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Martins-Costa C, Wiegers A, Pham VA, Sidhaye J, Doleschall B, Novatchkova M, Lendl T, Piber M, Peer A, Möseneder P, Stuempflen M, Chow SYA, Seidl R, Prayer D, Höftberger R, Kasprian G, Ikeuchi Y, Corsini NS, Knoblich JA. ARID1B controls transcriptional programs of axon projection in an organoid model of the human corpus callosum. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:866-885.e14. [PMID: 38718796 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in ARID1B, a member of the mSWI/SNF complex, cause severe neurodevelopmental phenotypes with elusive mechanisms in humans. The most common structural abnormality in the brain of ARID1B patients is agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), characterized by the absence of an interhemispheric white matter tract that connects distant cortical regions. Here, we find that neurons expressing SATB2, a determinant of callosal projection neuron (CPN) identity, show impaired maturation in ARID1B+/- neural organoids. Molecularly, a reduction in chromatin accessibility of genomic regions targeted by TCF-like, NFI-like, and ARID-like transcription factors drives the differential expression of genes required for corpus callosum (CC) development. Through an in vitro model of the CC tract, we demonstrate that this transcriptional dysregulation impairs the formation of long-range axonal projections, causing structural underconnectivity. Our study uncovers new functions of the mSWI/SNF during human corticogenesis, identifying cell-autonomous axonogenesis defects in SATB2+ neurons as a cause of ACC in ARID1B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Martins-Costa
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wiegers
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent A Pham
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaydeep Sidhaye
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Balint Doleschall
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marielle Piber
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Peer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Möseneder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Stuempflen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siu Yu A Chow
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan; Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan; Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 113-0032 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nina S Corsini
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Adewale Q, Khan AF, Bennett DA, Iturria-Medina Y. Single-nucleus RNA velocity reveals critical synaptic and cell-cycle dysregulations in neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7269. [PMID: 38538816 PMCID: PMC10973452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Typical differential single-nucleus gene expression (snRNA-seq) analyses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) provide fixed snapshots of cellular alterations, making the accurate detection of temporal cell changes challenging. To characterize the dynamic cellular and transcriptomic differences in AD neuropathology, we apply the novel concept of RNA velocity to the study of single-nucleus RNA from the cortex of 60 subjects with varied levels of AD pathology. RNA velocity captures the rate of change of gene expression by comparing intronic and exonic sequence counts. We performed differential analyses to find the significant genes driving both cell type-specific RNA velocity and expression differences in AD, extensively compared these two transcriptomic metrics, and clarified their associations with multiple neuropathologic traits. The results were cross-validated in an independent dataset. Comparison of AD pathology-associated RNA velocity with parallel gene expression differences reveals sets of genes and molecular pathways that underlie the dynamic and static regimes of cell type-specific dysregulations underlying the disease. Differential RNA velocity and its linked progressive neuropathology point to significant dysregulations in synaptic organization and cell development across cell types. Notably, most of the genes underlying this synaptic dysregulation showed increased RNA velocity in AD subjects compared to controls. Accelerated cell changes were also observed in the AD subjects, suggesting that the precocious depletion of precursor cell pools might be associated with neurodegeneration. Overall, this study uncovers active molecular drivers of the spatiotemporal alterations in AD and offers novel insights towards gene- and cell-centric therapeutic strategies accounting for dynamic cell perturbations and synaptic disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quadri Adewale
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Y I-M, 3801 University Street, Room NW312, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ahmed F Khan
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Y I-M, 3801 University Street, Room NW312, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Y I-M, 3801 University Street, Room NW312, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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3
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Takada R, Toritsuka M, Yamauchi T, Ishida R, Kayashima Y, Nishi Y, Ishikawa M, Yamamuro K, Ikehara M, Komori T, Noriyama Y, Kamikawa K, Saito Y, Okano H, Makinodan M. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages of individuals with autism spectrum disorder adversely affect neuronal dendrites through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mol Autism 2024; 15:10. [PMID: 38383466 PMCID: PMC10882766 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-024-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that immune dysfunction and inflammation in the peripheral tissues as well as the central nervous system are associated with the neurodevelopmental deficits observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ASD has been reported. These cytokine expression levels are associated with the severity of behavioral impairments and symptoms in ASD. In a prior study, our group reported that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages (GM-CSF MΦ) and the TNF-α expression ratio in GM-CSF MΦ/M-CSF MΦ (macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages) was markedly higher in individuals with ASD than in typically developed (TD) individuals. However, the mechanisms of how the macrophages and the highly expressed cytokines affect neurons remain to be addressed. METHODS To elucidate the effect of macrophages on human neurons, we used a co-culture system of control human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and differentiated macrophages obtained from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of five TD individuals and five individuals with ASD. All participants were male and ethnically Japanese. RESULTS Our results of co-culture experiments showed that GM-CSF MΦ affect the dendritic outgrowth of neurons through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1α and TNF-α. Macrophages derived from individuals with ASD exerted more severe effects than those derived from TD individuals. LIMITATIONS The main limitations of our study were the small sample size with a gender bias toward males, the use of artificially polarized macrophages, and the inability to directly observe the interaction between neurons and macrophages from the same individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our co-culture system revealed the non-cell autonomous adverse effects of GM-CSF MΦ in individuals with ASD on neurons, mediated by interleukin-1α and TNF-α. These results may support the immune dysfunction hypothesis of ASD, providing new insights into its pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Takada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Rio Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kayashima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Minobu Ikehara
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Noriyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kohei Kamikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
- Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, 3-16-21 Miyanosaka, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-0022, Japan
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4
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Wang Y, Li Y, Wang C, Lio CWJ, Ma Q, Liu B. CEMIG: prediction of the cis-regulatory motif using the de Bruijn graph from ATAC-seq. Brief Bioinform 2023; 25:bbad505. [PMID: 38189539 PMCID: PMC10772951 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sequence motif discovery algorithms enhance the identification of novel deoxyribonucleic acid sequences with pivotal biological significance, especially transcription factor (TF)-binding motifs. The advent of assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) has broadened the toolkit for motif characterization. Nonetheless, prevailing computational approaches have focused on delineating TF-binding footprints, with motif discovery receiving less attention. Herein, we present Cis rEgulatory Motif Influence using de Bruijn Graph (CEMIG), an algorithm leveraging de Bruijn and Hamming distance graph paradigms to predict and map motif sites. Assessment on 129 ATAC-seq datasets from the Cistrome Data Browser demonstrates CEMIG's exceptional performance, surpassing three established methodologies on four evaluative metrics. CEMIG accurately identifies both cell-type-specific and common TF motifs within GM12878 and K562 cell lines, demonstrating its comparative genomic capabilities in the identification of evolutionary conservation and cell-type specificity. In-depth transcriptional and functional genomic studies have validated the functional relevance of CEMIG-identified motifs across various cell types. CEMIG is available at https://github.com/OSU-BMBL/CEMIG, developed in C++ to ensure cross-platform compatibility with Linux, macOS and Windows operating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Wang
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cankun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bingqiang Liu
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Dias CM, Issac B, Sun L, Lukowicz A, Talukdar M, Akula SK, Miller MB, Walsh K, Rockowitz S, Walsh CA. Glial dysregulation in the human brain in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300052120. [PMID: 37252957 PMCID: PMC10265985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300052120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short trinucleotide expansions at the FMR1 locus are associated with the late-onset condition fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), which shows very different clinical and pathological features from fragile X syndrome (associated with longer expansions), with no clear molecular explanation for these marked differences. One prevailing theory posits that the shorter, premutation expansion uniquely causes extreme neurotoxic increases in FMR1 mRNA (i.e., four to eightfold increases), but evidence to support this hypothesis is largely derived from analysis of peripheral blood. We applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing to postmortem frontal cortex and cerebellum from 7 individuals with premutation and matched controls (n = 6) to assess cell type-specific molecular neuropathology. We found only modest upregulation (~1.3-fold) of FMR1 in some glial populations associated with premutation expansions. In premutation cases, we also identified decreased astrocyte proportions in the cortex. Differential expression and gene ontology analysis demonstrated altered neuroregulatory roles of glia. Using network analyses, we identified cell type-specific and region-specific patterns of FMR1 protein target gene dysregulation unique to premutation cases, with notable network dysregulation in the cortical oligodendrocyte lineage. We used pseudotime trajectory analysis to determine how oligodendrocyte development was altered and identified differences in early gene expression in oligodendrocyte trajectories in premutation cases specifically, implicating early cortical glial developmental perturbations. These findings challenge dogma regarding extremely elevated FMR1 increases in FXTAS and implicate glial dysregulation as a critical facet of premutation pathophysiology, representing potential unique therapeutic targets directly derived from the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Dias
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, and Denver Fragile X Clinic and Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Biju Issac
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Liang Sun
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Abigail Lukowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, and Denver Fragile X Clinic and Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Maya Talukdar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD/PhD Program, Program in Bioinformatics & Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Shyam K. Akula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD/PhD Program, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Katherine Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Shira Rockowitz
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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Hidaka C, Mitsui S, Osako Y, Takahashi K, Tanaka K, Yuri K. Differential brain expression pattern of Sez6 alternative splicing isoform with deleted transmembrane domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:128-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Interleukin-38 in Health and Disease. Cytokine 2022; 152:155824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Rasheed M, Khan V, Harripaul R, Siddiqui M, Malik MA, Ullah Z, Zahid M, Vincent JB, Ansar M. Exome sequencing identifies novel and known mutations in families with intellectual disability. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:211. [PMID: 34452636 PMCID: PMC8399827 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID) is a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. METHODS In this study, genome wide SNP microarray and whole exome sequencing are used for the variant identification in eight Pakistani families with ID. Beside ID, most of the affected individuals had speech delay, facial dysmorphism and impaired cognitive abilities. Repetitive behavior was observed in MRID143, while seizures were reported in affected individuals belonging to MRID137 and MRID175. RESULTS In two families (MRID137b and MRID175), we identified variants in the genes CCS and ELFN1, which have not previously been reported to cause ID. In four families, variants were identified in ARX, C5orf42, GNE and METTL4. A copy number variation (CNV) was identified in IL1RAPL1 gene in MRID165. CONCLUSION These findings expand the existing knowledge of variants and genes implicated in autosomal recessive and X linked ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memoona Rasheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Valeed Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ricardo Harripaul
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maimoona Siddiqui
- Division of Neurology, Shifa College of Medicine, H-8/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Amin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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9
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Nemeth
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
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10
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Jiang E, Fitzgerald MP, Helbig KL, Goldberg EM. IL1RAPL1 Gene Deletion in a Female Patient with Developmental Delay and Continuous Spike-Wave during Sleep. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInterleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1) encodes a protein that is highly expressed in neurons and has been shown to regulate neurite outgrowth as well as synapse formation and synaptic transmission. Clinically, mutations in or deletions of IL1RAPL1 have been associated with a spectrum of neurological dysfunction including autism spectrum disorder and nonsyndromic X-linked developmental delay/intellectual disability of varying severity. Nearly all reported cases are in males; in the few reported cases involving females, the clinical presentation was mild or the deletion was identified in phenotypically normal carriers in accordance with X-linked inheritance. Using genome-wide microarray analysis, we identified a novel de novo 373 kb interstitial deletion of the X chromosome (Xp21.1-p21.2) that includes exons 4 to 6 of the IL1RAPL1 gene in an 8-year-old girl with severe intellectual disability and behavioral disorder with a history of developmental regression. Overnight continuous video electroencephalography revealed electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES). This case expands the clinical genetic spectrum of IL1RAPL1-related neurodevelopmental disorders and highlights a new genetic association of ESES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Jiang
- College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mark P. Fitzgerald
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Katherine L. Helbig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ethan M. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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11
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Kokkonen H, Siren A, Määttä T, Kamila Kadlubowska M, Acharya A, Nouel-Saied LM, Leal SM, Järvelä I, Schrauwen I. Identification of microduplications at Xp21.2 and Xq13.1 in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1703. [PMID: 33982443 PMCID: PMC8683627 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microduplications are a rare cause of disease in X‐linked neurodevelopmental disorders but likely have been under reported due challenges in detection and interpretation. Methods We performed exome sequencing and subsequent microarray analysis in two families with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Results Here, we report on two families each with unique inherited microduplications at Xp21.2 and Xq13.1, respectively. In the first family, a 562.8‐kb duplication at Xq13.1 covering DLG3, TEX11, SLC7A3, GDPD2, and part KIF4A was identified in a boy whose phenotype was characterized by delayed speech development, mild intellectual disability (ID), mild dysmorphic facial features, a heart defect, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. By interrogating all reported Xq13.1 duplications in individuals affected with a neurodevelopmental disorder, we provide evidence that this genomic region and particularly DLG3 might be sensitive to an increased dosage. In the second family with four affected males, we found a noncontinuous 223‐ and 204‐kb duplication at Xp21.2, of which the first duplication covers exon 6 of IL1RAPL1. The phenotype of the male patients was characterized by delayed speech development, mild to moderate ID, strabismus, and neurobehavioral symptoms. The carrier daughter and her mother had learning difficulties. IL1RAPL1 shows nonrecurrent causal structural variation and is located at a common fragile site (FRAXC), prone to re‐arrangement. Conclusion In conclusion, we show that comprehensive clinical and genetic examination of microduplications on the X‐chromosome can be helpful in undiagnosed cases of neurodevelopmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaleena Kokkonen
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab and Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Auli Siren
- Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Tuomo Määttä
- Disability Services, Joint Authority for Kainuu, Kajaani, Finland
| | - Magda Kamila Kadlubowska
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liz M Nouel-Saied
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Yuan F, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang A, Wang C, Luo X, Xu Q, Yin R, Cheng H, Wang C, Guo M, Zhang Y, Xi J, Yang J, Sun X, Yan J, Zeng F, Chen Y. Generation and characterization of the induced pluripotent stem cell line SHCDNi004-A from a ten-year-old Chinese boy with X-linked mental retardation in IL1RAPL1 deficiency. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102292. [PMID: 33774333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental retardation, X-linked 21/34 (MRX21/34), is a rare intellectual disability disease caused by mutations in the IL1RAPL1 (Interleukin-1 Receptor Accessory Protein-Like 1) gene. Using Sendai virus-mediated reprogramming, we established an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from PBMCs collected from a ten-year-old boy with MRX21/34. The iPSCs showed stable amplification, expressed pluripotent genes, displayed a normal karyotype, and had characteristics of trilineage differentiation potential in an in vitro differentiation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Simei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaona Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Quanmei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Rongrong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongyi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiaming Xi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jingbin Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yucai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200062, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China.
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13
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Fell CW, Nagy V. Cellular Models and High-Throughput Screening for Genetic Causality of Intellectual Disability. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:220-230. [PMID: 33397633 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disabilities (ID) are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). They can have a genetic cause, including an emerging class of ID centring around Rho GTPases, such as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). Guidelines for establishing genetic causality include the use of cellular models, which often have morphological aberrations, a long-standing hallmark of ID. Disease cellular models can facilitate high-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical or genetic perturbations, which can provide translatable biological insight. Here, we discuss a class of IDs centring around RAC1. We review novel and established cellular models of ID, including mouse and human primary cells and reprogrammed or induced neurons. Finally, we review progress and remaining challenges in the adoption of HTS methodologies by the community studying neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fell
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Centre for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna (MUW), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Centre for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna (MUW), 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Han Y, Huard A, Mora J, da Silva P, Brüne B, Weigert A. IL-36 family cytokines in protective versus destructive inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109773. [PMID: 32898612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors are critical regulators of inflammation. Within the IL-1 family and in contrast to its IL-1 and IL-18 subfamilies, the IL-36 subfamily is still poorly characterized. Three pro-inflammatory agonists IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, one IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) antagonist, IL-36RA, and one putative IL-1R6 antagonist, IL-38, have been grouped into the IL-36 cytokine subfamily. IL-36 agonists signal through a common receptor complex to serve as early triggers of inflammatory responses by activating and cross-regulating a number of inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK and IFN signaling. IL-36RA binds to IL-1R6 to limit inflammatory signaling, while IL-38 may be an antagonist of more than one IL-1 family receptor. Expression patterns of IL-36 family cytokines, being most prominently expressed in epithelial barrier tissues such as the skin and intestines as well as in immune cells, suggest a role in protecting these barriers from infection. Dysregulation of IL-36 family cytokine signaling at physiological barriers, most prominently the skin, induces autoimmune inflammation. However, transferring the potential of IL-36 to induce tissue damage to tumors might benefit cancer patients. Here we summarize signaling pathways regulated by IL-36 family cytokines, including IL-38, and the consequences for physiological protective and pathophysiological destructive inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the limits of current knowledge on IL-36 family function to open potential avenues for research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Han
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Special Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research, Higher Education Institutions of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou, China; School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou, China
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Javier Mora
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Priscila da Silva
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany.
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15
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Castora FJ. Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:83-108. [PMID: 30599156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse that generate over 90% of the ATP produced in cells. In addition to its role in energy production, the mitochondrion also plays a major role in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, programmed cell death (apoptosis), generation of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), immune response, regulation of intracellular calcium ion levels and even maintenance of gut microbiota. With its essential role in bio-energetic as well as non-energetic biological processes, it is not surprising that proper cellular, tissue and organ function is dependent upon proper mitochondrial function. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be directly linked to a variety of medical disorders, particularly neuromuscular disorders and increasing evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Rett Syndrome (RS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Over the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ASD and, more recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ASD development. In this review, the latest evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the pathogenesis of autism will be presented. This review will also summarize the results of several recent `approaches used for improving mitochondrial function that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to managing and/or treating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Castora
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Synapse formation is mediated by a surprisingly large number and wide variety of genes encoding many different protein classes. One of the families increasingly implicated in synapse wiring is the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). IgSF molecules are by definition any protein containing at least one Ig-like domain, making this family one of the most common protein classes encoded by the genome. Here, we review the emerging roles for IgSF molecules in synapse formation specifically in the vertebrate brain, focusing on examples from three classes of IgSF members: ( a) cell adhesion molecules, ( b) signaling molecules, and ( c) immune molecules expressed in the brain. The critical roles for IgSF members in regulating synapse formation may explain their extensive involvement in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Solving the IgSF code for synapse formation may reveal multiple new targets for rescuing IgSF-mediated deficits in synapse formation and, eventually, new treatments for psychiatric disorders caused by altered IgSF-induced synapse wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA; ,
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17
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Najafi H, Hosseini SM, Tavallaie M, Soltani BM. A Predicted Molecular Model for Development of Human Intelligence. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Sun Z, Chadwick BP. Loss of SETDB1 decompacts the inactive X chromosome in part through reactivation of an enhancer in the IL1RAPL1 gene. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:45. [PMID: 30103804 PMCID: PMC6088404 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The product of dosage compensation in female mammals is the inactive X chromosome (Xi). Xi facultative heterochromatin is organized into two different types, one of which is defined by histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me3). The rationale for this study was to assess SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1) as a candidate for maintaining this repressive modification at the human Xi. Results Here, we show that loss of SETDB1 does not result in large-scale H3K9me3 changes at the Xi, but unexpectedly we observed striking decompaction of the Xi territory. Close examination revealed a 0.5 Mb region of the Xi that transitioned from H3K9me3 heterochromatin to euchromatin within the 3′ end of the IL1RAPL1 gene that is part of a common chromosome fragile site that is frequently deleted or rearranged in patients afflicted with intellectual disability and other neurological ailments. Centrally located within this interval is a powerful enhancer adjacent to an ERVL-MaLR element. In the absence of SETDB1, the enhancer is reactivated on the Xi coupled with bidirectional transcription from the ERVL-MaLR element. Xa deletion of the enhancer/ERVL-MaLR resulted in loss of full-length IL1RAPL1 transcript in cis, coupled with trans decompaction of the Xi chromosome territory, whereas Xi deletion increased detection of full-length IL1RAPL1 transcript in trans, but did not impact Xi compaction. Conclusions These data support a critical role for SETDB1 in maintaining the ERVL-MaLR element and adjacent enhancer in the 3′ end of the IL1RAPL1 gene in a silent state to facilitate Xi compaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0218-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Sun
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, King 3076, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA
| | - Brian P Chadwick
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, King 3076, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA.
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Mata-Garrido J, Tapia O, Casafont I, Berciano MT, Cuadrado A, Lafarga M. Persistent accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage in rat cortical neurons: nuclear organization and ChIP-seq analysis of damaged DNA. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:68. [PMID: 30049290 PMCID: PMC6062993 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly vulnerable to DNA damage induced by genotoxic agents such as topoisomerase activity, oxidative stress, ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapeutic drugs. To avert the detrimental effects of DNA lesions in genome stability, transcription and apoptosis, neurons activate robust DNA repair mechanisms. However, defective DNA repair with accumulation of unrepaired DNA are at the basis of brain ageing and several neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which neurons tolerate DNA damage accumulation as well as defining the genomic regions that are more vulnerable to DNA damage or refractory to DNA repair and therefore constitute potential targets in neurodegenerative diseases are essential issues in the field. In this work we investigated the nuclear topography and organization together with the genome-wide distribution of unrepaired DNA in rat cortical neurons 15 days upon IR. About 5% of non-irradiated and 55% of irradiated cells accumulate unrepaired DNA within persistent DNA damage foci (PDDF) of chromatin. These PDDF are featured by persistent activation of DNA damage/repair signaling, lack of transcription and localization in repressive nuclear microenvironments. Interestingly, the chromatin insulator CTCF is concentrated at the PDDF boundaries, likely contributing to isolate unrepaired DNA from intact transcriptionally active chromatin. By confining damaged DNA, PDDF would help preserving genomic integrity and preventing the production of aberrant proteins encoded by damaged genes. ChIP-seq analysis of genome-wide γH2AX distribution revealed a number of genomic regions enriched in γH2AX signal in IR-treated cortical neurons. Some of these regions are in close proximity to genes encoding essential proteins for neuronal functions and human neurodegenerative disorders such as epm2a (Lafora disease), serpini1 (familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies) and il1rpl1 (mental retardation, X-linked 21). Persistent γH2AX signal close to those regions suggests that nearby genes could be either more vulnerable to DNA damage or more refractory to DNA repair.
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20
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Scheller U, Pfisterer K, Uebe S, Ekici AB, Reis A, Jamra R, Ferrazzi F. Integrative bioinformatics analysis characterizing the role of EDC3 in mRNA decay and its association to intellectual disability. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29685133 PMCID: PMC5914069 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decapping of mRNA is an important step in the regulation of mRNA turnover and therefore of gene expression, which is a key process controlling development and homeostasis of all organisms. It has been shown that EDC3 plays a role in mRNA decapping, however its function is not well understood. Previously, we have associated a homozygous variant in EDC3 with autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Here, we investigate the functional role of EDC3. METHODS We performed transcriptome analyses in patients' samples. In addition, we established an EDC3 loss-of-function model using siRNA-based knockdown in the human neuroblastoma cell line SKNBE and carried out RNA sequencing. Integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify EDC3-dependent candidate genes and/or pathways. RESULTS Our analyses revealed that 235 genes were differentially expressed in patients versus controls. In addition, AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNAs, whose degradation in humans has been suggested to involve EDC3, had higher fold changes than non-ARE-containing genes. The analysis of RNA sequencing data from the EDC3 in vitro loss-of-function model confirmed the higher fold changes of ARE-containing mRNAs compared to non-ARE-containing mRNAs and further showed an upregulation of long non-coding and coding RNAs. In total, 764 genes were differentially expressed. Integrative bioinformatics analyses of these genes identified dysregulated candidate pathways, including pathways related to synapses/coated vesicles and DNA replication/cell cycle. CONCLUSION Our data support the involvement of EDC3 in mRNA decay, including ARE-containing mRNAs, and suggest that EDC3 might be preferentially involved in the degradation of long coding and non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, our results associate ECD3 loss-of-function with synapses-related pathways. Collectively, our data provide novel information that might help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the association of intellectual disability with the dysregulation of mRNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Scheller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Pfisterer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rami Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Pozzi D, Menna E, Canzi A, Desiato G, Mantovani C, Matteoli M. The Communication Between the Immune and Nervous Systems: The Role of IL-1β in Synaptopathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:111. [PMID: 29674955 PMCID: PMC5895746 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, groundbreaking genetic progress has underlined a convergence onto coherent synaptic pathways for most psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, which are now collectively called “synaptopathies.” However, the modest size of inheritance detected so far indicates a multifactorial etiology for these disorders, underlining the key contribution of environmental effects to them. Inflammation is known to influence the risk and/or severity of a variety of synaptopathies. In particular, pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced and released in the brain by activated astrocytes and microglia, may play a pivotal role in these pathologies. Although the link between immune system activation and defects in cognitive processes is nowadays clearly established, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators specifically hit synaptic components implicated in synaptopathies is still in its infancy. This review summarizes recent evidence showing that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) specifically targets synaptopathy molecular substrate, leading to memory defects and pathological processes. In particular, we describe three specific pathways through which IL-1β affects (1) synaptic maintenance/dendritic complexity, (2) spine morphology, and (3) the excitatory/inhibitory balance. We coin the term immune synaptopathies to identify this class of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Canzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Genni Desiato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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Garraud T, Harel M, Boutet MA, Le Goff B, Blanchard F. The enigmatic role of IL-38 in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:26-35. [PMID: 29366546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-38 is the most recently discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family and is considered a potential inhibitor of the IL-1 and Toll-like receptor families. IL-38 exerts anti-inflammatory properties, especially on macrophages, by inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to reduced T-lymphocyte TH17 maturation. IL-38 has been studied most extensively in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases, particularly arthritis, where it is considered an attractive new drug candidate. IL-38 research has entered a new phase, with the realization that IL-38 is important in the pathophysiology of TH17 dependent-diseases (psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis). In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of several controversial issues concerning IL-38 function and regulation. There is effectively contrasting data regarding IL-38: it is produced in conditions such as apoptosis, necrosis or inflammation, but data is lacking regarding IL-38 processing and biological function. Furthermore, the receptor for IL-38 has yet to be identified, although three candidate receptors - IL-1R1, IL-36R and IL-1RAPL1-have been proposed. Future studies will hopefully uncover new aspects of this enigmatic cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garraud
- INSERM UMR1238, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | - Benoit Le Goff
- INSERM UMR1238, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Rheumatology Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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23
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Chatron N, Thibault L, Lespinasse J, Labalme A, Schluth-Bolard C, Till M, Edery P, Touraine R, des Portes V, Lesca G, Sanlaville D. Genetic Counselling Pitfall: Co-Occurrence of an 11.8-Mb Xp22 Duplication and an Xp21.2 Duplication Disrupting IL1RAPL1. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:325-330. [PMID: 29230163 DOI: 10.1159/000479455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a 3-generation family in which 2 Xp copy number variations (CNVs) co-segregate. The proband presented with syndromic intellectual disability. The CNV had been revealed by conventional karyotyping, identifying a large Xp22 duplication causing an Xp functional disomy. Family studies found that this duplication was inherited from the proband's mother and was also present in one of his sisters. This sister had conventional karyotyping performed during pregnancy with a normal result. Postnatally, her child, the proband's nephew, presented with autism spectrum disorders. aCGH revealed a 339-kb IL1RAPL1 duplication. Overall, the proband, his mother, and one of his sisters all harboured both CNVs, while his other sister and the 2 sons of each sister only carried the IL1RAPL1 intragenic duplication. As seen in this family, we emphasise the importance of small CNV detection, the pathogenicity of IL1RAPL1 exonic duplications in male carriers, and the difficulties for genetic counselling with the risk of double diagnosis in a single patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chatron
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe GENDEV INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lucie Thibault
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Audrey Labalme
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Schluth-Bolard
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe GENDEV INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marianne Till
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe GENDEV INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, HFME, Bron, France
| | - Vincent des Portes
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Référence National "Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares", HFME, Bron, France.,CNRS UMR 5304, ISC, Bron, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe GENDEV INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Génétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe GENDEV INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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24
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The X-Linked Intellectual Disability Protein IL1RAPL1 Regulates Dendrite Complexity. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6606-6627. [PMID: 28576939 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3775-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and deletions of the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein like 1 (IL1RAPL1) gene, located on the X chromosome, are associated with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). IL1RAPL1 protein is located at the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses and plays a role in synapse formation and stabilization. Here, using primary neuronal cultures and Il1rapl1-KO mice, we characterized the role of IL1RAPL1 in regulating dendrite morphology. In Il1rapl1-KO mice we identified an increased number of dendrite branching points in CA1 and CA2 hippocampal neurons associated to hippocampal cognitive impairment. Similarly, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from a patient carrying a null mutation of the IL1RAPL1 gene had more dendrites. In hippocampal neurons, the overexpression of full-length IL1RAPL1 and mutants lacking part of C-terminal domains leads to simplified neuronal arborization. This effect is abolished when we overexpressed mutants lacking part of N-terminal domains, indicating that the IL1RAPL1 extracellular domain is required for regulating dendrite development. We also demonstrate that PTPδ interaction is not required for this activity, while IL1RAPL1 mediates the activity of IL-1β on dendrite morphology. Our data reveal a novel specific function for IL1RAPL1 in regulating dendrite morphology that can help clarify how changes in IL1RAPL1-regulated pathways can lead to cognitive disorders in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Abnormalities in the architecture of dendrites have been observed in a variety of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we show that the X-linked intellectual disability protein interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein like 1 (IL1RAPL1) regulates dendrite morphology of mice hippocampal neurons and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from a patient carrying a null mutation of IL1RAPL1 gene. We also found that the extracellular domain of IL1RAPL1 is required for this effect, independently of the interaction with PTPδ, but IL1RAPL1 mediates the activity of IL-1β on dendrite morphology. Our data reveal a novel specific function for IL1RAPL1 in regulating dendrite morphology that can help clarify how changes in IL1RAPL1-regulated pathways can lead to cognitive disorders in humans.
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25
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Laino L, Bottillo I, Piedimonte C, Bernardini L, Torres B, Grammatico B, Bargiacchi S, Mulargia C, Calvani M, Cardona F, Castori M, Grammatico P. Clinical and molecular characterization of a boy with intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, minor digital anomalies and a complex IL1RAPL1 intragenic rearrangement. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:971-976. [PMID: 27470653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
X-linked intellectual disability accounts for 10-12% of cases of cognitive impairment in males. Mutations in IL1RAPL1 are an emerging form of apparently non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. We report a 8-year-old intellectually disabled boy with speech delay, and unusual facial and digital anomalies who showed a novel and complex IL1RAPL1 rearrangement. It was defined by two intragenic non-contiguous duplications inherited from the unaffected mother. Chromosome X inactivation study on the mother's blood leukocytes, urinary sediment and buccal swab did not show a significant skewed inactivation. Comparison with previously described patients with IL1RAPL1 disruption was carried. Although data on craniofacial features were scanty in many papers, subtle facial dysmorphism with a thin upper lip seemed a quietly represented picture without any other genotype-phenotype correlations. Our study expands the molecular repertoire of IL1RAPL1 mutations in intellectual disability and points out the need of more accurate clinical descriptions to better define the related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Laino
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Bottillo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Unit of Cytogenetics, Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Foundation, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Barbara Torres
- Unit of Cytogenetics, Mendel Laboratory, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Foundation, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Barbara Grammatico
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bargiacchi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mulargia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Calvani
- Division of Pediatrics, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardona
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Castori
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grammatico
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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26
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Sandoval-Hernández AG, Hernández HG, Restrepo A, Muñoz JI, Bayon GF, Fernández AF, Fraga MF, Cardona-Gómez GP, Arboleda H, Arboleda GH. Liver X Receptor Agonist Modifies the DNA Methylation Profile of Synapse and Neurogenesis-Related Genes in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:243-53. [PMID: 26553261 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptor agonist, GW3965, improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Here, we determined if short-term GW3965 treatment induces changes in the DNA methylation state of the hippocampus, which are associated with cognitive improvement. Twenty-four-month-old triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice were treated with GW3965 (50 mg/kg/day for 6 days). DNA methylation state was examined by modified bisulfite conversion and hybridization on Illumina Infinium Methylation BeadChip 450 k arrays. The Morris water maze was used for behavioral analysis. Our results show in addition to improvement in cognition methylation changes in 39 of 13,715 interrogated probes in treated 3xTg-AD mice compared with untreated 3xTg-AD mice. These changes in methylation probes include 29 gene loci. Importantly, changes in methylation status were mainly from synapse-related genes (SYP, SYN1, and DLG3) and neurogenesis-associated genes (HMGB3 and RBBP7). Thus, our results indicate that liver X receptors (LXR) agonist treatment induces rapid changes in DNA methylation, particularly in loci associated with genes involved in neurogenesis and synaptic function. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism to explain the beneficial effect of GW3965.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sandoval-Hernández
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - H G Hernández
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A Restrepo
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J I Muñoz
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G F Bayon
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A F Fernández
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M F Fraga
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - G P Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - H Arboleda
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo H Arboleda
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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