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Mani A. Update in genetic and epigenetic causes of hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:201. [PMID: 38691164 PMCID: PMC11062952 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a heritable disease that affects one-fourth of the population and accounts for about 50% of cardiovascular deaths. The genetic basis of hypertension is multifaceted, involving both monogenic and most commonly complex polygenic forms. With the advent of the human genome project, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a plethora of loci linked to hypertension by examining common genetic variations. It's notable, however, that the majority of these genetic variants do not affect the protein-coding sequences, posing a considerable obstacle in pinpointing the actual genes responsible for hypertension. Despite these challenges, precise mapping of GWAS-identified loci is emerging as a promising strategy to reveal novel genes and potential targets for the pharmacological management of blood pressure. This review provides insight into the monogenic and polygenic causes of hypertension. Special attention is given to PRDM6, among the earliest functionally characterized GWAS-identified genes. Moreover, this review delves into the roles of genes contributing to renal and vascular forms of hypertension, offering insights into their genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Øvretveit K, Ingeström EML, Spitieris M, Tragante V, Wade KH, Thomas LF, Wolford BN, Wisløff U, Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Stefansson K, Brumpton BM, Hveem K. Polygenic risk scores associate with blood pressure traits across the lifespan. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024; 31:644-654. [PMID: 38007706 PMCID: PMC11025038 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is a major modifiable cause of morbidity and mortality that affects over 1 billion people worldwide. Blood pressure (BP) traits have a strong genetic component that can be quantified with polygenic risk scores (PRSs). To date, the performance of BP PRSs has mainly been assessed in adults, and less is known about polygenic hypertension risk in childhood. METHODS AND RESULTS Multiple PRSs for systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse pressure were developed using either genome-wide significant weights, pruning and thresholding, or Bayesian regression. Among 87 total PRSs, the top performer for each trait was applied in independent cohorts of children and adult to assess genotype-phenotype associations and disease risk across the lifespan. Differences between those with low (1st decile), average (2nd-9th decile), and high (10th decile) PRS emerge in the first years of life and are maintained throughout adulthood. These diverging BP trajectories also seem to affect cardiovascular and renal disease risk, with increased risk observed among those in the top decile and reduced risk among those in the bottom decile of the polygenic risk distribution compared with the rest of the population. CONCLUSION Genetic risk factors are associated with BP traits across the lifespan, beginning in the first years of life. Given the importance of exposure time in disease pathogenesis and the early rise in BP levels among those genetically susceptible, PRSs may help identify high-risk individuals prior to hypertension onset, facilitate primordial prevention, and reduce the burden of this public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Øvretveit
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emma M L Ingeström
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michail Spitieris
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kaitlin H Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Laurent F Thomas
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brooke N Wolford
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Innovation and Research, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Bakris GL, Weber MA. Overview of the Evolution of Hypertension: From Ancient Chinese Emperors to Today. Hypertension 2024; 81:717-726. [PMID: 38507509 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most commonly treated conditions in modern medical practice, but despite its long history, it was largely ignored until the midpoint of the 20th century. This article will review the origins of elevated blood pressure from when it was first appreciated in 2600 BC to its most recent emerging treatments. Awareness of sustained elevations in blood pressure goes back to the Chinese Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (2600 BC); even then, salt was appreciated as a contributor to elevated pressure. Early treatments included acupuncture, venesection, and bleeding by leeches. About 1000 years later, the association between the palpated pulse and the development of heart and brain diseases was described by Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC). But really, it has only been since well after World War II that hypertension has finally been appreciated as the cause of so much heart, stroke, and kidney disease. We review the development of effective treatments for hypertension while acknowledging that so many people with hypertension in need of treatment have unacceptably poor blood pressure control. We explore why, despite our considerable and growing knowledge of hypertension, it remains a significant public health problem globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, American Heart Association's Comprehensive Hypertension Center, IL (G.L.B.)
| | - Michael A Weber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn (M.A.W.)
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Yang ML, Xu C, Gupte T, Hoffmann TJ, Iribarren C, Zhou X, Ganesh SK. Sex-specific genetic architecture of blood pressure. Nat Med 2024; 30:818-828. [PMID: 38459180 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The genetic and genomic basis of sex differences in blood pressure (BP) traits remain unstudied at scale. Here, we conducted sex-stratified and combined-sex genome-wide association studies of BP traits using the UK Biobank resource, identifying 1,346 previously reported and 29 new BP trait-associated loci. Among associated loci, 412 were female-specific (Pfemale ≤ 5 × 10-8; Pmale > 5 × 10-8) and 142 were male-specific (Pmale ≤ 5 × 10-8; Pfemale > 5 × 10-8); these sex-specific loci were enriched for hormone-related transcription factors, in particular, estrogen receptor 1. Analyses of gene-by-sex interactions and sexually dimorphic effects identified four genomic regions, showing female-specific associations with diastolic BP or pulse pressure, including the chromosome 13q34-COL4A1/COL4A2 locus. Notably, female-specific pulse pressure-associated loci exhibited enriched acetylated histone H3 Lys27 modifications in arterial tissues and a female-specific association with fibromuscular dysplasia, a female-biased vascular disease; colocalization signals included Chr13q34: COL4A1/COL4A2, Chr9p21: CDKN2B-AS1 and Chr4q32.1: MAP9 regions. Sex-specific and sex-biased polygenic associations of BP traits were associated with multiple cardiovascular traits. These findings suggest potentially clinically significant and BP sex-specific pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Lee Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trisha Gupte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Argoty-Pantoja AD, Velázquez-Cruz R, Salmerón J, Rivera-Paredez B. An approach for searching genes in signaling pathways or gene-gene interaction networks related to Hypertension in the Mexican population. Gene 2024; 894:147973. [PMID: 37949418 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to evaluate the genetic susceptibility in complex traits is often conducted in isolation, without considering the entire set of genes. Incorporating signaling pathways or gene-gene interaction search may provide a more comprehensive approach to selecting SNP candidates for further study. OBJECTIVE To propose a systematic procedure for identifying SNPs candidates with complex traits such as hypertension and blood pressure. METHODS Sequential stages to SNPs selection: 1) literature review to identify SNPs, following the PRISMA methodology, 2) identification and selection of signaling pathways and selection of gene-gene interaction networks using the STRING software, and 3) application of specific criteria for SNPs candidates, including: a) SNPs with minor allele frequency > 5% in the target population, b) SNPs located within genes involved in three or more signaling pathways, and c) SNPs that are not in linkage disequilibrium, with a D'or r2 value < 0.8. RESULTS Stage 1) A total of 44 publications were selected, providing information on 230 genes evaluated with blood pressure. Stage 2) Using the STRING software, we selected 7 signaling pathways with a false discovery rate < 0.0001 and strength ≥ 0.8; and we identified 16 genes belonging to gene-gene interaction networks, six of them share ≥ 3 signaling pathways. Stage 3) Finally, 7 SNPs were selected for genotyping in the Health Workers Cohort Study. We observed a positive association between SNPs with hypertension incidence in males (rs1130214, rs3807989) and females (rs5051, rs2493123). CONCLUSION Our methodological proposal may be a reliable way for selecting SNPs candidates to study complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Argoty-Pantoja
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Odontológicas y de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México 14610, México.
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud (CIPPS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud (CIPPS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, México.
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Kim GH. Primary Role of the Kidney in Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:119. [PMID: 38255734 PMCID: PMC10817438 DOI: 10.3390/life14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous transplantation studies and the concept of 'nephron underdosing' support the idea that the kidney plays a crucial role in the development of essential hypertension. This suggests that there are genetic factors in the kidney that can either elevate or decrease blood pressure. The kidney normally maintains arterial pressure within a narrow range by employing the mechanism of pressure-natriuresis. Hypertension is induced when the pressure-natriuresis mechanism fails due to both subtle and overt kidney abnormalities. The inheritance of hypertension is believed to be polygenic, and essential hypertension may result from a combination of genetic variants that code for renal tubular sodium transporters or proteins involved in regulatory pathways. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are the major regulators of renal sodium reabsorption. Hyperactivity of either the RAAS or SNS leads to a rightward shift in the pressure-natriuresis curve. In other words, hypertension is induced when the activity of RAAS and SNS is not suppressed despite increased salt intake. Sodium overload, caused by increased intake and/or reduced renal excretion, not only leads to an expansion of plasma volume but also to an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Endothelial dysfunction is caused by an increased intracellular Na+ concentration, which inhibits endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and reduces NO production. The stiffness of vascular smooth muscle cells is increased by the accumulation of intracellular Na+ and subsequent elevation of cytoplasmic Ca++ concentration. In contrast to the hemodynamic effects of osmotically active Na+, osmotically inactive Na+ stimulates immune cells and produces proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to hypertension. When this occurs in the gut, the microbiota may become imbalanced, leading to intestinal inflammation and systemic hypertension. In conclusion, the primary cause of hypertension is sodium overload resulting from kidney dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheun-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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7
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Chaimati S, Shantavasinkul PC, Sritara P, Sirivarasai J. Effects of AGT and AGTR1 Genetic Polymorphisms and Changes in Blood Pressure Over a Five-Year Follow-Up. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:2931-2942. [PMID: 38164294 PMCID: PMC10758254 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s442983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the central regulation of blood pressure (BP). Genetic variations of angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) may increase susceptibility to elevated BP and hypertension. This study investigated the effects of AGT rs699 and AGTR1 rs5186 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on BP at baseline and at a 5-year follow-up. Paticipants and Methods The study population consisted of participants from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand cohort study (n=354); data were collected at baseline (2013) and 5 years later (2018). Genotyping of the two SNPs was performed using TaqMan® assay and statistical analyses were performed with SNPStats software. Results The frequencies of the two SNPs were within the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.22 for AGT rs699 and p=0.06 for AGTR1 rs5186). For each SNP, mutant genotypes were significantly associated with increased systolic BP and/or diastolic BP in the codominant and recessive models. Risk alleles of AGT rs699 and AGTR1 rs5186 were associated with increased odds of hypertension and hypertension with metabolic syndrome at follow-up. Conclusion Overall, our results suggest that polymorphisms of genes in the renin-angiotensin system increase susceptibility to the development and progression of hypertension and the development of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwaphorn Chaimati
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Piyamitr Sritara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jintana Sirivarasai
- Nutrition Division, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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8
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Lee D, Han SK, Yaacov O, Berk-Rauch H, Mathiyalagan P, Ganesh SK, Chakravarti A. Tissue-specific and tissue-agnostic effects of genome sequence variation modulating blood pressure. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113351. [PMID: 37910504 PMCID: PMC10726310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous variants associated with polygenic traits and diseases. However, with few exceptions, a mechanistic understanding of which variants affect which genes in which tissues to modulate trait variation is lacking. Here, we present genomic analyses to explain trait heritability of blood pressure (BP) through the genetics of transcriptional regulation using GWASs, multiomics data from different tissues, and machine learning approaches. Approximately 500,000 predicted regulatory variants across four tissues explain 33.4% of variant heritability: 2.5%, 5.3%, 7.7%, and 11.8% for kidney-, adrenal-, heart-, and artery-specific variants, respectively. Variation in the enhancers involved shows greater tissue specificity than in the genes they regulate, suggesting that gene regulatory networks perturbed by enhancer variants in a tissue relevant to a phenotype are the major source of interindividual variation in BP. Thus, our study provides an approach to scan human tissue and cell types for their physiological contribution to any trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Or Yaacov
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Berk-Rauch
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prabhu Mathiyalagan
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Department of Internal Medicine & Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Rahman MA, Cai C, Bo N, McNamara DM, Ding Y, Cooper GF, Lu X, Liu J. An individualized Bayesian method for estimating genomic variants of hypertension. BMC Genomics 2023; 23:863. [PMID: 37936055 PMCID: PMC10631115 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic variants of the disease are often discovered nowadays through population-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Identifying genomic variations potentially underlying a phenotype, such as hypertension, in an individual is important for designing personalized treatment; however, population-level models, such as GWAS, may not capture all the important, individualized factors well. In addition, GWAS typically requires a large sample size to detect the association of low-frequency genomic variants with sufficient power. Here, we report an individualized Bayesian inference (IBI) algorithm for estimating the genomic variants that influence complex traits, such as hypertension, at the level of an individual (e.g., a patient). By modeling at the level of the individual, IBI seeks to find genomic variants observed in the individual's genome that provide a strong explanation of the phenotype observed in this individual. RESULTS We applied the IBI algorithm to the data from the Framingham Heart Study to explore the genomic influences of hypertension. Among the top-ranking variants identified by IBI and GWAS, there is a significant number of shared variants (intersection); the unique variants identified only by IBI tend to have relatively lower minor allele frequency than those identified by GWAS. In addition, IBI discovered more individualized and diverse variants that explain hypertension patients better than GWAS. Furthermore, IBI found several well-known low-frequency variants as well as genes related to blood pressure that GWAS missed in the same cohort. Finally, IBI identified top-ranked variants that predicted hypertension better than GWAS, according to the area under the ROC curve. CONCLUSIONS The results support IBI as a promising approach for complementing GWAS, especially in detecting low-frequency genomic variants as well as learning personalized genomic variants of clinical traits and disease, such as the complex trait of hypertension, to help advance precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asad Rahman
- Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Chunhui Cai
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Na Bo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis M McNamara
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory F Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jinling Liu
- Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Umano GR, Cirillo G, Rondinelli G, Sanchez G, Marzuillo P, Guarino S, Di Sessa A, Papparella A, Miraglia del Giudice E. LSS rs2254524 Increases the Risk of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1618. [PMID: 37628669 PMCID: PMC10454860 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity and its related comorbidities have become major health issues over the last century. Among these comorbidities, cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, are the most significant. Recently, a polymorphism affecting the activity of lanosterol synthase has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension in adolescents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of LSS rs2254524 polymorphism on blood pressure in children and adolescents with obesity. We enrolled 828 obese children aged 6-17 years. Subjects carrying the A allele showed higher rates of systolic and diastolic stage I hypertension and stage II hypertension. Carriers of the A allele showed a 2.4-fold (95% C.I. 1.5-4.7, p = 0.01) higher risk for stage II hypertension and a 1.9-fold higher risk for stage I hypertension (95% C.I. 1.4-2.6, p < 0.0001). The risk was independent of confounding factors. In conclusion, LSS rs2254524 worsens the cardiovascular health of children and adolescents with obesity, increasing their blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.); (P.M.); (S.G.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.); (E.M.d.G.)
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Holuka C, Morel C, Roth S, Lamartinière Y, Mériaux SB, Paoli J, Guébels P, Duca RC, Godderis L, van Nieuwenhuyse A, Kremarik-Bouillaud P, Cariou R, Emond C, Schroeder H, Turner JD, Grova N. The epigenetic hallmark of early-life α-hexabromocyclododecane exposure: From cerebellar 6-mA levels to locomotor performance in adulthood. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108103. [PMID: 37494814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence that methylation at the N6 position of adenine (6-mA), whose modulation occurs primarily during development, would be a reliable epigenetic marker in eukaryotic organisms. The present study raises the question as to whether early-life exposure to α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD), a brominated flame retardant, may trigger modifications in 6-mA epigenetic hallmarks in the brain during the development which, in turn could affect the offspring behaviour in adulthood. Pregnant Wistar rats were split into two groups: control and α-HBCDD (66 ng/kg/per os, G0-PND14). At PND1, α-HBCDD levels were assessed in brain and liver by LC-MS/MS. At PND14, DNA was isolated from the offspring's cerebellum. DNA methylation was measured by 6-mA-specific immunoprecipitation and Illumina® sequencing (MEDIP-Seq). Locomotor activity was finally evaluated at PND120. In our early-life exposure model, we confirmed that α-HBCDD can cross the placental barrier and be detected in pups at birth. An obvious post-exposure phenotype with locomotor deficits was observed when the rats reached adulthood. This was accompanied by sex-specific over-methylation of genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway as well as serotonergic and GABAergic synapses, potentially altering the normal process of neurodevelopment with consequent motor impairments crystalized at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Holuka
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Belval, Luxembourg.
| | - Chloé Morel
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sarah Roth
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Yordenca Lamartinière
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Sophie B Mériaux
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Justine Paoli
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Pauline Guébels
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Radu C Duca
- Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg; Centre for Environment and Health, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment and Health, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.
| | - An van Nieuwenhuyse
- Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg; Centre for Environment and Health, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pascaline Kremarik-Bouillaud
- UMR Inserm 1256 nGERE, Nutrition-Génétique et exposition aux risques environnementaux, Institute of Medical Research (Pôle BMS), University of Lorraine, B.P. 184, 54511 Nancy, France.
| | | | - Claude Emond
- PKSH Inc., Crabtree, Quebec, Canada; School of Public Health, DSEST, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Henri Schroeder
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR Inserm 1256 nGERE, Nutrition-Génétique et exposition aux risques environnementaux, Institute of Medical Research (Pôle BMS), University of Lorraine, B.P. 184, 54511 Nancy, France.
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity-Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR Inserm 1256 nGERE, Nutrition-Génétique et exposition aux risques environnementaux, Institute of Medical Research (Pôle BMS), University of Lorraine, B.P. 184, 54511 Nancy, France.
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Pérez-Gimeno G, Seral-Cortes M, Sabroso-Lasa S, Esteban LM, Lurbe E, Béghin L, Gottrand F, Meirhaeghe A, Muntaner M, Kafatos A, Molnár D, Leclercq C, Widhalm K, Kersting M, Nova E, Salazar-Tortosa DF, Gonzalez-Gross M, Breidenassel C, Sinningen K, De Ruyter T, Labayen I, Rupérez AI, Bueno-Lozano G, Moreno LA. Development of a genetic risk score to predict the risk of hypertension in European adolescents from the HELENA study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1118919. [PMID: 37324619 PMCID: PMC10267871 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1118919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction From genome wide association study (GWAS) a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have previously been associated with blood pressure (BP) levels. A combination of SNPs, forming a genetic risk score (GRS) could be considered as a useful genetic tool to identify individuals at risk of developing hypertension from early stages in life. Therefore, the aim of our study was to build a GRS being able to predict the genetic predisposition to hypertension (HTN) in European adolescents. Methods Data were extracted from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) cross-sectional study. A total of 869 adolescents (53% female), aged 12.5-17.5, with complete genetic and BP information were included. The sample was divided into altered (≥130 mmHg for systolic and/or ≥80 mmHg for diastolic) or normal BP. Based on the literature, a total of 1.534 SNPs from 57 candidate genes related with BP were selected from the HELENA GWAS database. Results From 1,534 SNPs available, An initial screening of SNPs univariately associated with HTN (p < 0.10) was established, to finally obtain a number of 16 SNPs significantly associated with HTN (p < 0.05) in the multivariate model. The unweighted GRS (uGRS) and weighted GRS (wGRS) were estimated. To validate the GRSs, the area under the curve (AUC) was explored using ten-fold internal cross-validation for uGRS (0.802) and wGRS (0.777). Further covariates of interest were added to the analyses, obtaining a higher predictive ability (AUC values of uGRS: 0.879; wGRS: 0.881 for BMI z-score). Furthermore, the differences between AUCs obtained with and without the addition of covariates were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions Both GRSs, the uGRS and wGRS, could be useful to evaluate the predisposition to hypertension in European adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Gimeno
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Seral-Cortes
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sabroso-Lasa
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (GMEG), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Empar Lurbe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laurent Béghin
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Frederic Gottrand
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Aline Meirhaeghe
- Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases (RID-AGE), Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Manon Muntaner
- Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases (RID-AGE), Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Catherine Leclercq
- INRAN, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Food and Nutrition Research Centre-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Departement of Nutrition—Human Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Nova
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego F. Salazar-Tortosa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- PROFITH ‘PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity’ Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christina Breidenassel
- Departement of Nutrition—Human Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathrin Sinningen
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thaïs De Ruyter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Azahara I. Rupérez
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno-Lozano
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Liu L, Jouve C, Henry J, Berrandou TE, Hulot JS, Georges A, Bouatia-Naji N. Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Depiction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells As Emerging Cellular Models for Arterial Diseases. Hypertension 2023; 80:740-753. [PMID: 36655574 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plasticity is a central mechanism in cardiovascular health and disease. We aimed at providing cellular phenotyping, epigenomic and proteomic depiction of SMCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and evaluating their potential as cellular models in the context of complex diseases. METHODS Human induced pluripotent stem cell lines were differentiated using RepSox (R-SMCs) or PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor-BB) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta; TP-SMCs), during a 24-day long protocol. RNA-Seq and assay for transposase accessible chromatin-Seq were performed at 6 time points of differentiation, and mass spectrometry was used to quantify proteins. RESULTS Both induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols generated SMCs with positive expression of SMC markers. TP-SMCs exhibited greater proliferation capacity, migration and lower calcium release in response to contractile stimuli, compared with R-SMCs. Genes involved in the contractile function of arteries were highly expressed in R-SMCs compared with TP-SMCs or primary SMCs. R-SMCs and coronary artery transcriptomic profiles were highly similar, characterized by high expression of genes involved in blood pressure regulation and coronary artery disease. We identified FOXF1 and HAND1 as key drivers of RepSox specific program. Extracellular matrix content contained more proteins involved in wound repair in TP-SMCs and higher secretion of basal membrane constituents in R-SMCs. Open chromatin regions of R-SMCs and TP-SMCs were significantly enriched for variants associated with blood pressure and coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS Both induced pluripotent stem cell-derived SMCs models present complementary cellular phenotypes of high relevance to SMC plasticity. These cellular models present high potential to study functional regulation at genetic risk loci of main arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Charlène Jouve
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Joséphine Henry
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Takiy-Eddine Berrandou
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Adrien Georges
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France (L.L., C.J., J.H., T.-E.B., J.-S.H., A.G., N.B.-N.)
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Ma J, Chen X. Advances in pathogenesis and treatment of essential hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1003852. [PMID: 36312252 PMCID: PMC9616110 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1003852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and the leading cause of premature death worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of the hypertension, especially essential hypertension, is complex and requires in-depth studies. Recently, new findings about essential hypertension have emerged, and these may provide important theoretical bases and therapeutic tools to break through the existing bottleneck of essential hypertension. In this review, we demonstrated important advances in the different pathogenesis areas of essential hypertension, and highlighted new treatments proposed in these areas, hoping to provide insight for the prevention and treatment of the essential hypertension.
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Mehanna M, McDonough CW, Smith SM, Gong Y, Gums JG, Chapman AB, Johnson JA, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Influence of Genetic West African Ancestry on Metabolomics among Hypertensive Patients. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090783. [PMID: 36144188 PMCID: PMC9506508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with higher genetic West African ancestry (GWAA) have hypertension (HTN) that is more difficult to treat and have higher rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and differential responses to antihypertensive drugs than those with lower GWAA. The mechanisms underlying these disparities are poorly understood. Using data from 84 ancestry-informative markers in US participants from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) and PEAR-2 trials, the GWAA proportion was estimated. Using multivariable linear regression, the baseline levels of 886 metabolites were compared between PEAR participants with GWAA < 45% and those with GWAA ≥ 45% to identify differential metabolites and metabolic clusters. Metabolites with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.2 were used to create metabolic clusters, and a cluster analysis was conducted. Differential clusters were then tested for replication in PEAR-2 participants. We identified 353 differential metabolites (FDR < 0.2) between PEAR participants with GWAA < 45% (n = 383) and those with GWAA ≥ 45% (n = 250), which were used to create 24 metabolic clusters. Of those, 13 were significantly different between groups (Bonferroni p < 0.002). Four clusters, plasmalogen and lysoplasmalogen, sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide, cofactors and vitamins, and the urea cycle, were replicated in PEAR-2 (Bonferroni p < 0.0038) and have been previously linked to HTN and CVD. Our findings may give insights into the mechanisms underlying HTN racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mehanna
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Caitrin W. McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven M. Smith
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John G. Gums
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arlene B. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(352)-273-6184
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16
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Vaura F, Kim H, Udler MS, Salomaa V, Lahti L, Niiranen T. Multi-Trait Genetic Analysis Reveals Clinically Interpretable Hypertension Subtypes. Circ Genom Precis Med 2022; 15:e003583. [PMID: 35604428 PMCID: PMC9558213 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hypertension comprises a heterogeneous range of phenotypes. We asked whether underlying genetic structure could explain a part of this heterogeneity.
Methods:
Our study sample comprised N=198 148 FinnGen participants (56% women, mean age 58 years) and N=21 168 well-phenotyped FINRISK participants (53% women, mean age 50 years). First, we identified genetic hypertension components with an unsupervised Bayesian non-negative matrix factorization algorithm using public genome-wide association data for 144 genetic hypertension variants and 16 clinical traits. For these components, we computed their (1) cross-sectional associations with clinical traits in FINRISK using linear regression and (2) longitudinal associations with incident adverse outcomes in FinnGen using Cox regression.
Results:
We observed 4 genetic hypertension components corresponding to recognizable clinical phenotypes: obesity (high body mass index), dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high triglycerides), hypolipidemia (low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low total cholesterol), and short stature. In FINRISK, all hypertension components had robust associations with their respective clinical characteristics. In FinnGen, the Obesity component was associated with increased diabetes risk (hazard ratio per 1 SD increase 1.08 [Bonferroni corrected CI, 1.05–1.10]) and the Hypolipidemia component with increased autoimmune disease risk (hazard ratio per 1 SD increase 1.05 [Bonferroni corrected CI, 1.03–1.07]). In addition, all hypertension components were related to both hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Conclusions:
Our unsupervised analysis demonstrates that the genetic basis of hypertension can be understood as a mixture of 4 broad, clinically interpretable components capturing disease heterogeneity. These components could be used to stratify individuals into specific genetic subtypes and, therefore, to benefit personalized health care and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Vaura
- Department of Internal Medicine (F.V., T.N.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hyunkyung Kim
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (H.K., M.U.)
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (H.K., M.U.)
| | - Miriam S. Udler
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (H.K., M.U.)
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health & Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S., T.N.)
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Computing (L.L.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Niiranen
- Department of Internal Medicine (F.V., T.N.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Public Health & Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S., T.N.)
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Large-Scale Multi-Omics Studies Provide New Insights into Blood Pressure Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147557. [PMID: 35886906 PMCID: PMC9323755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies uncovered part of blood pressure’s heritability. However, there is still a vast gap between genetics and biology that needs to be bridged. Here, we followed up blood pressure genome-wide summary statistics of over 750,000 individuals, leveraging comprehensive epigenomic and transcriptomic data from blood with a follow-up in cardiovascular tissues to prioritise likely causal genes and underlying blood pressure mechanisms. We first prioritised genes based on coding consequences, multilayer molecular associations, blood pressure-associated expression levels, and coregulation evidence. Next, we followed up the prioritised genes in multilayer studies of genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics, functional enrichment, and their potential suitability as drug targets. Our analyses yielded 1880 likely causal genes for blood pressure, tens of which are targets of the available licensed drugs. We identified 34 novel genes for blood pressure, supported by more than one source of biological evidence. Twenty-eight (82%) of these new genes were successfully replicated by transcriptome-wide association analyses in a large independent cohort (n = ~220,000). We also found a substantial mediating role for epigenetic regulation of the prioritised genes. Our results provide new insights into genetic regulation of blood pressure in terms of likely causal genes and involved biological pathways offering opportunities for future translation into clinical practice.
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Holzapfel C, Waldenberger M, Lorkowski S, Daniel H. Genetics and Epigenetics in Personalized Nutrition: Evidence, Expectations and Experiences. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200077. [PMID: 35770348 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the presentation of the blueprint of the first human genome in 2001 and the advent of technologies for high-throughput genetic analysis, personalized nutrition (PN) became a new scientific field and the first commercial offerings of genotype-based nutrition advice emerged at the same time. Here, we summarize the state of evidence for the effect of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and resulting illnesses such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. We also critically value the concepts of PN that were built around the new genetic avenue from both the academic and a commercial perspective and their effectiveness in causing sustained changes in diet, lifestyle and for improving health. Despite almost 20 years of research and commercial direct-to-consumer offerings, evidence for the success of gene-based dietary recommendations is still generally lacking. This calls for new concepts of future PN solutions that incorporate more phenotypic measures and provide a panel of instruments (e.g., self- and bio-monitoring tools, feedback systems, algorithms based on artificial intelligence) that increases compliance based on the individual´s physical and social environment and value system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Professor emeritus, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Björkegren JLM, Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis: Recent developments. Cell 2022; 185:1630-1645. [PMID: 35504280 PMCID: PMC9119695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the large arteries that is the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular, cellular, genetic, and environmental contributions to atherosclerosis, from both individual pathway and systems perspectives. We place an emphasis on recent developments, some of which have yielded unexpected biology, including previously unknown heterogeneity of inflammatory and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions, roles for senescence and clonal hematopoiesis, and links to the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, A2-237 Center for the Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA.
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20
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Chambers T, Escott-Price V, Legge S, Baker E, Singh KD, Walters JTR, Caseras X, Anney RJL. Genetic common variants associated with cerebellar volume and their overlap with mental disorders: a study on 33,265 individuals from the UK-Biobank. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2282-2290. [PMID: 35079123 PMCID: PMC9126806 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the cerebellum is expanding given evidence of its contributions to cognition and emotion, and dysfunction in various psychopathologies. However, research into its genetic architecture and shared influences with liability for mental disorders is lacking. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total cerebellar volume and underlying cerebellar lobe volumes in 33,265 UK-Biobank participants. Total cerebellar volume was heritable (h2SNP = 50.6%), showing moderate genetic homogeneity across lobes (h2SNP from 35.4% to 57.1%; mean genetic correlation between lobes rg ≈ 0.44). We identified 33 GWAS signals associated with total cerebellar volume, of which 6 are known to alter protein-coding gene structure, while a further five mapped to genomic regions known to alter cerebellar tissue gene expression. Use of summary data-based Mendelian randomisation further prioritised genes whose change in expression appears to mediate the SNP-trait association. In total, we highlight 21 unique genes of greatest interest for follow-up analyses. Using LD-regression, we report significant genetic correlations between total cerebellar volume and brainstem, pallidum and thalamus volumes. While the same approach did not result in significant correlations with psychiatric phenotypes, we report enrichment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder associated signals within total cerebellar GWAS results via conditional and conjunctional-FDR analysis. Via these methods and GWAS catalogue, we identify which of our cerebellar genomic regions also associate with psychiatric traits. Our results provide important insights into the common allele architecture of cerebellar volume and its overlap with other brain volumes and psychiatric phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Chambers
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emily Baker
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Richard J L Anney
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Clark KC, Kwitek AE. Multi-Omic Approaches to Identify Genetic Factors in Metabolic Syndrome. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:3045-3084. [PMID: 34964118 PMCID: PMC9373910 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly heritable disease and a major public health burden worldwide. MetS diagnosis criteria are met by the simultaneous presence of any three of the following: high triglycerides, low HDL/high LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity. These diseases act synergistically in people suffering from MetS and dramatically increase risk of morbidity and mortality due to stroke and cardiovascular disease, as well as certain cancers. Each of these component features is itself a complex disease, as is MetS. As a genetically complex disease, genetic risk factors for MetS are numerous, but not very powerful individually, often requiring specific environmental stressors for the disease to manifest. When taken together, all sequence variants that contribute to MetS disease risk explain only a fraction of the heritable variance, suggesting additional, novel loci have yet to be discovered. In this article, we will give a brief overview on the genetic concepts needed to interpret genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) data, summarize the state of the field of MetS physiological genomics, and to introduce tools and resources that can be used by the physiologist to integrate genomics into their own research on MetS and any of its component features. There is a wealth of phenotypic and molecular data in animal models and humans that can be leveraged as outlined in this article. Integrating these multi-omic QTL data for complex diseases such as MetS provides a means to unravel the pathways and mechanisms leading to complex disease and promise for novel treatments. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-40, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Clark
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Dhande IS, Doris PA. Genomics and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2433-2454. [PMID: 34570903 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammatory responses within the blood vessels and end organs. The origin of this inflammation has not been certain, and neither is its relationship to disease clear. There is a need to determine whether this association is causal or coincidental to the processes leading to cardiovascular disease. These processes are themselves complex: many cardiovascular diseases arise in conjunction with the presence of sustained elevation of blood pressure. Inflammatory processes have been linked to hypertension, and causality has been suggested. Evidence of causality poses the difficult challenge of linking the integrated and multifaceted biology of blood pressure regulation with vascular function and complex elements of immune system function. These include both, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as interactions between the host immune system and the omnipresent microorganisms that are encountered in the environment and that colonize and exist in commensal relationship with the host. Progress has been made in this task and has drawn on experimental approaches in animals, much of which have focused on hypertension occurring with prolonged infusion of angiotensin II. These laboratory studies are complemented by studies that seek to inform disease mechanism by examining the genomic basis of heritable disease susceptibility in human populations. In this realm too, evidence has emerged that implicates genetic variation affecting immunity in disease pathogenesis. In this article, we survey the genetic and genomic evidence linking high blood pressure and its end-organ injuries to immune system function and examine evidence that genomic factors can influence disease risk. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-22, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S Dhande
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter A Doris
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Niu M, Zhang L, Wang Y, Tu R, Liu X, Wang C, Bie R. Lifestyle Score and Genetic Factors With Hypertension and Blood Pressure Among Adults in Rural China. Front Public Health 2021; 9:687174. [PMID: 34485217 PMCID: PMC8416040 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.687174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although high genetic risk and unhealthful lifestyles are associated with a high risk of hypertension, but the combined relationship between lifestyle score and genetic factors on blood pressure remains limited, especially in resource-constrained areas. Aim: To explore the separate and joint effects between genetic and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and hypertension in rural areas. Methods: In 4,592 adults from rural China with a 3-year of follow-up, a genetic risk score (GRS) was established using 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the lifestyle score was calculated including factors diet, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, and physical activity. The associations of genetic and lifestyle factors with blood pressure and hypertension were determined with generalized linear and logistic regression models, respectively. Results: The high-risk GRS was found to be associated with evaluated blood pressure and hypertension and the healthful lifestyle with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level. Individuals with unhealthful lifestyles in the high GRS risk group had an odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of 1.904 (1.006, 3.603) for hypertension than those with a healthful lifestyle in the low GRS risk group. Besides, the relative risk (RR), attributable risk (AR), and population attributable risk (PAR) for unhealthful lifestyle are 1.39, 5.87, 0.04%, respectively, and the prevented fraction for the population (PFP) for healthful lifestyle is 9.47%. Conclusion: These results propose a joint effect between genetic and lifestyle factors on blood pressure and hypertension. The findings provide support for adherence to a healthful lifestyle in hypertension precision prevention. Clinical Trial Registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Niu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yikang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Runqi Tu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ronghai Bie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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24
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Takeuchi F, Liang YQ, Isono M, Tajima M, Cui ZH, Iizuka Y, Gotoda T, Nabika T, Kato N. Integrative genomic analysis of blood pressure and related phenotypes in rats. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048090. [PMID: 34010951 PMCID: PMC8188887 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress made in human genome-wide association studies, there remains a substantial gap between statistical evidence for genetic associations and functional comprehension of the underlying mechanisms governing these associations. As a means of bridging this gap, we performed genomic analysis of blood pressure (BP) and related phenotypes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their substrain, stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP), both of which are unique genetic models of severe hypertension and cardiovascular complications. By integrating whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome profiling, genome-wide linkage scans (maximum n=1415), fine congenic mapping (maximum n=8704), pharmacological intervention and comparative analysis with transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) datasets, we searched causal genes and causal pathways for the tested traits. The overall results validated the polygenic architecture of elevated BP compared with a non-hypertensive control strain, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY); e.g. inter-strain BP differences between SHRSP and WKY could be largely explained by an aggregate of BP changes in seven SHRSP-derived consomic strains. We identified 26 potential target genes, including rat homologs of human TWAS loci, for the tested traits. In this study, we re-discovered 18 genes that had previously been determined to contribute to hypertension or cardiovascular phenotypes. Notably, five of these genes belong to the kallikrein-kinin/renin-angiotensin systems (KKS/RAS), in which the most prominent differential expression between hypertensive and non-hypertensive alleles could be detected in rat Klk1 paralogs. In combination with a pharmacological intervention, we provide in vivo experimental evidence supporting the presence of key disease pathways, such as KKS/RAS, in a rat polygenic hypertension model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yi-Qiang Liang
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Masato Isono
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Michiko Tajima
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Zong Hu Cui
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-0021, Japan
| | - Yoko Iizuka
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takanari Gotoda
- Department of Metabolism and Biochemistry, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-0021, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Dr Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s advocating that hypertension is the result of many factors that interact to raise blood pressure and cause end-organ damage. Over the years, Dr Page modified his paradigm, and new concepts regarding oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, sodium homeostasis, and the microbiome have arisen that allow further refinements of the Mosaic Theory. A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. This review discusses these new concepts and provides an introduction to other reviews in this compendium of Circulation Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Thomas M. Coffman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Research Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School
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26
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Irvin MR, Jones AC, Claas SA, Arnett DK. DNA Methylation and Blood Pressure Phenotypes: A Review of the Literature. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:267-273. [PMID: 33821945 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of DNA have been unable to explain a significant portion of the variance of the estimated heritability of blood pressure (BP). Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, have helped explain additional biological processes linked to BP phenotypes and diseases. Candidate gene methylation studies and genome-wide methylation studies of BP have highlighted impactful cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) markers across different ethnicities. Furthermore, many of these BP-related CpG sites are also linked to metabolism-related phenotypes. Integrating epigenome-wide association study data with other layers of molecular data such as genotype data (from single nucleotide polymorphism arrays or sequencing), other epigenetic data, and/or transcriptome data can provide additional information about the significance and complexity of these relationships. Recent data suggest that epigenetic changes can be consequences rather than causes of BP variation. Finally, these data can give insight into downstream effects of long-standing high BP (due to target organ damage (TOD)). The current review provides a literature overview of epigenetic modifications in BP and TOD. Recent studies strongly support the importance of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, in BP and TOD for relevant biological insights, reliable biomarkers, and possible future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alana C Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Steven A Claas
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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27
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Luft FC. Can Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Beat Schnüffel?: Assessing Hypertension Polygenic Risk Scores. Hypertension 2021; 77:1128-1132. [PMID: 33689463 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Citterio L, Bianchi G, Scioli GA, Glorioso N, Bigazzi R, Cusi D, Staessen JA, Cavuto S, Ferrandi M, Lanzani C, Li X, Lau LF, Chiang CE, Wang TD, Wang KL, Ferrari P, Manunta P. Antihypertensive treatment guided by genetics: PEARL-HT, the randomized proof-of-concept trial comparing rostafuroxin with losartan. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:346-358. [PMID: 33649520 PMCID: PMC8159753 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We compared a standard antihypertensive losartan treatment with a pharmacogenomics-guided rostafuroxin treatment in never-treated Caucasian and Chinese patients with primary hypertension. Rostafuroxin is a digitoxigenin derivative that selectively disrupts the binding to the cSrc-SH2 domain of mutant α-adducin and of the ouabain-activated Na-K pump at 10-11 M. Of 902 patients screened, 172 were enrolled in Italy and 107 in Taiwan. After stratification for country and genetic background, patients were randomized to rostafuroxin or losartan, being the difference in the fall in office systolic blood pressure (OSBP) after 2-month treatment the primary endpoint. Three pharmacogenomic profiles (P) were examined, considering: P1, adding to the gene variants included in the subsequent P2, the variants detected by post-hoc analysis of a previous trial; P2, variants of genes encoding enzymes for endogenous ouabain (EO) synthesis (LSS and HSD3B1), EO transport (MDR1/ABCB1), adducin (ADD1 and ADD3); P3, variants of the LSS gene only. In Caucasians, the group differences (rostafuroxin 50 μg minus losartan 50 mg in OSBP mmHg) were significant both in P2 adjusted for genetic heterogeneity (P2a) and P3 LSS rs2254524 AA [9.8 (0.6-19.0), P = 0.038 and 13.4 (25.4-2.5), P = 0.031, respectively]. In human H295R cells transfected with LSS A and LSS C variants, the EO production was greater in the former (P = 0.038); this difference was abolished by rostafuroxin at 10-11 M. Chinese patients had a similar drop in OSBP to Caucasians with losartan but no change in OSBP with rostafuroxin. These results show that genetics may guide drug treatment for primary hypertension in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Citterio
- Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe A Scioli
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Center, Ospedale Ferdinando Veneziale, Isernia, Italy
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Diseases Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Cusi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies Milano National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Segrate, Milano, Italy.,Bio4Dreams Scientific Unit, Bio4Dreams-Business Nursery for Life Sciences, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvio Cavuto
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Lanzani
- Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lit-Fui Lau
- Zhaoke (Guangzhou) Ophthalmology Pharmaceutical Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chern-En Chiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ling Wang
- General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Paolo Manunta
- Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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29
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[Molecular genetics of human hypertension]. Internist (Berl) 2021; 62:223-235. [PMID: 33595671 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-021-00979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A genetic influence on blood pressure was demonstrated more than 100 years ago and a simple Mendelian inheritance was initially presumed. Platt and Pickering conducted a lively debate on this topic. Platt favored the idea that a single gene or only a few genes were responsible for high blood pressure. Pickering presented research results, which supported the assumption that many genes exerted an influence on blood pressure. This was all in a period when it was not even known what genes were. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) according to the Pickering model have identified > 500 blood pressure relevant gene loci, which are distributed over the whole genome. Each individual gene exerts only a small effect on blood pressure. The dark horses of hypertension research are the secondary causes. In pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome and even fibromuscular dysplasia (renovascular hypertension) the results indicate that a genetic cause regularly underlies secondary hypertension. This would therefore also partially confirm Platt's theory. In the meantime, a multitude of forms of hypertension have been described with a genetic inheritance according to Mendel. Each of these genetic variants exerts a considerable influence on blood pressure. A multitude of novel physiological mechanisms were explained by this. These findings will become therapeutically important. Therefore, it is incumbent upon clinicians to be optimally informed about these research results.
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30
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Genetic-Based Hypertension Subtype Identification Using Informative SNPs. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111265. [PMID: 33121163 PMCID: PMC7693873 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a process to select informative genetic variants for identifying clinically meaningful subtypes of hypertensive patients. We studied 575 African American (AA) and 612 Caucasian hypertensive participants enrolled in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) study and analyzed each race-based group separately. All study participants underwent GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies) and echocardiography. We applied a variety of statistical methods and filtering criteria, including generalized linear models, F statistics, burden tests, deleterious variant filtering, and others to select the most informative hypertension-related genetic variants. We performed an unsupervised learning algorithm non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to identify hypertension subtypes with similar genetic characteristics. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to demonstrate the clinical meaningfulness of genetic-based hypertension subtypes. Two subgroups were identified for both African American and Caucasian HyperGEN participants. In both AAs and Caucasians, indices of cardiac mechanics differed significantly by hypertension subtypes. African Americans tend to have more genetic variants compared to Caucasians; therefore, using genetic information to distinguish the disease subtypes for this group of people is relatively challenging, but we were able to identify two subtypes whose cardiac mechanics have statistically different distributions using the proposed process. The research gives a promising direction in using statistical methods to select genetic information and identify subgroups of diseases, which may inform the development and trial of novel targeted therapies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic variance on blood pressure was shown about 100 years ago; a Mendelian inheritance was initially presumed. Platt and Pickering conducted a lively debate, whether blood pressure was inherited in a Mendelian fashion or whether the condition was polygenic. Genetic-hypertension research has appropriately followed both pathways. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies, Pickering model, have identified more than 500 blood-pressure loci, the targets of which are waiting to be evaluated. Then, come the 'dark-horses' of hypertension, namely 'secondary' causes. These conditions have been remarkably elucidative including pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, and even renovascular hypertension. All these conditions feature genetic causes. Finally, arrive the Platt followers. A plethora of Mendelian conditions located within the kidney are established. These syndromes involve increased sodium (as chloride) absorption in the distal nephron. Finally, nonsalt-dependent Mendelian forms involving the vascular directly have been described. Mechanistically, Mendelian forms have large effects on blood pressure and offer effective treatment targets. SUMMARY Which genetic models will bring us improved therapies? Ongoing studies will answer that question. It behooves the clinician to follow this dynamic area of research.
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32
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Luft FC. Did you know? Why is essential hypertension essential-Or is it? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13469. [PMID: 32198839 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C. Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center Charité Medical Faculty Berlin Germany
- Max‐Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Charité Medical Faculty Berlin Germany
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