1
|
Papageorgiou MP, Filiou MD. Mitochondrial dynamics and psychiatric disorders: The missing link. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105837. [PMID: 39089419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of psychopathology is crucial for optimized diagnosis and treatment. Accumulating data have underlined how mitochondrial bioenergetics affect major psychiatric disorders. However, how mitochondrial dynamics, a term addressing mitochondria quality control, including mitochondrial fission, fusion, biogenesis and mitophagy, is implicated in psychopathologies remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on mitochondrial dynamics perturbations in psychiatric disorders/neuropsychiatric phenotypes. We include preclinical/clinical literature on mitochondrial dynamics recalibrations in anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We discuss alterations in mitochondrial network, morphology and shape, molecular markers of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) in animal models and human cohorts in brain and peripheral material. By looking for common altered mitochondrial dynamics patterns across diagnoses/phenotypes, we highlight mitophagy and biogenesis as regulators of anxiety and depression pathophysiology, respectively, as well as the fusion mediator dynamin-like 120 kDa protein (Opa1) as a molecular hub contributing to psychopathology. Finally, we comment on limitations and future directions in this novel neuropsychiatry field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Greece; Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Michaela D Filiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Greece; Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Ioannina, Greece; Institute of Biosciences, University of Ioannina, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zaninello M, Baptista P, Duarte FV. Mitochondrial Dynamics and mRNA Translation: A Local Synaptic Tale. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:746. [PMID: 39336173 PMCID: PMC11428642 DOI: 10.3390/biology13090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can adjust and respond to different stimuli within a cell. This plastic ability allows them to effectively coordinate several cellular functions in cells and becomes particularly relevant in highly complex cells such as neurons. An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to abnormal cellular function and ultimately to a range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Regulation of mRNA transport and local translation inside neurons is crucial for maintaining the proteome of distal mitochondria, which is vital for energy production and synaptic function. A significant portion of the axonal transcriptome is dedicated to mRNAs for mitochondrial proteins, emphasizing the importance of local translation in sustaining mitochondrial function in areas far from the cell body. In neurons, local translation and the regulation of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial-shaping proteins could be essential for synaptic plasticity and neuronal health. The dynamics of these mRNAs, including their transport and local translation, may influence the morphology and function of mitochondria, thereby affecting the overall energy status and responsiveness of synapses. Comprehending the mitochondria-related mRNA regulation and local translation, as well as its influence on mitochondrial morphology near the synapses will help to better understand neuronal physiology and neurological diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired synaptic plasticity play a central role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zaninello
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pedro Baptista
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe V Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li P, Kuang J. Mechanism study of YangJing ZhongYu decoction on regulating mitochondrial dynamics of ovarian granular cells and improving diminished ovarian reserve. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:188. [PMID: 39289738 PMCID: PMC11406875 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) encompasses both reproductive and endocrine disorders, resulting in a decline in female fertility. This paper explored the mechanism of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction (YJZYD) regulating mitochondrial dynamics of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) to improve DOR. METHODS DOR patients were treated with YJZYD, with ovarian volume (OV), antral follicle count (AFC), and endometrial thickness (EMT) detected. C57BL/6 female mice were treated by cyclophosphamide (Cy) intraperitoneal injection and YJZYD solution daily gavage, with serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels determined. Ovarian GCs (KGN) were interfered with 4-Hydroperoxy-Cyclophosphamide (4-HC) and treated with the MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitor or activator. RESULTS DOR patients showed increased levels of serum AMH, E2, OV, AFC and EMT, while reduced FSH and LH levels after YJZYD treatment. After Cy induction, DOR mice exhibited irregular estrous cycles, diminished serum AMH and E2 levels, elevated FSH and LH levels, reduced follicle number and atresia follicle number, disorderly arranged GCs, and severe interstitial fibrosis. After 4-HC treatment, KGN proliferation and Bcl-2, MFN1, and MFN2 were suppressed, while apoptotic rate, Bax, Cleaved-caspase-3, and p-Drp1 (Ser616) levels, and mitochondrial fission and quantity increased. YJZYD promoted 4-HC-treated KGN proliferation, boosted mitochondrial fusion, and inhibited apoptosis and mitochondrial fission via the MAPK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSION YJZYD promoted ovarian GC proliferation and mitochondrial fusion, suppressed cell apoptosis and mitochondrial fission, and effectively improved DOR in mice by activating the MAPK/ERK pathway, providing a theoretical basis for the clinical application value of YJZYD in DOR treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 233 CAI 'e North Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Jilin Kuang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 233 CAI 'e North Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen YJ, Xie MR, Zhou SQ, Liu F. Mapping the research of mitochondria and Parkinson's disease: a bibliometric analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1413762. [PMID: 39350973 PMCID: PMC11439651 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1413762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the elderly. Relevant studies suggest a significant connection between the mitochondria and PD. Publications exploring this connection have steadily increased in recent years. This study employs a bibliometric approach to comprehensively analyze the current status and future directions of the research on mitochondria and PD. Method We retrieved data from the Web of Science database and used CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and "Bibliometrix" software to visually analyze various aspects of the research field. These aspects included the number of published papers, contributing countries and institutions, authors, publishing journals, cited references, and keywords. Results Our analysis identified a total of 3,291 publications involving 14,670 authors from 2,836 organizations across 78 countries. The publication volume exhibited a continuous upward trend from 1999 to 2023. The United States emerged as the leading force in this research area, contributing the highest number of high-quality publications. Notably, the United States collaborated extensively with Germany and the United Kingdom. The University of Pittsburgh stood out as the most prolific institution. Harvard University had the highest academic influence and closely cooperated with the University of Pittsburgh, Juntendo University, and McGill University. Dr. Hattori Nobutaka was identified as the most prolific author, while Dr. Youle, Richard J emerged as the most influential author based on the highest average citation frequency. The Journal of Neurochemistry was the most published journal. The most co-cited paper was titled "Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1." The major keywords included oxidative stress, alpha-synuclein, pink1, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitofusin 2, ubiquitin, and mitochondrial quality control have been identified as new research hotspots in recent years. Conclusion Mitochondria-PD research is experiencing a steady increase in activity, fueled by increasing close collaboration between countries and different institutions. However, there is a need to further strengthen collaboration and communication between developed and developing nations. Current research has focused on the specific mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their relationship with PD. Mitofusin 2, ubiquitin, and mitochondrial quality control are positioned to be the hotspots and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Chen
- Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- National TCM Master Liu Zuyi Inheritance Studio, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Rong Xie
- The First Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Zhou
- National TCM Master Liu Zuyi Inheritance Studio, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Liu
- National TCM Master Liu Zuyi Inheritance Studio, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serangeli I, Diamanti T, De Jaco A, Miranda E. Role of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts in neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:5040-5068. [PMID: 39099373 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) mediate a close and continuous communication between both organelles that is essential for the transfer of calcium and lipids to mitochondria, necessary for cellular signalling and metabolic pathways. Their structural and molecular characterisation has shown the involvement of many proteins that bridge the membranes of the two organelles and maintain the structural stability and function of these contacts. The crosstalk between the two organelles is fundamental for proper neuronal function and is now recognised as a component of many neurological disorders. In fact, an increasing proportion of MERC proteins take part in the molecular and cellular basis of pathologies affecting the nervous system. Here we review the alterations in MERCs that have been reported for these pathologies, from neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders to neurodegenerative diseases. Although mitochondrial abnormalities in these debilitating conditions have been extensively attributed to the high energy demand of neurons, a distinct role for MERCs is emerging as a new field of research. Understanding the molecular details of such alterations may open the way to new paths of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Serangeli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Diamanti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Dai X, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Guo J, Shen L, Yan H, Jiang H. Mitochondrial dynamics in pulmonary disease: Implications for the potential therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31370. [PMID: 38988059 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion/fission to maintain normal cell physiological activities and energy metabolism. When mitochondrial dynamics is unbalanced, mitochondrial homeostasis is broken, thus damaging mitochondrial function. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impairment in mitochondrial dynamics leads to lung tissue injury and pulmonary disease progression in a variety of disease models, including inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and barrier breakdown, and that the role of mitochondrial dynamics varies among pulmonary diseases. These findings suggest that modulation of mitochondrial dynamics may be considered as a valid therapeutic strategy in pulmonary diseases. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in pulmonary diseases, with a particular focus on its underlying mechanisms in the development of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis (PF), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), lung cancer and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and outline effective drugs targeting mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins, highlighting the great potential of targeting mitochondrial dynamics in the treatment of pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyan Dai
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junfu Zhou
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Grassland Resources, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lidu Shen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengxiu Yan
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, College of Pharmacology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kochan SMV, Malo MC, Jevtic M, Jahn-Kelleter HM, Wani GA, Ndoci K, Pérez-Revuelta L, Gaedke F, Schäffner I, Lie DC, Schauss A, Bergami M. Enhanced mitochondrial fusion during a critical period of synaptic plasticity in adult-born neurons. Neuron 2024; 112:1997-2014.e6. [PMID: 38582081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Integration of new neurons into adult hippocampal circuits is a process coordinated by local and long-range synaptic inputs. To achieve stable integration and uniquely contribute to hippocampal function, immature neurons are endowed with a critical period of heightened synaptic plasticity, yet it remains unclear which mechanisms sustain this form of plasticity during neuronal maturation. We found that as new neurons enter their critical period, a transient surge in fusion dynamics stabilizes elongated mitochondrial morphologies in dendrites to fuel synaptic plasticity. Conditional ablation of fusion dynamics to prevent mitochondrial elongation selectively impaired spine plasticity and synaptic potentiation, disrupting neuronal competition for stable circuit integration, ultimately leading to decreased survival. Despite profuse mitochondrial fragmentation, manipulation of competition dynamics was sufficient to restore neuronal survival but left neurons poorly responsive to experience at the circuit level. Thus, by enabling synaptic plasticity during the critical period, mitochondrial fusion facilitates circuit remodeling by adult-born neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M V Kochan
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Meret Cepero Malo
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Milica Jevtic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah M Jahn-Kelleter
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gulzar A Wani
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristiano Ndoci
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Gaedke
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Iris Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matteo Bergami
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cai M, Wan J, Cai K, Li S, Du X, Song H, Sun W, Hu J. The mitochondrial quality control system: a new target for exercise therapeutic intervention in the treatment of brain insulin resistance-induced neurodegeneration in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:749-763. [PMID: 38379083 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health concern because of its strong association with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, brain insulin resistance in obesity is likely to lead to neuroplasticity deficits. Since the evidence shows that insulin resistance in brain regions abundant in insulin receptors significantly alters mitochondrial efficiency and function, strategies targeting the mitochondrial quality control system may be of therapeutic and practical value in obesity-induced cognitive decline. Exercise is considered as a powerful stimulant of mitochondria that improves insulin sensitivity and enhances neuroplasticity. It has great potential as a non-pharmacological intervention against the onset and progression of obesity associated neurodegeneration. Here, we integrate the current knowledge of the mechanisms of neurodegenration in obesity and focus on brain insulin resistance to explain the relationship between the impairment of neuronal plasticity and mitochondrial dysfunction. This knowledge was synthesised to explore the exercise paradigm as a feasible intervention for obese neurodegenration in terms of improving brain insulin signals and regulating the mitochondrial quality control system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Jinshan District Central Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Keren Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xinlin Du
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ellioff KJ, Osting SM, Lentine A, Welper AD, Burger C, Greenspan DS. Ablation of Mitochondrial RCC1-L Induces Nigral Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration and Parkinsonian-like Motor Symptoms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.01.567409. [PMID: 38585782 PMCID: PMC10996473 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.567409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to both idiopathic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously identified RCC1-like (RCC1L) as a protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane important to mitochondrial fusion. Herein, to test whether deficits in RCC1L mitochondrial function might be involved in PD pathology, we have selectively ablated the Rcc1l gene in the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of mice. A PD-like phenotype resulted that includes progressive movement abnormalities, paralleled by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract. Experimental and control groups were examined at 2, 3-4, and 5-6 months of age. Animals were tested in the open field task to quantify anxiety, exploratory drive, locomotion, and immobility; and in the cylinder test to quantify rearing behavior. Beginning at 3-4 months, both female and male Rcc1l knockout mice show rigid muscles and resting tremor, kyphosis and a growth deficit compared with heterozygous or wild type littermate controls. Rcc1l knockout mice begin showing locomotor impairments at 3-4 months, which progress until 5-6 months of age, at which age the Rcc1l knockout mice die. The progressive motor impairments were associated with progressive and significantly reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and dramatic loss of nigral DA projections in the striatum. Dystrophic spherical mitochondria are apparent in the soma of SNc neurons in Rcc1l knockout mice as early as 1.5-2.5 months of age and become progressively more pronounced until 5-6 months. Together, the results reveal the RCC1L protein to be essential to in vivo mitochondrial function in DA neurons. Further characterization of this mouse model will determine whether it represents a new model for in vivo study of PD, and the putative role of the human RCC1L gene as a risk factor that might increase PD occurrence and severity in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin J. Ellioff
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, 53706
- Present Address, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195
| | | | - Alyssa Lentine
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, 53705
| | - Ashley D. Welper
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, 53705
| | - Corinna Burger
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, 53706
| | - Daniel S. Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, 53705
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Dai X, Li H, Jiang H, Zhou J, Zhang S, Guo J, Shen L, Yang H, Lin J, Yan H. The role of mitochondrial dynamics in disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e462. [PMID: 38156294 PMCID: PMC10753647 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifaceted and dynamic organelles regulating various important cellular processes from signal transduction to determining cell fate. As dynamic properties of mitochondria, fusion and fission accompanied with mitophagy, undergo constant changes in number and morphology to sustain mitochondrial homeostasis in response to cell context changes. Thus, the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy is unsurprisingly related with various diseases, but the unclear underlying mechanism hinders their clinical application. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, particularly the different roles of key components in mitochondrial dynamics in different context. We also summarize the roles of mitochondrial dynamics and target treatment in diseases related to the cardiovascular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and tumor cell metabolism demanding high-energy. In these diseases, it is common that excessive mitochondrial fission is dominant and accompanied by impaired fusion and mitophagy. But there have been many conflicting findings about them recently, which are specifically highlighted in this view. We look forward that these findings will help broaden our understanding of the roles of the mitochondrial dynamics in diseases and will be beneficial to the discovery of novel selective therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xinyan Dai
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hui Li
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huiling Jiang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Junfu Zhou
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Lidu Shen
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huantao Yang
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryQinghai Tibet Plateau Research InstituteSouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jie Lin
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hengxiu Yan
- Immunotherapy LaboratoryCollege of PharmacologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Troughton LD, Xu F, Chatterjee A, Ding C, Zhao H, Cifuentes LP, Wagner RB, Wang T, Tan S, Chen J, Li L, Umulis D, Kuang S, Suter DM, Yuan C, Chan D, Huang F, Oakes PW, Deng Q. Atypical peripheral actin band formation via overactivation of RhoA and nonmuscle myosin II in mitofusin 2-deficient cells. eLife 2023; 12:e88828. [PMID: 37724949 PMCID: PMC10550287 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell spreading and migration play central roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. We have previously shown that MFN2 regulates the migration of human neutrophil-like cells via suppressing Rac activation. Here, we show that in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MFN2 suppresses RhoA activation and supports cell polarization. After initial spreading, the wild-type cells polarize and migrate, whereas the Mfn2-/- cells maintain a circular shape. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ resulting from the loss of Mfn2 is directly responsible for this phenotype, which can be rescued by expressing an artificial tether to bring mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum to close vicinity. Elevated cytosolic Ca2+ activates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, RhoA, and myosin light-chain kinase, causing an overactivation of nonmuscle myosin II, leading to a formation of a prominent F-actin ring at the cell periphery and increased cell contractility. The peripheral actin band alters cell physics and is dependent on substrate rigidity. Our results provide a novel molecular basis to understand how MFN2 regulates distinct signaling pathways in different cells and tissue environments, which is instrumental in understanding and treating MFN2-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Lee D Troughton
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Fan Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Aritra Chatterjee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Chang Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Han Zhao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Laura P Cifuentes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Ryan B Wagner
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Shelly Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Jingjuan Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Linlin Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - David Umulis
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology & Infectious Disease, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Deva Chan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Fang Huang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology & Infectious Disease, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West LafayetteWest LafayetteUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dorn GW. Reversing Dysdynamism to Interrupt Mitochondrial Degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:1188. [PMID: 37190097 PMCID: PMC10136928 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is one of several chronic neurodegenerative conditions in which mitochondrial abnormalities are posited to contribute to disease progression. Therapeutic options targeting mitochondria include enhancing metabolism, suppressing reactive oxygen production and disrupting mitochondria-mediated programmed cell death pathways. Herein is reviewed mechanistic evidence supporting a meaningful pathophysiological role for the constellation of abnormal mitochondrial fusion, fission and transport, collectively designated mitochondrial dysdynamism, in ALS. Following this is a discussion on preclinical studies in ALS mice that seemingly validate the idea that normalizing mitochondrial dynamism can delay ALS by interrupting a vicious cycle of mitochondrial degeneration, leading to neuronal die-back and death. Finally, the relative benefits of suppressing mitochondrial fusion vs. enhancing mitochondrial fusion in ALS are speculated upon, and the paper concludes with the prediction that the two approaches could be additive or synergistic, although a side-by-side comparative trial may be challenging to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pharmacogenomics), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Bhaisa PK, Joshi MM, Puranik CM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Mitofusin-2: Functional switch between mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2023; 69:116-129. [PMID: 36764501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles known to play role in the regulation of several cellular biological processes. However, their dynamics such as number, shape, and biological functions are regulated by mitochondrial fusion and fission process. The balance between the fusion and fission process is most important for the maintenance of mitochondrial structure as well as cellular functions. The alterations within mitochondrial dynamic processes were found to be associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), a GTPase has emerged as a multifunctional protein which not only is found to regulate the mitochondrial fusion-fission process but also known to regulate several cellular functions such as mitochondrial metabolism, cellular biogenesis, signalling, and apoptosis via maintaining the ER-mitochondria contact sites. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structural and functional properties of the Mfn2, its transcriptional regulation and their roles in several cellular functions with a focus on current advances in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Pooja K Bhaisa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Mrudula M Joshi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Chitranshi M Puranik
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033, India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zacharioudakis E, Gavathiotis E. Mitochondrial dynamics proteins as emerging drug targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:112-127. [PMID: 36496299 PMCID: PMC9868082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitochondrial dynamics, the physiological process of mitochondrial fusion and fission, in regulating diverse cellular functions and cellular fitness has been well established. Several pathologies are associated with aberrant mitochondrial fusion or fission that is often a consequence of deregulated mitochondrial dynamics proteins; however, pharmacological targeting of these proteins has been lacking and is challenged by complex molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have advanced our understanding in this area and have enabled rational drug design and chemical screening strategies. We provide an updated overview of the regulatory mechanisms of fusion and fission proteins, their structure-function relationships, and the discovery of pharmacological modulators demonstrating their therapeutic potential. These advances provide exciting opportunities for the development of prototype therapeutics for various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Zacharioudakis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shen X, Sun P, Zhang H, Yang H. Mitochondrial quality control in the brain: The physiological and pathological roles. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1075141. [PMID: 36578825 PMCID: PMC9791200 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1075141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain has high energetic expenses and consumes over 20% of total oxygen metabolism. Abnormal brain energy homeostasis leads to various brain diseases. Among multiple factors that contribute to these diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most common causes. Maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and functionality is of pivotal importance to brain energy generation. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC), employing the coordination of multiple mechanisms, is evolved to overcome many mitochondrial defects. Thus, not surprisingly, aberrant mitochondrial quality control results in a wide range of brain disorders. Targeting MQC to preserve and restore mitochondrial function has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of brain diseases. Here, we set out to summarize the current understanding of mitochondrial quality control in brain homeostasis. We also evaluate potential pharmaceutically and clinically relevant targets in MQC-associated brain disorders.
Collapse
|
16
|
The Role of Mitophagy in Various Neurological Diseases as a Therapeutic Approach. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01302-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
17
|
Pozo Devoto VM, Onyango IG, Stokin GB. Mitochondrial behavior when things go wrong in the axon. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:959598. [PMID: 35990893 PMCID: PMC9389222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.959598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal homeostasis is maintained by processes that include cytoskeletal regulation, cargo transport, synaptic activity, ionic balance, and energy supply. Several of these processes involve mitochondria to varying degrees. As a transportable powerplant, the mitochondria deliver ATP and Ca2+-buffering capabilities and require fusion/fission to maintain proper functioning. Taking into consideration the long distances that need to be covered by mitochondria in the axons, their transport, distribution, fusion/fission, and health are of cardinal importance. However, axonal homeostasis is disrupted in several disorders of the nervous system, or by traumatic brain injury (TBI), where the external insult is translated into physical forces that damage nervous tissue including axons. The degree of damage varies and can disconnect the axon into two segments and/or generate axonal swellings in addition to cytoskeletal changes, membrane leakage, and changes in ionic composition. Cytoskeletal changes and increased intra-axonal Ca2+ levels are the main factors that challenge mitochondrial homeostasis. On the other hand, a proper function and distribution of mitochondria can determine the recovery or regeneration of the axonal physiological state. Here, we discuss the current knowledge regarding mitochondrial transport, fusion/fission, and Ca2+ regulation under axonal physiological or pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victorio M. Pozo Devoto
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Isaac G. Onyango
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Gorazd B. Stokin
- Translational Neuroscience and Ageing Program, Centre for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dorn Ii GW. Neurohormonal Connections with Mitochondria in Cardiomyopathy and Other Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C461-C477. [PMID: 35759434 PMCID: PMC9363002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurohormonal signaling and mitochondrial dynamism are seemingly distinct processes that are almost ubiquitous among multicellular organisms. Both of these processes are regulated by GTPases, and disturbances in either can provoke disease. Here, inconspicuous pathophysiological connectivity between neurohormonal signaling and mitochondrial dynamism is reviewed in the context of cardiac and neurological syndromes. For both processes, greater understanding of basic mechanisms has evoked a reversal of conventional pathophysiological concepts. Thus, neurohormonal systems induced in, and previously thought to be critical for, cardiac functioning in heart failure are now pharmaceutically interrupted as modern standard of care. And, mitochondrial abnormalities in neuropathies that were originally attributed to an imbalance between mitochondrial fusion and fission are increasingly recognized as an interruption of axonal mitochondrial transport. The data are presented in a historical context to provided insight into how scientific thought has evolved and to foster an appreciation for how seemingly different areas of investigation can converge. Finally, some theoretical notions are presented to explain how different molecular and functional defects can evoke tissue-specific disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn Ii
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wani GA, Sprenger HG, Ndoci K, Chandragiri S, Acton RJ, Schatton D, Kochan SMV, Sakthivelu V, Jevtic M, Seeger JM, Müller S, Giavalisco P, Rugarli EI, Motori E, Langer T, Bergami M. Metabolic control of adult neural stem cell self-renewal by the mitochondrial protease YME1L. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110370. [PMID: 35172139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition between quiescence and activation in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) is coupled with reversible changes in energy metabolism with key implications for lifelong NSPC self-renewal and neurogenesis. How this metabolic plasticity is ensured between NSPC activity states is unclear. We find that a state-specific rewiring of the mitochondrial proteome by the i-AAA peptidase YME1L is required to preserve NSPC self-renewal. YME1L controls the abundance of numerous mitochondrial substrates in quiescent NSPCs, and its deletion activates a differentiation program characterized by broad metabolic changes causing the irreversible shift away from a fatty-acid-oxidation-dependent state. Conditional Yme1l deletion in adult NSPCs in vivo results in defective self-renewal and premature differentiation, ultimately leading to NSPC pool depletion. Our results disclose an important role for YME1L in coordinating the switch between metabolic states of NSPCs and suggest that NSPC fate is regulated by compartmentalized changes in protein network dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar A Wani
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sprenger
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristiano Ndoci
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Srikanth Chandragiri
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard James Acton
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Schatton
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra M V Kochan
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vignesh Sakthivelu
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Milica Jevtic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens M Seeger
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, CECAD Research Center and University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena I Rugarli
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elisa Motori
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matteo Bergami
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beikoghli Kalkhoran S, Kararigas G. Oestrogenic Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031118. [PMID: 35163044 PMCID: PMC8834780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological sex influences disease development and progression. The steroid hormone 17β-oestradiol (E2), along with its receptors, is expected to play a major role in the manifestation of sex differences. E2 exerts pleiotropic effects in a system-specific manner. Mitochondria are one of the central targets of E2, and their biogenesis and respiration are known to be modulated by E2. More recently, it has become apparent that E2 also regulates mitochondrial fusion–fission dynamics, thereby affecting cellular metabolism. The aim of this article is to discuss the regulatory pathways by which E2 orchestrates the activity of several components of mitochondrial dynamics in the cardiovascular and nervous systems in health and disease. We conclude that E2 regulates mitochondrial dynamics to maintain the mitochondrial network promoting mitochondrial fusion and attenuating mitochondrial fission in both the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Maintenance of Cardiovascular Homeostasis: The Roles and Interregulation of UPS, Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3960773. [PMID: 34804365 PMCID: PMC8601824 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3960773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of normal function of mitochondria is vital to the fate and health of cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are three major components of MQC. With the progress of research, our understanding of MQC mechanisms continues to deepen. Gradually, we realize that the three MQC mechanisms are not independent of each other. To the contrary, there are crosstalk among the mechanisms, which can make them interact with each other and cooperate well, forming a triangle interplay. Briefly, the UPS system can regulate the level of mitochondrial dynamic proteins and mitophagy receptors. In the process of Parkin-dependent mitophagy, the UPS is also widely activated, performing critical roles. Mitochondrial dynamics have a profound influence on mitophagy. In this review, we provide new processes of the three major MQC mechanisms in the background of cardiomyocytes and delve into the relationship between them.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mitochondrial dysfunction in adult midbrain dopamine neurons triggers an early immune response. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009822. [PMID: 34570766 PMCID: PMC8496783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the midbrain are at risk to become affected by mitochondrial damage over time and mitochondrial defects have been frequently reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, the causal contribution of adult-onset mitochondrial dysfunction to PD remains uncertain. Here, we developed a mouse model lacking Mitofusin 2 (MFN2), a key regulator of mitochondrial network homeostasis, in adult midbrain DA neurons. The knockout mice develop severe and progressive DA neuron-specific mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in neurodegeneration and parkinsonism. To gain further insights into pathophysiological events, we performed transcriptomic analyses of isolated DA neurons and found that mitochondrial dysfunction triggers an early onset immune response, which precedes mitochondrial swelling, mtDNA depletion, respiratory chain deficiency and cell death. Our experiments show that the immune response is an early pathological event when mitochondrial dysfunction is induced in adult midbrain DA neurons and that neuronal death may be promoted non-cell autonomously by the cross-talk and activation of surrounding glial cells. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons and strongly compromised motor performance. Multiple observations suggest that DA neurons are particularly prone to acquire mitochondrial damage in adult life. This acquired mitochondrial dysfunction likely impairs DA neuron function and contributes to cell death. To study the consequences of adult-onset mitochondrial dysfunction in DA neurons, we generated a conditional activatable knockout mouse model lacking Mitofusin 2, a key regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. This animal model allows the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction selectively in adult DA neurons and leads to motor defects and the typical pattern of neurodegeneration seen in PD. By studying gene expression in isolated DA neurons at early disease stages and by using in situ approaches on brain sections, we report an early onset of an inflammatory response. Inflammation is present already when the mutant DA neurons display the first signs of mitochondrial fragmentation and precedes the onset of respiratory chain dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The inflammatory response in DA neurons and activation of surrounding glia thus likely exacerbates or drives the neurodegenerative process in this animal model of adult-onset PD.
Collapse
|
23
|
Emery JM, Ortiz RM. Mitofusin 2: A link between mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism? Mitochondrion 2021; 61:125-137. [PMID: 34536562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic, interactive organelles that connect cellular signaling and whole-cell homeostasis. This "mitochatting" allows the cell to receive information about the mitochondria's condition before accommodating energy demands. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), an outer mitochondrial membrane fusion protein specializes in mediating mitochondrial homeostasis. Early studies defined the biological significance of Mfn2, while latter studies highlighted its role in substrate metabolism. However, determining Mfn2 potential to contribute to energy homeostasis needs study. This review summarizes current literature on mitochondrial metabolic processes, dynamics, and evidence of interactions among Mfn2 and regulatory processes that may link Mfn2's role in maintaining mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna M Emery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States.
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ahn SY, Song J, Kim YC, Kim MH, Hyun YM. Mitofusin-2 Promotes the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Induced Cervical Cancer Progression. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e30. [PMID: 34522443 PMCID: PMC8410987 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a mitochondrial fusion protein, has been frequently associated with poor prognosis of patients with cervical cancer. Here, we aimed to identify the function of MFN2 in cervical cancer to understand its influence on disease prognosis. To this end, from cervical adenocarcinoma, we performed an MTT assay and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis to assess the effects of MFN2 on the proliferation and of HeLa cells. Then, colony-formation ability and tumorigenesis were evaluated using a tumor xenograft mouse model. The migration ability related to MFN2 was also measured using a wound healing assay. Consequently, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MFN2-knockdowned HeLa cells originating from adenocarcinoma. markers related to MFN2 were assessed by qRT-PCR. Clinical data were analyzed using cBioPortal and The Cancer Genome Atlas. We found that MFN2 knockdown reduced the proliferation, colony formation ability, migration, and in vivo tumorigenesis of HeLa cells. Primarily, migration of MFN2-knockdowned HeLa cells decreased through the suppression of EMT. Thus, we concluded that MFN2 facilitates cancer progression and in vivo tumorigenesis in HeLa cells. These findings suggest that MFN2 could be a novel target to regulate the EMT program and tumorigenic potential in HeLa cells and might serve as a therapeutic target for cervical cancer. Taken together, this study is expected to contribute to the treatment of patients with cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Song
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Cheon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Han S, Zhao F, Hsia J, Ma X, Liu Y, Torres S, Fujioka H, Zhu X. The role of Mfn2 in the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial tethering in vivo. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269077. [PMID: 34110411 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) play an essential role in multiple cell physiological processes. Although Mfn2 was the first protein implicated in the formation of MERCs, there is debate as to whether it acts as a tether or antagonizer, largely based on in vitro studies. To understand the role of Mfn2 in MERCs in vivo, we characterized ultrastructural and biochemical changes of MERCs in pyramidal neurons of hippocampus in Mfn2 conditional knockout mice and in Mfn2 overexpressing mice, and found that Mfn2 ablation caused reduced close contacts, whereas Mfn2 overexpression caused increased close contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria in vivo. Functional studies on SH-SY5Y cells with Mfn2 knockout or overexpression demonstrating similar biochemical changes found that mitochondrial calcium uptake along with IP3R3-Grp75 interaction was decreased in Mfn2 knockout cells but increased in Mfn2 overexpressing cells. Lastly, we found Mfn2 knockout decreased and Mfn2 overexpression increased the interaction between the ER-mitochondria tethering pair of VAPB-PTPIP51. In conclusion, our study supports the notion that Mfn2 plays a critical role in ER-mitochondrial tethering and the formation of close contacts in neuronal cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hsia
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaopin Ma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sandy Torres
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Paß T, Wiesner RJ, Pla-Martín D. Selective Neuron Vulnerability in Common and Rare Diseases-Mitochondria in the Focus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:676187. [PMID: 34295920 PMCID: PMC8290884 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.676187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature of neurodegeneration within the central and peripheral nervous system, highlighting a strong dependence on proper mitochondrial function of neurons with especially high energy consumptions. The fitness of mitochondria critically depends on preservation of distinct processes, including the maintenance of their own genome, mitochondrial dynamics, quality control, and Ca2+ handling. These processes appear to be differently affected in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as in rare neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. Strikingly, particular neuron populations of different morphology and function perish in these diseases, suggesting that cell-type specific factors contribute to the vulnerability to distinct mitochondrial defects. Here we review the disruption of mitochondrial processes in common as well as in rare neurological disorders and its impact on selective neurodegeneration. Understanding discrepancies and commonalities regarding mitochondrial dysfunction as well as individual neuronal demands will help to design new targets and to make use of already established treatments in order to improve treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paß
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Pla-Martín
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cui P, Zhang P, Yuan L, Wang L, Guo X, Cui G, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhang X, Li X, Yin Y, Yu Z. HIF-1α Affects the Neural Stem Cell Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells via MFN2-Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671704. [PMID: 34235146 PMCID: PMC8256873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) plays pivotal roles in maintaining pluripotency, and the developmental potential of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). However, the mechanisms underlying HIF-1α regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that HIF-1α knockdown significantly inhibits the pluripotency and self-renewal potential of hiPSCs. We further uncovered that the disruption of HIF-1α promotes the NSC differentiation and development potential in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HIF-1α knockdown significantly enhances mitofusin2 (MFN2)-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and excessive mitochondrial fusion could also promote the NSC differentiation potential of hiPSCs via activating the β-catenin signaling. Additionally, MFN2 significantly reverses the effects of HIF-1α overexpression on the NSC differentiation potential and β-catenin activity of hiPSCs. Furthermore, Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibition could also reverse the effects of HIF-1α knockdown on the NSC differentiation potential of hiPSCs. This study provided a novel strategy for improving the directed differentiation efficiency of functional NSCs. These findings are important for the development of potential clinical interventions for neurological diseases caused by metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Institute of Precision of Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Institute of Precision of Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanghui Cui
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghua Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Precision of Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Yu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen L, Liu B, Qin Y, Li A, Gao M, Liu H, Gong G. Mitochondrial Fusion Protein Mfn2 and Its Role in Heart Failure. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681237. [PMID: 34026850 PMCID: PMC8138128 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) is a transmembrane GTPase located on the mitochondrial outer membrane that contributes to mitochondrial network regulation. It is an essential multifunctional protein that participates in various biological processes under physical and pathological conditions, including mitochondrial fusion, reticulum–mitochondria contacts, mitochondrial quality control, and apoptosis. Mfn2 dysfunctions have been found to contribute to cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, this review mainly focuses on what is known about the structure and function of Mfn2 and its crucial role in heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bilin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Gong
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tresse E, Riera-Ponsati L, Jaberi E, Sew WQG, Ruscher K, Issazadeh-Navikas S. IFN-β rescues neurodegeneration by regulating mitochondrial fission via STAT5, PGAM5, and Drp1. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106868. [PMID: 33913175 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis is essential for providing cellular energy, particularly in resource-demanding neurons, defects in which cause neurodegeneration, but the function of interferons (IFNs) in regulating neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis is unknown. We found that neuronal IFN-β is indispensable for mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolism, sustaining ATP levels and preventing excessive ROS by controlling mitochondrial fission. IFN-β induces events that are required for mitochondrial fission, phosphorylating STAT5 and upregulating PGAM5, which phosphorylates serine 622 of Drp1. IFN-β signaling then recruits Drp1 to mitochondria, oligomerizes it, and engages INF2 to stabilize mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) platforms. This process tethers damaged mitochondria to the ER to separate them via fission. Lack of neuronal IFN-β in the Ifnb-/- model of Parkinson disease (PD) disrupts STAT5-PGAM5-Drp1 signaling, impairing fission and causing large multibranched, damaged mitochondria with insufficient ATP production and excessive oxidative stress to accumulate. In other PD models, IFN-β rescues dopaminergic neuronal cell death and pathology, associated with preserved mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, IFN-β activates mitochondrial fission in neurons through the pSTAT5/PGAM5/S622 Drp1 pathway to stabilize mitochondria/ER platforms, constituting an essential neuroprotective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Tresse
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lluís Riera-Ponsati
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elham Jaberi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Qi Guinevere Sew
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research and LUBIN Lab - Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
PGC-1s in the Spotlight with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073487. [PMID: 33800548 PMCID: PMC8036867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In recent years, the detailed analyses of both genetic and idiopathic forms of the disease have led to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways involved in PD, pointing to the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the pathogenic process. Failure of mitochondrial quality control is now considered a hallmark of the disease. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1) family acts as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, keeping PGC-1 level in a proper range is fundamental to guarantee functional neurons. Here we review the major findings that tightly bond PD and PGC-1s, raising important points that might lead to future investigations.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wilkaniec A, Lenkiewicz AM, Babiec L, Murawska E, Jęśko HM, Cieślik M, Culmsee C, Adamczyk A. Exogenous Alpha-Synuclein Evoked Parkin Downregulation Promotes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neuronal Cells. Implications for Parkinson's Disease Pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:591475. [PMID: 33716707 PMCID: PMC7943853 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.591475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant secretion and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) as well as the loss of parkin function are associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our previous study suggested a functional interaction between those two proteins, showing that the extracellular α-Syn evoked post-translational modifications of parkin, leading to its autoubiquitination and degradation. While parkin plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover, including mitochondrial fission/fusion as well as mitophagy, the involvement of parkin deregulation in α-Syn-induced mitochondrial damage is largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that treatment with exogenous α-Syn triggers mitochondrial dysfunction, reflected by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, elevated synthesis of the mitochondrial superoxide anion, and a decrease in cellular ATP level. At the same time, we observed a protective effect of parkin overexpression on α-Syn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. α-Syn-dependent disturbances of mitophagy were also shown to be directly related to reduced parkin levels in mitochondria and decreased ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins. Also, α-Syn impaired mitochondrial biosynthesis due to the parkin-dependent reduction of PGC-1α protein levels. Finally, loss of parkin function as a result of α-Syn treatment induced an overall breakdown of mitochondrial homeostasis that led to the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria. These findings may thus provide the first compelling evidence for the direct association of α-Syn-mediated parkin depletion to impaired mitochondrial function in PD. We suggest that improvement of parkin function may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent mitochondrial impairment and neurodegeneration in PD (thereby slowing the progression of the disease).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Lenkiewicz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Babiec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Murawska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk M Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre (PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Di Nottia M, Verrigni D, Torraco A, Rizza T, Bertini E, Carrozzo R. Mitochondrial Dynamics: Molecular Mechanisms, Related Primary Mitochondrial Disorders and Therapeutic Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:247. [PMID: 33578638 PMCID: PMC7916359 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria do not exist as individual entities in the cell-conversely, they constitute an interconnected community governed by the constant and opposite process of fission and fusion. The mitochondrial fission leads to the formation of smaller mitochondria, promoting the biogenesis of new organelles. On the other hand, following the fusion process, mitochondria appear as longer and interconnected tubules, which enhance the communication with other organelles. Both fission and fusion are carried out by a small number of highly conserved guanosine triphosphatase proteins and their interactors. Disruption of this equilibrium has been associated with several pathological conditions, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration, and mutations in genes involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion have been reported to be the cause of a subset of neurogenetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.D.N.); (D.V.); (A.T.); (T.R.); (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao F, Austria Q, Wang W, Zhu X. Mfn2 Overexpression Attenuates MPTP Neurotoxicity In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020601. [PMID: 33435331 PMCID: PMC7827738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a critical event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increasing evidence demonstrates that disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and quality control play an important role in mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Our previous study demonstrated that MPP+ induces mitochondrial fragmentation in vitro. In this study, we aimed to assess whether blocking MPTP-induced mitochondrial fragmentation by overexpressing Mfn2 affords neuroprotection in vivo. We found that the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) induced by MPTP treatment, as seen in wild-type littermate control mice, was almost completely blocked in mice overexpressing Mfn2 (hMfn2 mice). The dramatic reduction in dopamine neuronal fibers and dopamine levels in the striatum caused by MPTP administration was also partially inhibited in hMfn2 mice. MPTP-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the SN and striatum were significantly alleviated in hMfn2 mice. The impairment of motor function caused by MPTP was also blocked in hMfn2 mice. Overall, our work demonstrates that restoration of mitochondrial dynamics by Mfn2 overexpression protects against neuronal toxicity in an MPTP-based PD mouse model, which supports the modulation of mitochondrial dynamics as a potential therapeutic target for PD treatment.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ray B, Bhat A, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Bishir M, Mohan SK, Veeraraghavan VP, Chandra R, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Sakharkar MK. Mitochondrial and Organellar Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211028364. [PMID: 34304614 PMCID: PMC8317254 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211028364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-established pathological event in Parkinson's disease (PD). Proteins misfolding and its impaired cellular clearance due to altered autophagy/mitophagy/pexophagy contribute to PD progression. It has been shown that mitochondria have contact sites with endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisomes and lysosomes that are involved in regulating various physiological processes. In pathological conditions, the crosstalk at the contact sites initiates alterations in intracellular vesicular transport, calcium homeostasis and causes activation of proteases, protein misfolding and impairment of autophagy. Apart from the well-reported molecular changes like mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy/mitophagy and oxidative stress in PD, here we have summarized the recent scientific reports to provide the mechanistic insights on the altered communications between ER, peroxisomes, and lysosomes at mitochondrial contact sites. Furthermore, the manuscript elaborates on the contributions of mitochondrial contact sites and organelles dysfunction to the pathogenesis of PD and suggests potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai – 600123, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Aging and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Visiting Professor, Biomedical Sciences department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK- S7N 5A2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang S, Gorshkov K, Lee EM, Xu M, Cheng YS, Sun N, Soheilian F, de Val N, Ming G, Song H, Tang H, Zheng W. Zika Virus-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via Increased Mitochondrial Fragmentation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:598203. [PMID: 33424801 PMCID: PMC7785723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 to 2016 outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in the Americas coincided with a dramatic increase in neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including fetal microcephaly, in newborns born to infected women. In this study, we observed mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential after 24 h of ZIKV infection in human neural stem cells and the SNB-19 glioblastoma cell line. The severity of these changes correlated with the amount of ZIKV proteins expressed in infected cells. ZIKV infection also decreased the levels of mitofusin 2, which modulates mitochondria fusion. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a small molecule inhibiting mitochondria fission, ameliorated mitochondria disruptions and reduced cell death in ZIKV-infected cells. Collectively, this study suggests that abnormal mitochondrial fragmentation contributes to ZIKV-induced neuronal cell death; rebalancing mitochondrial dynamics of fission-fusion could be a therapeutic strategy for drug development to treat ZIKV-mediated neuronal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily M Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nuo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ferri Soheilian
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Natalia de Val
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Guoli Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Critical hubs of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering complexes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2599-2609. [PMID: 32960842 PMCID: PMC7722596 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial injury and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are considered to be the key mechanisms of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles that form close physical contact with a specific domain of the ER, known as mitochondrial-associated membranes. The close physical contact between them is mainly restrained by ER-mitochondria tethering complexes, which can play an important role in mitochondrial damage, ER stress, lipid homeostasis, and cell death. Several ER-mitochondria tethering complex components are involved in the process of renal I/R injury. A better understanding of the physical and functional interaction between ER and mitochondria is helpful to further clarify the mechanism of renal I/R injury and provide potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we aim to describe the structure of the tethering complex and elucidate its pivotal role in renal I/R injury by summarizing its role in many important mechanisms, such as mitophagy, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, apoptosis and necrosis, ER stress, mitochondrial substance transport, and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
37
|
Airavaara M, Parkkinen I, Konovalova J, Albert K, Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin-Induced to Human Parkinson's Disease Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e88. [PMID: 32049438 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity, and postural instability, as well as non-motor features like sleep disturbances, loss of ability to smell, depression, constipation, and pain. Motor symptoms are caused by depletion of dopamine in the striatum due to the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Approximately 10% of PD cases are familial arising from genetic mutations in α-synuclein, LRRK2, DJ-1, PINK1, parkin, and several other proteins. The majority of PD cases are, however, idiopathic, i.e., having no clear etiology. PD is characterized by progressive accumulation of insoluble inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, mostly composed of α-synuclein and membrane components. The cause of PD is currently attributed to cellular proteostasis deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are likely interdependent. In addition, neuroinflammation is present in brains of PD patients, but whether it is the cause or consequence of neurodegeneration remains to be studied. Rodents do not develop PD or PD-like motor symptoms spontaneously; however, neurotoxins, genetic mutations, viral vector-mediated transgene expression and, recently, injections of misfolded α-synuclein have been successfully utilized to model certain aspects of the disease. Here, we critically review the advantages and drawbacks of rodent PD models and discuss approaches to advance pre-clinical PD research towards successful disease-modifying therapy. © 2020 The Authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Konovalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrina Albert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Joaquim M, Escobar-Henriques M. Role of Mitofusins and Mitophagy in Life or Death Decisions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:572182. [PMID: 33072754 PMCID: PMC7539839 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.572182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria entail an incredible dynamism in their morphology, impacting death signaling and selective elimination of the damaged organelles. In turn, by recycling the superfluous or malfunctioning mitochondria, mostly prevalent during aging, mitophagy contributes to maintain a healthy mitochondrial network. Mitofusins locate at the outer mitochondrial membrane and control the plastic behavior of mitochondria, by mediating fusion events. Besides deciding on mitochondrial interconnectivity, mitofusin 2 regulates physical contacts between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, but also serves as a decisive docking platform for mitophagy and apoptosis effectors. Thus, mitofusins integrate multiple bidirectional inputs from and into mitochondria and ensure proper energetic and metabolic cellular performance. Here, we review the role of mitofusins and mitophagy at the cross-road between life and apoptotic death decisions. Furthermore, we highlight the impact of this interplay on disease, focusing on how mitofusin 2 and mitophagy affect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Joaquim
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mafalda Escobar-Henriques
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
Collapse
|
40
|
Motori E, Atanassov I, Kochan SMV, Folz-Donahue K, Sakthivelu V, Giavalisco P, Toni N, Puyal J, Larsson NG. Neuronal metabolic rewiring promotes resilience to neurodegeneration caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8271. [PMID: 32923630 PMCID: PMC7455195 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in mitochondrial disorders is considered irreversible because of limited metabolic plasticity in neurons, yet the cell-autonomous implications of mitochondrial dysfunction for neuronal metabolism in vivo are poorly understood. Here, we profiled the cell-specific proteome of Purkinje neurons undergoing progressive OXPHOS deficiency caused by disrupted mitochondrial fusion dynamics. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction triggers a profound rewiring of the proteomic landscape, culminating in the sequential activation of precise metabolic programs preceding cell death. Unexpectedly, we identified a marked induction of pyruvate carboxylase (PCx) and other anaplerotic enzymes involved in replenishing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Suppression of PCx aggravated oxidative stress and neurodegeneration, showing that anaplerosis is protective in OXPHOS-deficient neurons. Restoration of mitochondrial fusion in end-stage degenerating neurons fully reversed these metabolic hallmarks, thereby preventing cell death. Our findings identify a previously unappreciated pathway conferring resilience to mitochondrial dysfunction and show that neurodegeneration can be reversed even at advanced disease stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Motori
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Corresponding author. , (E.M.); (N.-G.L.)
| | - I. Atanassov
- Proteomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - S. M. V. Kochan
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - K. Folz-Donahue
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - V. Sakthivelu
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - P. Giavalisco
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - N. Toni
- Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N.-G. Larsson
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing–Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author. , (E.M.); (N.-G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dorn GW. Mitofusin 2 Dysfunction and Disease in Mice and Men. Front Physiol 2020; 11:782. [PMID: 32733278 PMCID: PMC7363930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal relationship between Mitofusin (MFN) 2 gene mutations and the hereditary axonal neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) was described over 15 years ago. During the intervening period much has been learned about MFN2 functioning in mitochondrial fusion, calcium signaling, and quality control, and the consequences of these MFN2 activities on cell metabolism, fitness, and development. Nevertheless, the challenge of defining the central underlying mechanism(s) linking mitochondrial abnormalities to progressive dying-back of peripheral arm and leg nerves in CMT2A is largely unmet. Here, a different perspective of why, in humans, MFN2 dysfunction preferentially impacts peripheral nerves is provided based on recent insights into its role in determining whether individual mitochondria will be fusion-competent and retained within the cell, or are fusion-impaired, sequestered, and eliminated by mitophagy. Evidence for and against a regulatory role of mitofusins in mitochondrial transport is reviewed, nagging questions defined, and implications on mitochondrial fusion, quality control, and neuronal degeneration discussed. Finally, in the context of recently described mitofusin activating peptides and small molecules, an overview is provided of potential therapeutic applications for pharmacological enhancement of mitochondrial fusion and motility in CMT2A and other neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Picard M, Sandi C. The social nature of mitochondria: Implications for human health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:595-610. [PMID: 32651001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sociality has profound evolutionary roots and is observed from unicellular organisms to multicellular animals. In line with the view that social principles apply across levels of biological complexity, a growing body of data highlights the remarkable social nature of mitochondria - life-sustaining endosymbiotic organelles with their own genome that populate the cell cytoplasm. Here, we draw from organizing principles of behavior in social organisms to reveal that similar to individuals among social networks, mitochondria communicate with each other and with the cell nucleus, exhibit group formation and interdependence, synchronize their behaviors, and functionally specialize to accomplish specific functions within the organism. Mitochondria are social organelles. The extension of social principles across levels of biological complexity is a theoretical shift that emphasizes the role of communication and interdependence in cell biology, physiology, and neuroscience. With the help of emerging computational methods capable of capturing complex dynamic behavioral patterns, the implementation of social concepts in mitochondrial biology may facilitate cross-talk across disciplines towards increasingly holistic and accurate models of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pleiotropic Mitochondria: The Influence of Mitochondria on Neuronal Development and Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 39:8200-8208. [PMID: 31619488 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1157-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play many important biological roles, including ATP production, lipid biogenesis, ROS regulation, and calcium clearance. In neurons, the mitochondrion is an essential organelle for metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Moreover, mitochondria are extremely dynamic and able to divide, fuse, and move along microtubule tracks to ensure their distribution to the neuronal periphery. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered mitochondrial dynamics are observed in a wide range of conditions, from impaired neuronal development to various neurodegenerative diseases. Novel imaging techniques and genetic tools provide unprecedented access to the physiological roles of mitochondria by visualizing mitochondrial trafficking, morphological dynamics, ATP generation, and ultrastructure. Recent studies using these new techniques have unveiled the influence of mitochondria on axon branching, synaptic function, calcium regulation with the ER, glial cell function, neurogenesis, and neuronal repair. This review provides an overview of the crucial roles played by mitochondria in the CNS in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Spurlock B, Tullet JMA, Hartman J, Mitra K. Interplay of mitochondrial fission-fusion with cell cycle regulation: Possible impacts on stem cell and organismal aging. Exp Gerontol 2020; 135:110919. [PMID: 32220593 PMCID: PMC7808294 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Declining mitochondrial function and homeostasis is a hallmark of aging. It is appreciated that the role of mitochondria is much more complex than generating reactive oxygen species to cause aging-related tissue damage. More recent literature describes that the ability of mitochondria to undergo fission or fusion events with each other impacts aging processes. A dynamic balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion events is required to sustain critical cellular functions including cell cycle. Specifically, cell cycle regulators modulate molecular activities of the mitochondrial fission (and fusion) machinery towards regulating cell cycle progression. In this review, we discus literature leading to our understanding on how shifts in the dynamic balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion can modulate progression through, exit from, and re-entry to the cell cycle or in undergoing senescence. Importantly, core regulators of mitochondrial fission or fusion are emerging as crucial stem cell regulators. We discuss the implication of such regulation in stem cells in the context of aging, given that aberrations in adult stem cells promote aging. We also propose a few hypotheses that may provide direction for further understanding about the roles of mitochondrial fission-fusion dynamics in aging biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Spurlock
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - JMA Tullet
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - J.L. Hartman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - K. Mitra
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA,Corresponding author. (K. Mitra)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Panes JD, Godoy PA, Silva-Grecchi T, Celis MT, Ramirez-Molina O, Gavilan J, Muñoz-Montecino C, Castro PA, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE, Guzmán L, Salisbury JL, Trushina E, Fuentealba J. Changes in PGC-1α/SIRT1 Signaling Impact on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Amyloid-Beta Peptide Toxicity Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:709. [PMID: 32523530 PMCID: PMC7261959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairment that increasingly afflicts the elderly population. Soluble oligomers (AβOs) has been implicated in AD pathogenesis: however, the molecular events underlying a role for Aβ are not well understood. We studied the effects of AβOs on mitochondrial function and on key proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis in hippocampal neurons and PC-12 cells. We find that AβOs treatment caused a reduction in total Mfn1 after a 2 h exposure (42 ± 11%); while DRP1 increased at 1 and 2 h (205 ± 22% and 198 ± 27%, respectively), correlating to changes in mitochondrial morphology. We also observed that SIRT1 levels were reduced after acute and chronic AβOs treatment (68 ± 7% and 77 ± 6%, respectively); while PGC-1α levels were reduced with the same time treatments (68 ± 8% and 67 ± 7%, respectively). Interestingly, we found that chronic treatment with AβOs increased the levels of pSIRT1 (24 h: 157 ± 18%), and we observed changes in the PGC-1α and p-SIRT1 nucleus/cytosol ratio and SIRT1-PGC-1α interaction pattern after chronic exposure to AβOs. Our data suggest that AβOs induce important changes in the level and localization of mitochondrial proteins related with the loss of mitochondrial function that are mediated by a fast and sustained SIRT1/PGC-1α complex disruption promoting a “non-return point” to an irreversible synaptic failure and neuronal network disconnection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Panes
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela A Godoy
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Tiare Silva-Grecchi
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María T Celis
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Ramirez-Molina
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javiera Gavilan
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montecino
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A Castro
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E Yévenes
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Eugenia Trushina
- Neurology Research, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Laboratory of Screening of Neuroactive Compound, Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Center for Advanced Research on Biomedicine (CIAB-UdeC), Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Verma M, Zhu J, Wang KZQ, Chu CT. Chronic treatment with the complex I inhibitor MPP + depletes endogenous PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) via up-regulation of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG6). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7865-7876. [PMID: 32332095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms that impair homeostatic responses to mitochondrial dysfunction remain unclear. Previously, we found that chronic, low-dose administration of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) dysregulates mitochondrial fission-fusion, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Given that PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) regulates mitochondrial function, dynamics, and turnover, we hypothesized that alterations in endogenous PINK1 levels contribute to depletion of mitochondria during chronic complex I injury. Here we found that chronic MPP+ treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells significantly decreases PINK1 expression prior to reductions in other mitochondrial components. Furthermore, Bcl2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG6, BAT3, or Scythe), a protein involved in protein quality control and degradation, was highly up-regulated during the chronic MPP+ treatment. BAG6 interacted with PINK1, and BAG6 overexpression decreased the half-life of PINK1. Conversely, siRNA-mediated BAG6 knockdown prevented chronic MPP+ stress-induced loss of PINK1, reversed MPP+-provoked mitochondrial changes, increased cell viability, and prevented MPP+-induced dendrite shrinkage in primary neurons. These results indicate that BAG6 up-regulation during chronic complex I inhibition contributes to mitochondrial pathology by decreasing the levels of endogenous PINK1. Given that recessive mutations in PINK1 cause familial PD, the finding of accelerated PINK1 degradation in the chronic MPP+ model suggests that PINK1 loss of function represents a point of convergence between the neurotoxic and genetic causes of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Verma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kent Z Q Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dorn GW. Mitofusins as mitochondrial anchors and tethers. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 142:146-153. [PMID: 32304672 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have their own genomes and their own agendas. Like their primitive bacterial ancestors, mitochondria interact with their environment and organelle colleagues at their physical interfaces, the outer mitochondrial membrane. Among outer membrane proteins, mitofusins (MFN) are increasingly recognized for their roles as arbiters of mitochondria-mitochondria and mitochondria-reticular interactions. This review examines the roles of MFN1 and MFN2 in the heart and other organs as proteins that tether mitochondria to each other or to other organelles, and as mitochondrial anchoring proteins for various macromolecular complexes. The consequences of MFN-mediated tethering and anchoring on mitochondrial fusion, motility, mitophagy, and mitochondria-ER calcium cross-talk are reviewed. Pathophysiological implications are explored from the perspective of mitofusin common functioning as tethering and anchoring proteins, rather than as mediators of individual processes. Finally, some informed speculation is provided for why mouse MFN knockout studies show severe multi-system phenotypes whereas rare human diseases linked to MFN mutations are limited in scope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts in Reactive Astrocytes Promote Vascular Remodeling. Cell Metab 2020; 31:791-808.e8. [PMID: 32220306 PMCID: PMC7139200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged for playing important roles in brain tissue repair; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show that acute injury and blood-brain barrier disruption trigger the formation of a prominent mitochondrial-enriched compartment in astrocytic endfeet, which enables vascular remodeling. Integrated imaging approaches revealed that this mitochondrial clustering is part of an adaptive response regulated by fusion dynamics. Astrocyte-specific conditional deletion of Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) suppressed perivascular mitochondrial clustering and disrupted mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites. Functionally, two-photon imaging experiments showed that these structural changes were mirrored by impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake leading to abnormal cytosolic transients within endfeet in vivo. At the tissue level, a compromised vascular complexity in the lesioned area was restored by boosting mitochondrial-ER perivascular tethering in MFN2-deficient astrocytes. These data unmask a crucial role for mitochondrial dynamics in coordinating astrocytic local domains and have important implications for repairing the injured brain.
Collapse
|
49
|
Natarajan V, Chawla R, Mah T, Vivekanandan R, Tan SY, Sato PY, Mallilankaraman K. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Age-Related Metabolic Disorders. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1800404. [PMID: 32131138 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural biological process in living organisms characterized by receding bioenergetics. Mitochondria are crucial for cellular bioenergetics and thus an important contributor to age-related energetics deterioration. In addition, mitochondria play a major role in calcium signaling, redox homeostasis, and thermogenesis making this organelle a major cellular component that dictates the fate of a cell. To maintain its quantity and quality, mitochondria undergo multiple processes such as fission, fusion, and mitophagy to eliminate or replace damaged mitochondria. While this bioenergetics machinery is properly protected, the functional decline associated with age and age-related metabolic diseases is mostly a result of failure in such protective mechanisms. In addition, metabolic by-products like reactive oxygen species also aid in this destructive pathway. Mitochondrial dysfunction has always been thought to be associated with diseases. Moreover, studies in recent years have pointed out that aging contributes to the decay of mitochondrial health by promoting imbalances in key mitochondrial-regulated pathways. Hence, it is crucial to understand the nexus of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. This review focuses on various aspects of basic mitochondrial biology and its status in aging and age-related metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran Natarajan
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Ritu Chawla
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Tania Mah
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Rajesh Vivekanandan
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Shu Yi Tan
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Priscila Y Sato
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19102-1902, USA
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Mitochondrial Physiology and Metabolism Lab, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.,Center for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Öztürk Z, O’Kane CJ, Pérez-Moreno JJ. Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum Dynamics and Its Roles in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:48. [PMID: 32116502 PMCID: PMC7025499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical continuity of axons over long cellular distances poses challenges for their maintenance. One organelle that faces this challenge is endoplasmic reticulum (ER); unlike other intracellular organelles, this forms a physically continuous network throughout the cell, with a single membrane and a single lumen. In axons, ER is mainly smooth, forming a tubular network with occasional sheets or cisternae and low amounts of rough ER. It has many potential roles: lipid biosynthesis, glucose homeostasis, a Ca2+ store, protein export, and contacting and regulating other organelles. This tubular network structure is determined by ER-shaping proteins, mutations in some of which are causative for neurodegenerative disorders such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). While axonal ER shares many features with the tubular ER network in other contexts, these features must be adapted to the long and narrow dimensions of axons. ER appears to be physically continuous throughout axons, over distances that are enormous on a subcellular scale. It is therefore a potential channel for long-distance or regional communication within neurons, independent of action potentials or physical transport of cargos, but involving its physiological roles such as Ca2+ or organelle homeostasis. Despite its apparent stability, axonal ER is highly dynamic, showing features like anterograde and retrograde transport, potentially reflecting continuous fusion and breakage of the network. Here we discuss the transport processes that must contribute to this dynamic behavior of ER. We also discuss the model that these processes underpin a homeostatic process that ensures both enough ER to maintain continuity of the network and repair breaks in it, but not too much ER that might disrupt local cellular physiology. Finally, we discuss how failure of ER organization in axons could lead to axon degenerative diseases, and how a requirement for ER continuity could make distal axons most susceptible to degeneration in conditions that disrupt ER continuity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|