models. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:555-570. [PMID: 28346058 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited genetic variants contribute to risk factors for developing an alcohol use disorder, and polymorphisms may inform precision medicine strategies for treating alcohol addiction. Targeting genetic mutations linked to alcohol phenotypes has provided promising initial evidence for reducing relapse rates in alcoholics. Although successful in some studies, there are conflicting findings and the reports of adverse effects may ultimately limit their clinical utility, suggesting that novel pharmacogenetic targets are necessary to advance precision medicine approaches. Here, we describe promising novel genetic variants derived from preclinical models of alcohol consumption and dependence that may uncover disease mechanisms that drive uncontrolled drinking and identify novel pharmacogenetic targets that facilitate therapeutic intervention for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rinker
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Simchovitz A, Heneka MT, Soreq H. Personalized genetics of the cholinergic blockade of neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:178-187. [PMID: 28326544 PMCID: PMC5600134 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine signaling is essential for cognitive functioning and blocks inflammation. To maintain homeostasis, cholinergic signaling is subjected to multi‐leveled and bidirectional regulation by both proteins and non‐coding microRNAs (‘CholinomiRs’). CholinomiRs coordinate the cognitive and inflammatory aspects of cholinergic signaling by targeting major cholinergic transcripts including the acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Notably, AChE inhibitors are the only currently approved line of treatment for Alzheimer's disease patients. Since cholinergic signaling blocks neuroinflammation which is inherent to Alzheimer's disease, genomic changes modifying AChE's properties and its susceptibility to inhibitors and/or to CholinomiRs regulation may affect the levels and properties of inflammasome components such as NLRP3. This calls for genomic‐based medicine approaches based on genotyping of both coding and non‐coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes involved in cholinergic signaling. An example is a SNP in a recognition element for the primate‐specific microRNA‐608 within the 3′ untranslated region of the AChE transcript. Carriers of the minor allele of that SNP present massively elevated brain AChE levels, increased trait anxiety and inflammation, accompanied by perturbed CholinomiR‐608 regulatory networks and elevated prefrontal activity under exposure to stressful insults. Several additional SNPs in the AChE and other cholinergic genes await further studies, and might likewise involve different CholinomiRs and pathways including those modulating the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. CholinomiRs regulation of the cholinergic system thus merits in‐depth interrogation and is likely to lead to personalized medicine approaches for achieving better homeostasis in health and disease. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Simchovitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fisher HL, Murphy TM, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Viana J, Hannon E, Pidsley R, Burrage J, Dempster EL, Wong CCY, Pariante CM, Mill J. Methylomic analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for childhood psychotic symptoms. Epigenetics 2016; 10:1014-23. [PMID: 26479702 PMCID: PMC4867769 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1099797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood psychotic symptoms are associated with increased rates of schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and suicide attempts in adulthood; thus, elucidating early risk indicators is crucial to target prevention efforts. There is considerable discordance for psychotic symptoms between monozygotic twins, indicating that child-specific non-genetic factors must be involved. Epigenetic processes may constitute one of these factors and have not yet been investigated in relation to childhood psychotic symptoms. Therefore, this study explored whether differences in DNA methylation at age 10 were associated with monozygotic twin discordance for psychotic symptoms at age 12. The Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study cohort of 2,232 children (1,116 twin pairs) was assessed for age-12 psychotic symptoms and 24 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for symptoms were identified for methylomic comparison. Children provided buccal samples at ages 5 and 10. DNA was bisulfite modified and DNA methylation was quantified using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 array. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with psychotic symptoms were subsequently tested in post-mortem prefrontal cortex tissue from adult schizophrenia patients and age-matched controls. Site-specific DNA methylation differences were observed at age 10 between monozygotic twins discordant for age-12 psychotic symptoms. Similar DMPs were not found at age 5. The top-ranked psychosis-associated DMP (cg23933044), located in the promoter of the C5ORF42 gene, was also hypomethylated in post-mortem prefrontal cortex brain tissue from schizophrenia patients compared to unaffected controls. These data tentatively suggest that epigenetic variation in peripheral tissue is associated with childhood psychotic symptoms and may indicate susceptibility to schizophrenia and other mental health problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Fisher
- a MRC Social , Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Center; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Therese M Murphy
- b University of Exeter Medical School; University of Exeter ; Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- a MRC Social , Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Center; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- a MRC Social , Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Center; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK.,c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience ; Duke University ; Durham , NC , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ; Duke University Medical School ; Durham , NC , USA
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- a MRC Social , Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Center; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK.,c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience ; Duke University ; Durham , NC , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ; Duke University Medical School ; Durham , NC , USA
| | - Joana Viana
- b University of Exeter Medical School; University of Exeter ; Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Eilis Hannon
- b University of Exeter Medical School; University of Exeter ; Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Ruth Pidsley
- e Garvan Institute of Medical Research ; Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
| | - Joe Burrage
- b University of Exeter Medical School; University of Exeter ; Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Emma L Dempster
- b University of Exeter Medical School; University of Exeter ; Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Chloe C Y Wong
- a MRC Social , Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Center; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- f Department of Psychological Medicine ; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK
| | - Jonathan Mill
- a MRC Social , Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Center; Institute of Psychiatry , Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London ; London , UK.,b University of Exeter Medical School; University of Exeter ; Exeter , Devon , UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeon WJ, Dean B, Scarr E, Gibbons A. The Role of Muscarinic Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Mood Disorders: A Potential Novel Treatment? Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:739-49. [PMID: 26630954 PMCID: PMC4759313 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150612230045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central cholinergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. An imbalance in central cholinergic neurotransmitter activity has been proposed to contribute to the manic and depressive episodes typical of these disorders. Neuropharmacological studies into the effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on mood state have provided considerable support for this hypothesis. Furthermore, recent clinical studies have shown that the pan-CHRM antagonist, scopolamine, produces rapid-acting antidepressant effects in individuals with either major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BPD), such as bipolar depression, contrasting the delayed therapeutic response of conventional mood stabilisers and antidepressants. This review presents recent data from neuroimaging, post-mortem and genetic studies supporting the involvement of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (CHRMs), particularly CHRM2, in the pathophysiology of MDD and BPD. Thus, novel drugs that selectively target CHRMs with negligible effects in the peripheral nervous system might produce more rapid and robust clinical improvement in patients with BPD and MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Dean
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Levran O, Randesi M, Peles E, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. African-specific variability in the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M4: association with cocaine and heroin addiction. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:995-1003. [PMID: 27269905 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine whether polymorphisms in acetylcholine receptors contribute to opioid dependence and/or cocaine dependence. PATIENTS & METHODS The sample (n = 1860) was divided by drug and ancestry, and 55 polymorphisms (nine genes) were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 20 SNPs that showed nominally significant associations, the association of the African-specific CHRM4 SNP rs2229163 (Asn417=) with cocaine dependence survived correction for multiple testing (Pcorrected = 0.047). CHRM4 is located in a region of strong linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 11 that includes genes associated with schizophrenia. CHRM4 SNP rs2229163 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with several African-specific SNPs in DGKZ and AMBRA1. CONCLUSION Cholinergic receptors' variants may contribute to drug addiction and have a potential role as pharmacogenetic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jurg Ott
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System & NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Adelson
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Las Vegas, NV 89169, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li Z, Guo X, Bai Y, Sun G, Guan Y, Sun Y, Roselle AM. The Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: An Observational Study on a General Population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3763. [PMID: 27227945 PMCID: PMC4902369 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of previous studies on the relation between alcohol consumption and heart failure (HF) have been inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in a general population.A total of 10,824 adults were examined using a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample of individuals who were at least 35-years old. The participants were asked to provide information about their alcohol consumption. Echocardiograms were obtained, and LVEF was calculated using modified Simpson's rule.Of the 10,824 participants included in the present study, 46.1% were males, and the mean participant age was 54 years; age ranged from 35 to 93 years. The overall prevalence of LVEF< 0.50 and LVEF < 0.40 in the studied population was 11.6% and 2.9%, respectively. The prevalence of LVEF < 0.5 and LVEF < 0.04 was higher in both the moderate and heavy drinker groups than in the nondrinker group (P <0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses corrected according to the different levels of alcohol consumption showed that moderate and heavy drinkers had an -1.3-fold and 1.2-fold higher risk of LVEF <0.5, respectively, than nondrinkers (OR: 1.381, 95% CI: 1.115-1.711, P = 0.003 for moderate drinkers; OR: 1.246, 95% CI: 1.064-1.460, P = 0.006 for heavy drinkers). Heavy drinkers had an ∼1.5-fold higher risk of decreased LVEF < 0.4 than nondrinkers (OR: 1.482, 95% CI: 1.117-1.965, P = 0.006). Moderate drinkers did not show a risk of decreased LVEF < 0.4 that was significantly higher than that of nondrinkers (OR: 1.183, 95% CI: 0.774-1.808, P = 0.437).According to these results, we concluded that increased alcohol consumption was associated with decreased LVEF compared with no alcohol consumption in this general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- From the Department of Cardiology (ZL, XG, GS, YS), the First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Maternal and Child Health (YB), School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; and Department of Cardiology (YG, AMR), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gibbons AS, Jeon WJ, Scarr E, Dean B. Changes in Muscarinic M2 Receptor Levels in the Cortex of Subjects with Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder and in Rats after Treatment with Mood Stabilisers and Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyv118. [PMID: 26475745 PMCID: PMC4851264 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, data are implicating muscarinic receptors in the aetiology and treatment of mood disorders. This led us to measure levels of different muscarinic receptor-related parameters in the cortex from people with mood disorders and the CNS of rats treated with mood stabilisers and antidepressant drugs. METHODS We measured [(3)H]AF-DX 384 binding in BA 46 and BA 24 from subjects with bipolar disorders (n = 14), major depressive disorders (n = 19), as well as age- and sex-matched controls (n = 19) and the CNS of rats treated with fluoxetine or imipramine. In addition, we used Western blots to measure levels of CHRM2 protein and oxotremorine-M stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding as a measure of CHRM 2 / 4 signaling. RESULTS Compared with controls, [(3)H]AF-DX 384 binding was lower in BA 24 and BA 46 in bipolar disorders and major depressive disorders, while CHRM2 protein and oxotremorine-M stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding was only lower in BA 24. Compared with vehicle, treatment with mood stabilisers, antidepressant drugs for 10 days, or imipramine for 28 days resulted in higher levels of in [(3)H]AF-DX 384 binding select regions of rat CNS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that levels of CHRM2 are lower in BA 24 from subjects with mood disorders, and it is possible that signalling by that receptor is also less in this cortical region. Our data also suggest increasing levels of CHRM2 may be involved in the mechanisms of action of mood stabilisers and tricyclic antidepressants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stuart Gibbons
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean); Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean)
| | - Won Je Jeon
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean); Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean)
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean); Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean)
| | - Brian Dean
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean); Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gibbons, Jeon, Scarr, and Dean)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bell RL, Hauser S, Rodd ZA, Liang T, Sari Y, McClintick J, Rahman S, Engleman EA. A Genetic Animal Model of Alcoholism for Screening Medications to Treat Addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:179-261. [PMID: 27055615 PMCID: PMC4851471 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date pharmacological, genetic, and behavioral findings from the alcohol-preferring P rat and summarize similar past work. Behaviorally, the focus will be on how the P rat meets criteria put forth for a valid animal model of alcoholism with a highlight on its use as an animal model of polysubstance abuse, including alcohol, nicotine, and psychostimulants. Pharmacologically and genetically, the focus will be on the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that have received the most attention: cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, corticotrophin releasing hormone, opioid, and neuropeptide Y. Herein, we sought to place the P rat's behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes, and to some extent its genotype, in the context of the clinical literature. After reviewing the findings thus far, this chapter discusses future directions for expanding the use of this genetic animal model of alcoholism to identify molecular targets for treating drug addiction in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Bell
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - S Hauser
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Z A Rodd
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - T Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Y Sari
- University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - J McClintick
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - S Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - E A Engleman
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kamarajan C, Pandey AK, Chorlian DB, Manz N, Stimus AT, Bauer LO, Hesselbrock VM, Schuckit MA, Kuperman S, Kramer J, Porjesz B. Reward processing deficits and impulsivity in high-risk offspring of alcoholics: A study of event-related potentials during a monetary gambling task. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:182-200. [PMID: 26388585 PMCID: PMC4898464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at high risk to develop alcoholism often manifest neurocognitive deficits as well as increased impulsivity. The goal of the present study is to elucidate reward processing deficits, externalizing disorders, and impulsivity as elicited by electrophysiological, clinical and behavioral measures in subjects at high risk for alcoholism from families densely affected by alcoholism in the context of brain maturation across age groups and gender. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) and current source density (CSD) during a monetary gambling task (MGT) were measured in 12-25 year old offspring (N=1864) of families in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) Prospective study; the high risk (HR, N=1569) subjects were from families densely affected with alcoholism and the low risk (LR, N=295) subjects were from community families. Externalizing disorders and impulsivity scores were also compared between LR and HR groups. RESULTS HR offspring from older (16-25 years) male and younger (12-15 years) female subgroups showed lower P3 amplitude than LR subjects. The amplitude decrement was most prominent in HR males during the loss condition. Overall, P3 amplitude increase at anterior sites and decrease at posterior areas were seen in older compared to younger subjects, suggesting frontalization during brain maturation. The HR subgroups also exhibited hypofrontality manifested as weaker CSD activity during both loss and gain conditions at frontal regions. Further, the HR subjects had higher impulsivity scores and increased prevalence of externalizing disorders. P3 amplitudes during the gain condition were negatively correlated with impulsivity scores. CONCLUSIONS Older male and younger female HR offspring, compared to their LR counterparts, manifested reward processing deficits as indexed by lower P3 amplitude and weaker CSD activity, along with higher prevalence of externalizing disorders and higher impulsivity scores. SIGNIFICANCE Reward related P3 is a valuable measure reflecting neurocognitive dysfunction in subjects at risk for alcoholism, as well as to characterize reward processing and brain maturation across gender and age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niklas Manz
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Lance O Bauer
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Samochowiec J, Samochowiec A, Puls I, Bienkowski P, Schott BH. Genetics of alcohol dependence: a review of clinical studies. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:77-94. [PMID: 25359488 DOI: 10.1159/000364826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alcohol dependence is a common severe psychiatric disorder with a multifactorial etiology. Since the completion of the human genome project and with the increased availability of high-throughput genotyping, multiple genetic risk factors for substance-related disorders, including alcohol dependence, have been identified, but not all results could be replicated. METHODS We systematically review the clinical literature on genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence and alcohol-related phenotypes, including candidate gene-based studies, linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Irrespectively of the methodology employed, the most robust findings regarding genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence concern genetic variations that affect alcohol metabolism. GWAS confirm the importance of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster on chromosome 4 in the genetic risk for alcohol dependence with multiple variants that exert a small, but cumulative influence. A single variant with strong influence on individual risk is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ALDHD2*2 variant common in Asian populations. Other robust associations have been found with previously uncharacterized genes like KIAA0040, and such observations can lead to the identification of thus far unknown signaling pathways. Converging evidence also points to a role of glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter signaling in the risk for alcohol dependence, but effects are small, and gene-environment interactions further increase the complexity. CONCLUSION With few exceptions like ALDH2*2, the contribution of individual genetic variants to the risk for alcohol-related disorders is small. However, the concentration of risk variants within neurotransmitter signaling pathways may help to deepen our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and thereby contribute to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Khan M, Monaghan M, Klein N, Ruiz G, John AS. Associations among Depression Symptoms with Alcohol and Smoking Tobacco Use in Adult Patients with Congenital Heart Disease. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2015; 10:E243-9. [PMID: 26108339 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients have high rates of untreated depression and anxiety disorders. We evaluated associations among self-reported depression symptoms and alcohol/smoking tobacco use. METHODS From 2009 to 2013, 202 ACHD patients (45% male) completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and substance use as part of routine clinical care. Data were collected by retrospective chart review. RESULTS Mean age was 31 ± 10 years, 21% reported often feeling depressed and 33% reported feeling nervous or anxious. Sixty-one percent of patients reported some alcohol intake; 25% reported current or previous smoking tobacco use. Patients with depressive symptoms were 3× as likely to report drinking alcohol (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.29-6.5) and 5× more likely to report smoking tobacco use (OR 5.17; 95% CI 1.49-17.87). Fourteen percent of patients were prescribed antidepressant/antianxiety medications; 43% of patients on medication reported depressive symptoms. In patients reporting symptoms, those who consumed alcohol were less likely to be on antidepressant/antianxiety medications (21%) than those who did not consume alcohol (56%). CONCLUSION Self-reported depressive symptoms are associated with increased alcohol and smoking tobacco use by ACHD patients. Alcohol use may be a means of self-medicating for untreated depression, but further investigation is needed. Risk factors, including depressive symptoms and substance use, should be routinely assessed and addressed in ACHD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munziba Khan
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maureen Monaghan
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nancy Klein
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - George Ruiz
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anitha S John
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Cardiology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mullineaux PY, DiLalla LF. Genetic Influences on Peer and Family Relationships Across Adolescent Development: Introduction to the Special Issue. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 44:1347-59. [PMID: 26006709 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all aspects of human development are influenced by genetic and environmental factors, which conjointly shape development through several gene-environment interplay mechanisms. More recently, researchers have begun to examine the influence of genetic factors on peer and family relationships across the pre-adolescent and adolescent time periods. This article introduces the special issue by providing a critical overview of behavior genetic methodology and existing research demonstrating gene-environment processes operating on the link between peer and family relationships and adolescent adjustment. The overview is followed by a summary of new research studies, which use genetically informed samples to examine how peer and family environment work together with genetic factors to influence behavioral outcomes across adolescence. The studies in this special issue provide further evidence of gene-environment interplay through innovative behavior genetic methodological approaches across international samples. Results from the quantitative models indicate environmental moderation of genetic risk for coercive adolescent-parent relationships and deviant peer affiliation. The molecular genetics studies provide support for a gene-environment interaction differential susceptibility model for dopamine regulation genes across positive and negative peer and family environments. Overall, the findings from the studies in this special issue demonstrate the importance of considering how genes and environments work in concert to shape developmental outcomes during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Y Mullineaux
- Department of Psychology, MS-B1805, Hamline University, 1536 Hewitt Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pombar-Gomez M, Lopez-Lopez E, Martin-Guerrero I, Garcia-Orad Carles A, de Pancorbo MM. Potential relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms used in forensic genetics and diseases or other traits in European population. Int J Legal Med 2015; 129:435-43. [PMID: 25763762 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an interesting option to facilitate the analysis of highly degraded DNA by allowing the reduction of the size of the DNA amplicons. The SNPforID 52-plex panel is a clear example of the use of non-coding SNPs in forensic genetics. However, nonstop advances in studies of genetic polymorphisms are leading to the discovery of new associations between SNPs and diseases. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of the state of association between the 52 SNPs in the 52-plex panel and diseases or other traits related to their treatment, such as drug response characters. In order to achieve this goal, we have conducted a bioinformatic search for each SNP included in the panel and the SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with them in the European population (r (2) > 0.8). A total of 424 SNPs (52 in the panel and 372 in LD) were investigated in PubMed, Scopus, and dbSNP databases. Our results show that three SNPs in the SNPforID 52-plex panel (rs2107612, rs1979255, rs1463729) have been associated with diseases such as hypertension or macular degeneration, as well as drug response. Similarly, three out of the 372 SNPs in LD (rs2107614, r (2) = 0.859; rs765250, r (2) = 0.858; rs11064560, r (2) = 0,887) are also associated with various pathologies. In view of these results, we propose the need for a periodic review of the SNPs used in forensic genetics in order to keep their associations with diseases or related phenotypes updated and to evaluate their continuity in forensic panels for avoiding legal and ethical conflicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pombar-Gomez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Manzardo AM, McGuire A, Butler MG. Clinically relevant genetic biomarkers from the brain in alcoholism with representation on high resolution chromosome ideograms. Gene 2015; 560:184-94. [PMID: 25655461 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcoholism arises from combined effects of multiple biological factors including genetic and non-genetic causes with gene/environmental interaction. Intensive research and advanced genetic technology has generated a long list of genes and biomarkers involved in alcoholism neuropathology. These markers reflect complex overlapping and competing effects of possibly hundreds of genes which impact brain structure, function, biochemical alcohol processing, sensitivity and risk for dependence. METHOD We compiled a tabular list of clinically relevant genetic biomarkers for alcoholism targeting expression disturbances in the human brain through an extensive search of keywords related to alcoholism, alcohol abuse, and genetics from peer reviewed medical research articles and related nationally sponsored websites. Gene symbols were then placed on high resolution human chromosome ideograms with gene descriptions in tabular form. RESULTS We identified 337 clinically relevant genetic biomarkers and candidate genes for alcoholism and alcohol-responsiveness from human brain research. Genetic biomarkers included neurotransmitter pathways associated with brain reward processes for dopaminergic (e.g., DRD2, MAOA, and COMT), serotoninergic (e.g., HTR3A, HTR1B, HTR3B, and SLC6A4), GABAergic (e.g., GABRA1, GABRA2, and GABRG1), glutaminergic (GAD1, GRIK3, and GRIN2C) and opioid (e.g., OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1) pathways which presumably impact reinforcing properties of alcohol. Gene level disturbances in cellular and molecular networks impacted by alcohol and alcoholism pathology include transketolase (TKT), transferrin (TF), and myelin (e.g., MBP, MOBP, and MOG). CONCLUSIONS High resolution chromosome ideograms provide investigators, physicians, geneticists and counselors a convenient visual image of the distribution of alcoholism genetic biomarkers from brain research with alphabetical listing of genes in tabular form allowing comparison between alcoholism-related phenotypes, and clinically-relevant alcoholism gene(s) at the chromosome band level to guide research, diagnosis, and treatment. Chromosome ideograms may facilitate gene-based personalized counseling of alcohol dependent individuals and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Austen McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Salvatore JE, Gottesman II, Dick DM. Endophenotypes for Alcohol Use Disorder: An Update on the Field. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:76-90. [PMID: 26236574 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endophenotype concept was first proposed as a strategy to use (purportedly) genetically simpler phenotypes in gene identification studies for psychiatric disorders, and is distinct from the closely related concept of intermediate phenotypes. In the area of alcohol use disorder (AUD) research, two candidate endophenotypes have produced replicable genetic associations: level of response to alcohol and neurophysiology markers (e.g., event-related oscillations and event-related potentials). Additional candidate endophenotypes from the cognitive, sensory, and neuroimaging literatures show promise, although more evidence is needed to fully evaluate their potential utility. Translational approaches to AUD endophenotypes have helped characterize the underlying neurobiology and genetics of AUD endophenotypes and identified relevant pharmacological interventions. Future research that capitalizes on the polygenic nature of endophenotypes and emphasizes endophenotypes that may change across development will enhance the usefulness of this concept to understand the genetically-influenced pathways toward AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126
| | - Irving I Gottesman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, N231 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zuo L, Wang K, Luo X. Use of diplotypes - matched haplotype pairs from homologous chromosomes - in gene-disease association studies. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 26:165-70. [PMID: 25114493 PMCID: PMC4118015 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alleles, genotypes and haplotypes (combinations of alleles) have been widely used in gene-disease association studies. More recently, association studies using diplotypes (haplotype pairs on homologous chromosomes) have become increasingly common. This article reviews the rationale of the four types of association analyses and discusses the situations in which diplotype-based analyses are more powerful than the other types of association analyses. Haplotype-based association analyses are more powerful than allele-based association analyses, and diplotype-based association analyses are more powerful than genotype-based analyses. In circumstances where there are no interaction effects between markers and where the criteria for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) are met, the larger sample size and smaller degrees of freedom of allele-based and haplotype-based association analyses make them more powerful than genotype-based and diplotype-based association analyses, respectively. However, under certain circumstances diplotype-based analyses are more powerful than haplotype-based analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, Connecticut, United States
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven Campus, Connecticut, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yan J, Aliev F, Webb BT, Kendler KS, Williamson VS, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Kos MZ, Almasy L, Nurnberger JI, Schuckit MA, Kramer JR, Rice JP, Kuperman S, Goate AM, Tischfield JA, Porjesz B, Dick DM. Using genetic information from candidate gene and genome-wide association studies in risk prediction for alcohol dependence. Addict Biol 2014; 19:708-21. [PMID: 23362995 PMCID: PMC3664249 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Family-based and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of alcohol dependence (AD) have reported numerous associated variants. The clinical validity of these variants for predicting AD compared with family history information has not been reported. Using the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) and the Study of Addiction: Genes and Environment (SAGE) GWAS samples, we examined the aggregate impact of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on risk prediction. We created genetic sum scores by adding risk alleles associated in discovery samples, and then tested the scores for their ability to discriminate between cases and controls in validation samples. Genetic sum scores were assessed separately for SNPs associated with AD in candidate gene studies and SNPs from GWAS analyses that met varying P-value thresholds. Candidate gene sum scores did not exhibit significant predictive accuracy. Family history was a better classifier of case-control status, with a significant area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.686 in COGA and 0.614 in SAGE. SNPs that met less stringent P-value thresholds of 0.01-0.50 in GWAS analyses yielded significant AUC estimates, ranging from mean estimates of 0.549 for SNPs with P < 0.01 to 0.565 for SNPs with P < 0.50. This study suggests that SNPs currently have limited clinical utility, but there is potential for enhanced predictive ability with better understanding of the large number of variants that might contribute to risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yan
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vernell S Williamson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mark Z Kos
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John R Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Morozova TV, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Genetics and genomics of alcohol sensitivity. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:253-69. [PMID: 24395673 PMCID: PMC4037586 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism incur a heavy socioeconomic cost in many countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to variation in the inebriating effects of alcohol and alcohol addiction among individuals within and across populations. From a genetics perspective, alcohol sensitivity is a quantitative trait determined by the cumulative effects of multiple segregating genes and their interactions with the environment. This review summarizes insights from model organisms as well as human populations that represent our current understanding of the genetic and genomic underpinnings that govern alcohol metabolism and the sedative and addictive effects of alcohol on the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Morozova
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617 USA
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617 USA
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Department of Biological Sciences and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617 USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bakker JM, Lieverse R, Menne-Lothmann C, Viechtbauer W, Pishva E, Kenis G, Geschwind N, Peeters F, van Os J, Wichers M. Therapygenetics in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: do genes have an impact on therapy-induced change in real-life positive affective experiences? Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e384. [PMID: 24755993 PMCID: PMC4012287 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive affect (PA) has an important role in resilience against depression and has been shown to increase with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of change in PA as well as develop insights that may benefit personalized medicine, the current study examined the contribution of genetic variation to individual differences in change in PA in response to MBCT. Individuals (n=126) with residual depressive symptoms were randomized to either an MBCT group or treatment as usual. PA was assessed using experience sampling methodology (ESM). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes known to be involved in reward functioning were selected. SNPs in the genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2), the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and the μ1 opioid receptor (OPRM1) significantly moderated the impact of treatment condition over time on PA. Genetic variation in the genes for CHRM2 and OPRM1 specifically had an impact on the level of PA following MBCT. The current study shows that variation in response to MBCT may be contingent on genetic factors associated with the regulation of PA. These findings contribute to our understanding of the processes moderating response to treatment and prediction of treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - R Lieverse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Menne-Lothmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Pishva
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N Geschwind
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F Peeters
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - M Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bauer LO, Ceballos NA. Neural and genetic correlates of binge drinking among college women. Biol Psychol 2014; 97:43-8. [PMID: 24530440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-seven female students were assigned to groups consisting of 55 infrequent and 42 frequent binge drinkers. The groups were compared on self-report measures of impulsivity, sensation seeking, and alexithymia, as well as several measures relevant to neural and genetic mechanisms, such as brain activation during a time estimation task and selected genotypes. Analyses of stimulus-locked brain activity revealed a slow cortical potential over the right parietal cortex during time estimation that was more negative among frequent binge drinkers. This group also showed a greater prevalence of a CHRM2 genotype previously associated with substance dependence and Major Depressive Disorder as well as a modest elevation on a non-planning impulsiveness scale. We conclude that the enhanced brain activation shown by binge drinkers compensates for an underlying deficit. That deficit may be reflected in poor planning skills and a genetic difference indicating increased risk for problems in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wetherill L, Kapoor M, Agrawal A, Bucholz K, Koller D, Bertelsen SE, Le N, Wang JC, Almasy L, Hesselbrock V, Kramer J, Nurnberger JI, Schuckit M, Tischfield JA, Xuei X, Porjesz B, Edenberg HJ, Goate AM, Foroud T. Family-based association analysis of alcohol dependence criteria and severity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:354-66. [PMID: 24015780 PMCID: PMC3946798 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high heritability of alcohol dependence (AD), the genes found to be associated with it account for only a small proportion of its total variability. The goal of this study was to identify and analyze phenotypes based on homogeneous classes of individuals to increase the power to detect genetic risk factors contributing to the risk of AD. METHODS The 7 individual DSM-IV criteria for AD were analyzed using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes defined by the pattern of endorsement of the criteria. A genome-wide association study was performed in 118 extended European American families (n = 2,322 individuals) densely affected with AD to identify genes associated with AD, with each of the 7 DSM-IV criteria, and with the probability of belonging to 2 of 3 latent classes. RESULTS Heritability for DSM-IV AD was 61% and ranged from 17 to 60% for the other phenotypes. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the olfactory receptor OR51L1 was significantly associated (7.3 × 10(-8) ) with the DSM-IV criterion of persistent desire to, or inability to, cut down on drinking. LCA revealed a 3-class model: the "low-risk" class (50%) rarely endorsed any criteria and none met criteria for AD; the "moderate-risk" class (33%) endorsed primarily 4 DSM-IV criteria and 48% met criteria for AD; and the "high-risk" class (17%) manifested high endorsement probabilities for most criteria and nearly all (99%) met criteria for AD. One SNP in a sodium leak channel NALCN demonstrated genome-wide significance with the high-risk class (p = 4.1 × 10(-8) ). Analyses in an independent sample did not replicate these associations. CONCLUSIONS We explored the genetic contribution to several phenotypes derived from the DSM-IV AD criteria. The strongest evidence of association was with SNPs in NALCN and OR51L1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nhung Le
- Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - John Kramer
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
CHRM2 but not CHRM1 or CHRM3 polymorphisms are associated with asthma susceptibility in Mexican patients. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2109-17. [PMID: 24430298 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease for which genetic predisposition has been widely documented. Considerable evidence supports the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the muscarinic-cholinergic (CHRM) genes could be involved in asthma pathogenesis, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and mucus secretion. To determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotypes in CHRM1, CHRM2, or CHRM3 are associated with asthma in Mexican pediatric population. We performed a case-control study including 398 pediatric cases with asthma and 450 healthy controls. We analyzed 19 SNPs distributed among these three genes. Two of the seven SNPs located in CHRM2, the 3' untranslated region rs8191992 and rs6962027, differed significantly in allele frequencies between patients with asthma and healthy controls [odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 1.14-1.77, P = 0.001, and OR 1.50, 95 % CI 1.21-1.87, P = 0.0002, respectively]. Statistical significance remained after multiple comparison corrections (P = 0.003 and P = 0.005, respectively). The haplotypes AA and TT, containing both major and minor alleles from rs8191992 and rs6962027, also differed between cases and controls. The haplotype AA occurred at a lower frequency in cases (OR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.53-0.85, P = 0.001) whereas the haplotype TT was overrepresented in cases compared to controls (28 vs 21 %, respectively; OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.15-1.85, P = 0.002). No association was observed between CHRM1 or CHRM3 SNPs or haplotypes and asthma. CHRM2 polymorphisms are implicated in the genetic etiology of asthma.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rangaswamy M, Porjesz B. Understanding alcohol use disorders with neuroelectrophysiology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 125:383-414. [PMID: 25307587 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits associated with impairments in various brain regions and neural circuitries, particularly involving frontal lobes, have been associated with chronic alcoholism, as well as with a predisposition to develop alcohol use and related disorders (AUDs). AUD is a multifactorial disorder caused by complex interactions between behavioral, genetic, and environmental liabilities. Neuroelectrophysiologic techniques are instrumental in understanding brain and behavior relationships and have also proved very useful in evaluating the genetic diathesis of alcoholism. This chapter describes findings from neuroelectrophysiologic measures (electroencephalogram, event-related potentials, and event-related oscillations) related to acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the brain and those that reflect underlying deficits related to a predisposition to develop AUDs and related disorders. The utility of these measures as effective endophenotypes to identify and understand genes associated with brain electrophysiology, cognitive networks, and AUDs has also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Rangaswamy
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hill SY, Jones BL, Holmes B, Steinhauer SR, Zezza N, Stiffler S. Cholinergic receptor gene (CHRM2) variation and familial loading for alcohol dependence predict childhood developmental trajectories of P300. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:504-11. [PMID: 23747232 PMCID: PMC3796118 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P300 amplitude in childhood predicts substance use disorders by young adulthood. Trajectories of visual P300 amplitude show an association between low amplitude P300 and familial risk for alcohol dependence (AD). Variation in the cholinergic muscarinic receptor gene (CHRM2) has previously been associated with P300 amplitude and AD. The present study used group based trajectory modeling of auditory P300 data collected longitudinally from offspring in families with and without familial loading for AD to determine if specific trajectories would be associated with familial risk and CHRM2 variation. Trajectory modeling confirms previous reports of an association between the low visual P300 trajectory with high familial risk in male offspring. This association was detected in offspring in the 8-12 age range, but not in 13-18 or 19-29 year olds or in high-risk female offspring. CHRM2 association analysis with P300 finds 8-12 year olds who are homozygous for the T allele of rs1824024 are 2.6 times more likely to follow a P300 trajectory characterized by lower and slower change regardless of familial loading. Combining the odds for being male and having a TT genotype results in odds of 6.5 that individuals will follow the low P300 trajectory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chorlian DB, Rangaswamy M, Manz N, Wang JC, Dick D, Almasy L, Bauer L, Bucholz K, Foroud T, Hesselbrock V, Kang SJ, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Nurnberger J, Rice J, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Edenberg HJ, Goate A, Bierut L, Porjesz B. Genetic and neurophysiological correlates of the age of onset of alcohol use disorders in adolescents and young adults. Behav Genet 2013; 43:386-401. [PMID: 23963516 PMCID: PMC4110722 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Discrete time survival analysis was used to assess the age-specific association of event-related oscillations (EROs) and CHRM2 gene variants on the onset of regular alcohol use and alcohol dependence. The subjects were 2,938 adolescents and young adults ages 12-25. Results showed that the CHRM2 gene variants and ERO risk factors had hazards which varied considerably with age. The bulk of the significant age-specific associations occurred in those whose age of onset was under 16. These associations were concentrated in those subjects who at some time took an illicit drug. These results are consistent with studies which associate greater rates of alcohol dependence among those who begin drinking at an early age. The age specificity of the genetic and neurophysiological factors is consistent with recent studies of adolescent brain development, which locate an interval of heightened vulnerability to substance use disorders in the early to mid teens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Chorlian
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Alcohol is widely consumed; however, excessive use creates serious physical, psychological and social problems and contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Alcohol use disorders (that is, alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse) are maladaptive patterns of excessive drinking that lead to serious problems. Abundant evidence indicates that alcohol dependence (alcoholism) is a complex genetic disease, with variations in a large number of genes affecting a person's risk of alcoholism. Some of these genes have been identified, including two genes involved in the metabolism of alcohol (ADH1B and ALDH2) that have the strongest known affects on the risk of alcoholism. Studies continue to reveal other genes in which variants affect the risk of alcoholism or related traits, including GABRA2, CHRM2, KCNJ6 and AUTS2. As more variants are analysed and studies are combined for meta-analysis to achieve increased sample sizes, an improved picture of the many genes and pathways that affect the risk of alcoholism will be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS4063, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hoertel N, Le Strat Y, Angst J, Dubertret C. Subthreshold bipolar disorder in a U.S. national representative sample: prevalence, correlates and perspectives for psychiatric nosography. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:338-47. [PMID: 23040874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is growing clinical and epidemiological evidence that undiagnosed bipolar features are source of clinical heterogeneity in major depressive disorder (MDD). This study examined and compared the prevalence and correlates of lifetime major depressive episode plus subthreshold hypomania D(m) with pure MDD, bipolar II disorder, and bipolar I disorder. METHOD Data were drawn from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a large cross-sectional survey (n=43,093) representative of the U.S. population. RESULTS The lifetime prevalences were 2.53% for D(m), 1.12% for bipolar II disorder, 2.19% for bipolar I disorder and 10.70% for pure MDD. All bipolar disorders (i.e., D(m), BP-II, and BP-I) were half as frequent as MDD. Lifetime and 12-month psychiatric comorbidity, course and clinical characteristics, symptoms, health status and treatment-seeking rates were significantly different in participants with lifetime D(m) when compared to participants with pure MDD, but not when compared to participants with bipolar II disorder. LIMITATIONS Subthreshold hypomania diagnostic was based on the lifetime presence of at least one of the three screening questions for criterion A for hypomania, without a lifetime history of manic or hypomanic episode. This narrow definition, both in terms of the choice of hypomanic symptoms and their duration, could have led to an underestimation of the proportion of participants with a lifetime history of D(m). In addition, the cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow causal associations to be drawn. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm and extend evidence of the clinical significance and validity of a subthreshold bipolarity-specifier applied to individuals with DSM-IV MDD. Major depression with subthreshold hypomania could be more accurately incorporated into the bipolar II disorder diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hoertel
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Service de psychiatrie, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|